“V£71"I¢1:33-I’I*é-I?a‘-*§I-U-':-;:.affine. . .. DIFFERENTIAL EFFECTS OF PHOSPHORUS AND POTASSIUM FERTILITY ON NUTRIENT UPTAKE AND YIELD OF SOYBEAN VARIETIES ' (Glycine max L. Merrill) Thesis for the Degree of M. S. MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY ROBERT CHARLES KALNBACH 1977 —O o- -M‘w ”Zn—5%; ' ’7? ' W.“ k 4...? Hatter y and fielc I’arietal nutrient ABSTRACT DIFFERENTIAL EFFECTS OF PHOSPHORUS AND POTASSIUM FERTILITY ON NUTRIENT UPTAKE AND YIELD OF SOYBEAN VARIETIES (Glycine max L. Merrill) By Robert Charles Kalnbach Effects of P and K fertilizer applications on seed yield, dry matter yield and on nutrient accumulation were studied under greenhouse and field conditions using ten soybean varieties grown in MiChigan. Varietal differences in seed yield response, dry matter yield and nutrient accumulation were insignificant. Increase in seed yield and dry matter accumulation were greater when P and K.were in balanced combinations than when imbalanced combina- tions were applied. Seed yield increases were greater for applications of P than for K. Decreases in root dry weights were obtained from P applications under low levels of K. A balanced application of high P and K fertilizer resulted in higher seed yields and dry matter accumulation than balanced applications at the medium rate. R Incremental increases in P and K fertility inversely affected rates of soybean seed emergence when seeds were placed in contact with soil-fertilizer substrate. Increasing phosphorus levels was more responsible for reduced rates of seedling emergence than increasing potassium levels. m and nutrien soybean Robert Charles Kalnbach Fertilizer P and K applications affected P, K, Ca, Mg, Mn, Fe, Zn and B plant tissue concentrations. No correlation resulted between nutrient concentration in plant tissue and yield of dry matter for soybeans grown in the greenhouse. DIFFERENTIAL EFFECTS OF PHOSPHORUS AND POTASSIUM FERTILITY 0N NUTRIENT UPTAKE AND YIELD OF SOYBEAN VARIETIES (Glycine max L. Merrill) By Robert Charles Kalnbach A THESIS Submitted to Michigan State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE Department of Crop and Soil Sciences 1977 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I wish to express my deepest thanks and sincere appreciation to my major professor, Dr. Taylor Johnston for his support and guidance throughout the course of this study and for his constructive criticism of the manuscript. Appreciation is also expressed to Dr. John Shickluna and Dr. Milo Tesar for assistance as Guidance Committee members and their critical review of the manuscript. Grateful thanks are due to Dr. Charles Cress for his continual assistance and helpful suggestions during my research work. Special gratitude is due to my wife Jan, daughter, Sandy and sons, Dave and Charlie, for their unselfish understanding through two years of study. My wife's assistance with field and laboratory work is especially appreciated. ii LIST OF LIST OF DERODL’I LITERATI FETHODS Gre FII RESULTS Gr Fi SLIDIAR‘X‘ HERA”. mm TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . LIST OF FIGURES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . INTRODUCTION . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . LITERATURE REVIEW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . METHODS AND MATERIALS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Greenhouse Experiment 1976 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Field Experiment 1976 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RESULTS AND DISCUSSION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Greenhouse Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Field Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . LITERATURE CITED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . APPENDIX iii Page iv vii 14 14 15 18 18 43 57 59 64 Table to U ‘9- a 10. ll. 12. Table 10. 11. 12. LIST OF TABLES Percent emergence of nine soybean varieties at various growth stages as affected by soil fertility in greenhouse pots . O C O O C O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O 0 Analysis of variance for top dry weight obtained in the Greenhouse, Michigan State University, 1976 . . . . . . . . Analysis of variance for root dry weight obtained in the Greenhouse, Michigan State University, 1976 . . . . . . . . Analysis of variance for total plant dry weight obtained in the Greenhouse, Michigan State University, 1976 . . . . Dry weight of tops, roots and total (gms/plant) for soybean varieties averaged over all P and K fertility . . . . . . . Effects of phosphorus level on dry weight accumulation of soybean plants averaged over all varieties and potassium levels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Effects of potassium level on dry weight accumulation of soybean plants averaged over all varieties and phosphorus levels 0 O O O O O O O O O I O O O O O O 0 O O O O O I O 0 Effects of phosphorus x potassium on plant dry weight and percent top to total plant averaged over all varieties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Effects of P on total plant dry weight and percent top of total plant averaged over all K treatments . . . . . . . . Effects of K on total plant dry weights and percent top of total plant averaged over all P treatments . . . . . . . . Dry weights and the percent top of total plant for all soybean varieties and all P and K fertility combinations . Analysis of variance for the seed yield in the 1976 variety study conducted in the field at Eaton County, Charlotte, Michigan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iv Page 19 22 22 23 23 25 25 25 27 27 34 46 table 13. 1A. " 15. 16. 170 I l8. 19. 20. m 21. AM A6. A7. Table 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. A3. A4.' A6. A7. Yields bu/acre due to phosphorus averaged over all varieties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Yields bu/acre due to potassium averaged over all varieties . C O C C C O O O O . O O O O O C O O O O O O O O Yields bu/acre due to P x K interaction averaged over all varieties . O O O . . O O . C C O O O C O C O C O O O 0 Seed weight in gms per 0.3 m row section sample averaged over all varieties with 9 P and K fertility treatments. . . Total number of pods per 0.3 m row section sample averaged over all varieties with 9 P and K fertility treatments . . Average gm/lOO seeds per 0.3 m row section sample averaged over all varieties with 9 P and K fertility treatments . Seed yields in gms for each variety averaged over all fertility treatments obtained from 0.3 m sample . . . . . . Number of pods for 10 soybean varieties obtained from 0.3 m sample of combined fertility treatments . . . . . . . . . . Average gm/lOO seeds for all fertility treatments of soybean varieties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total plant dry weights, percent top to total plant and ratio of K/P averaged over all treatment levels . . . . . . Plant dry weights averaged for nine treatment levels of P and K O O O 0 O O O O O O O O O O O C O O O C 0 O O O O 0 Nutrient concentrations averaged over all varieties for nine treatment combinations of P and K . . . . . . . . . . Tissue analysis of total plant tops of nine soybean varieties as influenced by nine nutrient combinations of P and K fertility treatments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sufficiency nutrient concentrations recommended by Nelson and Barber as reported in 'Soybeans. Improvement and use.‘ Agronomy No. 16 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Yields for ten varieties of soybeans averaged over all fertility treatments (Eaton County) . . . . . . . . . . . . Average monthly rainfall in inches for Eaton County, Mj-Chigan O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O I O O O Page 48 48 48 51 51 51 55 55 55 64 64 65 66 69 69 7O Table AB. A10. Table A8. A9. A10. Page Yields in bushels per acre for ten varieties of soybeans as influenced by nine levels of P and K fertility . . . . . 70 The relationship of number of pods, weight of total seeds in gm, gm/lOO seeds in 0.3 m row samples to yield in bu of soybeans/acre as influenced by 9 levels of P and K fertility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 Soil test results for field and greenhouse experiments . . 74 vi Figure l. 10. ll. 12. 13. LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 1. Effect of phosphorus level on the yield of roots, top and total plants averaged over three levels of potassium for nine soybean varieties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 2. Effect of potassium level on the yields of roots,top and total plants averaged over three levels of phosphorus for 9 soybean varieties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3O 3. Plant height as affected by increasing levels of potassium applications on Steele soybeans at the low level of phosphorus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 4. Effect of increasing levels of potassium on plant height between varieties SRF 200 and Beeson soybeans at the low level of P . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 5. Plant height as affected by P x K fertility treatments at low, medium and high rates on Beeson soybeans . . . . . . . 35 6. Phosphorus concentrations in leaf and stem tissue averaged over all soybean varieties for 9 fertility levels . . . . . 38 7. Potassium concentrations in leaf and stem tissue averaged over all soybean varieties for 9 fertility levels . . . . . 38 8. Calcium concentrations in leaf and stem tissue averaged over all soybean varieties for 9 fertility levels . . . . . 39 9. Magnesium concentrations in leaf and stem tissue averaged over all soybean varieties for 9 fertility levels . . . . . 39 10. Manganese concentrations in leaf and stem tissue averaged over all soybean varieties for 9 fertility levels . . . . . 40 11. Iron concentrations in leaf and stem tissue averaged over all soybean varieties for 9 fertility levels . . . . . . . 4O 12. Zinc concentrations in leaf and stem tissue averaged over all soybean varieties for 9 fertility levels . . . . . . . 42 13. Boron concentrations in leaf and stem tissue averaged over all soybean varieties for 9 fertility levels . . . . . . . 42 vii figure 15. 16. l7. 18. 19. Soy bet Yie ove Val V31 V31 f e1 Figure 14. 15. l6. l7. 18. 19. Soybean variety plots showing difference in maturity between Maturity Groups 0, I and II . Yields as affected by phosphorus and potassium averaged over all varieties P x K interaction averaged over all varieties . Varietal differences in yield as influenced by phosphorus Varietal differences in yield as influenced by potassium Varietal differences in yield as influenced by P x K fertility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . viii Page 45 47 47 52 53 54 We and plant for many 3 grown in 1 according Other inve atlow so: m' in many p ins amoun Although t0 phOSph Memt h ASia and ‘v‘ery low feftiliti Mimtl conditio‘ fertilit: fertilit: Efficien. Soybeans INTRODUCTION The effect of fertilizers and soil fertility on soybean yields and plant composition has been the subject of considerable investigations for many years. The opinion of some agronomists is that some soybeans grown in rotation with crops which have been fertilized and limed according to soil test usually do not respond to additional fertilizers. Other investigators confirm yield increases from applied P and K only at low soil P and K concentrations. Varietal responses to applied nutrients have been investigated in many plant species. Marked differences in yield responses to vary- ing amounts of P and K have been observed among soybean varieties. Although varietal differences in sensitivity and tolerance of soybeans to phosphorus were observed several years ago, these yield increases have not been as pronounced as responses to potassium applications. It is generally conceded that the soybean is native to Eastern Asia and has evolved from an ancient agriculture where soils were very low in available nutrients. Under these conditions of low fertility it seems reasonable that soybeans selected from wild strains may not have included the genetic ability to respond to higher fertility conditions. Preferential selection of genes to respond to higher fertility evnironments probably did not occur under constant low fertility conditions._ Plants may also have been selected as to their efficiency in nutrient uptake on poor soils, thus the parentage for soybeans grown today may be from these lines. 1 bean 11 are to rion CC thus pr izporta between ences i spouses play an variety produce by grow levels {1161): 0' PIOduct is diff ASTODOm u“trien Varieti ind ivid Other 1: Varieti' mineral The variability for nutrient uptake and utilization within soy- bean lines must be determined if efficiency and increased production are to be obtained. The plants' ability to respond to mineral nutri- tion consists of its ability to absorb, translocate and utilize nutrients, thus providing a physiological basis for a genetic study. In understanding differential responses it is of utmost importance to be cognizant of the magnitude of interrelationships, between the micronutrient and macronutrient elements. Varietal differ- ences in rooting patterns and growth may also cause differential re- sponses from various methods of fertilizer applications. Soil fertilizty patterns, coupled with applied fertilizer factors, play an important role in obtaining maximum yields, but choice of variety, weed control and row spacing are considered by superior soybean producers as being more important. Choice of variety, then, may be made by growers who select a variety which yields well under high fertility levels in experimental plots without regard to the fertility levels of their own fields. Although some general principles exist, to prescribe production factors for producing maximum yields in a specific location is difficult because of the diverse environmental conditions involved. Agronomists must be aware of varietal differences, optimum levels of nutrients for different varieties and the tolerance levels of these varieties when fertility is either above or below the optimum for individual varieties. The objectives of this study were to examine the conclusions of other investigators in relation to soil fertility parameters on soybean varieties grown in Michigan. Questions to be answered concerning the mineral nutrition of soybeans were: To determine if any relationships exist between levels of added phosphorus, potassium and seed yield on a soil low in phosphorus and potassium. To determine if varietal differences in yield response of soybeans result from soil and/or different levels of applied P and K. Do varieties differ in concentrating P, K and other elements in their plant tissue at varying levels of P and K in the nutrient medium? Are there varietal differences in seedling emergence to increments of P and K fertility. p12 ist the 3D I’nj pre fer TEE a I ho; 30‘ LITERATURE REVIEW Soybeans probably originated in Southeast Asia and evolved as plants considered to be adaptive to soils low in fertility, character- istic of that region. Dunphy et a1. (18) noted that the soybean crop in the United States is based on a rather narrow genetic base. Only about 30 genotypes or less than 1 percent of those in the collection of the United States Regional Soybean Laboratory appear in the ancestry of present day commercial varieties. Lack of responsiveness to high soil fertility then may be genetic and only a selective breeding program will result in isolines capable of responding to higher fertility regimes. In the United States the principle early use of soybeans was as a forage crop used mainly for hay, silage, soilage and pasture for hogs and sheep (57). It was not until after 1941 that the acreage of soybeans grown for forage was surpassed by that grown for grain. Allen (2) found varietal differences in soybean lines concerning maximum forage yields with high levels of N, P, K, Mg, and Ca. Some attention should be directed toward differential approaches of soil fertility factors affecting forage production and those affecting seed production of soybeans. Forage production is increased more by fertilization than is seed production (2) (45). Welch et al. (62), reported that higher dry matter amounts in the forage did not reflect higher seed yields. However seed yield increases have been shown to be less responsive to high fertility treatments as reported by Hanway and Weber (28) and Walsh and Hoeft (60). Also Bureau et a1. 4 (10) showed soybean yields were slightly depressed at each phosphorus level where fertilizer phosphorus was applied. Before investigating plant responses to selected nutrients it is of interest to consider total nutrient absorbtion by plants throughout the growing season for a basic understanding of the general nutritional requirements of a crop. Kalra and Sopra (38) investigating phosphorus absorbtion of rape, oats, soybeans and flax showed that soybeans absorbed about 3X more phosphorus in the last 60 days of growth than the other three crops. Phosphorus uptake in soybeans for appro- ximately the first 40 days of growth exhibited a lag period during which absorbtion was comparatively low. This could be due to the fact that soybeans absorb the bulk of phosphorus late in the season after the root system is fully expanded. Hammond et a1. (25) reported that Richland soybeans yielding 43 bu/acre absorbed 184, 17, 56, 105, and 66 lbs. of N, P, K, Ca, and Mg per acre respectively. Hanway and Weber (27) and Harper (30) observed that the rates of nutrient and dry matter accumulation of soybeans increased prior to full bloom and then decreased to zero after the greenbean stage. The greatest uptake occurred between full bloom and mid pod fill with later growth stages revealing a decreased uptake of N, P and K, probably resulting from translocation of these nutrients from vegetative tissue to the developing seed. Later growth stages also revealed that Ca and Mg uptake either remained high or actually increased, indicating the immobility and continued requirements for these elements in seed production. Henderson and Kamprath (31) reported that accumulation of nitro- gen and phosphorus was not as rapid as dry matter accumulation for the first 110 days. Calcium accumulation was very similar to dry matter accumulation throughout the growing season with potassium accumulation being greater in the early growth stage. Magnesium accumulation was less than dry matter accumulation until late in the growing season when Mg uptake became more rapid. Using tissue analysis, Walsh and Hoeft (60) reported that P con- centrations in plant leaves rose markedly when P was banded, but that yields did not increase significantly. Nelson et al. (50) found that increasing K contents of plant tissue resulted in increased yields. Similar results were observed by Miller et al. (48) where an increase in yield was more closely related to an increase in K content than to P content of plant parts. Yield responses from added P were: obtained only when K was adequate. Although considerable research has been focused on the effect of fertilizers and soil fertility on soybeans, inconsistencies are found in the literature concerning studies with phosphorus and potassium. Hanway and Weber (27) and Johnson and Harris (36) reported that soybean yield responses from P and K were usually small and that high applica- tions of K alone actually decreased yields. In contrast, Miller et al. (48) reported yields increased with an increase in applied K with or without added P while yield reductions were obtained when moderate to high rates of P were applied with little or no K, Maples and Keogh (45) however reported that P and K combinations showed no interaction between the effects of P and K. Response to each element was largely independent. Beecher and Crally (4) found low levels of K (40 lbs KZO/ acre) applications gave greater increases alone than low levels of P (20 lbs P205/acre), but higher yields were obtained with high level (50 1 to fI that the ; fert: avail 5033b: soil resu Hoef test levels of P (80 lbs PZOS/acre) than with high levels of K (80 lbs KZO/acre). Several researchers have reported that increases in yield were greater for added K than P or other nutrients (40) (45) (60) (64). In rare instances such as reported by Anthony (3) and Boswell and Anderson (7), soybean yields did respond more to phosphorus than to potassium in Mississippi and Georgia. Such findings may be explained by the generally low levels of available K in soils of that area. Generally yields are related more to soil P and K content than to fertilizer P and K (10) (11) (39) (59). Welch et al. (62) reported that when applications of 100 lbs P20 lacre was banded, 28 percent of 5 the phosphorus in the plant tissue came from fluaapplied fertilizer on a soil low in available P while 19 percent of plant tissue P came from fertilizer P on a soil high in available P. This indicates that the available soil phosphorus is a very important source of phosphorus for soybeans. Bureau et al. (10) stated that the increase in the level of soil phosphorus coupled with applications of phosphatic fertilizers resulted in an apparent depressing effect on soybean yields. Walsh and Hoeft (60) however observed that banded K along with increasing soil test K improved yields significantly. Different crops vary greatly in their ability to utilize added fertilizers. Kalra and Sopra (38) noted that soybeans were much more efficient in utilizing soil P than rape,oats or flax while the latter three were much more efficient in uptake of fertilizer P. Krantz et a1. (42) also concluded that soybeans absorbed the least amount of fertilizer P compared to corn, cotton and potatoes with corn and soybeans absorbing the bulk of P late in the season. This might be expected since P205 in this study was placed in a band 7.5cm to the side of the seeds. Soybeans have a tap root system whereas corn has a secondary completely fibrous system. It appears more likely that corn roots would be more in contact with the banded P at the side than soybeans. Rouse (56) reported results from field experiments in which P build up and depletion with soybean grain was comparable to cotton and corn for grain, while potassium removal by soybean seeds was greater than either corn or cotton. It is interesting to note that the available literature on nutrient utilization does not mention facts concerning the relation- ship between the concentration of roots in the fertilizer zone. Root concentrations and morphological structures in the fertilizer band may influence nutrient uptake. In a study of the mechanism of nutrient uptake by soybeans, Oliver and Barber (52) found that root intercep- tion was the main mechanism for the supply of Ca, Cu, Al and Sr; mass flow was most important for B and diffusion was the principle mechanism for K, Mn, Fe and Zn uptake. The synergistic relationships and interactions between P, K and other plant nutrients have the focus of many investigations (1) (5) (19) (21) (24) (26) (29) (34) (35) (37) (41) (42) (47) (53) (61) (63). Hutchings (34) summed up the complexity of nutrient interactions by stating "The effects of P on growth, nodulation and composition of soybeans are significantly dependent on the effects of other and essential and commonly deficient nutrients." Zinc deficiencies on soybeans at high P levels were observed by Paulsen and Rotimi (53). They suggested that the origin of the P effect on zinc uptake appeared to be in the roots. P apparently slows translocation of Zn from roots to plant tops. Miller et a1. (47) reported the possible mechanism involved in Fe chlorosis may involve cytochrome oxidase, an Fe enzyme which is affected by bicarbonate acting on metabolism. Bicarbonate in nutrient solution cultures increases the soluble P in solution which in turn induces Fe chlorosis more than the bicarbonate concentrations. Complementary relationships were observed under field conditions among K, Ca and Mg at the pod filling stage for soybeans (41). Mg and Ca content increased when Ca was absent while Ca and K increased when Mg was not present. Generally the effect of nutrient deficiencies appeared directly as decreased changes in weight and numbers of seeds but the effect on chemical composition was negligible. Hanway and Weber (29) observed that P and K fertilizer treatments on nodulating soybean isolines had little effect on N concentration in plant parts while N applications generally decreased P levels in plant parts. K additions had little or no effect on P accumulation or K increases in the seeds. deMooy and Pesek (15) observed that when K or Ca was applied with P, phosphorus toxicity symptoms were less severe and when all three elements were applied, leaf symptoms did not develop. Ca is relatively immobile in plants and therefore necessitates a constant supply in the external environment to reduce P toxicity symptoms throughout the life of the plant. Soybeans have been shown to exhibit toxicity symptoms at low levels of boron. Oertli and Roth (51) reported B toxicity symptoms appeared in soybeans with concentrations in solution of 2 ppm. Potassium seemed to be the element most responsible for reducing the B content of the soybean plant. Woodruff et al. (63) found that 10 applications of 2 lb. of B per acre would prevent high rates of K20 (in excess of 280 lb/acre) from depressing Ca and Mg uptake. It appeared that the adverse effects upon plant growth and the uptake of Ca and Mg when large amounts of K were added was associated with the absense of suitable amounts of B in the plant system. The opposite has been observed for high rates of P by Weber and Caldwell (61). Chlorotic plants growing in the presense of levels of P contained con— siderably more B than the control plants. Also, Ca content was higher and Mg, P and Fe concentrations were twice that of the control plants. Fellers (20) reported a 150 percent increase in soybean nodula- tion from liming and phosphorus applications. Boswell and Anderson (7), Hutchings (34) and Martini et al. (46) found that Ca significantly contributes to the efficiency of P in the early growth of the plant. P responses were obtained only after the Ca requirements were fulfilled. Fletcher and Kurtz (23) also reported a significant increase in nodula- tion from P applications. It appears that the application of Ca has a synergistic effect resulting in the growth of nodule forming bacteria on soybean roots and the release of soil P which in turn aids in nodule formation. Varietal Differences Differential abilities to uptake nutrients have frequently been noted within different varieties of common crop species. Early work by Lyness (44) in 1936 revealed varietal differences within twenty-one imbred lines and hybrids of corn to N, P, K, and Ca. Also noted were close correlations between yield response to phosphorus and the number and characteristics of secondary roots. Morphological dif' abs! 5P0 in for lev t0 pho inc otI the rec ti: in re‘ Ph 11 differences involving increased root:top ratios in the high phosphorus absorbing capacity varieties may have been genetic in nature and re— sponsible for different uptake capacities. Differential responses to fertility have been studied extensively in soybeans. In 1943, Allen (2) reported varietal differences in forage yields of Morse and Virginia soybeans to N, P, K, Mg and Ca levels of fertility. Howell (32) was one of the first investigators to report varietal differences in response to P over a wide range of phosphorus treatments. The cultivar 'Chief' classifed as P-tolerant increased in yield with up to 112 ppm P in nutrient solution while the 'Lincoln' cultivar classified as P-sensitive decreased in yield at greater than 50 ppm P in solution. Howell and Bernard (33), classified 44 soybean varieties to P sensitivity and found 23 lines tolerant, 8 slightly sensitive, 5 intermediate, 4 sensitive and 4 very sensitive. Differential responses to P fertility were also confirmed by other investigators (6) (22) (23). Fletcher and Kurtz (23), also noted that the number of nodules on the P-sensitive 'Lincoln' cultivar were reduced more than on P—tolerant 'Chief.‘ Percent P and K in plant tissue also increased more in 'Lincoln' than in 'Chief' as P additions increased. Outdoor pot experiments by deMooy and Pesek (14), also revealed significant varietal differences in nodule fresh weight due to phosphorus fertilization of 400-500 pp2m P and 600—800 pp2m K. Foote and Howell (22), reported that varietal differences in response to P are determined by the roots. When 'Lincoln' shoots were grafted onto 'Chief' roots and vice-versa the sensitivity response was determined by the root. The ability to respond then must be controlled genetically in the soybean roots ability to absorb and utilize nutrients. 12 Bernard and Howell (6), confirmed the existence of a major gene pair NPnp responsible for significant differences in reaction to phosphorus. Dunphy et al. (18), field tested 75 cultivars of soybeans using either no P and K or high rates of P and K granular fertilizer. Larger responses to fertility occurred more often among the higher yielding genotypes than the lower yielding genotypes. Exceptions to these findings have also been reported in the literature. Caviness and Hardy (12), reported inconsistencies in genetic line X fertilizer interaction for six cultivars of soybeans over a six year period. Similar results were reported by Miller et al. (49) with 'Harosoy,‘ 'Chippewa' and 'Hawkeye' cultivars showing inconsistencies to P and K fertilizer. 'Harosoy' showed a reduction in yield with high P but responded very positively to high K. Nelson et al. (50), however observed no significant varietal differences with respect to K, but observed highly significant differences between varieties in response to applications of Mg. Hanway and Weber (27) observed that dry matter yields and the N, P and K percentages in plant tissue of 8 varieties of soybeans were consistently similar. Studies by deMooy and Pesek (17), involving four cultivars of soybeans grown at two field locations revealed that 'Chippewa' differed significantly from the other varieties in response to K levels, and varied significantly from 'Harosoy' with respect to P levels and that 'Harosoy' yielded higher than the other varieties at all fertility combinations. In a pot experiment grown in the open, deMboy and Pesek (16), observed varietal differences in seed yield from P and P X Ca with the strongest differential response in P uptake occurring at the end of flowering. 13 Genotypic variability of soybean roots in their reductive capacity of nutrient elements has been investigated by several workers. Paulsen and Rotimi (53) reported that detrimental effects of P were overcome by zinc additions in P—tolerant 'Chief' but not in P-sensitive 'Lincoln.' P apparently slows translocation of Zn in the root to plant parts. Walker and Schillinger (58), studied genotypic response to K and suggested that differential yield responses may be related to the potential of the roots to absorb potassium. METHODS AND MATERIALS Greenhouse and field experiments were conducted to study the effects of soil phosphorus and potassium levels on dry matter yield, seed yield and concentration of these and other nutrients in plant tissues. Greenhouse Experiment 1976 A completely randomized design was employed with four replications including factorial components of ten varieties and three levels each of P and K fertility. Soil was obtained from the top 20 cm of an Alcona sandy loam. Before potting, soil was ground but not fumigated since soybeans were not grown on the soil five years prior to the experiment and incidence of soybean disease organisms was considered negligible. Six composite soil samples were taken after grinding and soil analysis was performed by the Midhigan State University Soil Testing Laboratory. The soil used in the experiment tested 17 pp2m P and 80 pp2m K with a pH of 7.2 and was used as the low treatment level (check). Phosphorus was applied as monocalcium phosphate Ca(H2P04). H20, and potassium was applied as potassium chloride KCl. The following P and K treatments were employed: a. Medium P applied at 21.5 pp2m b. High P applied at 43.0 pp2m c. Medium.K applied at 80.0 pp2m d. High K applied at 160.0 pp2m l4 15 P and K were applied separately to determine the individual effects and in combination to determine interaction between the two elements. Nutrients for each treatment were dissolved in 150 ml of water which was then thoroughly mixed with 0.9076 Kg of soil in each pot. Eight seeds each of ten soybean varieties, representative of Maturity Groups 0, I and II grown in Michigan were placed in separate pots on top of the soil-nutrient mixture and 4 cm of soil was placed over the seed. Seeds were inoculated using the slurry method. Ten days after planting, plants were thinned to four plants per pot to reduce interplant competi- tion. A favorable soil moisture level was maintained with deionized water and the temperature was maintained at 22°C. Since soybeans are highly responsive to short days the photoperiod was kept at 16 hours per day to assure vegetative growth only. Plants were harvested six weeks from planting just prior to the time in which flowering would occur. Plant tops were removed at the soil level from the roots which were then carefully removed from the soil by washing with water. Tops and roots were dried at 70°C for 48 hours and weighed and recorded separately. Composite samples of dried taps were ground in a laboratory mill using a 50-mesh screen. Samples were then sent to International Minerals and Chemical Corpora— tion, Libertyville, Illinois for plant tissue analysis. Dry weights of tops and roots were statistically analyzed using the analysis of unweighted means and means were compared using the LSD method. Field Experiment 1976 A split plot design was employed with factorial components con- sisting of ten varieties, three levels of P and K and three replications. l6 Fertility levels were main plots with varieties representing the sub- plots. Field studies were conducted in Eaton County, Michigan on a well drained Celina loam soil. The previous crop was wheat with a volunteer crap of red clover and a dense growth of quackgrass. One week prior to plowing, the field was sprayed with 1.9 liters of Roundup herbicide to control quackgrass. Plowing to a depth of 23 cm was followed by one discing. The seed bed was in excellent physical condition with adequate soil moisture content. Six composite soil samples were taken from the experimental area for analysis. The soil had a pH of 6.5 and tested 13 pp2m P and 80 pp2m K. The varieties used were the same as in the greenhouse so that the field data could be compared with the greenhouse data. The three phosphorus levels were 0, 25, and 50 lbs/acre (O, 28 and 56 kg/ha). Potassium levels were 0, 88 and 176 lbs/acre (0, 109 and 218 kg/ha). —Each field plot consisted of four 76 cm rows, 6 meters long with 1.2 meter alley ways between tiers of plots. All plots were planted June 3rd. Soybean seeds were planted at a depth of 3.8 cm with 180 seeds per 6 meter row. Seeds were inoculated just prior to planting. Fertilizer applications were applied 10 cm to the side of the row and 5 cm below the seeding depth. Weed control consisted of a pre— emergence application of Lasso and Lorox herbicides with one cultiva- tion and hand weeding during the growing season. Before harvest the two middle rows were hand trimmed to 4.8 meters to assure uniform plot length. The outside rows were used as borders to eliminate possible effects of fertility and plant heights of adjacent plots. Mature plants from a random 30 cm section of each plot of one replication were harvested to collect data on number of l7 pods, seed set and seed size (expressed as weight per 100 seeds). The two center rows were machine harvested September 29th. Harvested seed samples were oven dried to 5 percent moisture, weights in grams per plot were recorded and yields in kg/ha were recorded at 13 percent moisture. Seed yields were statistically analyzed using standard analysis of variance techniques and means compared using the LSD method. Statis- tical analysis for number of pods, seed set and seed weights were not performed as the data was taken from one sample. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Greenhouse Study Emergence The influence of P and K fertility on the emergence of soybeans when placed in direct contact with the soil fertilizer mixture is shown in Table 1. Data of emergence was made on combined replicates. The data in Table 1 reveal a reduction in rate of emergence of soybean seedlings when placed in contact with the soil-fertilizer mixture and that the rate of emergence was generally proportional to the rate of fertilizer used. Potassium fertilizer did not inhibit emergence as much as phosphorus fertilizer as the average high phosphorus treatments reduced emergence 35 percent more than the average high potassium treatments. Cumulative effects on emergence and rate of emergence were observed when P and K were combined especially at the high levels. Probst (54) also observed similar results of delayed emergence due to P and K fertility combinations. However, potassium alone delayed emergence more than phosphorus applied alone on soybean emergence trials in his experiment in 1944. The varieties used in this early experiment may have been from different soybean lines whereas most of ‘the present studies involve lines that are more sensitive to P than K (6) (10) (12) (13) (15) (18) (22) (23) (27) (33). Although emergence was generally slower at the high fertility rates eight days after planting, the V3-V5 leaf stage showed plants were accelerated more due to fertility as compared to the check. 18 l9 .sufiawuumw am“: mmuocmv .m. .muHHHuumm aswvma mouocmv .2. .AxUOLUV muwawuuom 36H mmuocmv .4. .AMV abfimmmuoa monocov umuuoa wcooom .Amv monogamonm monocov Houuoa umufim .OOHOOO OOHOOHHOO HHO One OHOO you OHOOasm sOHHHOHOOO OO Om mm NO MIOmHm MuOmz MuaoH mueme muOmz musoH m. m. mm m. 2.. mm Q OO NO OO 2 OO OO m Om AH OO He OO HO OO OOH OOH mmmum OOOH OOIOO Hm mm HO HO OO He He OO OOH Ommum OOOH HO OH HH NH OH mm On mm mm OO mwmum OOOH HO OH HH NH OH mm as Om OO an meme O as 2m Hm m: 2: H: OH 2H OHH mHo>OH M mam m mommum nuzouw nu3oum msoaum> um moaumwum> amonhom mead mo oudomuofim unmouom moon omsonaoouw 6H hufiawuuow HHom mp wouoommm mm mmwMum .H OHQMH 20 Table 1 shows that the increase in the percent emergence from the 8 day stage to the V3-V5 leaf stage of growth was 23 percentage points for the LL (check) treatment compared to 64 percentage points for the HL treatment. It appears that the reduced rate of emergence from added fertilizer P and K was overcome after emergence by a faster rate of growth as compared to the no fertility treatments. Apparent differences between soybean varieties could not be distinguished. However, the variety Hark revealed poor germination at all treatment levels and was discarded. The Hark seed was obtained from one year old stock as new seed was not available. Other investigators and growers have since confirmed the poor germination trait of Hark seed that is kept longer than 8 months from harvest. The variety Corsoy seemed to be affected the least by high applications of P and K fertility. Rates of emergence were comparatively equal for all treatment levels. Corsoy consistently yields very high in Michigan and may be better adapted to high levels of fertility and thus be more efficient in nutrient utilization. The other varieties in this study demonstrated less tolerance to high nutrient levels, resulting in slower rates of emergence, and therefore may be less efficient in nutrient utilization. Soybean leaf chlorosis from fertilization could not be revealed for any of the varieties as reported by other investigators (16) (22) (32). Symptoms of leaf chlorosis were observed by deMboy and Pesek (15), from rates of P at 600 pp2m and from P and K combinations at 600 pp2m and 800 pp2m, respectively. When either P or K was greater than 400 pp2m, leaf chlorosis could not be found. In this study, the high 21 rates of P and K were 43 pp2m and 160 pp2m respectively, which may explain why no visual symptoms were found. Dry Weight Yields The analysis of variance for the greenhouse study is shown in Tables 2-4 for top, root and total plant dry weights. Dry weights of tops and roots were recorded separately to determine fertility treatment effects of P and K on top:root ratios. The variety and phosphorus x potassium interaction effects for dry weight of tops, roots and total, plant were all significant at the 1 percent probability level. The phosphorus treatment effect on root dry weights was significant at the 5 percent probability level. Although the differ- ences between varieties were highly significant, total dry matter weight cannot be used as an indicator of seed yields according to many investigators. Welch et al. (62), observed that higher dry matter accumulations by soybeans did not reflect higher seed yields. There— fore, the major focus of discussion will be on the responses of soy- beans to incremental changes in applied P and K fertility. The variety differences in dry weights and percent top of total plant are presented in Table 5. It is of interest to note that the varieties Hodgson and Corsoy which have consistently yielded well in Michigan State university yield trials have a smaller top:root .ratio, 1.59:1 and 1.47:1 respectively, as compared to an average of 1.75:1 for the remaining varieties. This may be a genetically controlled factor,producing a morphological difference between varieties, allowing the larger root system of Corsoy and Hodgson to be more effective in nutrient and water uptake. 22 Table 2. Analysis of variance for top dry weight obtained in the Greenhouse, Michigan State University, 1976 Source df Mean square F Variety .037701 13.04** P .001803 0.602 Variety x P 16 .003987 1.37 K 2 .002653 0.916 Variety x K 16 .001862 0.643 P x K 4 .013419 4.63** Variety x P x K 32 .002666 0.920 Error .002895 80 **Denotes significance at the 1 percent probability level. Table 3. Analysis of variance for root dry weight obtained in the Greenhouse, Michigan State University, 1976 Source df Mean square F Variety 8 .013952 6.66** P .007451 3.56* variety x P 16 .003441 1.64 K 2 .001639 0.782 variety x K 16‘ .001322 0.631 P x K 4 .014347 6.85** variety x P x K 32 .001882 0.890 Error 80 .002093 *Denotes significance at the 1 percent probability level. **Denotes significance at the 5 percent probability level. 23 Table 4. Analysis of variance for total plant dry weight obtained in the Greenhouse, Michigan State University, 1976 Source df Mean square F Variety .092121 10.77** P .016273 1.90 Variety x P 16 .012795 1.49 K 2 .008383 0.98 variety x K 16 .005478 0.64 P x K 4 .054903 6.42** Variety x P x K 32 .007710 0.90 Error 80 .008546 **Denotes significance at the 1 percent probability level Table 5. Dry weight of tops, roots and total (gms/plant) for soybean varieties averaged over all P and K fertility Plant parts Variety Percent Top Root Total top of Top:Root total Swift .524 .311 .836 63 1.68:1 Evans .524 .300 .825 64 1.75:1 Steele .541 .302 ~ .844 64 1.79:1 SRF 150 .462 .284 .747 62 1.63:1 Hodgson .614 .386 1.001 61 1.59:1 Amsoy 71 .532 .314 .847 63 1.69:1 Beeson .662 .385 1.047 63 1.72:1 Corsoy .487 .332 .820 59 1.47:1 SRF 200 .476 .281 .758 63 1.69:1 24 The data presented in Table 6 reveal that total dry matter accumulation was slightly reduced; 5.5 percent for medium phosphorus applications and 2.5 percent for high phosphorus applications, for all varieties averaged over all treatment levels as compared to the check. The effect of fertilizer P applications at the medium rate may have inhibited the soil P from being absorbed while the high P rate resulted in enough fertilizer P to overcome the soil P inhibition. Perhaps the residual soil P in the check treatment was more readily available for uptake, and plant metabolism may have been affected by higher concentrations in the root zone. The medium and high rates of P applications also increased the top:root ratio to 1.68:1 as compared to 1.60:1 for the check treatment. The smaller root ratios seemed to result in a general reduction in the total plant dry weight. Bureau et a1. (10), observed similar effects on reduction of dry matter yields of soybeans from phosphatic fertilizer applications. Potassium applications affecting dry matter yields were found to be statistically insignificant as shown in Tables 2—4. The medium K application was comparable to the check while a 4 percent increase in total plant dry weight yield resulted from the high K application as compared to the check as seen in Table 7. The medium and high K applications both resulted in top:root ratios of 1.65:1 as compared to 1.68:1 for the check. The resultant increase in root ratio contributed to a general increase in the total plant dry weight. The phosphorus x potassium data on plant dry weights as shown in Table 8 reveal that an interaction is present. There was a tendency for the higher K treatments to increase dry weights when P applications were at the high level. With P held at the high rate increasing K from 25 Table 6. Effects of phosphorus level on dry weight accumulation of soy- bean plants averaged over all varieties and potassium levels Percent top of 1 Treatment (P) TOP ROOt Tota total plant (Average per plant dry weight in gms) Low .542 .339 .882 61 Medium .527 .305 .833 63 High .536 .321 .860 63 Table 7. Effects of potassium level on dry weight accumulation of soy- bean plants averaged over all varieties and phosphorus levels Percent top of Treatment (K) Top ROOt Total total plant (Average per plant dry weight in gms) Low .531 .317 .848 63 Medium .529 .318 .848 62 High .547 .331 .879 62 Table 8. Effects of phosphorus x potassium on plant dry weight and percent top to total plant averaged over all varieties Plant P and K levels Part LL LM LH ML MM MH HL HM HH gms-- .Top .540 .528 .560 .550 .539 .492 .503 .523 .590 Root .340 .333 .342 .332 .310 .274 .279 .310 .377 Total .881 .861 .903 .882 .849 .767 .782 .833 .966 Percent top 61 61 62 62 63 64 64 63 61 LSD Root - .042 .05 LSD.05 Total - .086 26 low to medium resulted in an increase of 6.5 percent in total dry weight (from 0.782 to 0.833 gm/plant) and increasing K from medium to high resulted in an increase of 16 percent in total dry weight (from 0.833 to 0.966 gm/plant). Miller, et a1. (48), observed similar results in that yield response at high P applications were obtained only when K was adequate. Table 8 also shows that increasing K levels resulted in decreases in both roots and tops when P was held at the medium level. Decreases in plant dry weights from P applications were observed by deMooy and Pesek (15) with P x K treatments when less than 400 1b K/acre was applied. Table 8 also shows that high K applied at low P levels resulted in dry weight yields 13 percent larger than when high P was applied alone at low K. High K fertilization appeared to be most effective at either low or high levels of P. The variety x phosphorus and variety x potassium interactions revealed inconsistencies in the total plant dry weights as shown in Table 9 and 10. Although P treatments did not consistently increase or decrease dry weights, all varieties except Corsoy had reductions in total plant dry weights at the medium P application as compared to the check. Amsoy 71 and SRF 200 also showed.further dry weight decreases at the high P rate as compared to the medium rate while the other varieties increased dry weights more at high P than medium P. 1 The variety x potassium interaction shown in Table 10 reveals general increases in dry weight from high K applications for Swift, Evans, SRF 150, Hodgson and Beeson when compared to the check. Small -decreases in dry weights from high K applications were noted for Steele, Corsoy and SRF 200 when compared to the check. When decreases in dry weights were noted for P or K when applied alone, the magnitude 27 Table 9. Effects of P on total plant dry weight and percent top of total plant averaged over all K treatments Phosphorus treatments Variety Low P Medium P High P ng/plant peiggnt gms/plant pezggnt gms/plant peiggnt Swift .915 64 .719 65 .874 60 Evans .787 62 .751 66 .926 64 Steele .828 63 .815 67 .890 63 SRF 150 .765 62 .703 62 .773 61 Hodgson 1.106 59 .939 63 .958 63 Amsoy 71 .911 61 .851 64 .769 65 Beeson 1.032 64 1.053 63 1.057 63 Corsoy .800 57 .860 59 .800 62 SRF 200 .792 62 .786 63 .697 63 Table 10. Effects of K on total plant dry weights and percent top of total plant averaged over all P treatments Potassium treatments variety Low K Medium K High K gms/plant peiggnt gms/plant peiggnt gms/plant peiggnt Swift .818 64 .849 62 .841 62 Evans . 776 65 .802 63 . 897 62 Steele .860 64 .860 64 .812 64 SRF 150 .739 62 .774 60 .758 62 Hodgson .978 61 .946 62 1.078 62 Amsoy 71 .843 64 .858 61 .840 64 Beeson 1974 63 1.084 64 1.084 63 Corsoy .854 59 .781 59 .825 60 SRF 200 .794 62 .708 64 .773 63 28 of decreases tended to be less for K applications than for the P applications. The differences in top:root ratios showed correlations to incremental changes in P and K treatments. Figure 1 and 2 and Tables 9 and 10 reveal the effect of incremental treatment changes of P and K treatments on plant dry weights and the percent top of the total plant weight. Decreases in percent tops of 2,1 and 1.5 percent were recorded for the varieties Swift, SRF 150 and Beeson respectively while varieties Evans, Steele, Hodgson, Amsoy 71, Corsoy and SRF 200 revealed increases in percent top of 4.5, 3, 6.5, 5.5, 6 and 1.5 percent respectively due to average P treaments (medium P and high P) as compared to the check. The direct effect of P on reducing root growth may in part be explained by a statement concerning P toxicity of soy- beans be deMooy and Pesek (15), as follows: "The direct effects of P may be associated with pathogens; secretion of toxic substances by bacteria due to phosphorus which in turn affects root growth." The changes in the percent top for the medium K and high K averages, as compared to the check, revealed varieties Swift, Evans, SRF 150 and Amsoy 71 decreasing their percent top by 3, 4, 1.5, and 2 percent respectively, while varieties, Hodgson, Beeson, Corsoy and SRF 200 had increases in top growth of l, 1, 1, 2.5 percent respectively. These data may suggest that the increase in the percent top may be affected more by P applications for the majority of varieties tested than by K applications, resulting in a smaller root volume which would in turn affect nutrient uptake. Dry weights of all varieties did not respond in the same direction or magnitude at the various combinations of P and K. 29 Low Med High Corsoy LOO Med 815% HodgsOn Low Med High Evans .‘ .\. OP--. La 3 $004 ‘ H—x E 8 000.2 ‘ I I “' Low Med High Beeson 1.0+ E 0.81 60 H V o 3 0.6- x m La 0.2‘ on Low Me High SRF 150 1.0 . i . 2: 0.81 \‘\\\\‘//,/" .C on IE 0.6. ‘0 5‘ \/O 3 0.4. .8 cu 0.2.l LI co ' fl Low Med High Swift Figure 1. Effect of phosphorous level on the yield of roots, top and total plants averaged over three levels of potassium for nine soybean varieties '1 d I d 4 q I C I I 0. 8. 6 I... J 0 8 6 4 2 l 0 0 O 0 1.. AU. 0. 0 nU. Aufiwfi33 hhvv NEOHN AULMHO3 huvv OEUNM mEfiwL um Figure 2‘ 3O 1.0 .— A E ./ . E on o *I 0’84 .“‘- .a"' o 3 A0 . \./. f: 0.6- ° '6 g 0.4. fl‘ 7“ TX 00: ° 1 ' I ' u ‘ I U U fl Low Med High Low Med ‘High Low Med ngh Beeson Corsoy SRF 200 A O :30 0.8 . '——Q*. 3 .—.—. m 0' g 0.4 ‘ 0 U I “‘,H m IF"-9‘ ,'.———"L--—4( 0.2 . I V T u I I W I ' Low Med High Low Med High Low Med High SRF 150 Hodgson Amsoy 1.0-J A O 4..) f0 0'8. W. w/ .II—\ °H . ‘5’ 0.6- ,; O_--Oh--4> °____“°",HJ> V 0.4. "3 8 to 0.2- r-r---1- '*t I I LBW Med ngh Low Med High ”Low Med High Swift Evans Steele . = Total plant; or: Tops; I Roots Figure 2. Effect of potassium level on the yields of roots,top and total plants averaged over three levels of phosphorous for 9 soybean varieties. 31 Figures 3 and 4 show varieties Steele and SRF 200 having reduced plant heights from medium and high applications of K as compared to the check. Average reductions in dry weights for both varieties for the total plant were 8 percent from low to medium K, 7 percent from medium to high K and 15 percent from the low to high K treatments as shown in Table 11. Reiss and Sherwood (55) also observed reductions in dry weight yields of soybeans when K was applied alone. However, Figure 4 shows increases in plant height due to incremental increases in K fertility for the variety Beeson. Table 11 reveals that Beeson had an increase of 28 percent in the total plant dry weight from the check to the high K treatment. Table 11 also reveals that the check levels of fertility produced total plant dry weights which were as high or higher than the majority of treatments for Evans, Steele, SRF 150, Hodgson, Beeson and SRF 200. It was not possible to relate the dry weight characteristics to the differential P x K responses and the percent top to total plant for all varieties because of inconsistencies within varieties, but general trends were noted for some varieties. The results presented in Figure 5 show the balanced nutrient effects of P and K on plant heights for the variety Beeson for the check and for the medium and high application rates. These effects may be attributed more to K than to P. The results presented in Table 11 and Figure 5 also show the Icorrelation of increased plant height with increased dry weights. Total plant dry weights were 0.977, 1.246 and 1.250 grams for the low P-low K, medium P—medium K and high P-high K treatments, respec- tively for Beeson and .855, .796 and .805 grams for Corsoy. The K application also decreased the percent top to total plant by Figure 32 " ‘—— .l - V -H -7 g». C V _ M Figure 3. Plant height as affected by increasing levels of potassium applications on Steele soybeans at the low level of phosphorus. 33 Figure 4. Effect of increasing levels of potassium on plant height between varieties SRF 200 and Beeson soybeans at the low level of P. Table 11. fl Variety : ______P. Swift TI Evans T Steele TI RI TI Z SRF 150 TI R. HOdgson Amsoy71 Q Beeson COISOy 34 Table 11. Dry weights and the percent top of total plant for all soybean varieties and all P and K fertility combinations. V i t Plant P and K levels at e y part LL LM LH ML MM MH HL HM HH ___ gms Swift Top .560 .577 .630 .562 .505 .330 .455 .530 .600 Root .320 .315 .365 .312 .287 .160 .255 .353 .440 Total .880 .872 .995 .895 .782 .490 .700 .883 1.040 2 top 64 64 64 64 64 67 64 60 58 Evans Top .520 .422 .503 .485 .480 .516 .516 .600 .650 Root .290 .275 .333 .280 .253 .270 .236 .350 .420 Total .810 .717 .836 .765 .733 .786 .753 .956 1.070 X t0p 64 62 60 63 65 66 66 63 61 Steele Top .577 .520 .465 .547 .537 .545 .530 .603 .552 Root .320 .322 .280 .287 .252 .275 .320 .346 .320 Total .897 .842 .745 .835 .790 .820 .850 .950 .872 Z top 64 62 62 66 68 66 62 63 63 SRF 150 Top .472 .482 .482 .465 .443 .407 .433 .463 .516 Root .257 .307 .292 .310 .246 .237 .280 .280 .338 Total .730 .780 .775 .775 .690 .645 .713 .713 .854 2 top 65 61 62 60 64 63 61 61 60 Hodgson Top .642 .570 .750 .620 .622 .526 .522 .556 .720 Root .450 .405 .503 .402 .330 .316 .300 .356 .420 Total 1.092 .975 1.253 1.022 .952 .843 .822 .913 1.140 X top 59 58 60 61 65 62 64 61 63 Amsoy71 Top .517 .585 .555 .590 .500 .545 .516 .486 .502 Root .357 .390 .330 .292 .340 .317 .256 .273 .272 Total .875 .975 .885 .882 .840 .862 .773 .760 .775 % top 59 60 63 67 60 63 67 64 65 Beeson pr .607 .655 .715 .620 .776 .600 .620 .645 .720 Root .370 .365 .385 .390 .470 .303 .315 .342 .530 Total .977 1.020 1.100 1.010 1.246 .903 .935 .987 1.250 X top 62 64 65 61 62 66 66 65 58 Corsoy Top .455 .455 .462 .567 .480 .482 .490 .447 .550 Root .366 .335 .332 .417 .336 .305 .272 .297 .345 Total .815 .790 .795 .985 .810 .787 .762 .745 .895 Z top 56 58 58 58 59 61 64 60 61 SRF 200 Top .515 .485 .482 .495 .506 .480 .455 .370 .500 Root .340 .290 .265 .300 .290 .285 .277 .185 .305 Total .855 .715 .747 .795 .796 .767 .732 .555 .805 Z top 60 63 65 62 64 63 62 67 62 35 Figure 5. Plant height as affected by P x K fertility treatments at low, medium and high rates on Beeson soybeans. 36 12 percent in the high P high K treatment as compared to the high P low K treatment for Beeson. Potassium applications applied at medium and high rates without P resulted in average total plant dry weight yield reductions of 15 percent over the check treatment for the variety SRF 200 as shown in Table 11. When K was in balance with P at low, medium and high K treatment combinations, dry weight yields increased by an average of 10 percent compared to the average of the six imbalanced treatments for SRF 200. Also for SRF 200, the average percent top for the three balanced combinations decreased 3 percent when compared to the six imbalanced combinations. Table 11 also reveals that the varieties Swift, Evans, Steele, SRF 150, Hodgson and Corsoy had higher average total plant dry weights of 12, 9, 2, 3, 9, and 4 percent respectively, at the three balanced treatment combinations as compared to the six imbalanced treatment combinations. Changes of percent top to total plant weight were either small or inconsistent for these varieties. Tissue Analysis Statistical analysis was not performed since the plant tissue data were obtained from composite samples of combined replicates. Due to changes in P and K content with dry weight yield, phosphorus and potassium content could not be used as an indicator for plant dry weight . responsiveness. Table A1 and A2 of the appendix reveal no correlation between the varieties or treatment levels and average dry weight yield responses due to the K:P ratio. Figure 6 and Table A3 of the appendix reveals average concentra- tions of P for each level of K application averaged over all soybean varieties. Phosphorus treatments increased P concentration in the 37 plant tissue 37 percent from low to medium P and 12 percent from low to high P. Potassium, however, reduced P content 7.5 percent at the average high P rate as compared to the check level of P. This reduction may have been caused by a dilution effect. Figure 7 and Table A3 of the appendix shows that the application of P had no apparent effect on K concentration in plant tissue. However, K fertility applications increased K con- centrations by 62 and 97 percent at the medium and high rates respective- ly, averaged over all levels of P as compared to the average low K level. Concentrations of P and K compared between balanced and imbalanced fertility rate applications showed no apparent differences. Potassium fertility applications resulted in a decreased concen- tration of Ca and Mg as shown in Figure 8 and 9 and Table A3 of the appendix. Reductions of 7 and 11 percent occurred in the level of Ca in plant tissue from the average medium and high K applications, respectively, as compared to the average low K level. Reductions of 27 and 38 percent occurred in Mg concentrations from the average medium and high K applications respectively, as compared to the average low K level. P supply had no observed effects for either Ca or Mg concentrations. The average high rate of P applications reduced Mn concentrations 13 percent as compared to the average low P level as shown in Figure 10 and Table A3 of the appendix. The average high levels of K applications reduced Mn concentrations 4 percent as compared to both the average low level and medium.K application. Brown and Jones (9) also observed similar effects of reduced Mn uptake by soybean roots due to P applications. Figures 11 and 12 and Table A3 of the appendix reveal that Fe and Zn concentrations were reduced 14 and 9 percent respectively, by 38 I 0040 d ' lfi' c". O 3 0.304 .— CU —— S-I 1 J; — {FI _H 3 0.20 w a .— O U n. 0.10”I N ll [I ll ll II III III. II 1' Fertility level Figure 6. Phosphorous concentrations in leaf and stem tissue averaged over all soybean varieties for 9 fertility levels. L denotes low; M denotes medium; H denotes high; First letter denotes P; second letter denotes K; 2.5 ‘ . m 1"“ IT‘" 20 q ‘fl fl c: . .3 a u 1.5 3 g 1r 1— U 1.0 I C: O U ,4 0.5 N ll ll ll ll II '1 II. II II Fertility level Figure 7. Potassium concentrations in leaf and stem tissue averaged over all soybean varieties for 9 fertility levels. Ca Concentration Z Figure 8. Mg Concentration % Figure 9. 39 2.C)q I I . . f 1'5' r—fiu—l —‘f—-—1'—'Ifi. 1.0 a 0.5 ll ll lll ll II III‘ II. II III Fertility level Calcium concentrations in leaf and stem tissue averaged over all soybean varieties for 9 fertility levels. 1.5 1.0 0.5 ' . 11 [Hill at II II ll "an" Fertility level Magnesium concentrations in leaf and stem tissue averaged over all soybean varieties for 9 fertility levels. 40 70c: 60 ‘ m 50 q 8 1h w-I I; 40 i .5 c: 30 1 m U 8 <3 20 3 z: z 10 a. a. ‘# ll ll ll It II ll. ll II II Fertility level Figure 10. Manganese concentrations in leaf and stem tissue averaged over all soybean varieties for 9 fertility levels. 500 400 F'— -_l 300 200 . . . r- 100 ""1 r__.I PPM Fe Concentrations ll. ll lll ll II II ll II III Fertility level Figure 11. Iron concentrations in leaf and stem tissue averaged over all soybean varieties for 9 fertility levels. 41 average high P applications as compared to the average low P level. However, at the average medium P rate, Fe and Zn concentrations were increased 41 and 21 percent respectively as compared to the average low P level. Potassium reduced Fe concentration 16 percent at the average medium K level but increased Fe 32 percent at the average high K level when compared to the average low K level. Potassium increased Zn concentrations 12 percent at the average medium K rate but decreased Zn concentration 7.5 percent at the average high K rate when compared to the average low K levels. The B concentrations also revealed inconsistent levels between treatments as shown in Figure 13 and A3 of the appendix. The average medium rate of P caused B content to increase 6 percent whereas B content was decreased 7 percent at the average high P application rate as compared to the average low P level. Potassium applications, however, revealed a consistent reduction in B concentration of 15 and 24 percent for the average medium and high K applications respectively, as compared to the average low K level. I The data concerning B concentration reduction due to K applica- tions are similar to that reported by WOOdruff et a1. (63). However, research be Beeson et a1. (5), and Miller et a1. (47), involving Fe concentrations in soybean plant tissue revealed that high rates of P reduced Fe concentrations. Weber and Caldwell (61) revealed that high P and K plants contained considerably more Fe and lower Zn than the 1 control. The contrasts between observations of these investigators may suggest varietal differences in soybeans for concentrating Fe, Zn and B as reported by Brown et a1. (8) and Paulsen and Rotimi (53). 42 g 75 - "‘— O H H 2 60 I ‘F__!_ H ‘r 8 l_) U 45 W d—I g I—I U z 30 ' I—b ‘— 51 g: 15 '1 ll. ll ll ll II II II. II II Fertility level Figure 12. Zinc concentrations in leaf and stem tissue averaged over all soybean varieties for 9 fertility levels. 70 d 60 ‘ ' I_| . . ' fll so a 'r-r __ .__... 40 4 30 20 PPM B Concentrations 10 ll il in ll II an ll II II Fertility level Figure 13. Boron concentrations in leaf and stem tissue averaged over all soybean varieties for 9 fertility levels. 43 In Table A4 of the appendix it is of interest to note that the varieties Steele, Amsoy 71, Beeson, Corsoy and SRF 200 had treatments showing 0.35 percent or more P concentrations in plant tisuse which resulted in very noticeable incraeases in Fe, Zn and B. Data in Table A5 of the appendix reveal that these values generally exceed the sufficiency concentrations as shown by Nelson and Barber (57). Also, Table A4 reveals that, except for Amsoy 71 and Corsoy, P concentrations for the check treatment levels were below the suffi- ciency recommendation levels. K concentrations for the check were lower than sufficiency recommendations levels for all varieties, however, dry weight yields at the low treatment combination were comparable to or better than dry weight yields for many treatment levels where P and K concentrations were nearer the sufficiency recommendations as shown in Table 11. On the basis of dry weight responses it did not appear in this experiment, that P or K concentrations in plant tissue could be used to identify soybean varieties that are more potentially responsive to P and K applications. Field Study, Soil moisture content at planting time was adequate, resulting in good germination and early plant growth, but the lack of rain during August and early September reduced seed yield. In this experi-. ment, fertilizer treatments did not cause lodging to any noticeable extent on any varieties. Fertilizer treatment effects were not as great as expected due to the unusually dry weather conditions during the growing season. The 44 general yield level of all varieties was low as evidenced by the poor performance of normally high yielding varieties. The yields of the ten varieties averaged over all fertility treatments are shown in Table A6 of the appendix. Yields for these cultivars are usually in the 35-45 bu/acre range in normal years in Michigan. Early varieties maturing prior to the middle of September may have been at a disadvantage, because of not being able to utilize early fall rains. Rain fall data are presented in Table A7 of the appendix. It would appear that the later maturing varieties may have yielded better due to more moisture during pod-filling. Figure 14 shows the difference in maturity between Maturity Group 0 and Maturity Group II soybeans in early September. The analysis of variance for the field study is presented in Table 12. The phosphorus (P), phosphorus x potassium interaction (P x K) and the variety effects (V) were all statistically significant for seed yield at the 1 percent probability level. Figure 15 shows the effects of phosphorus and potassium averaged over all varieties. Any response in seed yield was primarily due to phosphorus. Averaged over all varieties, P applications resulted in increases in yield of 2.1 bu/acre from low P to medium P, 2.7 bu/acre from medium P to high P and 4.9 bu/acre from low P to high P as shown in Table 13. Potassium responses were small and not significant as shown in Table 14. These results are similar to those reported by Anthony (3) and Boswell and Anderson (7). 4 Seed yield effects due to P x K interaction are shown in Figure 16 and Table 15. Yield increases were greatest when phosphorus and potassium were in balance combinations at either low, medium or high 45 .2 W «Man—.— - Figure 14. Soybean variety plots showing difference in maturity between Maturity Groups 0, I and II. C 46 Table 12. Analysis of variance for the seed yield in the 1976 variety study conducted in the field at Eaton County, Charlotte, Michigan. Source df Mean square F Rep 2 721.31 15.05 P 2 531.86 11.10** Error (a) 4 47.90 K 2 6.70 0.25 P x K 4 190.34 6.98** Variety (V) 9 155.86 5.72** P x V 18 27.50 1.00 K x V 18 35.89 1.32 P x K x V 36 24.20 0.88 Error (b) 174 27.25 **Denotes significance at the 1 percent probability level. I-‘ ' U1 Yields Bushels/Acre 47 Low K Med K High K Low P Med P H1gh P gal 351 gal 5% ggl Means Figure 15. Yields as affected by phosphorous and potassium averaged over on 0 NM DUI I—‘ O Yields Bushel/Acre p..- U1 U1 all varieties. I""TI . IfiI ‘fl fl 5 £ 5 3 ‘U 00 3 -o 00 3 'o oo o o H o o H o o -H A z z A z m A z : Low Low Low Med Med Med Iiigh High High P P P P P P P P P Fertility levels Figure 16. P X K interaction averaged over all vareities. 48 Table 13. Yields bu/acre due to phosphorus averaged over all varieties Fertility treatment Low P Medium P High P 19.60 21.71 24.45 LSD.05 = 1.65 Table 14. Yields bu/acre due to potassium averaged over all varieties Fertility treatment Low K Medium K High K 21.60 21.9 22.1 Table 15. Yields bu/acre due to P x K interaction averaged over all varieties P and K levels LL LM LH ML MM MH HL HM HH 22.46 17.88 18.48 20.36 23.11 21.64 22.08 24.83 26.42 Note. _I_._ = low, _M_ = medium, E - high lst letter denotes phosphorus 2nd letter denotes potassium LSD for comparing two potassium means at the same phosphorus .05 _ level - 2.64 LSD for comparing two phosphorus levels at the same potassium. 05 level = 2.81 49 increments. Also, certain imbalances of P and K resulted in actual decreases in yield. Seed yields of LM and LH treatments were 4.7 and 4.0 bu/acre less than the LL treatment. Potassium reduced yields more when applied alone than phosphorus. Table 15 reveals that the average seed yield decrease from medium and high K applied alone was 4.5 bu/acre and that the average medium and high rates of P applied alone only reduced yields 1.24 bu/acre as compared to the check. Miller et al. (48) revealed.thatsoybean seed yield responses from P were obtained only when K was adequate. Howell and Bernard (33) also observed that the balance of nutrient elements contributes to optimum yields. While Table 15 reveals that medium increments proved beneficial, the high increments resulted in slightly higher yields as compared to the medium fertility rates. It is also evident that phosphorus seemed to increase seed yields more than potassium, although the majority of soy- bean research literature reveals a higher response to potassium than to phosphorus. Lutz, et al. (43) observed that the use of phosphorus fertilizer increased the amount of water present in the soil root zone and that crop yields were closely related to increased water content of the soil. It is possible that the shortage of soil moisture en- countered in this experiment during the seed set stage may have been less severe due to the presence of adequate phosphatic fertilizer. This may partially explain the greater response to P than K. Although much variability exists between treatments, data in Table 16 and 17 reveal that increasing P and K fertility resulted in a general increase in seed yields and number of pods in the 0.3 m row . sample. When P and K were in balanced ratios the average seed yield and number of pods were 59.16 grams and 208 pods as compared to 56.0 gr 50 and 199 pods average for the six imbalanced treatments. It also appears that the applied phosphorus was more responsible for increases in the number of pods and seed yields than applied potassium. Variability in this data might have been reduced by more rates of applied P and K and more observations per replication. Yield increases were also due to increased seed size as shown in Table 18. Although inconsistencies exist, it is evident that applied P and K are dually responsible for seed size increases. The average increases in seed size for all P and K treatments were 0.9 gm/lOO seeds as compared to the check treatment. Yield data in Figures 17-19 and Table A8 of the appendix suggest that an interaction might be present even though the original analysis of variance did not show evidence of a V x P, V x K or V x P x K interaction. The data also show that the varieties were not similar in their response to applied P and K. Correlations of seed yield response to numbers of pods and seed set revealed inconsistencies for each treatment of each variety as shown by Tables A9 of the appendix. Mere observations per plot might have reduced inconsistencies as irregularities of plant populations within the row were evident. The combined data for seed yields and number of pods for each variety averaged over all fertility treatments shown in Tables 19 and 20 do however correlate with the higher yields of the higher yielding varieties; Evans Maturity Group 0, Hodgson Maturity Group I and Corsoy Maturity Group II as shown in Tables A6 and A9 of the appendix. The data in Table 21 reveal that the varieties with the largest seed sizes do not correlate with the highest seed yields. Figure 19 and Table A9 of the appendix show that varieties differ disproportionately in yield response to incremental changes in 51 Table 16. Seed weight in gms per 0.3 m row section sample averaged over all varieties with 9 P and K fertility treatments P and K level LL LM LH ML MM MH HL HM HH 55.4 56.3 48.5 49.0 59.2 50.3 59.3 72.9 62.9 Table 17. Total number of pods per 0.3 m row section sample averaged over all varieties with 9 P and K fertility treatments P and K level LL LM LH ML MM MH HL HM HH 200 208 172 179 215 190 209 233 209 Table 18. Average gm/100 seeds per 0.3 m row section sample averaged over all varieties with 9 P and K fertility treatments P and K level LL LM LH ML MM MH HL HM, HH 13.3 14.1 14.5 14.3 14.3 14.0 14.4 14.0 14.0 .msouozmmosa an wmocmschw mm vAmH% :A mmuamummwwv Amuwfium> .NA opawfim Ao>oA mSOHosamosm cam thEDG kumwum> 52 OH m m m o m c m N A m z A I Z A m 2 A m E .A AA 2 A m 2 A m 2 A m S. A m 2 A m 2 .A .t m 7 0A w ma 1. Ir... T! I. r A ul! I! . om . _I. .I l. .L rfill_ Elli-IL. kl .1LTrIIL. r mN . .I, .I. . .L. A. rlLfill. .Illfill. .Fll. fem OON mmm .OH omH hMm .m %omhoo .m mHmmum .q common .m Xumm .m An moms< .m mam>m .N Gomwvom .o umwSm .H mowuowhm> aJUV/quan 9161A 53 OH w w Am>mA EswmmMuoa tam woman: muofium> n o m c m N A .2 Z A m 2 A m 2 A m E A m 2 A m. S .A m 2 A m z .A m z A m S A com mmm >omuou cowmwm as soma< comwwom NNQDO‘O omA mMm . wAmmum xumm mcm>m umaBm HNMQID wwwumwum> u m a CA u mH v ON .Eswmmmuoa ma wmocmnfimcfi mm vAmfih GA moocmumwwwv Amumwum> .wA muawfim aJOV/Iaqsna PIBIA 54 .muAAAuumw x x m hp voocosAch mm vAmAN :A mwocmummuAv Aoquum> .aA muswAm on>mA x x m can mmAuwAum> omA ham . komum Aha: , mcw>m uMAsm w A. e A m Aw N o m JV m N A o w m. e m «.m. N A o a. N o m w A” m oA «A om mm 2: m z: u m 42 u c om z: u m :5 n m Hzlh aflN WON/0 CW m0 URN mm :2 u o aufiAAuumm as u A A A x x m a A“ A > ooN mmm zomuoo common AN mome< comwwom m Aw N 0 mm Q m N A m w A. c n c m. N A a m .n o n c m N .Awo m N my n a m” N A.¢ MW N o mu c m N A CA mA ON mN on mm alDV/Iaqsna PIBIA aJDV/Iaqsna pIaIx 55 Table 19. Seed yields in gms for each variety averaged over all fertility treatments obtained from 0.3 m sample Variety SRF Amsoy SRF Swift Evans Hark Steele 150 Hodgson 71 Beeson COISOY 200 53.3 63.7 50.6 55.3 55.2 60.1 56.0 54.2 61.5 60.2 Table 20. Number of pods for 10 soybean varieties obtained from 0.3 m sample of combined fertility treatments Variety SRF Amsoy SRF Swift Evans Hark Steele 150 Hodgson 71 Beeson Corsoy 200 210 239 166 201 184 222 171 171 250 178 Table 21. Average gm/lOO seeds for all fertility treatments of soybean varieties Variety Swift Evans Hark Steele SRF Hodgson Amsoy SRF Beeson Corsoy 200 150 71 13.1 14.2 14.0 ‘ 14.7 12.6 14.7 14.8 17.0 12.8 13.1 56 fertility level. These data might indicate that certain varieties (e.g., Swift,Hark and SRF 200) may demonstrate their highest yielding capacity at relatively low fertility levels. Although Evans, Steele, Hodgson, Beeson, and Corsoy show relatively high yields at low fertility levels, these varieties may not be approaching their highest potential at this low level of fertility. Thus, it would appear that these varieties may possess a greater ability to increase their yields at higher fertility levels, whereas other varieties exhibit their highest yielding ability at fairly low fertility parameters. Varieties which yield well at low soil fertility may be more efficient in nutrient uptake and utilization resulting in larger quantities of nutrients in their plant tissue. Yields of Swift, Hark and SRF 200 at the high P x K combination were similar to yields at the low P-low K level of fertility. These lower yielding varieties may not possess the genetic capability to respond to high soil fertility levels. __lg\§ichigan State University trials, the varieties Corsoy and Hodgson have consistently proven to be in the top 40 percent for seed yield. These varieties with proven high seed yields may be relatively well adapted to low fertility conditions, but also possess the potential to respond more favorably to increased fertility than other varieties. Since yield is a product of several yield components the higher yields of Corsoy and Hodgson are attributed mainly to greater numbers of pods and seed set. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS The response of seed yields and dry matter accumulation of soy- beans to fertility were studied by applying nine combinations of P and K fertility to ten soybean varieties. Conclusions related to questions g stated in the Introduction may be summarized as follows: ( 1. There were no differences between varieties in the effects of P and K on seed yield and yield components (field results) and dry matter accumulation (greenhouse results). 2. P and K fertilizer increments, when applied in balanced combinations, increased seed yield when averaged over all varieties. Certain imbalanced combinations of P and K fertility resulted in actual decreases in seed yield (field results). 3. The effects of phosphorus on seed yields averaged over all varieties were greater than the effect of potassium (field results). 4. Reductions in seed yield were obtained from medium and high applications of K at low P levels when averaged over all varieties as compared to the check (field results). 5. Rates of seedling emergence were inversely affected by incremental increases in P and K fertility (greenhouse results). 6. Dry matter accumulations averaged over all varieties were greater under the balanced P and K combinations than under 57 58 the imbalanced combinations (greenhouse results). 7. Phosphorus applied alone at both medium and high rates reduced root growth when averaged over all varieties (greenhouse results). 8. Varying the P level in the subtrate affected plant tissue concentrations of P, Mn, Fe, Zn, and B but not K (green- house results). 9. Varying the K level in the substrate affected plant tissue concentrations of P and K as well as Ca, Mg and B (green- house results). When considering the many factors involving macro-element fertility it is also very significant to consider other management, cultural and general nutritional requirements to provide a better understanding of underlying interactions of dependent characters. For it is not one or two environmental conditions which govern plant growth and yields but a combination of interactive factors, and that one factor cannot be considered irrespective of the others. The high yields obtained through the research process represent yields which are possible when the use of good management practices is accompanied by a very rare and fortuitous combination of favorable environmental conditions. LITERATURE CITED 10. 11. LITERATURE CITED Adams, R.S., and W.G. Espinoza. 1969. Effect of phosphorus and atrazine on mineral composition of soybeans. J. Agr. Food Chem. 17:818-822. Allen, D.I. 1943. Differential growth response of certain varie- ties of soybeans to varied mineral nutrient conditions. Mo. Agr. Exp. Sta. Res. Bull. 361. Anthony, J.L. 1967. Fertilizing soybeans in the Hill section of Mississippi. Miss. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull. 743. Beacher, R.L., and E.M. Crally. 1952. Soybeans need fertilizer on many Arkansas rice farms. Better Crops Plant Food. 36(4) 26:41-43. Beeson, K.C., L. Gray, and K.C. Hammer. 1948. The absorbtion of mineral elements by forage plants: II The effect of fertilizer elements and liming materials on the content of mineral nutrients in soybean leaves. J. Amer. Soc. Agron. 40:553-562. Bernard, R.L., and R.W. Howell. 1964. Inheritance of phosphorus sensitivity in soybeans. Crop Sci. 4:298-299. Boswell, F.C., and O.E. Anderson. 1976. Long term residual fertility and current N-P-K application effects on soybeans. Agron. J. 68:315-318. Brown, J. C., C. R. ‘Weber, and B. E. Caldwell. 1967. Efficient and inefficient use of Iron by two genotypes and their isolines. Agron. J. 59: 459-462. Brown, J.C., and W.E. Jones. 1962. Absorption of Fe, Mn, Zn, Ca, Rb and phosphate ions by soybean roots that differ in their reductive capacity. Soil Sci. 94:173-179. Bureau, M.F., H.J. Mederski, and C.E. Evans. 1953. The effect of phosphatic fertilizer material and soil phosphorus level on yield and phosphorus uptake of soybeans. Agron. J. 45:150-154. Cartter, J.L. 1941. Effect of environment on composition of soybean seed. Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. Proc. 5:125-130. 59 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 60 Caviness, C.E., and G.W. Hardy. 1970. Response of six diverse genetic lines of soybeans to different levels of soil fertility. Agron. J. 62:236-239. Clapp, J.G., Jr., and H.G. Small, Jr. 1970. Influence of "pop-up" fertilizers on soybean stands and yield. deMboy, C.J., and J. Pesek. 1966. Nodulation responses of soybeans to added phosphorus, potassium and calcium salts. Agron. J. 58:275-280. deMboy, C.J., and J. Pesek. 1969. Growth and yieldtof soybean lines in relation to phosphorus toxicity and phosphorus, potassium and calcium requirements. Crop Sci. 9:130-134. de Mooy, C.J., and J. Pesek. 1970. Differential effects of P, K, and Ca salts on leaf composition, yield and seed size of soybean lines. Crop Sci. 10:72-77. deMooy, C.J., and J. Pesek. 1971. Response in yield and leaf composition of soybean varieties to phosphorus, potassium and calcium carbonate requirements. Iowa Agr. Res. Bull. 572. Dunphy, E.J., L.T. Kurtz, and R.W. Howell. 1966. Responses of different lines of soybeans (Glycine max L. Merrill) to high levels of phosphorus and potassium fertility. Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. Proc. 30:233-236. Evans, C.E., D.J. Lathwell, and H.J. Mederski. 1950. Effect of deficient or toxic levels of nutrients in solution on foliar symptoms and mineral content of soybean leaves as measured by spectrographic methods. Agron. J. 42:25-32. Fellers, C.R. 1918. The effect of inoculation, fertilizer treat- ment and certain minerals on the yield, composition and nodule formation of soybeans. Soil Sci. 6:81-129. Ferguson, C.E., and W.A. Albrecht. 1941. Nitrogen fixation and soil fertility exhaustion by soybeans under different levels of potassium. Mo. Agr. Exp. Sta. Res. Bull. 330. Foote, B.D., and Raw. Howell. 1964. Phosphorus tolerance and sensitivity of soybeans as related to uptake and translocation. Plant Physiol. 39:610-613. Fletcher, H.F., and L.T. Kurtz. 1964. Differential effects of phosphorus fertility on soybean varieties. Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. Haghari, F. 1966. Influence of macronutrient elements on the amino acid composition of soybean plants. Agron. J. 58609-612. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 61 Hammond, L.C., C.A. Black, and A.G. Norman. 1951. Nutrient uptake by soybeans on two Iowa soils. Iowa Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull. 384. Hamptom, H.E., and W.A. Albrecht. 1944. Nitrogen fixation, com- position and growth of soybeans in relation to variable amounts of potassium and calcium. Mb. Agr. Exp. Sta. Res. Bull. 381. Hanway, J.J., and C.R. Weber. 1971. Accumulation of N, P, and K by soybean (Glycine max L. Merrill) plants. Agron. J. 63:406- 408. Hanway, J.J., and C.R. Weber. 1971. Dry matter accumulation in soybean (Glycine max L. Merrill) plants as influenced by N, P, and K fertilization. Agron. J. 63:263-266. - Hanway, J.J., and C.R. Weber. 1971. N, P, and K percentages in soybean (Glycine max L. Merrill) plant parts. Agron. J. 63:2860 290. Harper, J.E. 1971. Seasonal nutrient uptake and accumulation patterns in soybeans. Crop Sci. 11:347-350. Henderson, J.B., and E.J. Kamprath. 1970. Nutrient and dry matter accumulation by soybeans. N.C. Agr. Exp. Sta. Tech. Bull. 97. Howell, Raw. 1954. Phosphorus nutrition of soybeans. Plant Howell, RJW., and R.L. bernard. 1961. Phosphorus response of soybean varieties. Crop Sci. 1:311-313. Hutchings, T.B. 1936. Relation of phosphorus to growth, nodu- laction and composition of soybeans. Mb. Agr. Exp. Sta. Res. Bull. 243. Jackson, W.A., and H.J. Evans. 1962. Effect of Ca supply on the development and composition of soybean seedlings. Soil Sci. 94:180-186. Johnson, E.J., and H.B. Harris. 1967. Effect of lime, phosphorus and potassium on soybean yields. Georgia Agr. Res. Sta. Bull. 8(3):8-9. Kahn, J.S., and J.B. Hanson. 1957. The effect of calcium on potassium accumulation in corn and soybean roots. Plant Physiol. 32:312-316. Kalra, Y.P., and R.J. Sopra. 1968. Efficiency of rape, oats, soybeans and flax in absorbing soil fertilizer phosphorus at seven stages of growth. Agron. J. 60:209-212. Kamprath, E.J. 1958. Soybean yields as a function of the soil phosphorus level. Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. Proc. 22:317-319. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. 51. 52. 62 Keogh, J.L., and R. Maples. 1970. Soybean fertilization: Timing and placement of phosphorus and potassium. Ark. Agr. Exp. Sta. Res. Bull. 185. Konno, S. 1969. Physiological study on the mechanism of seed production of soybean plants. Proc. Crop Sci. Soc. Japan. 38: 700-705. Krantz, B.A., W.L. Nelson, C.D. Welch, and N.S. Hall. 1949. A comparison of phosphorus utilization by crops. Soil Sci. 68:171-177. Lutz, J.A., Jr., G.D. Jones, and E.B. Hale. 1973. Chemical comp- osition and yield of soybeans as affected by irrigation and deep placement of lime, phosphorus and potassium. J. Indian Soc. Soil Sci. 2(4):475-483. Lyness, A.S. 1936. Varietal differences in the phosphorus feeding capacity of plants. Plant Physiol. 11(4):665—686. Maples, R., and J.L. Keogh. 1969. Soybean fertilization experi- ments. Ark. AGr. Exp. Sta. Div. of Agr. Rep. Series. 1978. Martini, J.A., R.A. Kochrann, O.J. Siqueira, and C(M. Barkert. 1974. Response of soybeans to liming as related to soil acidity, Al and MN toxicities, and P in some Oxisols of Brazil. 8611 Sci. Soc. Amer. Proc. 38:616-620. Miller, G.W., J.C. Brown, and R.S. Holmes. 1960. Chlorosis in soybeans as related to iron, phosphorus, bicarbarbonate and cytochrome oxidase activity. Plant Physiol. 35:619-625. Miller, R.J., J.T. Pesek, and J.J. Hanway. 1961. Relationships between soybean yield and concentrations of phosphorus and potassium in plant parts. Agron. J. 53:393-396. Miller, R.J., J.T. Pesek, J.J. Hanway, and L.C. Dumenil. 1964. Soybean yields and plant composition as affected by phosphorus and potassium fertilizers. Iowa Agr. Home Econ. Exp. Sta. Res. Bull. 524. V Nelson, W.L., L. Burkhart, and W.E. Caldwell. 1945. Fruit devel- opment, seed quality, chemical composition and yield of soybeans as affected by potassium and magnesium. Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. Proc. 10:224-229. Oertli, J.J., and J.A. Roth. 1969. Boron nutrition of sugar beet, cotton and soybean. Agron. J. 61:191-195. Oliver, 8., and S.A. Barber. 1966. Mechanism for the movement of Mn, Fe, B, Cu, Zn, A1, and Sr, from one soil to the surface of soybean roots (Glycine max). Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. Proc. 30: 468-470. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59. 60. 61. 62. 63. 64. 63 Paulson, G.M., and 0.A. Rotimi. 1968. Phosphorus-zinc inter- action in two soybean varieties differing in sensitivity to phosphorus nutrition. Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. Proc. 32:73-76. Probst, A.H. 1944. Influence of fertilizer, fertilizer placement, soil moisture content and soil type on the emergence of soybeans. J. Amer. Soc. Agron. 36:111-120. Reiss, W.D., and L.V. Sherwood. 1965. Effect of row spacing, seeding rate, and potassium and calcium hydroxide additions on soybean yields on soils of Southern Illinois. Agron. J. 57:431- 433. Rouse, R.D. 1968. Soil test theory and calibrations for cotton, corn, soybeans and coastal bermudagrass. Ala. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull. 375. Soybeans: Improvement, Production and Uses. 1973. The American Society of Agronomy, Madison, Wisconsin. Walker, A.K., and J.A. Schillinger. 1975. Genotypic response to potassium in soybeans. Crop Sci. 15:581-583. Walker, W.M., and O.H. Long. 1966. Effect of selected soil fertility parameters on soybean yields. Agron. J. 58:403-405. Walsh, L.M., and R.G. Hoeft. 1970. Will fertilizer boost soybean yields. Better Crops Plant Food. 54(3):6-7. Weber, J.B., and A.G. Caldwell. 1962. Soybean chlorosis from heavy fertilization. Agron. J. 54:425-427. Welch, C.D., N.S. Hall, and W.L. Nelson. 1949. Utilization of fertilizer and soil phosphorus by soybeans. Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. Proc. 14:231-235. Woodruff, C.M., J.L. McIntosh, J.D. Mikulcik, and H. Sinha. 1960. How potassium caused boron deficincy in soybeans. Better Crops Plant Food. 44(4):4-16. Wu, M.H. 1963. Effects of phosphorus, potassium and inoculation on the growth of soybean. “Soils Fert. Taiwan:82. APPENDIX A.GA N.m w.¢ N.m m.m N.¢ e.m q.OA w.¢ mum Ac me «e we no No No A0 A0 no» N com. mmm. Nwh. Non. mew. Nww. mom. Aom. Aww. unmA03_hun mm :3 Am m: 22 A: mA 2A AA 233 M 28 m 64 .M mam m mo wAm>mA uawaummuu waA: How voweuo>m munmAwa hue unmAm .N< oAan N.m m.o N.m m.o m.¢ m.m N.N m.m m.N mum me on no mo Ac No «0 we no mou N wmm. ONw. Neo.A New. Aoo.A men. «em. mNm. 0mm. unwAm3 ham OON mam Nomuoo common AN moma¢ domwwom omA mam mAmmum mcm>m uMAsm mmAquum> .mAm>mA unmaummuu AAm Ho>o wowmum>m m\M mo OAumu can uawAa Amuou ou ecu unmouoa .musmAma hut uaMAQ Amuoa .A< mAama 65 A4 am fine me an. ~4.A mq.N «N. M M we on mmm cm 00. mn.A oo.~ mm. 2 m on mm mAA we om. no.A e~.A mm. M m me we Ame mm mm. wq.A am.~ om. M 2 oc on mmq we no. Nm.A m¢.A an. 2 2 mm as mos mm om. Ae.A AN.A mm. M 2 we oe cum mm «m. mq.A mm.m «N. m M «a Mm AAA we no. we.A mw.A MA. 2 M we om «we no mm. AG.A mA.A mm. a A Eng IN m am mm 2: ms mo M M M m mGOHumHuGOUGOU UQQHHUUZ wufimaummuu MuMAMuqu .M van m Mo maOAuchnaoo unmaumouu maAa Mow mMAumAum> AAm Mm>o wmwmum>m maOAumMuamocoo ucoAHusz .m< mAamH 66 Table A4. Tissue analysis of total plant tops of nine soybean varieties as influenced by nine nutrient combinations of P and K fertility treatments Fertility Nutrient concentrations P K P K Ca Mg Mn Fe Zn B 2 ppm Variety: Swift ‘ L L .18 1.17 1.58 .99 62 215 32 70 L M .19 1.74 1.41 .74 58 186 28 54 L H .21 2.28 1.49 .68 61 136 34 53 M L .27 1.11 1.60 1.12 66 252 34 53 M M .22 1.95 1.49 .75 48 111 25 49 M H .29 2.76 1.60 .71 38 64 24 40 H L .34 1.30 1.95 1.32 71 243 58 76 H M .25 1.96 1.61 .81 52 126 27 57 H H .22 2.58 1.57 .61 49 96 26 46 'i .24 1.87 1 59 .86 56 159 32 57 Variety: Evans L L .18 1.38 1.71 .73 51 160 29 50 L M .21 2.27 1.59 .54 47 100 28 41 L H .19 2.38 1.51 .52 55 272 29 43 M L .25 1.48 1.77 .77 43 85 25 46 M M .22 1.97 1.63 .62 55 205 38 41 M H .23 2.53 1.64 .55 50 111 28 43 H L .28 1.44 1.68 .80 42 100 23 48 H M .22 2.02 1.49 .62 52 274 , 25 39 n H .16 2.98 1.53 .51 47 100 22 36 'i .22 2.05 1.62 .63 49 156 27 43 Variety: Steele L L .15 1.04 1.57 .82 52 183 40 51 L M .18 1.96 1.62 .72 52 110 31 50 L H .35 2.46 1.52 .66 84 1933 84 70 M L .22 1.19 1.76 .95 54 219 32 60 M M .23 1.91 1.61 .78 56 139 28 52 M H .26 2.45 1.59 .64 46 250 38 47 H L .24 1.20 1.75 1.02 50 142 28 66 H M .22 2.22 1.68 .71 54 406 94 48 H H .29 2.30 1.51 .62 66 1648 64 56 3E .24 1.86 1. 62 .77 57 559 49 56 67 Table A4. Continued Fertility Nutrient concentrations P K P K Ca Mg Mn Fe Zn B 2 ppm Variety: SRF 150 L L .21 1.52 1.91 .92 48 107 34 61 L M .14 1.96 1.60 .65 47 85 24 45 L H .21 2.62 1.60 .59 54 127 24 45 M L .27 1.46 1.85 .94 46 102 24 54 M M .24 2.70 1.63 .61 45 84 23 41 M H .15 2.48 1.55 .54 48 147 21 41 H L .23 1.32 1.77 .92 49 100 26 57 H M .19 2.48 1.65 .62 48 82 17 40 H H '2 .21 2.07 1.70 .72 48 104 31 48 Variety: Hodgson L L .15 1.08 1.66 .89 64 393 57 52 L M .14 1.73 1.55 .74 55 171 31 46 L H .15 2.26 1.50 .54 40 87 23 36 M L .22 1.02' 1.68 1.03 60 409 53 57 M M, .16 1.78 1.58 .69 52 364 26 41 M H .18 2.00 1.57 .74 50 183 31 44 H L .23 1.24 1.73 1.10 48 100 26 51 H M .21 1.74 1.42 .66 50 232 33 39 H H .22 2.64 1.46 .58 28 68 24 36 '1? .18 1. 72 1.57 . 77 50 223 34 45 Variety: Amsoy 71 L L .63 1.20 1.50 .78 110 1373 179 101 L M .17 1.64 1.28 .55 48 82 31 35 L M .17 2.24 1.27 .49 47 87 31 35 M L .26 1.24 1.55 .86 44 85 28 47 M M .21 1.88 1.34 .62 45 77 23 37 M H .22 2.26 1.34 .54 48 75 34 37 H L .24 1.04 1.50 .85 41 73 26 57 H M .41 1.86 1.39 .61 70 601 152 60 H H .20 2.54 1.27 .49 44 81 24 32 SE . 28 1. 77 1.. 38 . 64 50 282 59 49 68 Table A4. Continued Fertility Nutrient concentrations P K P K Ca Mg Mn Fe Zn B Variety: Beeson L L .17 1.12 1.42 .65 42 72 26 52 L M .15 1.82 1.31 .48 4O 90 32 41 L H .13 1.98 1.15 .40 40 83 23 36 M L .46 1.24 1.41 .68 72 639 84 75 M M .88 1.86 1.41 .57 130 1903 307 122 M H .40 2.03 1.32 .47 79 1445 164 67 H L .22 1.18 1.46 .74 40 78 26 51 H M .19 1.98 - 1.31 .50 38 74 22 39 H H .34 2.26 1.25 .45 60 1530 73 56 3E .33 1.72 1.34 .55 55 657 84 60 Variety: Corsoy L L .36 1.16 1.62 .86 90 1583 92 76 L M .19 2.02 1.50 .63 43 72 32 39 L H .18 2.26 1.38 .55 49 80 30 35 M L .23 1.02 1.59 .87 50 254 30 43 M M .24 1.66 1.54 .71 53 108 48 42 M H .40 2.53 1.45 .55 67 1701 58 49 H L .29 1.26 1.68 .97 48 112 33 47 H M .27 1.90 1.80 .77 51 126 41 49 H H .26 2.14 1.47 .59 53 224 28 36 3E .27 1.77 1.56 .72 56 474 44 46 Variety: SRF 200 L L .18 1.08 1.51 .70 45 93 25 49 L M .21 1.78 1.45 .66 49 138 34 46 L H .55 2.38 1.45 .46 87 578 217 79 M L .42 1.16 1.24 .79 63 1625 83 65 M M .89 2.02 1.40 .55 124 1373 153 114 M H .22 2.46 1.25 .53 47 87 27 35 H L .28 1.18 1.33 .87 39 87 25 48 H M .26 2.36 1.43 .64 38 103 26 40 H H .19 2.40 1.30 .50 37 70 21 31 K .36 1.87 1.37 .63 59 462 56 56 69 Table A5. Sufficiency nutrient concentrations recommended by Nelson and Barber as reported in 'Soybeans. Improvement and use.‘ Agronomy No. 16. Nutrient concentrations of total plant top Nutrients P K Ca Mg Mn Fe B Zn -- % ppm Concentration 0.3 2.5 1.5 0.6 24-49 30 20-100 16 Table A6. Yields for ten varieties of soybeans averaged over all fertility treatments (Eaton County) Yield Number Variety Maturity Group bu/acre kg/ha 1 Swift 0 20.5 1379 2 Evans 0 21.5 . 1446 3 Hark I 20.8 1399 4 Steele I 21.1 1419 5 SRF 150 I 18.0 1211 6 Hodgson I 22.3 1500 7 Amsoy 71 II 23.9 1607 8 Beeson II 20.5 1379 9 Corsoy II 26.9 1809 10 SRF 200 II 23.6 1581 LSD = 1.96 .05 70 Table A7. Average monthly rainfall in inches for Eaton County, Michigan May June July August September 3005 4035 3002 1046 2067 Table A8. Yields in bushels per acre for ten varieties of soybeans as influenced by nine levels of P and K fertility Variety P and K levels LL LM LH -ML MM MH HL HM HH Swift 22.0 16.5 18.7 24.8 22.9 20.0 13.0 26.9 19.8 Evans 17.2 19.1 17.9 17.3 22.3 27.7 20.2 24.3 27.3 Hark 24.5‘ 17.3 14.2 18.9 21.7 19.7 24.4 22.5 24.6 Steele 20.8 11.4 17.6 17.6 22.8 21.7 27.5 25.4 25.3 SRF 150 21.1 16.0 14.5 ' 13.0 20.0 15.0 17.0 21.4 24.5 Hodgson 23.0 20.0 18.6 18.7 23.2 26.5 20.2 19.8 30.3 Amsoy 71 23.7 22.9 25.3 23.9 22.3 17.0 28.7 25.2 26.1 Beeson 22.0 13.9 16.3 20.5 22.1 17.6 22.1 23.1 27.1 Corsoy 23.7 24.4 22.7 24.4 28.7 30.4 22.7 33.2 32.0 SRF 200 26.4 17.3 18.9 24.9 25.1. 21.5 24.9 26.3 27.1 'i 22.4 17.8 18.4 23.1 21.6 22.0 24.8 26.4 '20.3 71 Table A9. The relationship of number of pods, weight of total seeds in gm, gm/lOO seeds in 0.3 m row samples to yield in bu of soybeans/acre as influenced by 9 levels of P and K fertility Fertility 0.3 m sample of plants/plot Yield Variety P K # pods Total seed wt gm/lOO seeds bu/acre Swift L L 175 53 12.5 22.0 L M 237 54 13.0 16.5 L H 244 56 13.2 18.7 M L 181 50 13.0 24.8 M M 189 41 13.8 22.9 M H 230 61 13.8 20.0 H L 200 51 13.0 13.0 H M 204 50 12.8 26.9 H 237 68 13.0 19.8 ”K 210 54 13.1 20.5 Evans L L 261 65 13.2 17.2 L 2M 245 63 13.8 19.1 L H 207 58 15.1 17.9 M L 200 43 12.8 17.3 M ‘M 249 54 14.2 22.3 M H 194 46 14.3 27.7 H L 289 97 15.7 20.2 H M 261 90 13.8 24.3 H H 247 58 14.9 27.3 i 239 63 14.2 21.5 Hark L L 158 37 12.0 24.5 L M 239 62 15.0 17.3 L H 161 41 13.0 14.2 M L 200 52 15.0 18.9 M M 226 65 14.2 21.7 M H 199 52 13.9 19.0 H L 173 52 16.0 24.4 H M 162 46 13.0 22.5 H H 160 49 14.2 24.6 K 186 50 14.0 20.8 72 Table A9. Continued Fertility 0.3 m sample of plants/plot Yield Variety P K # pods Total seed wt gm/lOO seeds bu/acre Steele L L 190 46 14.5 20.8 L M 221 68 14.8 11.4 L H 138 37 15.9 17.6 M L 189 43 14.2 17.6 M 'M 196 57 15.0 21.7 M H 189 50 15.0 21.7 H L 198 45 14.0 27.5 H M 277 86 15.0 25.4 H H 221 66 14.0 25.3 if 201 55 14.7 21.1 SRF 150 L L 266 78 12.2 21.1 L M 158 42 11.8 16.0 L H 161 43 12.5 14.5 M L 129 40 13.8 13.0 M, M 228 67 13.9 20.0 M H 138 39 12.2 15.0 H L 195 58 12.0 17.0 H M 193 71 13.0 21.4 H H 196 59 12.0 24.5 ‘K 184 55 12.5 18.0 Hodgson L L 207 55 14.0 23.0 L 'M 248 67 15.0 20.0 L H 192 57 15.8 18.6 M L 167 48 15.2 18.7 M M 220 57 14.0 23.2 M H 242 55 14.0 26.5 H L 176 39 13.8 20.2 H M 343 102 14.5 19.8 H H 206 61 15.9 30.3 K 222 60 14. 7 22.3 73 Table A9. Continued Fertility 0.3 m sample of plants/plot Yield Variety P K # pods Total seed wt gm/100 seeds bu/acre Amsoy 71 L L 176 56 14.2 23.7 L M 160 53 14.5 22.9 L H 210 72 16.5 25.3 M L 159 51 15.1 23.9 M ‘M 130 44 15.0 22.3 M H 172 46 14.5 17.0 H L 137 47 14.5 28.7 H M 174 57 14.6 25.2 H H 227 78 14.2 26.1 K 171 56 14.7 23.9 Beeson L L 153 53 16.2 22.0 L M 119 38 17.5 13.9 L H 73 24 18.0 16.3 ‘M L 184 54 17.5 20.5 M M. 248 80 17.0 22.1 M H 210 61 16.8 17.6 H L 201 64 18.2 22.1 H M .188 63 16.2. 23.1 H H 164 51 16.0 27.1 31' 171 54 17.0 20.5 Corsoy L L 214 50 12.0 23.7 L M 304 67 13.0 24.4 L H 154 42 13.0 22.7 M L 259 68 13.8 1 24.0 M M 275 65 12.4 28.7 M H 178 ' 42 12.8 30.4 H L 314 " 74 12.2 22.7 H M, 324 . 81 13.0 33.2 H H 230 65 13.0 32.0 32' 250 61 12.8 26.9 74 Table A9. Continued ——__ ‘-:— Fertility 0.3 m sample of plants/plot Yield Variety P K # pods Total seed wt gm/lOO seeds bu/acre SRF 200 L L 214 50 12.0 23.7 L ‘M 304 67 13.0 24.4 L H 154 42 13.0 22.7 M L 259 ' 68 13.8 24.0 M M 275 65 12.4 28.7 M M 178 42 12.8 30.4 H L 314 74 12.2 22.7 H M 324 81 13.0 33.2 H H 230 _65 13.0 32.0 K 250 61 12.8 26.9 Table A10. Soil test results for field and greenhouse experiments lbs/acre ppm 2 Base Soil pH P K Ca Mg Zn Mn K Ca Mg Alcoma Sandy . loam 7.2 17 80 3341 364 5 .25 1 83.5 15.3 Celina Loam 6.5 13 80 2395 286 4 22 1.4 82.3 16.1 u 1 11111111111111 111441» 234 1