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II. -I - . . . . . . I. - III- - . 0 0‘. I... 0.. . ...0 .I IIIIII - 0... I . ...-.0 I l . ..I. I ..-II0.II0. I .. .. . ac... .. .0 0 . . 0 010 I . ‘2 ’3‘“ VIICIr-II. .Wuvq-gfl. g . ggggg. . ~ ..1.....-. “...... a... .... . ..-1. : . ... . 0 . . . . . 0. . I... ..0 . . .. . IIIIII m1]IlluyuzllgglmnlwlflmiWW’ Ti”; 3. R ..L.*\ H («N SKI P B .313} 15324 P A *3 .‘II 5331 1'5 3 A3 3) EX EC 3} TI N ’3 bv v Richard R. Kimball A THESIS Submitted to Nichiqan State University in partial fulfillmant of the requirements for the detree of MASTER OF SCIEQCi Department of Forest Products 1965 L153 0"? 3.1-3.423»av000000000....0.000000000000000... I T NJSWWIC-ucoa.o'cooocoocooouoocaooooooooooso Uni-3:130? 1.1.37.3 ‘J‘ALUQ 0‘ 333:..L0321H3tooogoooooooaooocoooo In 335‘Oryooooooto0toooocotutuooooaocooo In 'T90t1030000900I0coooooQOOoootooaooo ...¢C;IU"IV..;J 0? £513.13 :33 5‘03 :{:‘_ 31.000.000.00 r1 :fi-‘BVCfi‘rleoooooooonobofiooooooocoooocooqooo I"! VOStSoooooooooouoooooocnaovooooo0.0.0.. 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LIST OF TASLJJ Iercnnt of Total Exports of United States I‘iemhflndiseoooOOOOc000.000.000.000... urows National Product and Exoort as n In 1‘13 ....00.0.00........QOQOOOOOOOOOOOOOUO Cost Savinfis Through Eackaging Innomtionnnou..........u.uuu.oo..... Conwarison Chart-Jood 801 vs. lfifileflr;fllloo0000000000000...000.000.000.000 Comfiarison of Principal Causes of i'revrm'table 110530300-00000000000000.0000000- 111 Iefe 11 15 ‘ Isrscsucnw The importance of exporting in relation to the economic proeress of a nation is unquestionable. Ihe welfare of the nations of the world benefits by the Opportunity to specialize which foreirn trade affords. Thet pecknjing is a significant factor in the volume of esports is not as well known or understood as it should be in order to meri- mize exports. In the fast movinr, marketing-oriented firm of toiny, it has been accepted that the package is a highly significant factor in the determination of sales in the domestic market. Yet, many of these some firms tend to minimize the importonce of the package in export sales. In exporting, the pecksje plays an even lareer role. Its protection requirements are more difficult and being a foreign product its sales ereonl still must be Just as dynamic if not more so then the domestic packege~-with the emphasis placed in a manner which is acceptable in view of local customs, income, ani a host of other factors. The fact that exporting is quite important to this country end that the package is an important factor in enter. mining the success or failure of the export total of this country will be substantiated. Yet, the major portion of the thesis will be an examination of the problems which are 2 inherent in export peckefiine. tore specifically, this pill deal with matters such as this country's export rerulstions, possible ds are or theft while in transit, end irport regulations of foreijn countries. Thus, to be snare of the relation between pechcfinr and exportinr is essential. This awareness shell be twine! throurh an examination of this thesis. Til}: VJLLUJ CF RELEOdflEEL} In Theory The Classical View Trade is the fundamental necessity in the achievement of man's goal, whether it be a hiqher stenieri of livinh, more wealth, increased power, or some combination of these goals. To improve one's oosition it is necessary to sreeiel- ise. To do otherwise yields man a standard of living bordering on subsistence. Kan has long recornized that soecializetion is the means to betterment. "so compelling is this fact that even among primitive peoples there is some rucimentary speciali- zation, torrcther with an inevitable sharing of its fruits-:31 Basic to the recoqnition of the importance of snecislizction is its corollary: soecializetion implies the existence of trsie. Each is dependent upon the other, ani neither may stand alone. From the stage of simple exchangr within his tribe or community, men procressed to notion-wide and even internationfl trade as evidenced by the likes of the ihoenicions. Yet, it was not until the days of Enchievelli that the economic an} l“ , r .. .. . r. T. fillsworth, The Interfintiosnl,;ggnofi1 (new Kort, -. ~; The fiaomillen Comoeny, 19'37. *. l. a noliticsl implications of forsixn trqis more rsslissfi.2 The economic sni political imolications of foroifin troic not long thereafter svolvod into the theory of nsrown- tilisn. The basic strategy of the moresntilists was rails} by their two-fold objective of increasing the wealth sni the power (economic and political considerations, reSpoctively) of their country. The instrument to this end was the balsnoo of trs-fls doctrine. the emphasis of this doctrine evolved from the 0010 est that an cross 3 of evports over imports yields wealth nni power. By vastly increasing escorts over innorts, the balance of payments was considered positive as this voull brinz gold and silver into the treasury. This obviously lsi to increased wealth, but it also gave power in that the latter was measured in terms of the former. lize moron 1- tilists believed, thouzh. that they had doubly incrossoi their power as the country that had to export the precious metals lost wealth and power.3 This view of international trade persisted well into the Eishtsonth Century. In 1775, the f nous economist.~1on Smith wrote 'r‘innlth a: N nt.ons. In this publication, Smith developed the mroundwork for the existence of free trsflo when P7". $3,} M M wwv ”I“ ‘18 ll oral a irr‘:._“jr. .b ‘3 J as ”r i '3 r 3 3 2Albert 0. Hirscbman, rnt1gnn1 ifimp 23 2222122 1r"19 (3GFV919YsUnivsrrfity of 1)”5)9 pt 90 31‘1'310. D. L}. 5 he initiated the theory that trade between netions is a means by which each will increase its wealth. The brsis for his theory wee-the old principle upon which all incrveeea in wealth rely, that of the division of labor 1.8.. Specialization.“ Aden 311th not only realized that “the ."reet ot333t of the political economy of every country is to increase the riches eni the power of that country,“5 and that trefle iii this, but he also proved that “the gain of one netion is not necessarily the loss of another, but that, on the contrary trade always benefits all perticioatin: nations."6 For the sake of'menkind this was truly beneficial. So long as welfare is the end different co11u.itiess may coonerate hanily to1ether. Jealousy there may be and disnutes as to how the materiel means of welfare should be sharel. But there is no inheren divergence of aim in the pursuit of welfare. Although fiden 311th fostered the awareness that foreicn trade is mutually beneficial to bot11 particiaaxts, the limits to which the principle eepliefi was not unflerstood until the second decade of the Nineteenth Centuryfi In 1317 L A L13... Devii fiicerlo ( ri1ti? ltjlgg {31 fieonetr) mefle $1ith's heory cansi5erobly more precise by explaining "that to benefit .1 a country the advantage need only be relative, not ehsoluto." “Adam 311th, ‘111t3LfNotrone (New York, The £00911 Lsibl‘i‘l‘y, 193W. DD. ’nclgéJc 5Ihii.,.p. #3. Gfiirschmen, p. 5. 73 G. “RWtHQYv Th“ '“TTTT3.6 ATT1T of SCVT?T1”“$tv . . A .i__ (London, J. ifi. Dent and JJAQ’.L};~7. p. 2?. gillsworth, p. 60. 6 Until the time of Ricardo it hefl been recofnized that trade between countries was desirable. But it wee assumed that in order for trade to occur, on absolute eivsntnge in the production of a good bad to be held by the exportin: country. Ricardo changed this concept by illustretin: by the use of ratios that ”international trade is mutually profitable even when one of two countries can proluce every commodity more cheaply (in terms of labor hours or all resources) than any other country.'9 Basically whet this means is even if the efficiency of one country over another in the production of its goods is absolute, trede will exist as long as the poorer country has a relative adventnfeuuhonce, a comparative advantage-min tfiuzprcduction of tee goods in which it has the greatest efficiency. The classic exe1ple of the theory of comparative advantage is about the boss who is a lawyer, but he can also type better than his secretory. Because his activities as a lawyer are considerably more productive, he should pursue that area and let the secretory, by acting as such, exercise her cooperative adventefie. In its most sinplified form, the theory of COTTflrfltho adventege becomes merely ”an extension of the principle of the division of labor.”-0 In terms which are applicable to the individual as well as to the notion, Ricardo felt that one should specialize in that area in which he is most ghoul A. Samuelson, Econo11cs (New York, threwbfiill Book Company, Inc., 1901), p. 714. lOgllsnorth, p. 5* 7 efficient. Ricardo then supportei his theory with an interesting analogy. Two men can both make shoes and hats and one is suoerior to the other in both cooloyments, but in making hats he can only exceed his comoctitor by one- fifth or 20 per cent, and in making shoes he can exceed him by one-third or 33 per centg—owill it not be for the interest of both that the sunerior men should emoloy himself exclusively in Taking shoes and the inferior men in making hots? Another major concern during the time of the mercen- tilists use of the possibility that trade misht lead to a notativc balance of trade as a result of continuing imports over exports. This concern was eliminated two centuries etc by David Hume's Specie-flowhpricc mechanism. Generally, Hume's argument was that Americans do not have to be concerned about a surplus of imports and the con- current lcss of gold. The reason is that with each transaction of gold, the amount of money in English hands would increase and (by the quantity theory of money and prices) this would cause an increase in British prices. The same would occur in America except in reverse. Because of the above interaction there would now exist pressure to reverse the tide because of unappealing British escorts so a result of high prices and attractive American exports because of their low prices.12 What Eune said, then, was the natural forces of the market economy would not allow the existence of a negative balance of trade to continue indefinitely. llDafld Ricardo, Eflnciolfg 9;; Politics; Escher): (London, J. h. Dent and Sons, 1937). p. 9. 123smuclson, p. 713. O uhils this may be true, it is unlikely that home's theory would work today because the stability of governments depends partially on the economic stability it achieves. Rather than waiting for an inflation or deflation to occur, as the case may be, nations today act to preserve stability by the use of fiscal and monetary policies as well as trade barriers when it is deemed necessary to do so. It should be realized that the classicist's View of international trade is fraught with several defects such as ignoring distribution costs, and the resistance of wages to adjust as the economy adjusts. But, nevertheless, the principles of the classicist should be recognized, for classical theory serves as the basis for modern day tradinr.. The Contemporary View The rationale behind forsirn trsde today hss remained primarily the same as the classicisvs i.e., with specialisa- tion and foreign trade the nation achieves a ”consumotion- possibility schedule that gives us more of all goods than can our own domestic production-possibility schedule.”13 This is a result of international trade being merely an extension of intranstion trade. By so doing, each country takes advantage of the Specialties of every other country in such a manner as to make it ”possible for each country to draw upon the special aptitudes of other countries and to utilize its own resources more efficiently."lu 131b1d., p. 693. Infillsworth, p. 1&1. 9 Any form of international tr313 limitations interfore vitE1 international specialization. It ton13 to yield 131 iirect subsidies to producers by consumers; for Ni ah int m mtionnl trade, prices would b9 lower.15 Internatio131 trade limita- tions are directly parallel to intr3-n3tion limit3t1m3. 133 me ar3uments hold true for int3rnational frm 133 of trmie t13tapp1y to freelom of trade on the nation? 1 level. The reasoning'on the national level for tr313 is seen in the anti- trust 1333 of the nation, and a parallel 33y be drawn fryn them. rho tE1eory is that the competitive process "prav 1t: firms from having substantial power to determine prices 3y limiting production. Hence there will be a better 333 of rosources at any given time. To maintain or increase 3? f1 t, firms must seek greater efficiency or innovation: hence rore pro3ross over time.“6 An important derivative of foreign trade in afiiition to its soecialization advantage is its effect on the 31313391 133333. When exports rise over imports there is a corroorom— ding rise in income. This is t3kon for grante1. The significance of this rise is not realized until viewei in liztt of the multiplier. Jhen exports rise, marke t areas increase and this generally leads to investment 333333133. Lao money from exports, then, expands or multiplies throujhm out the economy from the exporter to the builder to the S‘anli er, eta o 15moward 8. fiquet, "United States Forei3n Trr'e lolicv: Theory and Fractice," in 33333313 l“3331333331: "“1 a». v1. I“fr“”‘tiOflUL Trnme, ed. by iaul D. Loo: (931133, com dzzorl .‘I'o‘F. ..zL Utiu14;ut Ulliveriaity }Jrc:s. 1959). p. 2.6. 16C. A. Adelman, "The Antimer3er Act, 1919-63 " fifiorican 13330313 R3vioW, LI (13v. 1901). F‘ 235. 10 The foreign multiolier is ernreseed by the formula: 3 = 1/1-(EBC-Nr1).17 As an illustration of its function, eunpoee eroorts were one million dollere, the REC (merrinel nroneneitv to consume) is eiqht-tenths, end the Mil (merrincl nronensity)to imnort is five-hundredths. Then the multiplier would equal four. Thus, four million dollars of incone would reeult from one million dollars of ezoort. Of course, this works in reverse as well. with exports so effecting the deneni for goods, it is easy to see the tight reletionehin between the multiplier and o-mnloyrnent..I“3 In essence, then: The total effect on national income and cross national product of a ohsnme in investment denenfls on whet nronortion of the initial increase in the income is oessed on by its recipients in the form of consumption exoenditures, and what part leeks away into savings, tax payments, and imoorts. Today more then ever Ricerno'e nrinciole of comparative advantage is in evidence. In the "shrunken" world of today the fact that there are connerative sdventaees in the factors of production-oreeouroes, labor, ceoitel, and management-- is quite apparent. However, the general differences in cost levels does not sustain trade. The pattern must be traced to the cost structure which allows one country to produce more cheaply than another.20 1710118 Tershis, noemetionel 'Prf"e gni Fineness (New York, John fiiley and dons, lnc.. 1902;, p. HS. lab‘eter B. Kenen, International Eooggeies (Enwlewood Cliffs, New Jersey, trentice-nell, Inc., 19947, p. 72. lgollsworth, p. 220. 20” aenen, D. 8. 11 "Statistical studies of trade and oroiuctivity Show that the principle of cooperative sivnnteee cen explein ectuel tress petterns.”21 As a case in point, it is generally recognized that the workers of the United States have a higher output per worker and a corresponfiingly higher more scale than most other workers of the world. Consequently, about eight dollars of every ten dollars of the esports from this country are of manufactured goods!22 This may be seen It should be noted that the sonerent trend in exporting finished manufactured goods reflects the infiustriel development of the other nations. Table I Percent of Totel Exports of United States merchandise _, . —__ www— .3233! 13,- 53.313. Ej‘il'i‘jk}. Crude Crude Menus fisnun Yesr materials Foodstuffs Foodstuffs factured factored 1953 10.“ 6.2 “.9 9.1 7fi.0 1954 12.7 “.9 5.6 12.1 5a.? 1955 12.u 6.0 6.6 15.0 60.1 1955 13.3 7.0 6.7 14.7 53.4 1957 15-1 6.5 5.6 15.9 5?.2 1953 12.1 7.2 6.2 12.9 61. 1960 12.7 8.1 5.5 17.3 55.4 1961 12.3 9.2 3.6 15.9 57.1 1962 10.h 9.4 .b 14.2 59.6 1963 11.2 9.9 _6.5 1h.3 3.0 Source: Compiled by the writer from the Statistigf_ Ahrtrrct of 193? and the Stet st on; Ahetrnct of 1 st, UnitEI “"0. M states Department of commerce puoli stions. lebid. . p. 16 O ' '1 _ ‘ZAlexsnder'O. otsnley, hanihook Qt Intnrnfitiqfifil ,. 1 L—J ...! 1" _ W '\ .4 _ Farwftinx (new York, uCuTflW—flill noes to. inc., 1763}, ‘p. 14. 12 mso nelson has aivnnoed. two n.11tionnl views for international trade-ono economic and the other social-- 1::uioh, n1thou*h not often citc., deserve mention. The first turns to the area of economies of soa Ho fools that if the economies resulting from large production are ex renoly inoortant. costs will decrease with errnndingo outrn t. "In foot decreasinx costs are a second grant factorb-in aLLiition to differences in connorativ. comtr--erol:tir1n v.3y special- 17°tion and trolo are profitable.“"3 For tho 8: to of oomoleto.oss, Somuolson felt oomoellei to ram» rt tno t a third cause exists: “Even if costo wore identical in two oountrios and increasing, trode might take plnco no the result of difforoncos in taste. "2* At hia point it thouli be mafia clear that although trade is constantly being tolkoi about as if botwoon countries, trofio actually trunrniroo between iniirifiunln or cornorotions. purtrcrooro, ”the inoontivo for internatio no1 train, on for all trofio it private profit--orofit to iufiiviounr or comomtiono." 25 ‘xfnltor 3"“11 hos c own to orjjrnd the content by stating not 'world-wifle flirtrioution it the sole insurance of real value against tincs of donootic financial 26 doprecoion." He states that at such a tin: a definite 251¢n1 V. Horn, Intorr *‘o“i15Tr“‘t, (floW'Iork, rfintlce-Hz‘ll, 1110.. lefiy, p. 1.137 25 , unltor F. wymnn, ornort ”orcton‘ sin” (New York, We Gran "111 .Book 03., Ino., 1“”), p. 9. 13 advantage accrues to the exocrter, for his profits will still be caning from overseas in times of depression and thus the ernorter will not have to press his domestic clients for payments. Further, this ability to extend credit will be e valuable technique for espending the domestic market.27 The most important, and perhaps only significant, non~ economic argument for free foreign trade is its social effect uron the peoples of the world. Free trade has been describei as a ”bend of friendship between nations,“23 and "a civilizine force that Opens doors to the enjoyment of the worlds riches.'29 with regard to international trade, John stuert Kill felt that the mutual dependence that it creates would be a positive force in the direction of pesos. "It is commerce which is rapidly rendering war obsolete, by strengthening and multiplying the personal interests which are in neturel Deposition to it."39 In Practice In practice, patterns of trade are determined largely by verieblee other then the differences in the costs of produc- tion. A country's extort level is influenced by its natural 27;:ig.. pp. 10-11. Zfinmmmwn,p.7. 29demuel Frankel, "Foreign Trade . . . who Profits by It72 dttricnn insert and 3h, sn.1et n, LIV (August, 1933), D. 56¢ 30John Stuart mill, Prine else of POLLfiICfi; (London, Lcnfnans, Green, ens to., '9257, p, 592, lb resources, stage of develonment, and distence from the nerhot.31 Also a country may have on iniustry that carries a perti- oulerly high mark-up because of previously limited inter» national coopetition as a result of some form of trwde barrier and limited competition donesticelly because of the oligopolistic or'mononolistic structure of the industry of which it is a part. For the past several years, the United States has been exporting approximately h per cent of its gross national product, compared to the 8 per cent it exported at one tine. Upon surface examination it would appear that escorts hove fallen. With a slightly'more intensive inquiry, it may be seen from Table II that between 195h and 196h total exhorts grew by $15.1 billion or 7.11 per cent per year while nor- chnndise exports grew by t12.n2 billion or 9.75 per year. In contrast to the United States export of 4 per cent in l?62, in that same year Japan erported 10 per cent of its production; Sweden, 19 per cent; Switzerland, 22 per cent; and the Netherlands, 35 per cent.32 This would seem to indicete that in suite of the gains shown by Table II, the United States is not growing so fast as it should in the world market. Uhfls this may partially be the case, there exist three major circumstances which tend to minimize this conclu- sion. 31Tsrshis, p. 131. ‘ 323urene M. Brsclermen, "Export Growth and Government Ubafigtivos,” fipnjling 9nd Shine he, 13 (march, 195h), P. o 15 Table II Grozsl WW e — GNP Emir Fillions 1953 351.? 21,110 12, 39 5,322 1955 337.5 20,614 15.19 §,143 1353 tin. 'Z 23,123 17, 3 1 3,313 1357 43a. 23,757 19 .236 8,133 1953 ##4.5 23,633 17, 7M5 5,113 1959 432.? 25,393 17,333 2,313 1330 592.6 27,970 20,339 3,133 19§1 513.2 30,313 29,717 6,233 199’ 553.9 32,093 uoa 3,23} 1993 5§S.1 33.379 21.939 5.939 195“ 632.5 36.523 25.219 y.209 *All values in dollars Source: Conniled by writer from the txtictic’l fitstront I ‘ MW of 3333 end the burrs" of 0*:r‘nt on 27333 \vsl. vw 'I EB, no. 3, March 903 , puoli daCiOflS of tee United States assortment of Coneserce. To begin with, the United States enjoys a standard of living which is probably the highest in the world. Because of this, a significant sector'of'the gross national product-. the total output of goods and services-consists of goods which have no relationship to the world market. “It shot i be noted that much of the gross national product consists of services, construction, and retail distribution which are not of a nature to be croorteble.”33 The next reason is a combination or development and lack of American ejgreesiveness. Since the war the other nations of the world have increased their>own productivity BSIJfir-‘Lt pfir‘ Evnnmt Fue‘nnaq (6 th ed.‘ Jasnin'" th, U. 3. UOVL...1LAL xmublu, “OLLACQ. I9’3:). p. 51?. 16 and have become skillei in solicitinr foreitn trade. tftcn the American fine has actei es tboujb still unrivalefi on? cons eauently lost out on sales. The third consideretion is ectuellv connosed of several reasons substentiatine the claim tbet ernorts c*n not be considered as thoueh they are in a vecuun. “40th the prices and the volume of esnorte from a country oenwx? to some extent upon the economic conditions in that country and uoon its internal economic nolicies as well as noon conditions in foreign markets."3h For eremnle, if a country is growinz end eroeriences e hieh level of demand, a menu- fecturer mizht find it unnecessary to sell abroad in orier to receive orders equal to his ceoecity. Ctbere sierly vent a reasonable profit and not the extra effort the t interne tionel trade requires. In addition because a home market is usually more secure because of possible erbitrery trade limits nni because chenqee in denend are more eesily forseeeble in the domestic market. These are Just some of the ernlenetions or retionelio zetions, if one prefers, for the relative slioneee of the United 3tetes in the world market. fiejerdless of the reosone which may be attributed to this occurence, the need to belt and reverse this situation will now be examined. The National Neei for Foreirn Trade It has been said that “the economic reasons for inter- I 3+5. J. .Jells, Britieb .tvnnrt tnr”or‘mnfie (Loni-(m, Cflu.brid?e Univers 1ty ITC’SS. 170;). p. 3:. 17 national trade ere: first, iniulrence of human desires: second, economy in production,»35 This is a rather limited View of the neeis for and purposes of international trade. Both government and industry have seen a more enlerjei view of the role of trade. The view of egovemment is here exnressed by the Department of Commerce, while the views of industry ere ennuncieted by Lenmot dufont Copeland, the pres- ident of £.K. duront de Neoours end Compsny. The United States must expend exnorts to strenethen the national economy, to achieve a more favorable balance of payments position, to msintein hieh levels of emnloyment snfl nrofits here at hone while strenethenins our ties with Bur friends end allies throughout the Free world.3 I an firmly convinced that the activities of United States enterprises abroad are a dynamic, constructive force which benefits the United States economy and the economies of foreien countries also. If we don't nerticioete actively in the rapidly eroendinq markets abroad, we will soon become the victims of economic isolation.' ' Netisnel_incoj3.--Jith en understanding of the foreirn multiplier, it may be seen that the hisher the level of a country's ernorts over imports, the higher will be the national income of the economy. Reduced to its fundamental state: “dhen foreitners buy more from us than so from them, the balance of savings one investment shifts toward an inter- 35florn, p. 121. Jofiswortinruofhe You Should Know fibent It (Hashington, 0.3. Government xrinting bfficc, bepteoberf'l?6§7. Do 7. 37Lemmot dqunt Copeland, "American Business Must Compete in Foreign hornets,“ hamstrin; Qevelonnent eni henu: featurers Roeori, 133 (August, you , p. 8. 11?. section at n hinher American netionel inc-one.“3T3 this shonlfi not be unflerstooi as a positive feature without queliflcztlon. In addition to the ever oresent possibility of e notetive balance which activates the multiplier flownwvri, dsrwil fry: abroad at times of full ennloyrent in this country sill toni to raise prices via the infletionsry zen. Jithin the American economy todsy, both mechanical equipment eni machine iniustries and striculture are hi hly dependent on torsion trade. In the former 10 per cent to 1+0 per cent of total production is sol-i abroad, while in recent years the latter has recorficd sales of 20 per cent to 59 per cent of the annual production of cross such as tobacco and wheat.39 It should be readily apparent that loss of either of these markets would be a severe economic blow to the nation as well as to the individuals directly involves. 1'3 L; .‘ ,s.-oFor the nest few years the United States has experienced a growing problem in that its heretive balance of payments has resulted in an outflow of sold, which is considered contrary to the interests of the country. ”The Departments of State and Commerce have Joinei with United States businessmen in a concentrated effort to stisulate and increase eXports as a major factor in allevi- .J sting the balance of payments deficit."¢3 “q— 30' 32033111918011, 3). 7 53. 39Jemes D. Calderwood, internationnl :3cnotig irehlnss (Einneenolis, Curriculum Resources, Inc., 1951), n. 23. ”3“U. 3. firms who do nothinr about scllinr sbroed criticised for indifference," Interneticnnl Cermerse, 63 AuCT‘JSt 13. 1062), D. 53. major not: r in th- pspulaflty of .5113 31:12:: i: that it is 33131333 331 33339333 stqnls to b333fib‘3} it. the? major fflotor is the alternative: to this 33333;. w1“h the e3ception of a rel‘.ctio n of gOV3rL433t 23:3’113 3broad. there are: (1) Restriction of ingorts by hi ha? tariffs. {his Rust be 611? infltvl DDCTL 3 our 0‘n stxxfgxl of living requires importation. To do this wouli C33 3 13:31- iation and currantly our exports exceei imvorts by a £133 to £31! r3t10. The economy would suffer further in that it 13 a mass production economy and over five million 233213 1011 their jobs because of fornijn trale. (2) Fixing of arti 1 c131 interest Mat 33 won.” 1 3ttr:ct funis tram 3:: :1, but it Hugt be 3303 far wlat is is--a Snort tarsl 333231. (3) 33:13133 of the hm tation b.3313 of foreijn 13033213 '3 unsatis factory boonuae inoone of Unitei States invnvu‘ at. abroad has long 33063131 n3 4 oa)it31 out-flow snl Aiziia-n business must be allowed to maintain its place. (Q) A 9» rovernflent curr3ncy operation which wauli not be novel, Lg” it wouli be a short-run salution.h1 A SOfleNhat more comprehrn sive View of tie prJvlql 1:} stated in a more succinct manner by 333339 Bruclo 133, filractor of the Bureau of Infierflational 00333333: To get out or the red in the intern3tional account books, we could sell 3013, we could restrict our investments aoroa-i, we couli out our fornitn military amending to the bone; all these are 633ver3t3 eyneflients, with incalculable effects on our forcitn 901103. Or, we could wine out our deficit balance- strengthen our foreitn oolicy--by hard selling in over. 3033 markuts.%3 lal“3rle R. Crockard "dhy Increased Exnorts?" P1333313; fivnogti33, 1111 (Karen, 1963), p3. 33-31. uzBraclermnn, p. #6. 91 he. It hes been noted that an increase of 15 per cent of the current eroorte would eliminate the balance of normente erob1em.“3 Althouqh this figure mirht heve to be elizhtly increased deoendin: on the Dronencitv to innort of the reonle at this time. (It ehould be remembered thet a oortion of every dollar received in the form of income is enent on innorte.) In any event, this should not recre- eent an insurmountable difficulty as it is lees than 1 per cent of the nroee national product. ifi“1fiyncnt.-~At this point it should be clear that the ennloyment and consequently, the income of millions of Anericene in directly related to the foreign trade of the country. Ehe importance of exports on employment has been dramatically portrayed by the following figures. Producing for exocrt are: one in eight farmers, one in eieht miners, one in thirteen blue collar workers, and one in twelve of “a Of course, the lose those in the transportation industrv. of coploynent in any of these areas would only be the first level of downward Spiral induced bv the multiplier. As for the future, each year about one and one-quarter million oeocle Join the labor force in search of employment.u5 therefore, it is quite necessary to keen the economy growinz if the country is to avoid chronic unemployment and is to “31b15, unfitenlev, p. 15. “Sarnclermen, D. “6- 21 neintsin its current crosnerity. Secretery of Labor dirtz has been quoted to the effect that trade creates more Jobs than it eliminates es en ernsnsion of one billion dollers in eroorts creates 150,000 new Jobs. He then added that the Trade irnension Act nrovides Federel aid for those connenies end their employees who are damaged by imports.u6 Etvnddrd g; livinfi.~-Foreisn trade has a twofold inosct on the standard of living which is ernerienced by Americans. the United States is primarilv s mass production economy. Its exports nrovide a sales volume which is an aid in the achievement of full economies of scale. This is esoecielly the situation in the primary industries such as steel. For hese industries exnerience a direct and an indirect demand for their products which is derived from ernortine. fiith each increase in efficiency, the average cost of oroduction declines. In a connetitive industry this yields a reduction in the retail price. The end result is a greater consumntion- sensibility for a given amount of nonev. The second manner by which foreign trade exerts a direct influence on the standard of living is a result of the needs and desires of an industrialized nation. It is not even necessary to relate the necessity of the continued innortstion of industrial dieeonds, erenhite, tin, nickel, nice and esbestos of which over 90 per cent is imported; or of chrome, cobalt, or bauxite of which 75 oer cent is imported, or the 45 in A i . , "HeeC~Volunteers in the export crusade,“ Handlinr g‘qi fShin'r'ii‘n’" 13 (iiierch, 196”), p- “3- 22 many other cools such as tungsten, lead, and mercury of which more then half is inserted. Further, several years ere, the President's Heteriels Folicy Connission cautioned that the list of imported commodities will be increasine rerulsrly in the future.u7 Americsn foreirn econorio nolicvg-aC. Douglas Jillon, pest Under Secretary of State and recently retired Secretery of the Treesury, hes made it clear that ”the promotion of the economic strength of the Unitei States has been a traditional foreirn policy objective.“u3 In his article he erolsined that bv permitting the ”nation to take reasonable adventeje of the economies which flow from specialized pro~ auction,“ the country becomes strengthened. is then states that as the United States achieves benefits from trsde, its counterpart will also benefit (*hich is actually Sicnrdo's theory). The end result of this is favorable to the foreign policy of the United States: a world in which all nations achieve a satisfactory standard of living and are bound together through trade. The Importance of Foreign Trade to the Corporation. Grouting foreign trade all the positive characteristics which it is acclaimed by its supporters, in order for trade n7fiowsrd 3. Ellis, "A Perspective on International Trade,“ in Egononic figvelopnontlggg InternZtioncL Trrde, ed. by Paul D. QOOd (Jelles, southern Methodist University tress, 1959): p. 15. “30. Douglas Sillon, “U. 3. Foreign Trade and Invest- ment Policies,“ in Less} Problems of International Trade, ed. by Paul 0. troehl (Uroens, Univ. oTrlIIinois, 1959), p. 103. ?3 ‘- to occur, tho husinosnron must find Finsclf so motivotcl. lfic motivation an! rationale as soon tron tho corfiorqts point of View is singly profit. It is true that it is a patriotic duty to fiffiOTt. It is true that oroort trade protects and insures rot onlv those enrared in it, but also other fellow citizens. It is true that the by-oroflucts of evoortinz arc many and valuable. out in the sync of the executive, the essential factor is in direct profit. Eroort trade is a direct road tobhrofito all but limitlass in volume and duration. 9 The possibility of profit is certainly present in the world markets. Sach hour adds ten million dollars to the annual sales vol'mc of more than twenty billion dollars.50 than one considers that onlv 6 per cent of the world's ponulation lives in this country and that the other 9% nor cent of the oopulation is seeking goods to raise their stsnflords, it becomes soosrcnt that the long-term growth pattern of many firms will be traced to their position in the world market.51' when ths market opportunity is couolei with tho lmowledgc that profits on exports generally oak-ml or exceed those on domestic sales, the wisdom of escorting can 52. not be questioned. As Neil Ecfilroy, chairman of iroctor and Gamble and former Secretary of Defense has statei: "shot ”9., 50 :ymflno p0 1. Stanley, p. 4. 51”3Xport for Profit Growth-~11," Stool, 1&9 (SoctOther 25, 1961) Do 10%. 52"3:hort for Profit Growth-~I, "Stool, 1&9 (Ssotomber 11’ 1961). p. b5. 2a fircotsr incentive for market doveloomont could there be than the potential reorosontcd by that Is to nsrt of tho worli's pooulstion striving now to find the moons of boconin: effective customsrs?"53 The thought'hns been advanced that a man who EVOilS ewportinz is as inadequate as the man who will not scll on the East coast because the tronsoortstion cost would be hi;her.5u But in sdflition to exporting as a means of pi.- tcctinz and increasing profit margins, msny firms finl that such activity forces them to notch tho technoloticsl sivoncos and innovations of conoctition and to roan the benefits of a research and dovelonmsnt ororrsm before it is brouvht to this country by a comnstitor.5s That stories is a country of moss proluction iniustry is on accented fact. What is not so obvious is thct as a result of this systcm profit margins on a cor unit boois oro often quite small. Addoi to this situation, as a naturol consoquonce of mass production; is tho joint considorotion of high overhead costs and rapid technological innovations which increase those costs. Thus, because mass distribution is on essential requirement of a mass production system ”escorts are being pushed by United States companies today to tote up 53"Ernort for Profit Growth-~11," Stool, 1Q? (Sontonbor 250 1951). D. 107. V 54"U. 3. firms who do nothinr about sollinr sbronfl critizcd for iniiffcrcnco," In ' (August 13, 1962), Do 19. fiqmnb‘ fisfifll {~‘AM‘—l\fiflfin - .[ '.' L..'.:.. u -.z J15- - -;. .. A. J--. _ w . 5sstsnlcy, p. 1. 25 tr e clock in the domestic sales curve, to fatten uo thinnint C “’ profits, and to broaden coneumer accentence of brand neeoo."J’ In the day-to-day analysis of business conditione nni oooortunitiee which the world market presents, many loafers iznore the voluminous opportunities because of a fear of the (3 q «'6‘ 2.1;.- D 3107.1 strange conditions of oversees markets, etc. Thee 8 :5 be made aware that ”the fundamentals of selling ebrooi c profitable basis are little different from selline coeecti- cally."57 This some point of the ease and facility with which one may participate in foreign trade was exoresoel in a fashion both humorous; and pciment by Neil C. Hurley, Jr.. 'heirmen of the National Ernort fixoancion Council. Hi3 concept of the problem this country has in world tre33 is: to em mlain to the United States manufacturer who eare British woolene, toooefl off with ties of Italian silk and honikcrchiefe of Irish linen, rho drince Scotch whiskey, who he -3 a smell 3ritie h or Italian motor car for his second automobile eel fills it with gasoline from the Eidile Beet, tbet it's possible for him to sell his product to the Site people from when he buys tie coffee: o f 5 “140’ p. 3»: SVIr-srifirt gun/i :“T-“finrt Elna-innate, '0. $2. _ - ——..-.— 53"U. 3. firrc rt:o do nothinv ebout cellin" coro‘i criticized for iniifference ," Internetiee 1 Connerce, M (iux’ust 13 ,1. 19):), p. 190 ifICCti‘lOE‘f 3:: CF 1"’.ACE{A§_}IN’3 F0; EXEOHT In the aftermath of Norld War II, the only limitation on the total of exports from this country to the other nations of the world was the availability of American dollars abroad. Because of such government action as the hershell Elan, there was, in feet, a good amount of American money in other Innis. In more recent years, the other nations hqve rejeinei and surpassed their previous levels of industrial develcn- ment. The result is that the United States is no lonzer the only lerne scale producer, is no loneer the only country with the capacity to proiuce a supply which exceeds the internal demand, and hence, no longer interacts in world markets which are free from comoetition. In fact, “new that the industrial free world has recovered, world markets have become highly competitive.”1 When comparing_end contrasting the principles of foreirn trade with the realities of such, there exists a major variable which one may not afford to overlook. shat is being referred to is that the orincioles of trefle discuss comparative advantage, costs of production, and the like with- out consideration cf the costs of transportation or or distrio buticn. This is en eree in which costs are not anorecieted lForrifn Corneree H~nfihookn(4sshinzton, U. 3. Governn ment Printing Ufrice, I960), n. 3*. 27 s greet deal althou3h these costs often play a significsnt role in determining finsl sales. It is essential that one recornize the inportsnce of these costs which are in addition to the production blue profit price, or the cost of the item f.o.b. plant. "By raising the delivered price of a country's exports, they reduce the volume sold, and if they exceed the difference in production costs between the home country and a potential market, they rule out trade altogether."2 The key ides being developed is that the pattern of foreign trade is a function of delivered as opposed to produced prices. “A product is imported if it can be boo ht by the importer at a price below that char3ed for sonet‘in* of the some quality by a domestic producer...”3 When J. Edward Meyer, Jr., director'of trsie develop- ment for Grace Line, Inc., was asked: "Can better or low cost packaging help dynamically in overseas markets?? he answered with an emphatic, ”Yes!”h In the intense conoetition for world markets the exporter must search every available means where~ by he can offer'his product at a comoetitive price. Often one of the last reneinin3 avenues for sevinss end in feet, the one most oftog overloo‘ ed is in the field of protective pecke3in3 Zillsworth, p. 133‘ 3Tershis, p. 108. “Henrv Lefer, ”Carrier's hankering advice boosts ernorters' profits," 'tndlins eni IShiphinr, 14 (heroh, 1705), p0 not 5C. H. Nethercote, figs :- évnqgg iccverinr (Ottawa, eueei uwztlormry, 1703.), p. 5. 25 It must be thorouihly recoTnized thct heckerinr is en acute factor in the achievenent of foreirn soles throujh its influence on costs. There can be no question that "e lerto mercenteqe of total product eni final distribution cost is event in the essential functions of selline, storinr. hondlinz, end trensoortinr, all of which can be fevoreblv effected by nrooer peckszinm."6 rockerine directly affects the profits of e coconey-- end nrofits are the businessmen's rationale for enre3in3 in eroortine. Profits are determined by the interection between revenue and costs, bein3 directly related to the former and inversely related to the letter. A packe3c can determine costs by its imnact on such items as shinning costs, end insurance retines, while revenue is effected bv the ienect of the package on such items as sales, goodwill, and oeyeent time lane's. Revenue rhe beeic reason for the emnloynent of adequate crotective cachecinz when involved in eroortinx is that ”it is noor economy to construct an inadequete case for e shin- eent since damneed eoods are not conducive to reoeet orders."7 To understand the imoortence of deliverin3 merchandise to the nurchseer in sound condition it has to be understood that the eroorter's resnonsibility is not ended with his perfornonce in followin3 product soccificetions and shinnin3 accordinr to 6Csrroll 4. Evans, “The Pecka3in3 of Odd-Shened ierts,” in fynnripm-n {s'zz-qaimmnnt Acnqpictigqq i-Oc'..fnf::1r3': "7"!‘1'199 no. 1&3. ed. by h. h. moSHGr (New Kerk, 1953), p. lhifi 7fvfiqrt ethnin; Fennel (Meshineton, U. 3. Goverfinefit m Irintinq office, 15337, section 1%}:lb. {3.) 9 99995919, but he mu9t 5911V9r the qu911tv of 90339 91r991 uwaq 93 9911 99 the 9u99titv. (Fhls is obviou91y in 9ifiition to the 99 ire t9 m9int919 99199 .) If 90041-9 arrive at t‘r lair fimtiafltim in a con iticm unfit for th9 nurno99 for W219 h th9v w9r9 intenfieia-wh9thnr for 9919 or use-~b999 ‘99 of 999 r9ht lifiita tio19 in he whinninz contpiner, the comnany is bouni to lose its V919- 9919 a999t of 90059111 t0 one datrea or another. mven if the value of the item had been cavered b3; insurance, 99:1 th 91919 settlei far full value, the 90999ny 99111 incurs a two- fold 1099. Undoubtedly, there will occur a del9v 1n tqe 99tt1999nt of the terms of the 91919 which will reqult in canital that is non-nroiuctive. On the othar hand, the reaction of the customor 19 likely to be 999n more severe. Because of the delay he exmero 199999 he 19 likely to he quit 9 cool to the "hlnqnqn on his next vi9it, or r99u09 his orfiars. At worst, he might 9119199t9 th 9 909999y 99 a suhnlier. Thus, packnze 999939 renults in 9 1093 of ”no‘“111 which is c9rt::in1y 99991n9 to the 109: ran profit objective of the firm. In short, although anctnzin: 9199 nothing to th9 value of the 90099 far 9919, the r99ult of inadequate Dncknrinz "can develon into an economic loss and brave 9n inqurmountahle stuwbling block for evnort trnia."§ It has b99n 9911 rfichnmlnq is so immortant to ev ortia: that 99999 those directly involved in this area, only twt n. I 30 erouos do not know or oractice those concents considered to be good ezoort eschewine principles. They are those people who are Just entering the field and those people who are transient to the field.9 The conceots of good export peckezinz do not require absolute protection. In fact, "the value of the article shinped frequently determines the degree of protection needed.”1O fihen shinninz a low value item, it would not be worthwhile to the manufacturer or shiooer to incur the additional cost which would be necessary to always deliver the product in usable condition. The decision as to the degree of psekaqing to be undertaken should be the result of a statistical analysis to determine the marginal revenue of sales comnsred to the marginal revenue of costs as a result of increased nsckaeins. (The variable of goodwill must also be considered.) To obtain the greatest sales possible and the corres- uonding profits, it is also necessary to consider the personel likes and wishes of the buyer. Often tines the buyer's requests as to the tyne of packs~ing and merkinos to be ussel will prove of great value in fscilitstine the movement of the article of purchase from the place of manufacture to the noint of delivery. Even if the most economical method is not slwsys surgested, it should be followed if changes cannot be insti- 9£dwerd Swine Pratt, Foreign Trsie handbook, (Chicswo, The Dsrtnell Coroorstion, lQMB). p. 839. 1%. 1‘3. Bonnell, Jr., lerrell'o ':lL___~n on oc""."r" “......i . n“ (New Iorc, Donnell zuolicetions, Inc., :199I7:Mp. ' WBD. 31 utsd without sntsronisin: tho bnycr. chsriless of the quality of the orofiuct it is worthless to the manufacturor who has no buyers. as somewhat of a corollary to this concoct of salesmanship is Pratt's belief that all soccisl charsss for eroort should be listed separately when billin: so as to promote rscosnition of this cost for what it is by the buyer who will then not feel as thou:h he is beinz charged an outrageous nrics.ll Cf short run consideration is the problem of maxi- mizing investment on a particular shiomsnt. To accomplish this end, the means of adequatc'psckoqing is a must. The reason for this is that in reality, rotsrfiless of the terns of the sale, the seller usually is responsible for any loss or damage to goods while in ocssn transit since "all contrscts of sale are interpreted as having an implied condition that the goods must be neckawed in a reasonably careful msnncr.”12 Of course, the long run result of inadequate packs in: is loss of the customsr as already mentioned. This brin~s forth the consideration that as packaging osonls becoms more proficient in the performance of their function, the country Will become more competitive in tho world markets. Thors- foro, demand for products will increase and the derived demand for packaging will increase. Thus, by pursuing the profit motive throuqh adequate packaging the national inter- llrratt, p. 897. lzéoliberz v. Southwestern Metals Corn., 298 foo. 2i a) ,4) ,1 ~v est mill henofit, union in turn will boncfit the no: “fin: industry-on very pleasant circunotence! Costs :he total cost involved in the physical distribution of a product is influenced by many factors. The major ones are package materials and labor cost, storage cost, eel tronsoortetion cost. All of these may be directly sffcctsi by the packers which is decided noon for a oarticulsr article. Unfioubtcflly, the most sirnificnnt portion of all costs incurred in the process of delivering goods on an esoort basis is test of tronSportstion. Therefore, this area shall be examined first, with an investigation of other pertinent arses followinz. Trsnsoortotion.--To keen trsnsoortetion cherres to a minimum, the exporter must consider both the weight of the sh :eent and the cube of the shinnent. The reason benini this requirement is that ocean freight rates are quoted “wo13ht or measurement, ship's Option," and whichever yielis the greater payment to the shipping line is that which is used.13 In foot, as a general rule, if the load is more than forty cubic feet nor ton, the shipment is charred on tho besis of soece rather than weight (so this will yield the greater reve- nue).1LL Consequently, the shipper should try to fill all the voids w]. thin his contains}; To do otherwise is to pay for 5:311 ext-in; 13Erfltt’ p. 895 b . . l'rnrker H. Brown, "firoort Pecksrinr coonncs Juflrnsnt, finlsncinz," Possess “fixinecrirz. 9 (January, 1964). D. 43. 33 air. By mekinr thoroueh nee of all available sonee, the ehiooer reiucee his per unit cost. It has elreeiy been oointei out that the ocean shipper is not liable for demaees which occur as the result of feultv oeokezinr. In domestic ehipeente (which are required to vet the merchoniiee to the harbor or airfield), the some holfie true. If "the shipper fails to comply with a rule of the classifications or tariffs governing packaging requirements, the generel rule is that the carrier is relieved of relie- hility."15 Thus, to be able to hold the comeon carrier liable in the event of damage, one must not have a oeckeee that the carrier can show to have been faulty. In deciding noon the type of treneeortetion to be neci, one must recownize that Just because ships have a freieht rate which is below that of the airlines, it should not be assumed that ocean shipments are always leee expensive. shinning by air has several financial henefite over its counteroert, ocean shittinr. with air freight the shipper experiences a reduction in the need for documentation end warehousing, handlinz, pick-no and delivery charges, and insurance premiums.16 TWO other positive adventezee of eroorting by air exist. If duties oversees are levied on weight, a cost 15Kenneth U. Flood, Trrffig Eggjghrcnt (Dubuque, 33,731. C. BrOE-m, COO. 1963), p0 } O 153ten1ey, p. 96. 3n reduction will be experienced as the required protection in air freight is less. Also, the conciderebly lose delivery time reiuces the 132 time between production and payment, thus reducing the capital investment necessary in finishci products then would otherwise be the caee. Yet, while extolling air freight es a means of relucin: treneoortetion costs there are mitigating factors to be considered. Because of the low value to cube ratio of some items, it is not at all economical to ship these items by air. Also, while air shipments do allow less peckerinz protection, there is a minimum margin of safety which should not be violated.17 To get to the airport, the shipment must undergo the rigors of domestic tronsncrtetion. Once at the airfield, if the shipment is loaded into a moiern Jet, it will find it to have more room than a freight car. Alec, the shipments are often loeied under inclement conditions with no protection. 30, while air may be the beet means for some shipments, even for those a minimum protection level is required. Heniling is an area which affects transportation caste as well as totel distribution costs. The costs of henfllin: wtich are incurred throughout the total distribution eyetcn may be effected by the desirn of the package. The incorpora- tion of features into the package which fecilitete he nee of mechanical equipment is a positive feature. For erenole, 17Imnort and Ernort Business, 9. 35. 35 by designing a relatively small escort package of about two hunirci pounds with runners it becomes possible to use a fork truck on the itee. Or by placing lifting hooks at the proper location, it will tend to prevent a piece of msohinsrv from dropping out of the bottom when clamp-lifted aboard ship from the top. These small additional costs can result in lerre savings of labor hours and denotes. gostoos fintins.-“The mqnner in which merchandise is packed may materially affect the customs duties."18 It is ssentiei that the msnufecturer learn of the customs regu- lations of the country to which he is shipoing before he bojins to package the goods. Althoufih this subject will be covcrci in more depth later in this thesis, an example is in order at this time. Generally the determination of duties are based on weight. However, there are several different weight classifications. If the basis is gross weight, then unnecessary outside packaging becomes quite 0 spotsive. however, if the basis is net weight, then the out- side packaging is not even considered in the calculations of the duties to be paid-oif the packaging container is not of .orzwzerciel value . 19 hotcriels gal storfive.--fieterials cost and storore cost have been fronted totether because of their basic similarity. Althcush there ere many factors which influence the finsl p '1 "Jl'm.tt’ p. (‘96. lgl‘gd. 35 cost, when a meal is soecifiefl, the major variable is in the cube of the packa39. Obviour 1y, bv ro5uci.3 th 3 cubn through more efficient packin3, tha amount of materials reoioi also falls. Corresmozain3ly, by reducin3 the cube of the packaqe, the space requirements in a storato area flacr3““e which yields less in the way of charges for the funoti n. ga:;3,--lho act of packa3in3 the merchaniise imta a container and readying it for shipment can he an ewnemriva proposition. rhe cost of this function is lar;cly 135li.:r~1 by the materials, methods and equipment of the packa3in k”! A system.‘fl The type of tools available, and the type of con- ainer boin3 used c? n subst:2ntielly influtnoo the tiwxa sweat on the backa31n3 of an item. Lafivrhnfie.--Earino insurance is an absolute naon~'itv in exporting. It is so becauge in overseas traia tho ship line is not subject to the same liability as is a land- based carrier. As a genernl statement, "the water curriar is liable only if he does not exercise dug iili3once in in loaiinfi' , stawin3, or unloefl in; of tfo fr? i3ht from the vessel.”21 Ihus, to te protected from the ”perils of the 23:“ such as struniin3, Sinkin3, collision, or action of tho minfl and waves, a marine policy is necessary. 273111123.? F. Friefimvn and Jero2e J. Rinnoes, £33333 infirm-in: (new Yort, John 5119;! and «30113, 17(3fi), n. 3,. 2131091. Do 355- l 4 2i 6 h“ It i? 9 camtafilv rczsfitni i3”! thxt in 53933 to 2 - 3'2. ..- . ..) .f., ‘29.. ‘ .....,. . .' -. P" ' 1;: fluid: 1* 3.2:: 3 3.3.- f‘;? Hg“? 1:31.? 5 :--VI'."’. "23".: hr» 9"‘Fw‘1... 33003, or n rnlotive 123" of cavitiofl will occur This 333?“ he? 9 30?ifilt9 hide“ in nQCWQNin". DnlY h? 09331711W7 iznrovomant: in nankncinr tqnhwiflu33 335 m”h331313 n33 CDTt “innfg be ranlivoJ. Two 93333199 of oh3n333 thnt r3“filtfli -ia PWWKtvntivl QaTinyw 3hnll kW @391 to illflwtfifitn tFQ ~3v33t3333 of wovinm forwa3fi. gt defitern filectric Cofiflnny's neurny dorks, by r“ttchin3 the mfiteviql use! in their cootqinarn frnd $035 to trifile wall and than to fiberhoqri, they relacefi tfitmTirlS O i.) 338 43 oer cent and 6 her cent resaectively, for 3 tot: 33t3rinl sovin39 of #6 oer cent. The shift 9130 3" the rauult of a 30 oar cent rsiaot'on in mackinT Lin3 ta? 3 b°fi¢u39 tbs flaw dafii3n and material facilitatedhrt‘v“tioa Tfifbhuis. * The numerical valuefi of theqe chzr'33 revoo‘l‘tai 1n 1hh19 111- (\J I". ‘3 233,553.13. L... irizv‘z‘efii', "31337111'195 53'“ " inf; 23.73.17 for '-.:1=.3J__r;," Equipment finhiev¢3 rnjnr ficonmmv," 1323333 i33133331 (way. 1‘?~‘"’), It- m~- yuars to find if they could nretnctltc nectarinf. YB?‘ resultg were cy be seen fron mable IV} which :.”:3 ww'glt 3f reiuce: tare uni cube. Lit"rallf, the cost savinrg as 3 final a2 there of 49° tern .‘100 Eric “0'11 tho nan”nve cowl! nat ncrfnrn t5 tun 1Q 15*». loved, cf” tan rsrav‘lmz': 3w. ‘7. 13*" 7‘“ fi‘fi ' Rfirfi JHT1“: thi? tact, ”%1fih qu [N A ”cnnrqtlnn Llrht new," hnn marvefl 99 a osonhy that because a container is protection to its contents. ‘7' -‘ r L d g, T o .- '0 -‘ - '. T I - " ,‘~~ *;1:- WV: 1.‘r‘ ‘11'Ilrnwd 1&0?“ ”*tnr‘=1 Cant fn'cr ¢*‘t . .'—.—...--‘..“-="~"--Q'Iw-‘-"f‘- w; m m-m. ”frow'hiw': ‘~ “:0“ _ L '~ 1'“ ~.:Ci’\'i': f ”113““15’13 ~.."'-~..1-'l U0- '; Tia 1.13)." J — t‘, g L (1.. " L‘jlfi'f‘J 7‘ ‘ ? ."' “1""- ? f;{-\<‘~ 7’1"". 1'3 n‘rf " a 5' aw- NA" 36A“ 1“ 9) A C ‘04. ‘_ ... . —V~I‘---U-m “M" w v ‘HM‘V V. . _—v.._._ W‘- 7' ‘ ‘1 ,2 ‘ , /' ~ q .I‘ ha. 1 f. r". .2 .‘ r. t. a": 3.. :5 ,2 < 3 . "h I .J -1 . - J . .J . .4 .4. I . - 44 o . . '- "u f I . ' I ’f ‘v I. ,. "' r‘l) ,‘t 13.} f". 9.1 l) [a J.) '5' :5 '3 1"! '3 i, L ' ..l- ’l’ L. ..I .A . i “. V" &(.J"" -‘ 4" I, t’: r‘ p gr." A ‘4) . _» y) -, 1 F l) I) "J 'l, _' _).(‘I"v _’ . .-. .I t; . '0 . :2 L. f ' J. ;-.. r‘ pg}; ’3 ‘ do (fir-\d‘v, 5‘ Am tA 1 9‘ "v- ‘\“‘o-o\ . v", I 4..) ..., 1 \JLL '.1 4 Ana 1"!) ‘,5 .. z" ~' -- J J is frlnLn-tcll u»:.1r cl corrW*=twl honri 1 l. ‘14-» 11 f': ‘v. ...: log .0‘ v ,. "' ,’, _‘. “I; . ~ M v 1~ Lu 1 . we Jzfii ulufl u-!.:Av. fi?596;. aw.“ .o- l ‘1 ‘AA‘& 1’ ('1’... .3 a. Q' ”I “a..- 1 1 ‘1 (s I “’A‘ “.14 9.- <- |74—.—. .P— a J......_. .1. -~Lv~aLU La. «cg.~-.-.-.L \, aa... 1.8. J. -.».A V's...” ,AA... w-a A- ‘- ’vsnav'. A.‘ 1‘ “cc-Ava" fiOOIHH A4!» -Aflr~¢‘~v-" ‘V . a A'-"\"-(\ ”ac-cu - \.- -p:.;v :1 a.» Lynn 1.: \J. ..n \I : l. : y «‘ju ‘ A a, “'1 21 fl;£ .4" r 2: II.) ,I’ urea-- 'W w_‘ .. ’Al ‘ A“. o l": J“ 1. "_ '.'. 1.31:1 T! (n .r’ J._... L), D. .4}. auxin-:8 36.1- v. "loot-an“. ‘m‘ h“ 1." " J" 37% 9 A .r‘ '3 A“ «a - n-s a 1» *4“ Lni--¥ 3LQL?J tray c-ntuctc. a cfl.1 a 9? * -tm over "lh ‘ ‘» I .’o "” adage th c;.cn c; near scantOC‘lqr as 83 st crvinfn Q? n I ~ I hofin by tde 4y 2: “A- , at“ J vulva if 791 rennivvi. 0? t7 *fqrvwwen of t a”? ‘- .. -,r‘ , *. “v.71? ' 1'21““? Ta) Q"? .Jeqstlcn of the flhll- heavy,1t affords good ‘1‘9 1:11. 9 I V 4:: 21113. "m J“ 'f'hu- 313'1 73")? V". '1‘2‘1 1319- [1111 : ....rv. #- ‘- A “ “*i' ~__ 1 I _._— :Zcrtrvenrrvn ...”: r1-.-~+»-a_ _- 77-» -~ .ii;.'L*1n- r»?! 29-1-1195 9991’! w—w -—.. ‘ - ...—"w m- ”I'm A no (105 Jozt 919ht t1bs.) Cost “ w. _ —— _ ...—.7-..— 55 .1.f* ks x 29‘ 9 191 1‘.s 1.; p M b) o '\.\ x) \J \ a ’1 0-4 I: H )4 ....I ) H - ) C "J c ,4 av ?7 9.?3 21 Y 2?* r 10‘1 11 1.31 13 1.5? 31 x 7?3 x 19 9.5 .27 23 1.‘7 ?1} x 13 x 17 1.33 \0 .ii-wren: Irv-13111.17 I1’9111‘39t21‘911 (..v' 51%111‘1r1t‘t.311, U. 3. {Jury 3111.3: 1y vnw ..T. ' , 31’ v ;I1I"' 3., Qisufiry, 1',}‘)1).'~," o 2. 3fter r9fiuein1 the w91¢ht and cube 39 f3: a3 19 czzible t1 the use of new'or 1‘.1ff 9r1fitrt9r1393, firthcr re actions may sometimez be realized by gain: 193159 the 999t9199r to the article 1t391f. 39 the means of 31399399919, oft9n 191:9 9111 irrem1119r items m-1y be r9‘uC9fi in 1313. Or, if the items APR u91f919, 99? 1933 they c9n 39 ”thB: to cjflfluct E9 t3ta1 rfifiuirfii $3999 99 f9? 99 19 91:13 In 99991.1? 91199.1 of 9091; re. 311913143111, of 11121-1 sync-9m 933111 99 1.3393939 rJtCz. It is always 191133 r9991b9r thrt marine insurance 99991939 "9r9 b9393 an the 393999 of probability that a loss will occur."23 7‘ the dctcri nfition 23"“99919 Trevrzt13n: 393134197 the T“199993 Can't ncln Hyth," fvn‘119q 9 3 41'91‘91, 12 (19r11, }}33), n. 27. no <3f marine insurance rates, a record of losses which could 'have been prevented by container'modificetion will lead to relatively high premiums or in the case of flefrent netlect, ooeeiblc cancellation of the policy. On the other henfi, e consistently fine recorfi will yield the shipper a favorable 'prenium rete.2u Thus, many times, a somewhat higher cost of pecking will be offset by much more econonicel ineuranco rates. Finally, there are two other unreleted reels open to the manufacturer seeking a reduction in his ehinpin: costs. Instead of mainteininx or expenflinz his own neckejin; denert- ment, the manufacturer may investigate the possibility of the use of a contract neckeqing firm and/or the nee of containerizetion. A contract packager may reluce the invest- ment in machines, materials, and labor, while nroviiinz considerable excertise. Conteinerization or goods has the potential to reduce distribution costs in a variety of areas. lhis will be discussed further in the appendix of the next C hen t m To HAZA 3J3 O F EXL’O HI'I N 3 It may be stated without hesitation that the goal of packaging for export is to insure the arrival of the mer- chandise in an undamaged condition. The manufacturer whose Operations have proved to be successful on the domestic market probably has a container which has mnctioncd more then edequstcly. It may further be stated that the probability is great indeed that a domestic container will not achieve a satisfactory performance record when used for international shipments. That the requirements for domestic trade and for escort trade are considerably different must be understood from the outset. ”In the first place, let us never forget that the domestic package is not a perfect container even for movements within the United States. At best it is a not always heupy compromisc.'1 This situation is quite true regardless of whether the Specific concern of the pechezing is sales presentation or shipment preservation. The necessity for thorough market study when designing domestic containers for the purpose of creating sales is widely recognized and unquestioned. The examples of success- ful Judgment are practically infinite. Reflect for Just one 1herine Service Dept. of’Insurance Company of North America, hroort Beck n7 (rhilsdelphie, Feb., 1963), p. l #1 Q2 moment on the harlhoro flio-ton cigarette box which increased the sales volume of harlboro 5,000 per cent in eizht aonths.2 Cr, on Flav-R Straws, a small firm on the verge of bank- ruotcy which introduced a new package and display unit which led to a four million dollar per year cross.3 Of course, the conceite situations do exist which for obvious reasons, remain relatively obscure, i.e., the innovation of ketchup in a wide-mouth bottle. Consider then, how important market research is if a package is to be an effective silent salesman in a country with a sociolosical structure quite different from that of this country's. here shall be said about this area later in this chapter. As for protective oachaeing, there is reason for considerable improvement in this area as well. As an illus- tration, in 1961 alone, the railroads of this country paid out almost one hundred million dollars in losses on packajed merchandise.“ This total represents only those payments which arose from inadequate packaging-«container failure. From the above, it should be clear that the domestic package does not fill its protective function in an alarming number of instances. Because the escort package is subject to all the punishment which is experienced by the domestic package ...... 2"Lihat‘s New in Packaqing?" Purchasing, #9 (July 13, 1960). p. 80. 3"A Package Rescues a Business," Nod: (Aoril, 1960), p. 112. c Errort Pushinq, p. 1. Fathering, 23 WW II» .I' lu'k Iisv'li. 43 slus the additional handlinxs and storage periods incidental to overseas trade , it should be obvious that the strength requirements of the export package are considerably greater. "The keynote of adequate packing des gned to carry merchandise safely through the many transnortstion and shinning risks to which it is subjected is strength.“5 But, because of the many and varied types of hazards which may be one countered in ship.snts of different merchandise to the acre area, or the same merchandise to different areas, ”the packing which is suited for one product may be completely inadequate for another."6 As a result, each package must be treated as a unique problem. This is substantiated by the many forms of containers used, 1.9., nailed boxes, wire bounds, panel boxes, elected plywood bores, corrugated con- tainers, fiberboard begs, bales, and wooden and metal barrels or dn n:n .7 Each of these has its own particular advantage rhea viewed in light of the product and the expected hazards. It is Just because of the above situationo-widely varying conditionsc-that neither the steamship lines, nor the air cargo carriers, nor the marine insurance companies publish ssecificsticns describing standard containers which sy be considered acceptable for extorting.8 Considerable support is given this statement by John hount of the Insurance strett, p. 893. Auntin’? £33 . Snoinh 1’233110 7Lm“ mrt sod Evoort Bus mess, p. 86. 8Fibre Box As 5300., fljn nib1o< ofC rurctol sud 3:113 ihfihmarl BAY”? Ema I ma' 1f”: ‘ b511CcLEO’fiLiOV. . 1)U2y’ p. {5. 4h 03‘33ny ofl orth zerioo, "a real expert on eynort 333337133.”9 He stated to ‘he writer: “I believe you will find few r33u13tion3 ezariing export packaginz. It apooars to to 3 Judgment area and depends a lot on tho tr3nsport3tion hazards involved as no two Journeys to different dootinotions are alike."10 In spite of the many new and different kinds of problems wt'ich the new exporter will encounter in pac‘ fiN the has ic procedure for the development of the export can- tainor differs little from that of the domestic cont3inor. "The principal difference between the two will be in the ability to obtain information 33 to the actual hazarfis that tho exhort shipment will encounter.”11 Therefore, a thoroufh understanding of the various hazards which may be encountered is essential. To give the reader a perspective on the relative importance of the various prevent3blo hazarfia in shipment, Table V has boon prepared. Because no one 3333 V‘ outlicizin their own f3 iluros 3nd busino.3s firms are no exception, there are no fizuroo on the number of uxzsm. 3333531 attempts to penetrate now world mar33t3. And, of course, unless the pac‘331o is 3333133 and the product achievo3 success, the f3iluro of tEIo itom may not be concluEiV3ly traced to the package. It must be remembered th3t all shipments will n3t 9Personal letter from J. P. fi3cklor, Phfiirnnq, Uwife rm Classification Comaittee, to iiichard Kimb3ll, M3y 5, 19rf>5. lgfiernonol lottor from Joni lount, r313 3r, xolicV~ hoéders Service Div.-H3rine, to Iichard Kimbsll, Apri;1 27, 19 5. 113onne11, p. 193. 1:5 emmrience ha-zzar'h: which era quite as: 11223511151213 2m titre mica are to be dzzscribe': . ‘Ist, it should be 1‘;- 11:81 that quite likely ssveral of these conlitions will be expfiricnced to some degree. me packaging; pmblm involved is 12:: 1...:3 :1113; mich of these hazards ani to what dajrae will tzese hazarfis maply to a particular shipment. To effectively make a rational decision on this matter, an annrane 33 mu: t be had of the total threat which applies to each akinment. Table V Comparison of krincipal Causes of Preventable Losses .7 —. ...— _._ ..,. an.“ w Iravnntublc i“ Pergrmt'3 lfvnvwn"h1alnfirnn LOSSES by 5 ”éi'fil’Sw ; szflrS ~ 5 )v‘cti'fl 2 (12:92-22) (22:2 22:16.22: 22) fi2r1332121113 Sea 2ater and Heavy Nag-her ‘_:§ 1‘33 _2$ Theft Groun _ Theft and Pilferage 263 21% 145 nan-Sclivery [135 $25 .23: Sub-Total M; 13:: 3;; Hanilinz and Stowaze ’ ‘ Breaknta ?15 21% 2?; Leakaze 3% 3% 36 Cont:ct Cthcr Cart: 3% 36 2% 011 llw'nama 15:; - 1é IOD’J'VW"6 13 13 16 Conta.1nation 3% 75 62 Slackaxo and 3? art weight ‘_§: 116 1;: SubnTotal 31$ £53 £13 2ator 01.3323 Group bros} dgter Dana; 11% 155 165 32"?0‘1“: J3; ...]..é ...-ELI? :‘3ubo’1‘o 1:211 lit-1 25;; $3 J 'mT1L 133v TJTABLE LOSE-:23 100:5 1:303 100,5 Source: In~uranoe Canaan? of North America, 1 rtn‘g§.;:3 .nr 1 (ihilaielpi1ia, sava11th e1.), p. 32. b6 T99 r9991nder of this chanter is devotei to a cneoifio 9n91y9is of the hazaris in export 999999199. fhe Lu,‘r~9 have been dividezi. into four‘mnjor area 5:: pr9991t9- tional or 99199 hazards, environmental hazarfis such 99 moisture, physical hazarda such as shock and vibrati9n 991 equinuent limitations, and miscellaneous hazards such 99 pilferage and as: ortel minor problvms. lre9ontation91 L999rfls There are some ancient and ineradicable cnobbnriea co1mon to all humanity, fro1 which a few Preat, flood and efoentional poonle only are iquna, 9n1 one of thm is 99 b91991 in tie ancient s:Vi1": ”‘lothes make toe man." Phat has a broi91 00119roia 1 9991ication-onnrtinularlv to 990(9"in9 A 9911- de9iqned, attractive pack may, at 1999 t for a short ti19, 3911 in31ff9r9nt 9001s: a bad, ill-39319991 pack may seriously, if not perfgnently impair the 9919 of a first clans product. Tho potential for profit to the enterprising firw, in tha ar99 of world markot9 cannot be questioned. ficturnlly, hou9h, before initiating a costly pro9otion uro9r91 in th,9e new 99r99t1, thorouxh studies have to be made. The 299919199- 9919 59999tio proiucer would not 9999 eonsider antry inta a 99r29t without a penetratin9 analysis of the m9rk at. This r9917919 is even more pertinent to entry intoe forei91 91rr9t b999use of conce9ts, beliefs, and st: n5ards which 9re oft91 diametrically 0910991 to twoso held in tEe Unit9.i States. The basic intreiient uses 9; eary to sales expansion in foroi'1 mrrkets 999 well defined by John C913t1e, pro sident of th 12319rry Jones, $191199 £99999111 (London, Geor9o Allan 51-111 UT“ 31“, Ltlo. 19 )3), DO Lt? eurooean Packaging Federation: "If we went to sell in this market we must do it their woy."13 To perform the important functions of packaging, adverb tisinz, and merchandisinr, it is essential to possess a thorough knowledge of the many facets that compose a socioloqicel structure within a particular coorrcphical area. This section will examine the more important of these considerations with which the package must be in harmony in order to be successful. Geishts and mascara o-The first arse which requires costlience with the method of the destination country is that of weights-and measures. Often the pound must be recirczl by the kilo, or the pint by the liter. This is because frequently the quantities to which the manufacturer is accustomed are not those to which the foreign custoccr s accustomed. For example, in this country nails are most often packaged in kegs which hold one hundred oounfls each. The Far Eastern customer, thouqh, wants his nails in nicals (which is 133 and 1/3 pounds), and to sell nails in the Ear zest, the American manufacturer must so pecheme.1u Ifintvmfiss.-Lengueges represent another inbortout ares. Retardless of the clarity and simclicity of directions, or advertising copy, when written in finrlish it is of no value to one who does not ccmerehend the meteors. Effective 13“foints to reflector for escort,” fo46rn isohf*i””u 34 (June, 1901), p. 75. comuunicotifim i? rccnirc‘ for sales, on} ouequinntiaq rocuircc the rows learners. fi‘mcthoi of erectinz cooivill soc ewtcblishin: cov- municoticns in the dehcstic corket is by the not of tr” e- serfs and trcfionohcs. Ibis method also 19 apoliCVWYQ la the f3roirc ucrh .. however, it is incortcnt to realise that this horticuler moons of identificetioo has no icuoritv outsivae this country. ‘i‘o orcvent infriwre'nent while rm, it is necessary to refietcr in each country in rhino the 15 rrofiuct is distributed. mclitigg.~-rhis can be an crocotionclly deiicste are: “rm -\ a “a: must bc hnqilefl carszally. The crime Promolo of e “ficc't” is the existence of crosses on occkezes which are ficotlnoi for e $98101 courtry. 2;;or rréfjrficcs.-- Thachoice of color uscl in the oscscge fissifn must be msfie while considering that Cort in colors me? be tsboo or ereinst the oerticuler nreferoncc of on ores. For instance, in Asiatic countries there are colors which are related to native suoerstitions; or at the color extreme, color mey not have a sirnificcnt role so illus- tratefi by Latin AmeriCsn women who nurchsse face bowler core 12 by its scent than its color. Custors 321.3hoore.--The consioeretion of customs ani ncoos ere nerhoos the most imoortsnt of all the factors which act to determine the pockezinz to be emoloyed in the [FA-alga“ “anal CAu-\m mfififi Phlq-I‘SAI‘AVP n. (2?. m ' m.wwv.rm‘m mydM-fluhrfio r1 r4 \J'i l' ‘DJOYJE‘Q, no 90 ua act of orssontstion31 packaging for overseas. They hove been linked tozcthor because of their mutual dependence on one another. The customs of a country have had an overrioin: effect on the income of that country, while more often than not, the income of a country has played a part in tho aster- mination of the customs of the country. As a crime examole, consider the shooninq situation in Eurone. Most of the so-cslled sunermarkets are reallv snell stores convertei to self-service. Because the auto- mobile is still a relative luxury, the housewife often shoos three or more times oer week and purchases only that which she can carry home with her. When one further considers that the degree of discoseble income has not nearly reeched that of the United Sta es, "it becomes obvious that the larrs economy size packages and the packared luxury item can exoect to meet strong sales reois ence abroad, from retailer and cons*mer."17 'his Situation is not confined to Europe. As a matter of fact, the European situation more closely sooroximotcs that of this country thon most other areas. Throujhout the world morkc', "unit size is most incortsnt. The article must be priced in line with local consumer nurchaninr cover.“8 In the market of British India, for exomole, where nails are sold in open bazaars they must be cooked in seven uounl bets 17"~het about our growing world markets," hoosrn FQCk921n39 37 (AuguStg 190“), p. 11“. 13Rratt, p. 99a. 5) so that the chtQQQr nmqr Cery awry 113 ancWQQQ by 3'3“. Furthernarc, t33 martlouler customs which erlect the traflitian, firily habits, tQFQQQ, pridQQ QQi nern‘ich Lust never b3 irnorQi. £3 a hlfhly dr ..tic illuttr t131 of the particular sejncnt of the forélfln mQrket CQnaideerian, 3 but “3 represantative of t e immortvnc re of n11 factorQ effecting tQ s forei' m mrket, 13 the stary related by ;37Qr1 Barons 1n the July, 1931, isnue of JQQQQQI RE TQr7Q+?Q*, Q3 w“ quoted in the 303 eubar, 1161, 13333 of fitQQl. It seQQQ that in cor-train 32231210331 of sffiCQ t‘: 3 literacy erQQ far) 30 lo: t:13t advertising is dune nlctoz 13117 or L7 trvi3 Qgrzs. However, this still does not eliQinate tte chQ3n~ loations 3133133, 33 so 3 of tie th1VQ3 who saw tho xlctzr n of a baby on a 13531 QDQarcntly throu h the oraiuct to he a grounl—uu b3b,.19 $2171 13333321 1331 1537713313 £33 froblam finviroanantal hazards the beQn fiQli to rQQrQQQnt "one of th3 most serious hazar1s of the distrit ztion QrQ.33Q.”?j This hQ::3rQ is lerely 1r f1uc3CQ1 by QtQQQQhQQlc CQQ itiQQQ and thus is quite airflcult to control. The svecific hermrfis which mast be qurin a; inst are heat (meltinw, 33011133, bleefilnfi, blisterinj, peeling, dcholorinj), 0311 (erevinr, rittlQQ’QQ), VQter (41333171n dilutlnf, covchtinQ, 'L-QQQrt for rrofit urowth--II,” .‘QQ;, 1Q? (Jeotflfiber rw' .1 4.). 19-11). J. 2'3.1 rrietQQn Qnr1 ulpne Q. a. 39. 1...: 51 corroiing, illojibility, diocolorinz), water vonor (corrodinz, lunninz, blocking, pitting), cnl prcosuro (bursting, col- loosing).21 In practice, the most serious of these is the throat of some kind of moisture donate. That this is an area in which the threat is considerably more sirnificnnt in eroorting than in donestic shipment must be renlizei. As a result of several studies it has been found that moisture is a more 2 per cent of all the damage claims filed with the railroads while fresh water and sea water combined composed 13 per cent of those damages paid in ocean shipments.22 The obvious difference in percentages-~an 800 per cont increase in ocean shipments-unccessitates the vast differences necessary between the two types of shipping. The individual with the responsibility of packaging for export must possess an awareness of the possible situations which his shipment will encounter while beinz transported to a particular destination, as well as a know- lcigc of the climatic conditions in that particular area. A very simple example of the latter was the discovery by noel-Aid that its waxed laminated glucoscalcd envelope had to be changed to a foil lamination when shipped to Latin American countries.23 Pnokicr, p. 1 23darren S. McGchor, ”Coordinating Your PackoQinq Abroad," EnckQQe Hnwincerinq, 9 (February, 195“), Do 73. 52 Some form of water damage may be initiated or incurred at any point throurhout the distribution process. It may befin during storage at the manufacturer's plant, elonr the route to the ocean vessel, in the vessel, and especially during unloading and transporting inland in more primitive areas. Consider first the arrival of the merchandise at the dock. If it arrives early it will most likely be stored in en occn customs area and will be subject to all the abuse the atmosnhere can nrovide. The next step is loading. Even if the cnrno's arrival were to be perfectly timed with the moment it is to be placed on board, there is always the possibility of loading during inclement weatherbowhich is necessary to keep the vessels on their schedules. Once at sea, the threat is not over, but rather is actually Just beginning. If the cargo is stored on deck there is little doubt that during some part of the voyere it will be either drenched with rein, waves, or both. Cerro that is stored in the holds crperienoes a different threat, but one that can be Just as devastating, if not more so, to the merchandise. Goods are Just as subject to moisture attack when under cover as when without. In a ship's hold of 100,093 cubic feet, saturated air at eighty derrees farenheit is carrying one hundrci fifty-seven pounds of water, end if the temperature falls slightly the ship will begin to sweet, 53 . g: crooning moisture over the corqo. + Or, if a ton of crocn mood is in the hold and the moisture content of he wool should fall from 25 oer cent to 20 nor cent, ono hunirod twelve pounds of water would be released as a rooult of the interaction between the dowooint, tho tomnerature, and the hygroscopic characteristics of the merchanrlioo.25 In the event that carzo spaces are inofloquotely venti- lated, a change in the tomooroture of the air or sea mate may produce condensation and a high decree of humidity.25 ”hug, it is quite noceosnry to consider tho route of the vessel in termo of changes in climate that will be exocri- oncod. For instance, shipments from New York to Capetown experience tropical conditions as they pass between tho two tonoorato zonos.27 The port of discharge often represents a for’moro serious chollonzo to tho package's protective function than he original port of loading. In some porto the packoros may be unloaded first into lizhtoro because of inodquato doctore facilities. This method runs the severe risk of allowing the goods to be drenched by waves breakinz over the bow. Once on shore, if the port is inadequate for unloading, W WW 2 - 2"Ix/13:3.1rorzco Companv of North America, Fort? g3: this lorli (thilodelohia, seventh ed.), p. 33. M 25 Pfiorg I zé'fi-flwort 3%»T‘3‘11T‘1'? 16113.53; Washington, U. 3. Government ""C‘w ~ Printing Lffioo, 195; , soction 138312. 271311. a \n chnnces are 9901 cuetons and etoreze facilities are inade- quate as well. This increases the possibility that t;e $0013 will be atored outside in rouzh tiles and possibly without any cover at $111.2,3 even here he moisture hazard does not cease. "framewortation inland may be made by rail, truck, wagon, animal, riverboat, or a combination of all, often passin: over the most primitive of roefibefis and trails. During this nortion of the Journey moisture may be a problem in the fore of heavy rains, spray, and hizh humidities.”29 This is truly the case in shipments to countries such as Intiia vhich, during the rainy season, are subjected to extreme .wniaity as a result of both the rein ani intense heet.33 As a further variable, a study by the National Safe Transit Committee disclosed that there exists a seasonal trend of damage in the shinning of major annlienoes and elliefi metal products. It seems that the greatest drmnfie occurs in the summer'months. Althoujh some non-environmental hvwerds such as faster movement and seasonal labor pleys n mart in this pattern, that which was stressed was the inoreeeed humidity and temperature.31 A valuable aid to the exporter in terme of infor utioa 3 Nethercote, p. 8. 2921-! 4, hub. O 30‘1‘vnnmt Q1w§ fl”:$“~: E'E’“";_Ci ( J Printing tfffce, liSé), section 13 aehinzton, U. 3. Governwent £3120 q '1 :- “Irriedman and hipnees, p. #0. 55 on the limitations and haearfis inherent in various torts has been publishei by the Insurance Comecny of north Anerice and is titled, Forte g; tbg_fi3rla. In this publicetion, it is oointed out that “all these exemnles indicate the noseible source of weter end/or'moieture demoee that collec- tively make un a sizable amount of preventable losses eéch year. The Solution When handling perishable merchandise which is subject to spoilage 99 the result of excoeure to heat or cold, the merchandise must be kept in insulated or refrigerated storage areas and carriers in which the temperature eni humidity can be controlled. The pa refs itself must be deciened so that ”air flow or heat transfer is fecilieted and to provide temporery eefejuerfis when optifium ccoiiticne do not prevail."33 Similarly, in protecting efeinet moisture hererde, the initial starting point for protection is also in the greq of package deeiqn. Bone tyce of demere is naturally going to occur, "unlese eiequete mcens flmrehefiiin3,dieei- nation threurh drainere or ventilation holes, or absorption by a drying eeent is proviiei.”34 To perform adequately, brotection need not be elaborate and ccetly, only ecehieti- 9 -_ .1... Bogart; of :53 ”ere, g, 33, 33Friednqn enfl Kioneee, p. b?. 3nflethercote, D. 22. 56 ceteé. For example, take the reeier of Fooern inch“ in; who wrote in with the problem that his overseas shipments of flour were Spoiling. The answer by the magazine roe hot the problem was probably one of moisture absorption. Because flour will not absorb moisture until the relative humidity is over 70 per cent, the manufacturer needs only e moderate level of protection. Suggestion: use a duplex eg with a liner of wax-laminated glassine, or e single—ply paper bag with an interior coating of about 8 mil of poly- ethylene.35 The decision to provide protection throuzh the deeitn of the package rather than through other methoio, such as Special storage and Special carrier arrangements ray prove to have definite cost adventejee. Outioor storeje is certainly more economical if it is possible to protect the merchenfiiee inexpensively. This wouli also lower the shipping costs. A good example of this is the eevinje the can be achieved by waterproofing with paper eni shipping on flat ears. Thie will result in a lower total coet fleenite the extra costs for materials eni labor.35 In the event it is decidel that e hijh fojreo of protection is noeficd, not only from rotor but water vapor as well, then there eriet five methods of meeting the roenire~ rent. The basic requireoont for any mothoi of strict moisture 35"Eu03tlonn and Answers,“ Velcro geehrrinr, 33 (Search, 1960), p. 2160 3t)Friedman and Kionees, p. 39. 57 preservation is the removal of any contaminatinz residues from the merchandise. The method used will naturallv donend on the nature of the items to be protected. Posoibla methods range from a ”solvent or alkaline application by immersion, Spray or brush, vapor cleaning, or merely wipinq or brushing.“37 Final processes should be completed as soon afterward as is possible to prevent recontamination by any one of the five moons, depending, of course, on the item itself. Contoot Egoonrvotggog.--Contact nrooarvatives are usofi when the nature of the iton is suitable to the aopiication of a corrooion compound film by ouch moano as dippint. Spraying, or‘brushing. Most often the itom is metal and is covered with grease because it will not tolerate point.33 The object is than wrapped in a grease proof wrapper to prevent loss of the preservative at high tomooroturo.39 flotthnfigfi bonniono.--This is a second mothod of unit protection which is designed to protect awainot corrosion by liquid water. Barriers are considorofl a common method of protecting morouandiso anfl is usually oocomolishod by lining the container with the barrier'mntofisl.uo It is gonorally usod to protect materials such an textiles, poner 37Hat10nal woolen Box Ason., Tvfiont P""Vin? (Josh- infiton, 1952). D. 139 BBE’QI‘t-‘J 9i thg world, ’9. 33¢ 39Nothercote, Do 23 horrott, p. 89h. 5'2 ‘ '3 and 3333 33313033. 1 8333333 this ”6*“31 5333 not a :fms tho 333333t to a 3ro3orvntivo, it is 3133 uooi for ruhbar, nlastic nni fabrics.n2 fiowovor, the barrier is also us3i in 033313 3 ion with contact 33o "vqtivio. Tho 3333033 is to proviflo'moro scouro protoc cti3n for hi331y finisho 3 parts 33103 hovo close tolerancco such as in machinery, cirolonon, oni 32:3- mofiiles.u3 i331333313 $333333130333i33.-~Eho techniquo of this ‘ W - 0 methoi is to Coot it3ms "1th a thick ., rclativolv st333~ 3138tic 3r333rvotivo which is trenoparont. 33 333333333 is t33t it afforfio orotcction from not on 1y corrosion, but shock :3 3911. Its li3it tic on is that it m'v ho 3333 only on objoots with flat Burrow 333. If tho object has 03331333, it is 1133 y to 3333 difficult tho r3novol of tha 3133tic. The only 33333 of ovoifin: this problem is oithor to 3133 the h3 33 or 53:3 tho objoct in foil toforo 3133i33.uu 7«::A«~**~n,--mhin _3t‘3oi of mo oisturc prevention "333311 to 3333 3333 tho nature of t o ito33 b3ia; :‘inaoi . u . 3rocluieo ‘33 of 33 other throo mothois."‘5 Tho 33133 of ,! N '7171 :4 ’JULQ .‘ ‘li‘lqllnjp‘l :éaoden 133‘ ...le-T fig-Sn. ' 3““.‘3—w'. inzton, 1952), p. 33. 11-3. L. ‘75 '1, ,- f 3. it Rational noodon Box Assn.. ”30: inzton, 19:3»), :0. 13. “’51 3??" .1 Q \J» 'Bouncll, p. 20. D this techniqua is that it 13 suitable as a 310:03t333 (-qu ’1 3:333 for these 3art3 that cannot tolerate 3:3 33 r .‘3c1333 @- or when applitations and rmeV3l of 3r33orvrfiva 33313 1:33ve difTicult, but a high level of protszticn is 33331333. “1333133 tha 3 may he cite] irlcluie electrical equipment, delicate instrumenta, and photogranhic equipment. The basic materials for this mothoi 033315 t era 3arrier W‘13Vw 131 and desiccant. It often is auv.nuukooua t3 porfai3u the V"Cfifi“ cpar33 tion in an area with a low humiiity atmosfihcre 33d 333 to 333339. t as much entrqw3 333 air as is 30331313 before scaling the barrier. T33 latter activity has tvmfald value: the quantity of vapor is reducai 331 t . 3... ~' 5. .n 35 as a renal» o; c' ..., v.4" ... 51‘33.’ 0A 4.5 3,1 I 02t31J3 nréflqura is miniflizni. d’ ...- r3 8 U ("0" 9 U f? H O .J ' J .2"? 33313r2t on in a key e2133r3 anvi22v2w‘t 1 nrwflr? In the provent on of ru3t 33; colffiri3n and in the 3‘3venbioa of #013, the mgigturz Hjln fight is 333 3333? 63:3r3innnt. £313 thrives 3333 ths fringive nuniilfiy is 33339 70 33y cant,u7 while rust ot3r3333 33 a rulativa huxiiity 33333 30 per 3.222121%)"n In 333 fieterwin3ti3n of the 33333t cf Gn3wiC€3t amiofi, c: 132:.” firm if: ram-'23 12v t‘23 unit, “33133 13 t"? :3 3tity of 33 1333113 reqzired to nb.orb thran 33n33 3f «ointara at .3 nor @333 relative .umiditY and ”if TT°fiq at J Q "J a } g. J {T ‘2' D 3132:1273 hamir’ity 22233:: the t3=~mnrfiture is %Ufleth8190tet D. 230 h , . 3 .. ,. 7503n c, ;1rfi, "run 3103133 of irotactive rac'33in3," in Ln-narfi Inn-.n-x-‘H-rfi at 1° ‘2 l:\:~l-.12-2:“L Ffipf-Q (IQ ew York. :3cx2 in? 3 natitute, 1953, n. i 3 2 .-. . .. L1” first r336 nnl carrosion t? Tu hanfllinr ani 333:3 in). fiatfiflgl. £13214}ng bingfimgnt, 19 (AW’JUSt. 1961+). no 5‘)- “a n .m U . a? V savanty-aeven majrneq faranhplt. b33mu~5 rfilfitiva huniiity rises as the tsficerature falla, 1t 13 mace: qr? t3 cat moisture removal stqniarfis for the cantninar'q 12:3“: 50 , tannerature exsogzrn.' Finally a visible inuicvt;r 1“ 9 methad of mating neriofllc checks on the humléity r1t*~'t é) fisturbinz the $931. The indicatgr turns frfin blag ta :3» when the humidity reaches a given level. anar-3hafie lfl*ih1tar¢.--The venur-nhuwo ia’i‘iL w rfiwr9¢ents a *éiétivclv ”0w Anveléflnér* 1n tan 9’99 a” :3lstura wravnnhlan. V01 :39 1t 13 *3: ,*17 TFf3rvw‘ ?2 g. I f J $ 1 13 similar t3 the dahvflrfitian “fifirbrah in 41;“ go :4‘“tr; - Live neei be annlied. VCIfunctinnq b? pvtttint a V”“wv which fllq:01vez in an! moigture vfileh is Y?“ ?ft 13 %“3 “athln a OQCK°?Q. T313 cheflic¢13y vrfiVHfiffi C??V?”l reactiaaa. It 03393 in wwwevfiifi fa?wn ~31 r‘?:* -A w- r. " W H. - .. 9 «'3 5- fl, .... .I . w“ r , -4 1,. .' :tatnet no to thrée “fiance £993 of ?:*:~“n ”'~ * ,3,:3 .13. t) - ‘ ‘5 .. j.‘ .'.: A J ~ c "fl‘mrtfig fO‘Dt {bf hn'J-‘g’r. Ag 3')? "“"{‘:“’.'."i"l ’ C) V"??? 9 1:; V V ti? :3???) gin-th‘xta‘fflfi :1" 'fl'fl'lvflrtztizm in t':z:at +323: *3")? 3.-1 .3 21? a 333 «at, h nae 33.ny tiva f?wn tifia a? finliy;#y :3 51 313 incantian 1a r@?méa%. rhysical Hazards 61 tione of the tTTTTTortetien systefle and the flynemic ewi static stresses which are 0933231 by thesa systeTs. Lhysical Limitations In packnTinT for export there are meny deterwin<3tfi on the desiTn end siTe of the final U9 otnTe. A canTifiTTTtiJn which is wise to rmmember, but is easily overlooked is “fit of the physical limitations of the distribution system. Because of this facet of evfiort weekeTinT, denivninT a C.->:1t.'..i;1¢r 3133.02". 33.11 insure 133:: ste dull cry of a pzfirmct is not enouqh. ”The best protection 13 all for neujht if yea mac :5: 3396:3339 same «77.35 surveiv‘mre "1n 1: the 1.1 e, C-"i 53 flat 1:13-8743." In 5 inning from this country to Toicrn ports over- :cas, one is T mm wily liT itefl Gal? by the equinT out? $0309 of tne ve T331 or the snace of e nlwne, traviiin: the fierchanfllfle ('3 iy be ielivered to the point oft en‘.1ture. an .Vcr: car: shin can menaze with ita can eguinment a TTQTT weight 1033 of 11,290 pounfis anfl has a holi thirty feet in lznTth.53 If t:ie weir. :ht exceec“ s thee anncity of chi? ej“in- Tfiat, Teacial liftinz equipment Till have to be rented to at he mcrthflnwive eboari at considerable cost ani Tub- s'tnntiel risk of delay. If the conteiner 13 over thirty feet, this will neceTsitate tinninx the container to Tfit it into the held which will increase the etrTTs on the canifiinor tr: 3'”- ._ : v. y ~3‘ ‘7. 1 . n3 . V “ V I) I. ”-1“??? M. ‘37“ *m’ . ' 'whgrt 1 9r){'? in“ $13.11,}?! l ‘3 J7. v‘. .3 . “A ngqt. 3. n -- I‘ I. - .. 7 *- -* ~N P-‘P‘ '\ '+ ‘ -fi"‘ 'o- ..-v ‘ .If z‘zcnc1n. . ' "7’" r- (‘V ..V ‘1’}- .lv A. 9 (U‘gii...L.».-Lr\)’. 1:: ‘ -’l)’ Y}. 3141. -.-.-. 4~ .... 531Tf¥tt, I." 9r|7g 62 e2? increase the risk of fsilurs. In the event thflt the merchanfiise has as a dafitlflnu tion a port T-rhich is merely scoast line and the Too-:17: are ualoaied first into lizhtcrs and then onto shore-«T11 hend--the caeqcity of the shins equicment becomes uni? TTtTTt. In this case, the size and weiTht of all containers mu3t Re such that they are subject to beinT moved by hand. "Packages which receive much handlinT as in those ports M1t'tut e” 1.nflsnt for l1ft1"T or in t.;-:3 {TTES '1L:OJL J I ‘51 H .34 1.9. Torte shouli not Weizh over one hwnfirei «~“1 if 903:1 0 when eTeortinT by air, the problems cthTe cnce Twain. In this ingtance, the considerations are the dimen- Tions of the entry eni weiqht of the cerTo es the load ear square foot must not eveeed given limits.55 7&0 loaiinT floor 13 usually sixty inches by sixty-nine inchss and because the Toads are often bani—loaded the contuinsr is usually cTnected to be a maximum of one htsflrnt rni fifty TeunfiT; slttouzh there is an eTcantioi for mnrcn*r ise Tack r f ,4 L.) as enTifles which may weiTh us to 3,009 Tennis. ‘ itreea Limitationfi Walter F. Friedman and Jerome J. HiyflGCd huva gag- oldie: that there exist five as ior rnI"ic:.i ha” .23: that TJTT e ttrfiat to the container. erse are: vitrxtlos i." 3 3‘ -. .. - «A ‘ y . 1“.)- .l n‘ ..q _' .11 T‘vw‘v‘t stir-*5??? .7371: ‘1. (133741333; 0*), U. .3. cover}- .. ‘3 ., 5‘9.“ m e v y I.” W‘s-N 0%;mw‘nr 7Pfi7h Twiuui3; L131cu, 1353 section 1:112. ’1“: 75::th and. rLTfWDI‘t 311' 1’1033. 2“. «7-2. >3 . . ., ' 1?wt o p. 7370 63 (Scufflnz to fr;333“13:), L*~3ct (cru'niwz t0 bf?““1”‘)u punct are (133k1n3 to d3nting), cowor333lon (0333313: to deflecticn), and miscellaneous condition3 of t““‘fiz, 3H333, 5’7 tarslan, and tear. ”# 7". 1 .I“ 1“...” ‘IN ...; rhf’o- 3¢-~1{G,::.--:: 23C: lgrlt'ysi'r: W. 3. ‘. rfi y310311 conditiona encornpaz~ 3 the r13 of Lnr"iam 32‘ r, torsion, and te3r as a re3ult of stre 33 33 annlied to tha 30033. All of these conflitlous are 3333r3nt when p3312~33 1‘3 fab-5213?: 1:33:13: 33333.1 3 3313. 333 t oft 33 this 13 3333-32- ‘ 311:4‘.ad by the 333 or 3 33:30 not 13 33133 3 tan or 333: of fa gnods ara 313031 in rmnian f3331,n. 33313; this ruriwi, nacxates are guanorted by 3333, tnnfl, 3133133, and every other 33] 13.3 :1n1ble to 1M 333 t°?? 3ni taniju h3”3333. If grab hooks ar3 3331 the f3rc33 on thm bott33 of tha 33323133 are confildarahly aultifiliefl. This WC.11 illumtth33 tic R331 far a 333333 vith , n33t3r 3trfiafit3 thnn 3333 9:331 in t13 avernza dom33tic COfltfiiQfiVo ~33133::§3 .--Ehile 3t 3‘1 or 1.3 t‘e 313, the 33333333 :33 313333331 t) bath 3t3t10 3M fl""'313 onn_rcv:ive 33333333. Sbgtlc 3333333313n 13 33p3313333£ $333 the 73333 arc 3t33331 on 333 another.; T33 3t3 33:13; reristcnrfl 13 3 tion or 3t33 in: iar3tion 33 it affécts 3:303141 frtijgh :33 the infltarc 3 of h:311111 M €7”1‘U“7:3f :23 ctrfrjth '9‘ .r-- 2! -~ ‘7" . - - : l' - ~ . 9 I. ~' .1 - {5. ~«. 3 .1 q~ -, ‘ 3fthc 343u1313. If’tmacrnt,b 33313 cflyflmmcwwziaswma . . . ., 3 2 31‘3” ‘1 fl)» 1i”. '-’.-..n Lzl’} r1 ('b l "W Inek ’ §). ‘4' j, . c2). 3 -.' .‘ " ‘f-r :‘Tix‘l‘fi L33? 33311.3; (351311111 , ,z 111, U. J. 3333331- “if"?it minus. '1; ULIlC’S, 17";05, (21:10"! 1*3319. KIT-J“! _fl_ ‘1. b J’sriexnan and 3133333, 3. «7. ‘lllnarwl A ..LI... )1. crawllflnlliz. IE... It'l .PIII.‘ I! . J‘- ..:v r 1' s. 59!! I?§|II.D1,:1I .. +, [ya r‘k" t7 "'_A. ‘; .'."' ‘1 ‘1' f” 'fi'" ..1-‘,-“‘ 2‘ 3.) A? 1J1." I) zyiVE-wa". 1'7 t. '3 ‘C ,2" “ 3" "1 -‘ .(‘- A. ‘- -' ' bkd .’ It I—‘ N. I “-5 1 - \c 19 tha F913, it 9195:21y 9111 19 shle to with9tznfi all {:9 ‘3. ihi tinfi cf tha Carin 99 a rrfiglt of nrutksr :pnxim 11333 (93393 499:91c Str33993 on the nérchmnéiaa in a 711'9110n 1" . a .‘c 1 .0 ‘-- an 0 - -- n I o m '0 Ar: x - L v“ I ‘ * 99:9r t933 tngt Q1 9399r9991ma c9399; Lv 1.9: 9 n: . 1:: ti“?ra:31cn vlich 039919 frfla such 099999 13 d1ff1911: pa maternina hfiéflufie of tfie shaft duratlau an; varieclllty of t39 139mb energy W 101 mahes far fiiff1culty 1n obtaiulnz _ _ £9 7“ “if '3'- F) hrffl T111351 Q - 1LZLL1”“-*‘*liq r9999] 0 m t9“9 1t3t911 9t 99 1119. A 3909939 m:y 13 near t19 b(fltt:n of the 69130 net 99 tn} msrch311123 13 99133 11ftzi 913913 the 531:. 193 53:11193 of 3 ul:*99 {at t 119% place under 399 on ugh to 91104 a 99911 IMQC :93 to pedetra e tha 8199 cr Luttgm of another, althgufih weaker p999: ‘;9. Lace utwuri tke 99:391. the pHc9r713 are trrown arom1i 151th Cm r3- 3 1331: 133 919 {19911y utorfid fifteen or twenty feet h1gh 3191119: in U c O 3:»1‘91291133 on 131'”: L11: ttom of over 1,043 3 1201.111 3 TIC-31’ 5:619:39 o 3;rt9111y. this provides ample ontortunity 10? a D“ 31:91: :0 occur. ..I”..‘.‘:"“':L‘3t.-..lrnfn:=9 ct 81300.3 occur (11111113 115111 #4131? ‘31:; flaring trnnwit. The former are a re sult of w31191 L9u'u a: )9. T" I, .41213t933'-932321929113. p- 1055- 999tharcot9, p. 6. Q A H ..i O :i ”:3 :3 $34 :9 ...- :3 (:3) - 1* m 9 "d o z: \3 O on» -4- .mo 9? wand; zfi'w ii‘h" fm;;.e'3’ (2"““1n_tr3‘1, U. {.3. G'$3V?r3".1- m9nt rrlnn1z; Ufilee, 1350 3," section 138812. ’..a~l.—r / 05 ani the corrcsnondinw drofininr, throwinr, and twnbrin: cf pacrnges which annetimcn rcwulta from such hrnilinr. Transit impact shocks are a result of sudflcn accclcrntlfln by the carrier, whether pcsitive or netative. The fictiodxl Safe Tru sit Connittnc hag found hnniling shocks to ha of the greater magnitudc.6u Fran ths moment the cackaqe is scaled it is 3233308 to handling shocks, but esnccinlly upon reaching the duct. At this point it is likely to be dreamed from the back of tha truck and somehow moved to an actcnbly area. After beinz tossed into a cargo net it stanis the possibility of a crash or twc into the side of the ship if the vesmcl ic rollinz. Once aboard ship, the package may be tossed or drobpcd intc the hold where it is 1 kely to underto several mcvcs before coming to a rcct for the vcyage. This is marc- ly an indication of possible intact damarc at a modern :ort ind does not evcn consider unloading and inlnnl Journeys under primitive ccnditicns. Vibrvtict.-~It is well knoun to’ry that for every item therc exists a frequency, known as the natural fre- quency, at which an item will vibrate freely. It is equally well known that every carrier has a frequency or range of frequencies known as the forcing frequency, which act uccn tha cbgccts being carried. Simply stated, the value of knowin: the above 18 this: at that point at which the l f VF I 6‘Friccman and ninnccc, p. L“. 3.1 {'41. forcie3 frequency becomes equal to t1e n-tzwcl fr911*1 v, r'eeonence is encaintcrci which ma3nifie3 the imi 1t infin- itely with e resultent de3ree of total deetrmction of the pec‘n r1127 1, 9"?"tc"*i1h . ‘ In». 07’ *‘ ‘09. ‘r’ 1 . ..a ‘ ”I ..A \J .. a ‘. . ‘ h" g ‘ {GIVE-:13 “A ”.1 b.4713 L; 53.3 317L173»; . 0.1.3.3 3.1711 54,-1.7: '3’ r '1'. '5 .23. .. 1. ..., .1. ,. 1 ._,1 , . .. 1.. - .1. 1 .. .1 " :- 7: h ‘1 '1 1,9 F~.J.uu1 r“ 393 such 31 o‘Jozt c n1i:a Locto. «11 to h tfiooo tovo thoir 1-8‘; activo "or 1' t1 ohi 'orzzr1 tto f “cc13‘ 1‘.) I3 “ l- » . .. Q ~‘ ‘. ‘H'l "'0 ., _ . q- ..a - 7-. 1 at loo ‘1: 1'21-331111, at onto to foot J 1t 51-35:: To 3:1,: 7‘9/Y9-I__.1 7- ff. 1-.., we (a 74i’ratt, p. 9080 71 fl . “fix-‘6’» ""’~‘-\I “.’.". .1"’2".~ “(é Me‘s-0‘11 bin-‘1»‘Qf-"I-a‘v‘. L".-‘ &' “La. The proper marking of containers is essential. Unless a container is pronorly marked, roxarfiless of its other positive chorooto- stics, it will fail in its function of delivering the merchanoiso to a Specific destination. "Horking of export shipmonts is considerably differ- ent from addressing domestic shipments.“77 flxport containers keen printing to on absolute minimum to ovoid confusion. The essential information is communicated largely by symbols so that the contents and origin will be unknown to evoryono from competition to potential pilferors. Furthermore, symbols facilitate handling, especially in areas where a low degree of literacy exists. The weight and dimension markings on a package must be exact. The customs officials of certain countries feel that any inaccuracy is not a mistake, but an attempt to defraud. This also applies to all shipping documento. Failure to perform accordingly may result in stozgerinz fino3.73 Furthermore, all packages on a pallet, ovon if straoool, should be marked. If tho load arrives in a non- mechanized port, the stevedores will break down the load to facilitate handling.79 This applies to the individual pro- _____l ‘4. 7Jfrott, D. 907* 7727'!»ch 1o 7"" P-b‘nl‘J--’ :13" Jig). q. 7n3tonloy, p. 259. 793arlo Williams, 'The oxoort pockaoo: what it tokoo,” Eonfil‘ 013 Pfiior_or, lfl (Earth, 1965). p. #5. 1"? a? roll far in tfio CWW t “’o ccvtfinor in ”iwr“o’ 0 Sort: of *2?W‘1fi**‘*o. is too? i. 3170, thic 2111 :71 inoto the 1vr';u111*f of tho vaititntlon of firforior Woc’fi ifito 3,8E121W1t that is unior count as a rcoult of ”rant: #3 ska 80 contu1WWr. Unpacking Tfio unoackinz of the cont? nor can become a trofo ll throat to the contants. At the destination, damage often occurs to the contents at this time. 1 Cf a Wroater throat to tho safety of tho ito-., hOWever, is the poeqibility that the case may be oponod for a cus toms 1n,ooctlon. ’Ruaa, the case must be so designed that it may be Oponofi moi than later closod~uth18 without damaging the pilfer—proof prooor ties of the case. "If the packoze must be Opened for custom2, it 18 worse than useless to seal it so t12ot o211y a poo *a‘inW anWineer could put it toWother again after 2 ’3 Opening.”’“ 1:222». 2-2-22 22:22 «2222: In WWWWWWt‘2W dfnzfie tW 1* so ”+ *“o {*WW* ro1"1ro~ ‘ ' 4 r *{gn-a v A ‘4 O tun—o" Win: 13 :30 etifiinotion of say infoot fatiou frow the “2" C18 2-..- haforo it is WWCTWTCW. Tfio WWW*2*3“W "6*orfl*13 mutt 3170 be 223 olefin 531 thou tithtly sooloi. To1oy tWoro Ere Wong on, ‘Jatomley, p. 245. CI) l?fii”fifi¢oto, W. b. :rlo 111122.229, :mo emort we :n-‘fo: What it takes," a 7"]1’17"; Ft" "3’1 ‘ U131 :11" ’g 1’4 (.ZRI‘CI“. , 14705), p. 144'. 83Nethercote, p. 66. 2 C) ' w. 4 n ,r 1 ‘ ‘ 9 ..-, ‘4 2. 3 -‘ ... '1 J 3. ' r1 ..' J .1 . 1 N L, J #101 _,‘ -. z. ‘ .1 _ _\ .. -1 4 1 .L .. s.‘ -05.-.. 1. “.1 ~ - o ' . ' UL” .r‘ j. J 1 " .. .. .1 ~ )1" 1.1 * 1., 1-9 " '3'" " . .- .I.‘ 1.. t. - . 1 1! .. - 1 : .. .- s- L ".". L3 llli . 3 .L' ‘ 9" f, it) a ". ma ~1~~ . ;_. § .3.: ,_ * I ‘ ‘ l Q 3.." . Q “on“ n. ..n.-‘q J 1 an ‘~ — A. .u: 31 3‘3‘9131 :9 ravii~ 1.x1', ‘ c “L 3 ‘33 I i' . 3 ’ - l; , ? f {-31 .1 n.1,”... L1 qt: 0 ~ ‘1 1 137913133 0 1 “v“. "i‘ 01 t * ,~53 is one nethoi, but th 3 is extra 991*9t. a battgr methoi is to scrcwn 911 ventilating 9nfl dréinhtn h3133 9:1 rcmcvs all 3h: strata frcu 19 cozat L139 bdxe . 9’ . wtich might be usei fer-nesting.”” Cf courfia, )fi613101“33 :211 rjlcnt repellants ara 972111319 -9 V3’1. flicroorganisas Contamination by microorzanisms is not of major invertince except for food and Si :119r graducts. As 9n illustration of the power, though,of microorfianisns, an: need 90 only as far as mold, which "can break down 3033, 31199, cloth, rose, leather, rubber, and practically every material known to man.“33 But, in thbse instances, there exist Special treatments which may be used on either 330 Q: nmcknring material or the carrier.“9 J , i 8‘Friedman and Kipneea, p. 2. 39.1mm , p. 73. ”)uethercote, p. 260 “7yricm111 anl Kigne M, p. 52. 33iapers presented at 13th Annual ?orun, p. 10 (1’0 ‘ ITriMwm an). K133219623, p. 2. AL"; £1. .51 .(8 US$13.12: 3. 53. 231 TI CLJ Uonteincrizetion is the princiele of contininz {fl overel smell units or packages into one lsrqe shieoent or container. The basis for this action is to eroerience econo- mies of shiepin: and sive the contcits creator protection from environmental, physical, and miscellaneous hazards. In the past several years, the mrowth of containeri- cation has been recid. The Bulk Packaring and Contoinerize- tion Institute reported that 1962 saw the production of 2H,OD0 containers in the United States: 1963, 37,009 and 43,003 last year.1 The reason for this growth is that this method of shipment allows a sienificent reduction in distri~ bution costs. "Containerizetion's foremost economic principle is that it is faster and less ernensive to handle one large load than several smell ones."2 By conteinerizetion, multi— ple hendlinqs of the packages is not necessary, only the container need be hendlei throushout the distribution system. dhcn handling time is reduced, loading and unlocdinz time is correspondingly reduced. lchsrles Friedman, ”Container System Gains in .,:'.‘1i;;;1n3," K‘s Lo?! 21")?", 'ii'ct‘f: (January 11. 1905). P0 6'30 m a mu . ' ‘ “nine qrgmififi trend toward containerizel freiffitc” rv-mA11-a» pm :3h1ofiim, 1h (i-Ierch, 1965), no 29- 7 3+ 75 p In 4‘ g ’C I. 7-, cga ... -~ ’.. . '. 1’. 4 , - o . -. 111% r~13t 011x01 of! ymflmdieuoa,1 «Vietnam “‘3' t) ’ J. ..I in -1 4 ...4 a.) 1 ‘N & r! 5:; I t a ,J 0 "b ”’7 "5 ...«1 (’3 2g1t r931 ticn :hc1ld.teke rinse, tiers hnu been little in the Wty of e fliroct cost rh7tciio1 to hip ere. Thus, the carriers have derive; a con 11e1.31e hasfit i.-. the fore of‘ lowerei cost tftile re“ some 5? "' "int” stewiy. But, containerizstion offers e co bi? v*?le vesitivc effect on the costs of the ehineors as well. use- tsinnzircd ehipments, by their protectIOhcl features reanw the need fer armort pecksrin: to the degree that ”some eon- :ultnnts clnim thet contsinerizetion refluces oversees er;1"~ry “(t-rises on average of 10 per cent 111113011 11 unv‘v- 1.11:; EI?VI7"’jE'§ ’1‘211‘1011 :11 th e means of‘ a brief revie m: or the imam-u tests as e result of export shipments, the savinIs of this method say be segrooieted. Eon—containerifiel ”packagin‘ \3‘3 raises your costs two ways: cost of the UWL!R,9 i 731 (materiels sue labor), and higher freight tills for the evtre v-“ F...‘& - ‘n - 0.. In '01 Léi {‘33 iv 1.1.2.1;1 Uhl-"x Q Contsinerizetion has sh3¢n that it is an effective method of preventin: frciiht damage. The mesa: of the cin- tvincr practically negates 8100'! and vibration effm :3 because the mens of the container. Com rearion is relative15 he’- 11; ;iblc es the inside height or the container is less tic eight ffifitos 4‘, are :- I "13 I10, D. 3?. L Is 1033» nerisutioh for You?" H03111o~ (M? 4‘sm=12-, 11 (June, 1511.32), 79. 21.1, W "'“"' m a I ,, J"Jo Co.r:o Cent.einers trim” lower 13 'otin Costsz‘: 3, con-mag 3y.” finnrjn L3, 7 (Ucto‘oer, 1962) . p. 92 75 Cont? inorizstion has also reducsi pilfsrsIo. The containor can be sealed immediately after loading. In the theft of hiIh-voluo cero such as household @0063, con- tsinorizei shipments havs exporisnced a loss rate 85 per cont loss than those shipments mt ich were non-contoinorizefl.6 The roiuccd clsims that cents insrizstion has broujht has allowed marine insurance companies to lower their rates on this type of load. "Protection sIsinst handling dsuoIo and pilforogo brings a sharp reduction in insurance costs. "7 froponcnts of containers even claim that they may serve as a temporary warehouse in an area which either lacks conventional warehouses, or the warehouses are overcrowded. T“o L33;1;:: Timosc cited the case in which Container Trans- port International of New York supplied a Houston firm with containers which were filled with protective tones for wrsnoinI petroleum pipelines and then shipped to Tripoli, Libya. Once there, the containers also served as warehouses by beinI spaced so that as the construction crews needed more tape, a fresh role was available.8 Thus, the containers "rsiucs hoodlinz, breinnI, pil- forsIe, ocean freight and Docking charges, insurance premiums, paperwork and the time it takes to complete a shipment.“9 _ .7— - r—w—w- 6"IS C I I ...: . oitoinoriwation for You? I .11? I so. fiLinoinI, 11 (June, 1962), p. 25. 7Scholer Bangs, "Container Sys tems . .and profits for'msny,“ Basil “ 13 (Son Lnber; 196%), p. 36. 8”hqr1ss Friolusn, ”Container Systom Gains in Shipoinw," ,., 3w Yr» 1173:; (January 11. 1965). p. 6'5- Wm 911.1121. m 77 The innortnnce of this system as a factor in ewnortinz is ttat by reducing the hazards excerienced 1n the distribu- tion process, “it can reduce the lanied cost of goods, bringing United States export prices into a more competitive Position abroad.”10 lostanley, Po 2&7' arson-rs: 133.: gm: C}: on Entries The theory of foreign trade is a relatively cccuroto description of the practice of foreign trade. Yet, to be of value to the individual contcmplstinz this activity, too theory of trade may not be digested alone. There exist three ingredients which.must be considered to perceive the true taste. These are: packaging, as representative of the costs of distribution; restrictions imposed by the imoorting country or country of destination; and restrictions imposed by the exporting country or country of origin. The first of these factors is obviously the most controllctle and has already been studied accordingly. The next shall be covered in this chapter. Foreign Import Restrictions Rationale Every country in the world has restrictions cni for» colities governing the act of importation by their people. The rules which are established vary widely from country to country depending upon the control that the particular nation wishes to possess. Usually the degree of control hold is directly related to the desire to control foreijn trace, to regulate revenue, to protect basic industries, or to influence the balance of-peyments. fihetever the cni in 753 79 mind or the means used in pursuit, the result is a barrier to free trace.1 0 fietncds There are many methods by which control may to exercicod over foreign trade in general, and inportin: in particular. These rnnrc from documentation to import quotnz, erchnnfio controls, excise tare”, incort licensing syctonc, and quarantine regulations.2 Documentation is perhons the most widely used of these. This method alone may be inflo- wanted to varying degrees by requiring a simple certificate of origin or a customs invoice to a detailed and connlcx series of documentation following a prescribed form.3 The three most innortont segments of documontinr a shipment are the pro forma invoice, the commercial invoice, and tho consular invoice. The pro forna invoice is an approximation of the shipment which is sent in advance of actual shipment. Its purpose is to allow the buyer to obtain an import ‘pcrnit, if required, or needed foreitn X‘chxm are . 1&- Thc commercial invoice is a detailed form containin: information pertinent to the shipment. It is sent to the export cicont for use in prcncnnn; a consular invoice, on: llnnort pnfi Ercort Batinoflt, D. 73. erstt, pp. 1030-61. 3I‘nilio FnoDoncld, Frmcticfi; fivn¢rt1nq 9nd Immgrevnj (New York, Tho Ronald Press 63::_1959), p. £75. “Flood, ’9. 3"}30 83 is sent to the buyer to aid in clearing the seeds throujn cuetons.5 The consuler invoice is similarly e deteilei fora, but this is drawn on an official form and taken to the consul of the destination country. It must be conroved before shin- ment.6 Regardless of the number and cherecter of documents which may be required, itis of great importance that the docu- ovate should be at tnr destination before the shiocent arrives. lie rear on for this is that loci: of docunonts means deley s‘:i ocsible fines. Errors in the preparation of the documents cen.hsvc a similar result. At worst, if the enoorter to to comply with the details or the timely arrival of the docu- ments, he might find that: "The foreign government will inflict severe penalties upon the foreitn importer, sometimes even to the extent of confiscation of the goods or levying fines in such extreme amounts as to cause serious losses.”7 Customs The regulations concerning imports moy he ve en iuzortcnt bearing on the packaging of the items as well. “Sfficient psoRsning will not only protect shipments from donors, but also ensble then to meet with lower tariff charges in the country of destination.“3 The reason for this is that the 5&eor:e.A. Gecowets "”Vnortineu-wncrn do you sterti" Forflllng gnlg:in“ins, ll June, 1902), p. 21. allflgi. 7EacDonald, p. 27“- J“nnrt .‘in‘inc17W“uJ.(inchintton. U. 3. Governnent mom M Inntin"~ bulce, 17):! . Sauvidn 33313. Ql wonnor in which the oerohoolise is oockerci no? deterniro the rate of out; to be errliefl. The most iooortent {rotor in toe ietercioetioo of the Crtv is the reight. However, the quostion must then to rfiet uoitht. It may be trace weizht,i kioh is the tot 1 of the contoiner eni contents. It may be not weijht- his} moron that the outside oocRinq is not a determinrnt-- moi it it is of comfleroial value, or it may be 19:91 woifiht yhich incluoee the immediate wroooinz as well as the merchs.n“i::.9 another oos~ible area of ass ~esment it the degree of comoletenese of the article. Certain countries ettloy a rite fliroctly proportional to the finiehei state of the item.10 By toRin; aivontaoe of the lowest rote, a emitter qooertlly oey excerience a froirht eevinrs o9 coil. to the other heal some countries evaluate a rootsfo in teroe of locating the hithest rote item. This is then eorlied to the entire shinnont.11 Ifiie tenfls to reduce the nonbor of cooooflities chiooed tozother, or eliminate cooking— tioo pocketing prooortionately to the rate differootiol vaici would be orrlioi. Finelly, meny countrieo have their own requireoont? no to oetente, trofieoorRC, 1? hole 931 wererrl m r’:in requirements. These requirements may be very menerol. In girott, c. 896. lf‘I‘TahW’. 11 R“‘Tt "“i“*‘“* ”*“"‘l (-:oohin :toofU 3. Govero- 1+ moot irintin; office , 1?J,),-Eection 1:13? 0 82 one country lsbels wry not even have to he tronslctefi, but in another country, tho? may be anoliei to the do~roe that rovioion of the worfiinz on the label may be required.12 All of this is important in extortiflt. Cowfluniootion Necessary to the unfiorotanflin: of the peoulioritine inherent to each grep, is the ability to coownniorto. It 19 throuth communication with the buyer that the seller maina valuable inrizhto into the ouotoms of the Proo which Actor. mino the proroototion of tho rroduot; tho towaraoiof the arm, which '3otomino the nr-ooéot‘ry fratfirrot‘lon for rm... to-tion of tho trofiuct; and the inrort rofiulotionn, wtich dotoroino the method of procorvotion and the cootinotion of goods within the montage. The uvvqo of abbreviations or slang worfis in cozmuni- eating with peoples of other areas must be oliminotoi if thorouth comprehension of the messozo is to be hai. This point is made rather well by warren McGrozor of the Inter— national Division of General Foods. In relating his exocri- .nces pertinent to this area, he exnloined that one time his economy had to request information on the current value of a piece of packatinz machinery. Because the recipients of the question took it literally, his company was furnished with the electrical characteristics of the machine.13 Yo: Stould Know*fltout Lt, p. 13. 13Jarren 3. McGrefor, "Coorfiinatinq Your Fackarinz Abroad," Prokofio fintinoorinr, 9 (February, 196h), p. 71. .333 It is obviouo that in exportin~, the busineo~ofi LI.) ouot be well aware of the low of the countries with which he has contact. Fortunately for tho buoinoos exporter, thcro e313t two circumstances which tend to mitigate the notoot o1 difficulties. rirst, in that brand of low in which efo rtor and imoorter are lntorostel, “9391Y00Tmnrcial 133-- ond csoeciolly commercial law coverinz foroitn trono actions..thoro is a subs tantlal dowree of uni- foroity in fundamento.l principles throughout the world. ”So cond, the busincormon is in the habit of tru..in3 not so much t33o low, as to buoinooo ufcto, businozo honor, our}. tic cro Eit or d ”o“"*o+ion for fair dcoiin o of tlzose with whom he tro:fios and to too "*“vt103l finer" itv the; arc unfior to maintain that crooit and reputation. ior 32ocifio information, here oro sovorol sou3ooo to whloh too W3 inooowon may t3 :tn for inforwotioo on o oorticolur country. Tho Bureau of Cc_o oroc oooooooeo a 33 313k of‘ Mn o.. a tion on the subject. Publicotiorq such as tho JatcrtHoot of Commerce’s "o“oimfi P“““““fiq ”“3“1V: or mm jggrrf‘“”'.jif”“““ffirb 9nd voriooo book lottoro aro quite an» ...—“.1 ... Sanawamu ”‘4' .ni loot., but cortoinly not least are the numerous exportoro an: carricr? cooling in foroiwo troio. Sore shall United State 8 Fyoort iolicy Rozulotion The roooonoibility for the regulation of exports lies infratt, n. 1182. an 31th the Department of Coomoroe under the firoort Control not of 19h9.15 The puroooo of rerulating trade in this country is that it is an effective means of ”conserving scarce coonoiitieo and implementing the toroi3n policioo of the United t31;.<31:es."1'5 It is felt that the suooly oni trico of 300d3 not only at home, but abroad as woll can be affected by tho imnlemontation of those rotulationo. 05 course, by limiting shipments of military weapons or otrzto- 330 materials, the national defense co.n better be rr323rr'3 17 Currontly, export licenses are of two kinds--oithor 3333116911331 or general. The aooropriate amoral liconoe allows the movement of most goods to free countries. The femoral type does not require a formal aoolication. The tyne required deponls on the comooaity and to whom it is boinz shipped.13 The Comrréofine'vo Jroqrt 32.. 31., thioh is published by tho Department of Commerce, is the source of all ozoort rozulations, with intorrrotations, for all profiuots and for all destinations. It is rovisoi periodically by the Currant ._‘ ..ver“A-p‘ w'- ‘ "-1.3. which contains summaries of any changes in 19 the proooduroo or roqulationo. 15r‘redorick L. Broots,"31molified eroort control rroco1uros asoist evoortoro to meet foroiwn cGMJoiitioi, Irtorrot‘orfil torrorga, 63 (Seotombor 10,19.2), p. 7, nihnwfl'ghpn v lolflfifirrr 5'1“ 3'Wfirt B‘m'aqnpaqs '90 730 manor-‘0 wwhww-r- — 173.333. .3.-mm. 3...... p. 57. h an; opt-”p- -.‘.-.. Wfld“. 1 :3 "1 a 1 ‘”2ort “13‘1“; P‘*“QL ( Jaohinrton, U. a. UUJ€?fi- mono Lrintin; ufiioo,l 19o37, section 1;):l. 3 _ 85 An exporter may not use the some export flocumonts for every shipment. The required documents vary with the item being shipped and its destination. The doounents muet conform not only to United Stetee and foreign reruletion, but to pro—arranged terme of sale as well.20 to all shipments to foreign countries, on export declaration with all information tuitinent to the shipment must be filed with the United States Collector of Customs at the port of departure.?1 This document is KMTd by the government as a meene of recording all armorte, end is usually the only document needed to shit out of the United States if no extort license is required.22 It ohoulfi be mentioned here that although the Shipfier may only to required to have an export declaration by the *nited States, this is certainly not the only docuuen etion necessary. In fiiition to compliance with the invert requirements previously dieoueeed, the ehinoor needs other documents such as drafts, insurance certificates, peckejinz lists, and booking permits.23 These latter requirements form an important part in the preparation of an export shin- 23q _ \ r oeorfie A. Gonoweto, "S:portinz--Where do you start!" T'fijfifi‘in? and ..‘j'Plfifiififi-fi 11 (J7me, 1962). p‘ 20‘ Zlgrga. 9 m 2" 1‘ 100d ’ p. 311']. O. V- 23Geor1e A. GBCOWGt39 "Exportinz-whore do YO“ start?" fifijfll1flr ani 5H1?“ fit, 11 (June, 1902)! p. 21' athooureu‘jem ent American business today confronts one of the greatest competitive che.llenrc, s it has fecei in many decades. {hat 1e , how to realize the ornor- tunitiee and cone wit1 the problems t21et e: mi- t in world trade. In or n3' were, America's future stature in the worli, and certainly its econoflic strcfi*t , w13.l depend uron whether its bucinece cnterrric‘" 0% and its government can meet the worldwide chelloniee. Becicclly, the nrzvment beinr niveroed in to enjnje in trace or to eroiro me a world power. or this errumont chi ite velicity, the government is well aware. It has boon doing all that it can to remove obstacles that stand in the wcy of foreign trade. On the international level, this activity has been manifeet in various conferences which have yielcei the General Agreeecnt on Tariffs and Trade Lieff), q n c'ni t‘e Inte motionel Monetary Fund.‘} That the government is strivinr for still more reductions in obstacles to trees is eviienced by the Kennedy Round of Tariff talks. Internally the government has maie striking evidence of its favorable attitude toward foreign trade. many bottles have been launched simultaneously on several fronts in the wer against obstacles to foreign trade. 25 Licenses' The principal technique initiated to minimize unnec ees ery dSltyS a,“ teocrmrk in excort -213; is the get-zero]. license. Hrimarily. this is an authorization which permits r‘ r e 5*Lemmot duiont Coael.end, Emexiczn buoineee r'uet Comoete in é‘orei"n har“eb“'” ZN’Jutfial >efi*~n~ve*t vol Inmn‘rnp'Fa-vnnrn hmhhT‘a 133 (luauno, .Ljuw}. p. 3. ZSFQreirn Commerce Enhdhock, p. 53. 2f, _ JFrederick L. Brooks, "flimolified eroort control crocefl.uree eeciet eroortere to moo t foreicn competition, Lntcrretiorcl Qgtrcrce, 63 (Seotember 10,1962). 9. 7. 87 the manufacturer to eroort without a volidatefl license-~1f certain coniitions are met. These conflitione vary with the politicel clin9.te of the worli and will not be 61921191. It may be stated, though, that the covnoditice appearing on the general list are so nunc roue that nonv em crters never need to apply for a validated licence. host prevalent coon: validated licensee is the infli- vidual license. The individual licence grants the rijht to ship specified products to a particular buyer at a certain time. To reduce paperwork and expense, the government has devised the bulk license. This allows the exporter to file for one license to ship a variety of goods over a Specified time. This type of license has been further divided into project licenses, which is eelf—cxnlonetorv; periodic requirements, which allows shipment for six monthe to one country; and time limit licensee, which allow chic- ment to a Latin American country for one your One of the more successful modifications of licensing techniques is the warehousing prccc lure. This procaiure allows a qualified erporter to obtain licenses without all the supporting documentation which is generally required to chip outside the Western Hemisphere. tony American firmc have: {ited that hul.c Acthod has improved their come etitive posi uion overseas and feel this to be a significant atom in t.c eroort c7 olsion plans of the vovcrnocnc. 7:9“:t129" -—Around the turn or‘ the c antury. it be. came apparent that trace in foreign marketc us:e often q fi C”?t011?96 $13 that it 913 r9999enrv for 11*T* : t 3 u o I C 3, ? r J 1 1 to ha pnrmittri 31i1t r°t111 P0 1395 $297 991‘1 LO““°f0 in L tfiave 13 1129.67 £9311r199 t.19t to 1999 s‘:ch 91 9 19““:19 “‘171 7‘1‘3?“ ‘1 9* W“fi“1 €911 t99 fihfi~99n Antitrnflc L9 1t W93 9979991 ya 9“ *1? are Can9r9w1 99t14, L1 fl??il 17, li17, 331,9:9: 939993 tha J9 b—xamnrw9ce law to permit 9‘9 funfiation of 01 31.3 1013 to 39 t t399t 9,9 in t~9 119““:1t of wrr‘d 119'9t9 (btst not 991-2t19 m: :zstt). In 1?53, the 193% 91 H91199h999 T9949 9991991f131 P1 was ornatei.“/ This 3119991 3 domestic firm vfiich 39119 efitirely t0 firms in this he119 phere to be 9991nt from £29 Ga 1 n-arm 1'1 tr; 9:9 01 prcf1t9.fieeiless to gay, this 93319 reeuls 11 9 991919999919 iifferenca either in profits 99 13g price. Recent years have witnessed an innovatisn by 91 94911 firms to 91319 taxation by the formatio1 of an 91113219“, knawn as tax haven subsidiaries. r113 may entail moral? tha 019119: of an office OV993919, but the fGV9vmfiant tfii , 11 far has 019991 to irnore 1t.‘” I19 other tax 93v1n99 accruin: to tag exparus r 992 27Cor”1n a. Td13r19 =~ant—~w*«~ P:99‘”§‘;“1 (in: York, MoGraw-Hill Book Co., 19647, p. 50. 25‘119919991339f91959‘19. D. 1575. 29 fincuonnld, p. 19. 30 E110, no 29. flW 1...: 6", ’ I ‘ 0, Po L). "a.“ P? rWIWtci t0 “W19? 9W4 tTWWCWortWtiOW. A? of JsWWdry 1, 1T5}, '33? svlns or WUWCWWWQS far Wwport hvve bQWW tax free." Fur- tzWWWore, the utunl 3 per CT; -t t3: on trWWs 3ortztian his town rechad from domestic shipments of merchmn”1ge fWr ernort unfier treasury Roz“ ation 113.33 £3?"Wff:3.--In a continuing attempt to aflvnnce eWwarts, the POVOWrWnnt has turno, J to prOWo tionnl activit'cc as well as licensing and exemptions. The following WWWWWLWW 1‘33“?! 1:; 'W‘: 5“" :35 j; .mwnma serve to 1111153133:th this txv'r*:W.-:.3’4 To promote Americanumaie Weeds, in tha vast three "n1 oqa-n'.1f yW r., Trade Cantnrs hove been e,uwW11""°1 in Stockholm, London, Banjkok, Frvnkfu_t, T9239, 9nd fiilan. That theaa sni other evhlhltlonw ara of value menmq ta he "unhortad by the results of the fourteen trafle fairs heli 1n 1934. Tfin of the three hunWred ninetman ngrticinntinz American firWs rcccrfied 2.7 million dollars in sales at the ) O) showq, while an aiflitlanal 32.h million dollars in salas h h bean ontlwnted thrnufih 1965. An further evidence of the activity of tha WovernW .mt, WWWWfilos wore cited of the eW19tqnne of the mobile trafie fair prow “n which includes the "3. 3. Del Sud" wWich a’Wut ta South America, the Jet carto line "Yankee Waddle" which went to Eurone, and the‘fi. 3. Trade Fair," W reconverted tanker to be made into a floating fair by the end of 1965. A». _ . ~ - JQQWWfiTtWTQ‘finfiyglfifinfiifio p. 1675 cm, ‘ A. ._ I, ;«.;:3 «u1:~«qr ganu:: (sasitln ton, U. 3. Govern- me? t xrinplna ‘ tion 139:6. 34"Cincinnat1 trad are hear’of‘new aids to U. S. ..i‘zuartcer," I""‘T“‘T.'LI" "1 CT? ’73-‘92) 7) (‘DVR_J#"1‘ I" 19‘) 4), 'p. 15. L #* Anub— m 1 3 ‘1 1‘. - J. “ "f "‘ 1“ '«o- "I ‘ u .~ r .. 13172.1..-3’9 ..Q ti”? [77.7.13 CAL-131,3, --o 5'. -':'-’~--'?17-j-‘5 "3:. ‘- ~. a. “ n :3. .‘- ~ A ~ ‘ ,V p _ a .1 .-\ c 1 if? 1 13? Fur”. =Ar1~u o; Izt~vn1tinnal gu~‘»fic¢ snatad 1: btiie‘ .-it f3rci¢a 93133 awn 31 *~*~*"04 *” t1? flaily b‘u — 'J I ha '3' rrnvntivnal servicen of his fiqvnrtwcfit. Tfie sv*113311 4" Q - ‘ . a .- Q. 4 _.- t , ~n‘! 1 iriarfint1c1 cavern 07 9r?fiainr iron b Vin: tTCJ3€ 9n? 5;?- $ ,0; '_ _ , ’ '. 'x" - In... Ci":i‘fl..‘f :‘O'It‘r t) trait: centric, €211 t.-..riff3. -»3“?6 C? “ "Wurvoa he cited Vbrw Hhv’i Tm‘16 ”irfihtavv11flfifivh", Ivfiérh ...—5'— cum—II- .— WA C Ian-Drew nus-mi némmhu Ila-.2 W44. 45" “mun-3H“. a As a final, and pnfihcfifi ultimate stew in promction, is the rrnrrnm of the Exnort-Imnort 3.1,. In aiiitinn to thwiv aflvisory and leniinz functions, the bank ha? un*fi%— taken another one. In Nev of 1950, tha bank initiated a "frovrnm for the wm1t1.n3 of holiti.cal ris”s fua: nnffl‘" on ghort term transactions up to ona hundred eighty days. This insurance is available throufih any comacrcial‘bxn': or insxm unce commany which is acting as an agent for tne Evnort— 1 v 35 insert flank." Qflhofi ‘59“1‘K‘93 9': pnnfiuwnunmmn I.--The nglmber of SOIerQ‘S ‘10-. “M“c-‘WW t0 w‘zich 'ne may turn for aid and encouragement in ex artin: is practically endless. Just eonqider this list: Bflflnrtfion of Gov mere e, commerce offices in consulates throuwhcut the wsrld, customs brokers,.freight forwarders, insurance c0 pun 93, port authcritiea, packaging people, i1tvrxctiudd _ ,5' section of a bank, the Chamber of Commerce, and the Carrier3.39 351317302": and Lizrfxcrt Bulletin, p. 193. I ‘3”! .- 7- !- v I r 3 Jeorto a. Geoowets, “11,0ruir“--nlfi“e do you SCLFUI" :—:€11:* :31 ‘JE‘TT 1*, 11 (June, 1962), p. 19. 01 /-- 53 if tVifi in not enoujh. thare era several firms of mififle» $21 which will do an expert job for the 'anufactgrwr who ‘ wznts t0 sell overseas, but does not want to 36 Cgmcernei 1:711:11 evonrt packaging“ CCI-ICLLL TI CF? 3 As the nations of the world are unequal in size 311 LQC3tion, so are the ancqu3.l in the poo 333:1 011 of ti abatio {‘30 to rs: o f 131*.) (1‘30 tlonulrmd , 131.30 1", 72:1 123-11 , owl m."..1’1!"j‘? ‘73} t. Hocauoo some notions hzra the cav abilities to combine their particul3r factors of production in suoh a manner 33 to Give them a relative advanto3o in the production of 3 t3 .rti- cular good or particular 3ood3, the st3je is set for .3n ~"c1a“~~ of these 3oods between countries much as this country exchanzes goods betwe 3n its st? tes. Throujh the means of specialization which trade allows an:1, in f:ct, dome n13, the 001°‘3‘tiou- 0““1,ilit7 curve for all pnople is raisci. Foreign trade is a positive factor to,nrd the setiafoct on of the economic aim of maxi- mization utilization of scarce rezour as. In satisfying the wants and desires of the 3303133 of the world, foreiqn trade performs in another role--th:t of peace-maker. By binditx3 nations t03 ether through trade, the poogibility of war is reduced. Forsign trade in theory and foreign trofio in FE‘T'.?.CtiCC 9“. .3 '9 are not ident103l. The distance bot .'oon tE1e 11331335 reality is a function of tHn activities of both TOVQHTJM? 3..“ C? u) and businessmen. Gavnrmrout tend to so 33 arrto the two . r" 6 m i... I tions by tho e3t3blishment of barriers to free trade 92 A. ”3 .... ‘50» . n. a. 4'.~.‘ . " t ’3 " ~’ ' - I a. ‘. I ' .r ‘- 11:..7‘J.:‘ "t .'1 r:"‘ tl‘u'-:*3 tl‘$'CL1_:1 3“)"1-3 t51)d 0f r"\:.tl~iCLl )‘1 &))1' () .1. 3:31:31 of the mo - A >- '5 & AA 0-, I , ‘ . .., I'IVO Vugsnt of ,3013 acrass its oarisrs. lnis " ‘ ’ "‘ ' ‘4 “ ‘ ’\ '9' " ‘1 ' v’) '4‘ -' 4 r ‘ ,. ' . a. . . 3r -~' '3. shtisn LanJu to restrict 3113 (L olutély tJrvt.n 11 it - I. .J . .. «LI '1 1- a- .9 .. u a 13.. . , 11033, or relative-y, .7 increasing tue uoiiacrcd pric3 of whether inverts £3311 occur. The businessman affects t3: magnitute of farbita traie that occurw as well. For tralo to t3kc 91333, it is not anou:h that a 3001 is producci in one country mars cheaply than it is in another, it must be d3livsrai in 3333 a manner as to not ne33t3 the price differcatial bet3333 the Ganest 0 seeds and the inported 30313. The aucosss or f3ilure of the busines3man in activnu ting a fareiqn delivery at a price which is 1333 tign that of the domastically produced 2005 is larjaly a fumetiwa of ('9' ha package he chooses. This is 9333: ally trua in togay's highly corrctitiva world markets. 0 the role of the packaje as a determinant of iastribu- tion costs is significant indeed. The 133133 and mnterisls which compose the package affect the costs frcm canetrvctian of the container until its final delivery. The m3t31 313 usad and '33 l3bor involvei is critical in finterminin: the initial cost of ths container. The cube ani wcixtt is 1333 tant in handling, storing. and tr3333-rt3tion 03333. 333331 on the customs rcwulations of the destination csuntrr, the packing svst33 used may niqnificnntly mffect the amount of U duties ”tich must b3 paid on a 3hihmeflt. 9b ‘248 303&Jill of the cumwmuy in relation to thoxe to than it sunnlics its meFLhrndisa is considerahly fietnrfllne; By the yackage. It must suxvlve a multitufic of hazmrfz in its role as more .m 13133 protr; ctor, far the Sands are of no v 1U~ if th y are r,ceivnd in d°*9~ei f3.fi. The amcwnt cf gnrje Which cccurs 1n skivmants, as it affects the probh- v of 1333 is a an factnr for thie tap. the baris for U) 111 Sstarnineti on of in iranno prfifiiwnq on the errortafi 75??“ niisc. Finally, the Dackmfie is important in yet another ernr. If it aésquately perfow 3 1n its flav~~e preventio1 r01 , it must then assume a new role-one of pres entatian. 11 1319 pro met in to be 301.1 ovnrwq , it must be so 50“1“'1°1 in terns ct shape a=11i "vrvhic as to attract buyers. It must b“ P"‘°”1u of COM~1nicath~ w‘th potertinl customera in a manner which induces sales, not nefative reaction because customs, superstitionn, tnbnos, or for any other rennrn. “J o a @905 which will not sell is of no value rejcrdlesa cf its C’N'V‘i 131031- 311 of this is deneniont noon hams individuals awaoci- ated with packaginx. It is he p2c%arinq men of taflay at; must r'hlne uhcir It‘duu91L;leibb to Erovifle the bsat pasgible co :1 air er in terms of prese Jation and presnntatisn for the least possible 60$t. To minimize the flistrihvtion 61323 is tO'mQWQ the Unltei ~*”*“° a were formic lable - , , . [a - L .- .- w a, . 1.. cungatiuor in un@ vofilm mar 9t. C “a 0 onsiiernble nifnificnnce to the packaqinr man is .1 1 ~. 1. ,. ,. --n -M I. \ , .. -1 O .. Ll .- .‘ n . “A. M 1 f ' v r . .. “ '2‘ 4 , *- e a; v! . o -, . I s 1’ _~ £1 . .' ‘1. ' \f 7 -- L . ‘ -’ ". i. ) ; ’ . )r .3. ‘ '. V“ . ‘ a .. . 3 - ‘v 1 ‘ 4 A 5 In, ' t. t ‘ 1 a, " "n A 0n: a a .. an . .. . . -\ . 9". I}- .nl '9 y . _ a ‘ ’1‘. ‘ ,f‘ “A” was 1...: . ’ 7"" .0. U_v. a; or 1111, n wnr~ ..1i.ifi.t LAVLJWL, hue c1411” " - .9 .'..' .. - . .c -. 5. .~ 1 . - _ - - . . ° 1 - . I“ . "\ ' ‘;" " 3 I .0, . .1 . . " . ... . ,, . . -' 7‘3 ‘J-g- J "3 (‘1‘,1511.‘ f" “4.1!. 1.9 '5'..." 1‘.) 62.711 .-."_L.:.C _.),..-)'._- . u; 223;: "!'~r.""v"‘ - In “‘ 9-0, , "‘o .v wt; . m 51; an a??? - . .11.]. 1,03 1;: E- a 3 (1’ J C 'H‘“7 iv Fe pc~r:;é?, so a qwitn carpetihje C1rcle 19 rot?- Eii"ha1 in "‘“1 the nation $31 the prCngiif 1W1u71.3 r?3 1;- .- a‘n‘ ‘5. 94’ I I -0 , i 1.. a 'R h '_“." ’ . - "i. "‘1 _.f?_ U *1 Liu'" 0,)? tit-*3 PCtL’DfiTJ O; tl-C’ .-3 13:1”, {~11} Kt; Lb ’. la 1*, . A“... .11.: - .4- !» ..- .o u . . ‘ .- sfifie taimunuienxuuxuistme onuun a - ‘- . - ‘ - f . . . ' .r O'w' 0" -.-. i;at tug baited 5tnt9g Jovnrbfiné’ is "*" w v? ‘;. . . .: ... ..L. t.1 t . _L '. I a the ascensity of, '1 value 1“ nvh3““‘w* ‘" "“5”“Uf11u'fi: .~ ..., ‘ ,. 3 -. -..- . 1.. by its ms: 17 st1,unt€ to incrnnva frha trfl’.fi.. 5r2fird tFfi “6:11: UC‘ ‘13") on R"! ‘flt: "N191" mean-1.1 raw-cs1 an 4 ‘3“ C1 ~55 t 0.331 1, 13.751. $113 ram mar nit]?! bf! ‘ onnn in t {19 30“! (1W‘11 ... 7.1.45“? n f“: t 555': ff: f1, {1 f: an1 Trafie, the Internfitifinnl Nanetnrv ?gna, nnfl t1? yLigfgy FEW-“4 “-1" T"I'1ff 1:931:23 313111“waiting-31.1 if, 11""! I?;t';iv~'.1:r“’;fi.:f11'i: "' can 3 acre autonrmous 03:13 tni ha? be an axle t3 pat f??? frcvl?. The rfisult héa Tee: fin: a?3“?tlan "vi 1150“"? facilitatian, as hall 33 v rious pr mflstiOiiL activ1t13r 5:3» as traue fairs thrwufhflfit the worlfi. As the ?3 Her cefit of tag hennla 0f tfie vrrii livin: nggvifie the U~ita1 qtutgw hzccme more nfi lurnlt, t1? warli mrrfict for all @0033, mflethor flfiflflfuCtuJfii or yr:“3351 L111 exvmni cvorui'"l;. vhe exportinf natian t?r* It? 3 f“: growtert benefit from t313 flitflfiii¢fi will b: thrt «1.1”:y ”5.1011 is able t0 produce and f'lS'tI'ibtzte third. xf'fifi”“-’-' ‘5‘“? less thfi1 nfhmr nations. Sigcribution cast? are a rijfiiffiv““* “73% of total delh erefi coa”3, and thnme coat? FT¢ FUHwV“1v .0/ ?0 i:flu:t:3i by faekAfiin*. Thua, it may be seen that thcra to a ists a fiiract rmlvtinmvbip betwewn pecknj’qt ail the “-3 0f the United htfitas in the axnort fieli. I} 3 5.1 result, the econowic ani political strength of Ame Unitei ‘4 1m in tha future will denani to some extent on the ictree of exncrtise which is annliei to export 3722211!“ iv“ ’. 31 23.1 034131 I ,s.(m"""‘n, L. 1h, ”Poo Nuiwormr Act, 1950-60, " AAA'I‘ic-AA fi'oonAig ..‘iAA-rie'r, LI, I1iay,1961. . . and profits: for AAA, vc‘zoler, "ConniW’r Watson 3 . ' ' 7‘3- " 13 Sent 1304 I ~ ‘I . 0 2:13.21 y, .uil‘il, J3?!” C. q. ".91, Lue Dietiogl 0f I'th’CtiV’e “36".‘4-711‘11." in .aA-AA‘A": :AgA 77‘5" '1. .At FAY: #1, 1a-“ ,‘in; “M‘s-*9? I J—LL‘JV.‘ Dalilxi’ Jive}: +v¢i2£’ J.;)'\). innnFEI 1’ C. 5'}. Jr. . IIL—muwnq .rn t'agq‘nl 12:1 flu-‘51::V‘ «0 _£::. “W10“ Y-OI‘C. 201mm). xuoiicuuoad, inc” 1.91:1. 31's clemnn, hit two EI.,' fixport Smooth and -33v-e.t'. in: '."“11'1t Objectives, “ ‘AAingA gs; ”“iAAir , 13, harch, 17:4. 131901-29, Frederick L., " molif’iefl evmrt control nmcefiurcs assist evoortero to meet for eiAn connetition,“ lutg'ztfmtionrg Orr-A0339, 6'3, Soj.:,-t., 10, 17122. Bro m, Kenneth, rAA'MAA DAAiA-A :An-Mfirfi, IJc'..«13‘for!:, W—-- W John iley a:nd eons, Inc., 135,. Emmm, Parker 1i., “fEVAort Pack-.9 rind? Demands JufiA'Aont, .‘ \ A“ s q I 3 £35319n013¢gfi .1 ”P1,... “r" \"fli " 77"“ g '9. JE‘Jlo . 17".‘40 " 5.5- 0» ch: quwm“ Euro-Au 01‘ I~éz~1tional Affairs, 1110., T‘m‘rt *AiAAiU i 3' '* "“1, :ésxfl‘intton, 1.95:3. ""'“‘~/‘“§' "h 1 “VJ n 2- 17-. awn? r- (Ah .1 - 2""? m ”aha—h.- W—MifiIW—fi Mhfim’ lw~Jd1y13 1:341, 19 1' . -~~-t fizgwAAiAf 2::g13.1;2.,1... ‘réashim‘tcn. U55° ~w¢yn an .‘3- a Ifjf;51’jnwv‘) 5:1, JE""C D. , In+nxvzflm '1 Q xwan'L :3;nn‘jnvvzic [YM'HT (“my *W-:'"H. u“ v tun-pm “—0.1%” 0‘ 11.: i‘ 4.11233" ... 33113.3 Carri: “oi-.1 vauntroos, r16. , l ,- )1. v,- w r Luv-1‘2) 3:173 CJYItV‘iI‘ICI’Q’Ihuble Flow of Freight," '3‘3,“¢31, 15.5, Au'ms’t; 1'1), 19910,. ...—...... ."1 ‘ -,,u:3,.:1br:1r of Commerce: 0? 13110 United Rates, F 3T': M w 1 "V1". fwt‘f’ viola.n.11n.::t01' 1’60. "Jirc‘wwii t'f’tfin'fiffi hour of new aids to United States: “Emory 1;,“ Infpmp11nfi 11 CQ’qrn‘s-‘I‘C‘EY 7'3. “13".. Z. ‘ w--wm— . - - ’ 97 ML") s-I OCAslfinfi, Lawtot du.:ont "Americnn Bvclnoos must Conneto in fomim 31314.: ctr: Igfin'~_$_cffivj «l: [Jarrf‘i n'nmnnt pm"! FAAAfAQturArg -AcAri, 133, mu~e.c, 17 L, “— Arckarfi, Eerie 3. ., "Jhy Incroosod Lroorts?" Financial SVAAutive, X'{k1, VAroh, 1963. "“““"” nyth," KAflfinlfifi 9A1 531AA3AA,'12, Avril, 1963. gillon, L161 as 0., "Unitoi States Fo rol~n Trade 9.ni InVA'tA ént iolicies," in £.A m; YAAATA -9 of IAtAAAAA‘A~H ‘-n.-n1 n mm“ ' MA, 9]. hr i'aul C. ertLl, Uiuan;., La1¢ox in] o- Illinois l-ress, 1959. “)o Cner Containers bring lower Pockawing Costs?” 37":':“|”'3 "tt'l'm“,:_:~";,g,fl,_:s 7’ (Q6130. 19620 .3.}.3‘3533333’ Corf‘in D.’ s"'""_j"*"1 A‘Yvr Cmmnn?1ti¢.n’ 2.531,! 2013:, ‘ .1, ‘- canny-Id HCJIWWhhill mooa uo.. T7u+. £1118, Howard 3.. "A Persnootlvo on International Trade 0111 ‘ico'nomlc iJevqlfifi1nent’ N 111 J‘s-\nv‘ana Wage-51w:- min-Au: pr: 3. Ifififlfl’ ti (....th {'qu 653. ’13? £951.1- 15. -IOOC’ J7: LIL 1.5, ”bu-«mmA-nr‘vc 4;, 23.....1'3317. u'zu 101.1181 University éress, 1'95). ..:_L1fi~.s-)I~ It'd, i . 1‘. ’ T'l-am Iut:mn§-§ nmnl I‘A'Irlf'n'nfl’ New If0fi{’ i'ho {-.‘acnillan Company, 1955, '”‘""‘“‘ .Lmnfi’, Carroll No, "me IaCT'E‘. Tin-'3': 0f Odd-I- 3418-7301") 181'4'3 ," in AACTiCAn an1AAAont Association's IGCTQTinj 62 log no. “-3, 1AAA+1AA1 AAF1AAA o Ejgggnq eni ggnfllinA, ed. by n". JO WK): 21:1“, MUN 10.11., 1793. “iuw.ort for rrofit GPOFIth-I. " 149. Sent. 11, 1361. "firport for Profit Growth-~11," SfAAl, 1M9, Sept. 25, 1961. .- .:2---:-.;:;g::~3' _T':jr~AoLA, '3". 9 1901‘ 6'1 " “12:33.23. 11:12.: ......r-Afi .1 :9:- ~t~, #16130, 50%., 1'3"". "FiAht rust and corrosion thru andlinA A.ni nnAvn~1p~ ‘ Wm “1“7._...._..‘r:"z . 19. Aurmt, 19 3:». .EI'AOOFR.’ MIV‘HTI CQQ, 190301“; n ffpfionfgmnfit’ D'u'bllque, 522-1. C0 Fraxfi n.1, 3.muA1,”For61An Trade . . . Rho Profltg by It?” -.AAn IAAArt fiflfl 3?“Grt Fulletin, LIV, August, 1363. “W w, - F‘rio dA3.n, Ch.rles, ”Container System Gains in Shiooinz," ”AA 1‘9? York TlmAg, Jan. 11,1965. 99 Fr13139n, anlter F., and K1939 ._ .~ 9:9 J 99999 J.. I: -I Ba999gjn9, New Kerk, Joan 911 2y 991 Sans, l 33. Gsco .9ct9 , 630W 9 A., ”ExportinJu 1‘r1er9 no you start?“ 3.9-9.911...“ {3'11 “'1"."’."| 11. 9711.110, 1.231;. ‘Kfiae 9n39919 9 trand toward containevi? e1 fral91t," H3177_:“ £21 33933139, 14 Kare h, 19 05. 911'), 51951? J. 1., Chnjrqu, Uniform Classification Cn""11‘"‘° to .Elichari Klmlell, [19 5, 1965. 'r9ch99n, Albert 0., ‘ lwa-jn-fivs‘] 1959951» 1:11:14 f‘qn _"*‘~11r 41-11393 ,j’f‘ i9333§331‘33‘3, bor.eimy, 3niv; 39:1ty of vdi110$hi .1215. Tarn, 19.u1 V},1919“39t‘n99; T3919, Haw Kora, treatice- ”“11. Inc.’ lfljja 1:13ur3ncc CO3nany of North America, T93thgg t“9 19?:i, shiladelphia, seventh e1. Iutornat10331 Denartnent, Chambar of Commerce, I333 3t 931 __"J r" t " ’lnrcn' 9‘13 1.1111119: “11011. 11352. ”Is Cont9ln9r1: :3t10n for you?“ 13391131 931 ”Fiffif“, 11, Jmm,19L. ‘91 nnmAa “h... 'ones, Harry, T "__~“ F33:3“*3;, London, George A1193 391 1.1111311, Lti.’ 174)). *1 1110,31,! ".' r, albert L., "Sim“lifie ’1 Ihipnin'; 330x for Heavy 9u19993t Achieves rJaJor iconomy,” ' 3y, 1731‘. At1fnm “+1....“ "an—u“ “L994119n, H. D., "The 50119 r Gap," 3:11‘ril’ 17’ Jllly-!lu§u3t’ lgdl. “nun; n1 Sana-x1 ire-1‘}?! V .— 4.. _ 1 _,,.. g .. ,- .. I .- I3n93, xnter'B., 132933991333; "33333139, rrentlce-Hall, an., 19u9. '39193331 Cliffs, 1139711011. 1110011101'8 3. JIM," 10{°“ifi‘ as 9n Rid t0 1n Americ. n 11na,enent Asrocintion' 3 no. “‘5, C 93"-“;‘11 a“ ’1 " 135.1L 9 S ’ T39593132 finrieq 39-1-9 41ch .2 19-3313; ‘13- £3333 3‘ 3“" “f1”; (17!" 1" 61. Fl, 1'}. J. “...-1.3003013 LNG“! LDTZx. Ijfif. Lefar, H3nry, Carrier's pac“9~9n adv109MOsts e93ort: r3' Brofits," T933111: and .”11“j, 11, 12:31‘011 .. lj'é). '"ws:-\_A-n&-£ ra- p.19 3!. I1- num'n-L“ 1am- : 1 A ’ I; Q” 1rcss 00., 195). 3"30LXDTIE3.151’ $111111), pfl~n51951 Kore, The i‘ionali Nu Farina Service Den9rt3ent of In9ur9nce Compnnv of i-Inrth America, ftf3r§ ;332‘39 kuilqflelnhifl, Fob.. 1953. Fr13199n, falter Fog ani iwnéflsg JQrTTG Jo: 1"!”"t71‘x “‘0‘.‘ 'wa‘m P3939519T, New York, John lilay 991 33n3, 1,o}. Gscowots, GaorTe A., "ixnort 1n1--:%1 re 10 "Du 83:1rt ’“ fiTWlTQ $79.} 3‘71“- T3397“, 11, June, 1")?" :4... “The Proving tTOTI1 9*9r1 cont'ififiri e” f1T1;It," {‘- _ 311.; vac-11:17. 11+, ijp‘rclrl’ 01C} (:35. Faculnr, J. F., Chwir"11. Uniform C19991f109t191 C99”1t311. to Alohard Kimba 1, {Lay 5, 1)55. Itirgchfitxn’ lil'bort 0.. 1'9¥*‘ (5.9911 lawman pan/1 {"945 ”‘WVr-ann f P fift9" TT919, bcr :Luy, vniW rsity of willlului , 1243. K-Jrn, E9u1 V1.19f9TT9+*9991 TT919, Ne w YOT{, kr99t100- 3131]. Inc. ’ l j; ,7. Insurance Orrmnv of! Iorth America, I9. t9. ”1; 1.5.319 99;, hilalelphia, seven uh e1. Intern; L10 21 Denarufient, Chamber of com-marge aficrt r11 1 -- ~. ’F W w‘ -“tWTS *1“1W‘<“. "Lupin“tun, 199:. “Is Cont:.1n-rix;:t19n far you?" R9T1‘12» 521 :Tguwguu, 11, .1me a, 1962. Jone 1, Hnrrv, Pl“:::1 F T”?“1:;, London, George A1191 911 Uu‘fin, «LL-j" l}; J. 411-331". Mbert L09 “3199119191 ~'"1m~m~ 2me for {1.9.9.137 ~ “in wad-ar-n-av—v-o 6-4-4 Q ,, hay, 1,LI&. 111199, N. D., "The Dollar Gan,“ F‘fiffiTiC7 3291"T€9 J.«1:, C:.;_.;.’ 17’ Jllly-ntlu-nlat, 19610 - ‘14»:qnn11, i‘nter B. Ifitnmnfi-i an»: ! «Annam‘nq’ antlnymo‘rl Cliff‘s, lulCT—umll, 1:10., I‘LJH'. Lawton, fhaouo Ta 3. Jr., *xck9minw as 9n kid to 3a19L, in A9 cricfin 19n92e90nt Asrociation' 3 190299192 finriee no. ’45, (.3 CTTF‘7’1 _-~xn-1«mc@ in ImTWj-Tinw- 1519 -~ "1»): I'-:{‘f1.".;’77“.0'.’, 85:1. 1‘3 5 0 Jo J00 101', RC: 1‘13rtg‘j-J5‘". lefer. “finrw, "Carrier's nac“9~492 advice boo". ts em. ortzrs' profits," ”‘9‘ Lflfi jfil w”5h"fi“, 14, I;.rch, 1905. flacdonrzld, Ikillp, ErifTicTL 43fi9“*‘:T ““1 I“:9‘*‘T*, Raw for“, The “small xresa 60., 195). Karine Service Dennrtm9nt of Insurfinoe Company of fiqrth America,l;;TLTt P9cfignT, Ehiludelphia, Feb., 1993. <2 -1 ) Frizz-#19971, filte r 51., 92191 111199-), Jcmtfie J., I-_-*~~~‘-,-*~‘! J ww- w-wpv Um. Pank9119I, New iorg, John £119? and Sans, 1193. Gecoqct9 , G90r~e 1., "I“wnr*199--v11r~ no you stfirt?“ :'_.,._.31fi.1.~. (“'71. ‘1- iwg‘.-.q“:’ 11’ 0111.50, 19-22.. .9. 9.9 ..4._ "Ike mrg'ing trand tomwri co at 1*911VA? frh1—I,, «H.352 itl'l ... ' 11+, 8::-L*CL‘1’?A‘5. 1' 59031ar, J. Y., Ch “iIman, Unifo”m Clafifiiflrntlfin 0”“3tifi“, to 41103.4? - Klf'iLZLll, {33' 5’ 19:35. {arachmm Albert 0.. awn-«r1 M-mr rm. +11"; -1~ :9 ...-“firm” ”‘0 r“ m .110 Ova- ...-.1» a»: cu m- .- Trnfic, berm G'Ley, Univ intf 01 v livihA , ijlfi. {in “A" . J. _' A: . , 132m, r9u1 V},Inr9“99t‘nnfi Trfiae, New York, frantico- 13.111.11100. 19:131. Insurance Ccfinnny of Earth America, PAIts .f 999 AQTLZ: xhiladelnhia, seventh ei. 19.0:nauiouml De garb ant, Chamber of Commerce, 9‘3rt r“i W1- R -- _.._, 1* --. / “ ~‘ 12 .-. U‘lffrqr?’ *wuoux:1rljlllJl1’ lidhi ii.» I « ... _. Jo ..y— ont?in‘3mfi {:fllfl‘fl for ya .311?" ITA run 41‘s..."- ru'r-‘r1‘ TLQH-‘xyl:’ 11’ fl . Jones, ’harry, 9199991 Fgonfiifig, London, George A1199 991 t (9331?, A1 hart L.,"311911f19? shinning Box far £9997 squinment.Ach19ves rajor Aconomy,“ £3999~9 ramsnna“sav )9 AWAY. 294’. --1 £999fljian, H. 3., "lhe 3011? r uep,“ b2“““§;?1 fi:“1§“?9 97:23:}, 1?, July-August, 1961. :mmn, i‘eter 13.. Int:?..."-’71L:Z“. 9.; ;?;3"=""‘1*“’~. 111*1'1 1001 011*? ... rrcnticenuall, an., lguw. Lawton, rhnouore 3. Jr.,“ go'9"‘nv as 9:9 A11 to 39199," in Americ.n1wnw~encnt A593919t10n' a ar“n"1n~ 309199 no. #5, 095““? :"“"“1*"c9 “3’19““1.L17 Ia**;;:*j §rfin£9fiotg ed. FEW A. J. 3ooners ““3 13"! 17" Lefar, Henry, "Carrfl.er'3 vmchn~1n~ advice boosts 9999rt9r9' profits," Péqjl‘.17 n“‘ “1 11 , 14, Karen, 195). {(510 LX371'L1’1’ 2:}.1111‘ V i E:n.sn&‘ her-1 '1wnnrxm*-% Vim was.“ lanai-“:3 an“ aim-f, 2: 0:! “"L‘v). i-L-‘n ' =- Ari-AA Xor'wz, 1;.3 3011913 11:19:: '3 (.30., 19:3}. Karine Service Department of Insurance Conpany of Eqrth Am<3rica, 9?f:r§ ffifij;:~, fhiladelphia, Feb., 1903. x \J .L; 133 A' " I.‘ ‘I' ‘ 3 7 ‘~ fl 3" ~ . .1 :‘k 3 . .’ ‘ ‘ - r' r -' a‘ ‘- Q‘ ' “3.35 3?, :HTTGflgHO uGOTfliflfluifiT Yofir 333131133 33333.,‘ F! ;‘J .‘ .' .. g 5:1 5;;3 : -;1:§n"i~:, 9, reb., 1934. L11 '1‘?“ LIL; -.qu. If: iM‘L:T‘ -T. TT' (‘5’. ' ““T 4"? 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A5 TDQV your #3106157: { hove ‘CH 61 COP); 0‘? my fl63{5 Lufo fie depafi‘mem‘ 3&F5tfirj. 730‘”ij OUF’ discossmm Tasfweei/l \{ou QSKE‘d me +0 Femmd \O‘Q o‘g fie ‘lehL/Um 2 “U My 0rd 6mm 43 T55 é‘mdcy, VLune Ht 8+ Sc‘noo) mp 76194.43?“ 8T M5.” {7.) Q reusew 07C my gmci grade m COQQM)(_S 9-50 00d ((570), Von men‘honecl WT \fOQ “\le'fi' Tiff +0 NI 1 5/ ,7 J 1C 6 Sec: THC 3:503} 0T fdcf’ofimj. J LjO‘J 9131:3131, bC‘T’Gf: ~Lo MiG ma: {‘3 S TWO/u Ljoq our (\eyo b‘J!JCTtAj . - (W , ‘ M» Grok] Please 19cc! *FEG filo CCU m6 d: .... V__. [I 4‘ ‘ g "b". 0 ..J 7.5 =9 ‘ T \chat‘d Lgmba J; CPS H5 fin; I5 mt] gm) (0le ‘ LOOO‘CI QLFIDFCilaTC If H: \de would n31" um e on ‘Hn‘s 9091, 7730.04; ijU. 1': .1. "5 r. ,‘t 11 Add .an J. THE? RI'ILA I‘ICE‘E 3T: E‘ F: 313:." 3:71: P13303331 ii} A14) EXEC; HTI N 3 by Richard 3. Kimball The problem investigated in this thesis is the rela. tionship between packaging and exporting. Because foreign trnfie in general, and exporting Specifically exert a con- siderable influence on the economy of the United 3tates, it is quite important to be aware of any variable which may significantly affect foreign trade. The enoroech used was to analyze the actual impact that exporting has on the United States. having ascertained this impact, the influence of packerinr and the many vari- ables which affect packaging were then studied. As a final ine.zht into exporting and its relationship to pocketinr, the barriers to free trade were examined. along with the ooverna mont'e attempts to increase the exports of this country. It was found that exporting is on important factor in the economy of a nation and that pocketing is a highly significant variable of the decree of success achieved in exporting. To package for export, there must be goods to be traied, and to trade one must hackers accordingly. Thus, exporting and packaging are two highly interdependent factors which act together to influence the economic achieve- ments of the notion. HICHIGRN STATE UNIV. LIBRQRIES 31293102274424