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. A GEOGRAPHIC STUDY ‘ W ‘ ' ‘ L43.
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. . MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY: :_ : 7 7- ._ ‘- ; -
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This is to certify that the

 

thesis entitled

 

. THE GRAPE INDUSTRY IN SOUTHWEST I.IICI-IIGAN:
1 A GEOGRAPHIC STUDY

presented by

1 Barbara Westinghouse

 

Ii : has been accepted towards fulfillment
I .of the requirements for

if

a

Major professor

 

Due September 5, 1961

 

O—l 69

 

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Beroere u Stiibneuse

This thesis is a discussion of the yr pe industry of
the Southwest tic ifan Vineyard Region from the viewpoint
of economic beo Taphy. Lic.i gen usue11;x ranks third in
national grape production. Some 95 per cent of its crop
comes from vinrvzris in four son‘d‘ estern counties -- Van
Buren, Berrien, Kalamazoo, and Cass -- where two areas of
greater vine concentration can be distinguished. One cen-
tcrs on the villages of Pa? P:W and Lenten; the other around
the twin cities of St. Joseph and Benton Harbor. Vineyards
in the former area are much nore concentrated, three town-
ships having approximately 82 per cent of the vines in Van
Buren County, Yhilt the three leading townships in the lat-
ter area have only 34 per cent of Berrien County's vines.

The most imomrtant physical f3 c tor erplainin3 the fo-
cusing of viticulture in the Region is the favorable cli-
mate, 1er rgely the result of file "lake influence" from Lake
Sic igan. This te nos to retard vezetetion growth in the
spring until likelihood of frost is past 81d to delay frost
in autumn until t? e grepe s are harvesttd In spite of more
advantageous conditions here than elseWhere in Iichiqan,

however, spring frosts are the sin 1e most 1? port ant 081189

1

“I

 

- 2 - Barbara Westinghouse

J

of crop damage.

Because the vines hav; a better chance of escaping
frost injury if set on lepcs sufficient to provide ade-
quate air drainage, roughly 1+2 per cent of those in the Re-
gion are on moraines, 23 per cent on outresh plains, mid 19
per cent on till plains. In the St. Joseph-Eeiton Herbcr
area.nhere the "lake influence" is greatest, only 71 per cent
of the vines are on these three features, but in the Pan
Paw-Lawton area, some twenty-five miles east, 97 per cent
are on such sites, thereby compensating for the diminished
effects of the "lake influence".

Host of the Regions's vineyard acreage is concentrated
on Plainfield sand (28 per cent) and Fox sand: loan (11 per
cent) associatrd with outvash plains, and on Coloma loamy
sand (27 per cent) and Bellefontaine sandy loam (10 per
cent) found on moraines. These soils generally have ade-
quate water and air draina3e. The greater effect of "lake
influence" in the “t. Joseph-Benton Harbor area is again
illustrated by the fact that only about 67 per cent of the
vineyard acreage there is planted on these four “3st favor-

‘

able soils, in contrast to 88 per cent thereon in the Per
aw-Lavton area.

Approximately 90 per cent of the plantings in south-

*4;

west Lichi an are c the Concord grape. host of the rest
are Delawares and Niagaras. Average vineyard size is about

ten acres. Approximately MA man labor hours per acre are

- 3 - Barbara Testinghouse

expended for pre-tx rv:st activities and 16 hours on her-
vesting. Rouxfi h U3 three times more labor (3} hours) is
spent on pruning and tieing as on any hrr pro-harvest task.

Almostr no leoor is m1 red from outside the Region, even for

Two notable historic changes lave characterizrd the mar-
an grapes. One has been the turn for tranc-
portation used from boat to rail in the late nineteenth cen-
tury, and then to motor truck after 1920. The other has

been the shift Irom selling most of the crap as fresh fruit
previous to 1940, to where elrost 90 per cent is nor sent to
local Juice plants and wineries.

The Welsh Grape Juice 00., owned by the Kational Grape
Co-operative Association, Inc., the 1e;e din’ viney? lrd co-op-
erative of several in the Region, operates the la jest pro-
Cessing plant. It is located in the Pen Paw-Lawton area,
as are also the next three biggest establishments. Grapes
marketed fresh are more largely from the St. J03 eph-Bent: n

the Benton

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nerbo r area
Harbor Fruit rarket.

For some years prior to 1951, cheap California wines
and rings race in} ich 5yen from grapes and juice imported
from California offered dame :in-5 competition to Wines pressed
from fiidzigan grapes. The resultant lo prices recvind by
iichigan growers caused them to sees aid from the State Leg-
isle ture. This body, as a cons (=ouen ce, periodically amended

Act No. 8, Public Acts of 1933 (Extra Session), no as to

— u - Barbara Westinghouse

levy a tax on all winks sold in Licniéen other than those
made in nicnigen from licnijan grapes for which a minimum
of $85.00 per ton had been paid to the growers.

In recent years there has been an upward trend in Xi-
chigan grape production, uh oh is likely to continue, be-

cause of high and stable prices receivrd as a result cf both

legislative aid and an increase in pop "stion and thus demand.

1

f

O

Probably the csnccntrati n of an ever lerjer propor.icn

\

Xichigsn's total vineyard acreage in the Rxgicn Will occur
as demand incrreses. Sites with satisfactory conditions for
viticulture are several times as extensive as those now

used.

THE GRAPE INDUSTRY IN SOUTHWEST XICHIGAY:
A GEOGRAPflIC STUDY

By

Barbara Westinghouse

A THESIS

Submitted to
Richigsn State University
in partial fulfillment of the requirements
for the degree of

EASTER OF ARTS
Department of Geoxraphy

1961

A|11l r. .I‘I I11 i“

(-3

I? 5' 3- '7

? f "> g: ‘15.. 3"
(.— 4.» XI) 6‘ mu.

ACKNOWLEDGKENTS

Although space prevents the naming of every contributor,
I wish to thank all the individuals who willingly assisted in
the development and completion of this thesis. The county of-
fice managers of the Agricultural Stabilization and Conserva-
tion Service branches in Van Buren, Berrien, Cass, Kalamazoo,
and.A1legan counties generously provided table space to use in
copying vineyard plots off aerial photographs which they made
available. Various soils aid horticultural experts in south-
west Hichigan and at Michigan State University took time to ex-
plain the grape growing techniques used in their region. Their
names are mentioned in footnotes in the text. well-informed
employees or owners of Paw Paw and Lawton grape processing plants,
and Edward E. Cox, Harketlfiaster of the Benton Harbor Fruit Kar-
ket, kindly outlined the operations of their respective estab-
lishments.

I am also grateful to Hr. and.Mrs. A.V. Fournier of Paw
Paw, Michigan, for information concerning the production and
marketing tedhniques of "fancy pack" grapes. Above all, I widi
to acknowledge the continual help, guidance, and encouragement
of my thesis advisor, Professor Paul Gross horrison.
East Lansing, Lichigan Barbara Westinghouse

September, 1961

ii

ACRJDTLLDd's
LIST OF TABLES

TABLE OF CCXTEHTS

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS . . . . . . . . . .

Chapter

I. 11"": RCDUCTICIJ . o o o o o g o g .

II. PHYSICAL FEATURES . . . . o . . . .

Climate o o o o o o o o o o o
Glacial Features . . . . . . . .
80113 0 o O o o o O O o O 0 0

III. GRAPE PRODUCTION . . . . . . . . .

Varieties Produced . . . . . . .
Production Costs . . . . . . . .
Vineyard Preparation and Care . . . .
Soil haintenance
Seasonal Round of Other Activities

Pruning; and Training

Cultivation

Grape Diseases and Insect Control
A Special Spra ay Problem

Cover Craps

Harvesting

IV . GRAPE 1;.14RKETII‘IG o o o o o o o o 0

Historical Notes . . . . . . . .
FI‘E‘Sh Grape itarKEtS o O o o O 0 0

Processing Plants . . .
Laws and Problems Concernin

of ‘E'ine Grapes
Vineyard Associations

V. SUXIARY AND CONCLUSIONS . . . . . . .

APPENDIX TABLES
BIBLIOGRAPHY .

O
gfjarketing

P "- "e
(ta-lbn‘
v

ii
iv

14
14

29
37

43

M6

75
75

80
83

100
109
134

LIST OF TABLES

109

110

111

114

117

120

123

127

130

131

TEXT T "LES
Table
1. Climate of Selected Stations, Southwest
Ijichigan Vineyard Region . . . . . . .
2. Mic lg n Grape Industry, stimat.sd PCP Cent
of Crop Loss from Climatic Hazards, 19lo-l9h9
3. Tie Influence of Soils on the Cost of Pro-
duction of Grapes, 1927-2929 . . . . . .
4. County Totals of Grape Berry roth Eradication
PI’OJE‘Ct, 1940‘195’3 o o o o o o o o o
APPEZJDIX TABLT"
Table
1. National Grape Production, 1899-1959 . . .
2. Kickican Grape Production, Total and in Lead-
ing Counties, 1909-1953 . . . . . . .
3. Iichigan Grapevines, Total and.in Lrading
Counties, 1910-1954 . . . . . . . . .
4. Nunoer of Grapevines lTot of Bearing A :e, Lead-
Counties and Tovnships of Southwest: iichi-
San o o o o o o o o o o o o o o
5.5. Total Numoer of Grzpr~vines, Leading Counties
and To'nships of Southwest: :ichi; an . . .
6. Grape Production, Leading Counties and Town-
ships of South‘18t ionllc . . . . . .
7. Southwestliic;igan Vineyard Region, Approxi-
mate Number of Grapevines and Associated Gla—
0131 Featnres o o o o O o o 0 o o o
8. Southwest: lo 1 an Vineyard Region, Approxi-
mate Vinevoro‘Acre Ege and Associated Soils .
9L Wine and Juice Production, 1850- -l919, Na tion-
a1 and Leading States . . . . . . . .
10. Grape Disposition, 19+1-19ES, National and
Leading States. . . . . . . . . . .
11. Nic is an Grapes, Tons Production,.Avtr“‘e
Price Per Ton, e.nd Disposition, 1909-1959. .

iv

132

Figure

l.

2.

O».
O

18.

19.

20.

Eastern "1 tad States Grape Production,

'1899-1959 (graph) 0 o o o o o o o o

hiciigan Grape reduction, Total and Leading
Counties, 1909-1953 (graph) .. . . . . .

Identification Lap, Southrest Lichigan Vine-
ya-rd EFL-31911 O o 0 o O o o o o o 0

Southwest Lichigan Grapevines - All Ages,
1954 (map) . . . .

hichisan Grapes, Estimated Per Gen of Full
Crop (graph) . . . . . . . . .. . .

Iichigan Grape Industry, 1899-1959 (graph) .
Neglected Grapevines . . . . . . . .
Well-Kept, Clean-Tilled Vineyard . . . .
Southwest Lichigan Glacial Features (map) .
Vineyard on Inner Ridge of Kalamazoo Koraine
Vineyard on Coarse, Loamy Sand . . . . .
Southwest hichigan gain Vineyard 80113 (map)
Tractor-Towed Spraying Apparatus . . . .
Grass and Weed Cover Crop. . . . . . .
Woman "Fancy Packing" Concorde . . . . .
6-qt. Climax Baskets Filled with Grapes . .

Beer Lugs of Grapes at the Paw Paw Grape
Juice Co. Processing Plant . . . . . .

Transporting "Fancy Packed" Grapes From the
Vineyard . . . . . . . . . . . .

Grape Growers' Trucks Waiting to Hnload at
Paw Paw Grape Juice Co. Processing Plant. .

Loading Grapes at tie aw Paw Railroad Sta-
tion (Circa 1900-1910). . . . . . . .

P

(1

—se

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O

69
72

73

74

 

lII‘Il‘I-l- lullxlll

. . . . . .
1
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I I a

n o c .

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. a a I

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS (Continued)
Figure Page
21. A Roadside Fruit Stand . . . . . . . 82

22. Naticnal Grape Co-Operative Association,
Inc., Vineyards of tempers in Southwest
Eichigan, 1958 (map) . . . . . . . . 86

23. Welch Grape Juice Plant in Lawton, Kichigan 87

vi

Chapter I
INTRODUCTION

hichigan‘g Importanoe,;n Grape Production
During most years since 1920, Yichigan has placed third
among the states in the total production of grapes. It is

usually surpassed only by California andNewYork.1

Pre-
liminary data for the national grape harvest of 1959 indicate
that California produced 2,950,000 tens, or 91.3 per cent;
New York, 84,000 tons, or 2.6 per cent; Michigan, 57,000
tons, or 1.8 per cent; WaShington, 57,000 tone, or 1.8 per
cent; Pennsylvania, 29,000 tons, or 0.9 per cent; and Ohio,
16,000 tons, or 0.5 per cent (Appendix Table 1).

Although grape production in the states other than Cali-
fornia is relatively small, it gains significance because
the grapes grown are of a different kind. In California the
varieties raised are of Egtis vinif.ra, the European type
grape Which supposedly originated in southwestern Asia and
was spread into Europe in very early times. Attempts to

grow the European grapes in the United States failed other

than in California and parts of adjacent southwestern states

 

I

1During the last twenty years, grape production in Washing-
ton state has gradually increased, so that recently it has
sometimes exceeded that of Michigan. If the trend continues,
washington will soon completely replace‘hichigan as the third
most important grape producing state.

1

_ 2 L

where the climatic conditions are similar to those around
the Mediterranean Sea and in southwestern Asia.

Elsewhere in the United States, varieties of the Ameri-
can type grape are cultivated. These have been derived from
the native wild grapes nhiCh the early shite settlers found
growing in profusion throughout eastern North America. ,Eitis
labrusca, the fox grape, indigenous to the area from the Al—
legheny Fountains to the Atlantic Ocean and from New Eng—
land to Georgia, was predominant among the wild vines and
it's domesticated varieties have been more extensively culti-
vated than those of any other American species. Klfilg';gyr

rusca varieties, particularly the Concord, Delaware, and Ni-

 

agara, exclusively comprise the commercially cultivated grapes
grapes in Hichigan.1
Of the 1959 production of American type grapes, or those
other than the Yiti§_vinifera grown in California and adja-
cent states, New'lork harvested approximately 29.9 per cent;
Michigan, 20.} per cent; Washington, 20.3 per cent; Pennsyl-
vania, 10.3 per cent; and Ohio, 5.7 per cent. Hichigan, thus,
not only commonly ranks third among the states in total grape
production, but is usually second only to New York in the har-
harvest‘of non-European varieties (Fig. l). Hichigan's im-
portance has developed mainly during the present century.

Before that, New Xork, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and Kissouri,

 

¥A short description of the appearance, characteristics,
and main uses of these varieties is given later. See pages

43—uu.

 

 

EASTERN UNITED STATES
GRAPE PRODUCTION

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

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among the states east of the Rocky hountains, all had a lar-

ger production than did Kichigan.

Location 9; Kichigan Vineyards

During the present century also, Iichigan viticu ture
has become concentrated to an increasing degree in the south-
western part of the state. In 1953, the last year for which
statistics for individual counties were available, four
counties in southwest Hichigan produced 35,850 tons of
grapes, or 96.3 per cent of the total state production of
37,236 tons. These counties, their respective yield and per-
centage of the 1953 Kichigan harvest were: Van Buren,
19,092 tons, 51.1 per cent; Berrien, 1U,3M0 tons, 38.5 per
cent; Kalamazoo, 2,105 tons, 5.7 per cent; and Cass, 363
tons, 1.0 per cent (Fig. 2; Appendix Table 2).1 The loca-
tion of the four counties and of their townships, villages,
and cities which are most associated with viticulture is
shown on the map, Figure 3.

In 1909 these same counties harvested 52,272 tons of
grapes, or only 86.6 per cent of the Kichigan crop. Ton-

nage and percentage breakdowns were: Berrien, 26,511 tone,

4_ 3 .' I ‘ 2

1Allegan, the only other county of significance in 1953,
with a production of 483 tons of grapes, or 1.3 per cent of
the Hichigan total, is also in southwest Xichigan, but was
not included in the study because it's greatest concentra-
tion of grapevines is in the middle of the county and is
separated from the vineyard areas in the other four coun-
ties named.

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_ 5 _

H3.9 per cent; Van Buren, 22,203 tons, 36.8 per cent; Kala-
mazoo, 1,947 tons, 3.2 per cent and Cass, 1,600 tons, 2.7
per cent. Kent County and Ottawa County, with a yield of
1,311 and 1,278 tens, or 2.2 and 2.1 per cent, respectively,
were the next most important grape producers in 1909 (Appen-
dix Table 2). Since then, however, declines in their out-
put which have been both relative and absolute have led to
present insignificance.

As might be expected, the increased relative importance
of the four southwestern Eichigan counties in grape produc-
tion, as discussed above, has been accompanied by the con—
centration there of an increased share of the grapevines of
the state. or the 11,913,576 vines of bearing age in nichi-
gan in 1910, some 9,298,587, or 78.1 per cent, were in Ber-

rien, Van Buren, Kalamazoo, and Cass counties.1

In 195“,

when there were 7,9h8,702 grapevines of all ages in the state,
there were 7,520,228 vines, or 94.5 per cent, in these coun-
ties. Details for each county can be determined from Appen-
dix Table 3. It should be noted that the increased concen—
tration of vines in southwest‘richigan was relative only,
since the actual number of vines decreased both in.the four

counties of the area and in.the state as a Whole. Partly as

 

Vines of bearing age were used rather than vines of all
ages since statistics for vines not of bearing age in 1910
were available only for the whole state and not for indivi-
dual counties. Hence, it was impossible to compute the to-
tal number of vines in each county.

...7...

a consequence of the latter decline, Michigan's share of the
national total of grapevines dropped from 5.0 per cent in

1910 to 3.1 per cent in 195M.

Southwest Kichigan Vineyard Begion

Throughout the rest of this study, the four-county
area having nearly ninety-five per cent of Michigan's
grapevines, and a correspondingly high proportion of the
state's annual grape harvest, will be referred to as the
Southwest hichigan Vineyard Region, or the Region. This can
be divided into two major areas. One, located mainly in
Berrien County, tends to have a greater focus in it's west-
ern part and will, as a consequence, be termed the St. Jo-
seph-Benton Harbor area. The other, slightly smaller and
more concentrated than the first, is located mainly in east-
ern Van Buren County. In this study it will be called the
Paw Paw-Lawton area, although another associated village of
importance is Mattawan.

More exactly delimited, the St. Joseph-Benton Harbor
area includes all but the southern tier of townships in Ber-
rien County, the Ven Buren County townShips of Arlington,
Bangor, Covert, Hartford, Keeler and the western part of
Lawrence, and the two northwestern Cass County townships of
Silver Creek and Pokagon. The whole of Almena, Antwerp, De-
catur, and Hamilton townships, along with the eastern parts
of Lawrence, Paw Paw, Porter, and Waverly townships in Van

Buren County, and the two western Kalamazoo County townships

- g _

of Oshtemo and Texas make up the Paw Paw~Lawton area (Figs.
3 and n).

As shown in Figure M, the Paw Paw-Lawton area is not
only smaller in extent, but viticulture is more concentrated
in certain localities within it, than is the case of the St.
Joseph-Benton Harbor area. Three townships of the Paw Paw-
Lawton area contain 82.} per cent of the Van Buren County
grapevines. These, and their percentages of the county to-
tal, are: Antwerp, 36.8; Porter, 24.6; and Paw Paw, 20.93;1
The number of grapevines in every Van Buren township except
Keeler decreased.between the years 1935 and 195” and this has
no doubt continued since. The percentage concentration of
vines has also decreased, except in Porter, Paw Paw, and
Keeler townships. Thus, there has been a trend towards few-
er grapevines in the county and at the same time one towards
greater concentration of the vines in the leading grape
growing townships. (It should be remembered that Keeler town-
ship is part of the St. Joseph-Benton.Harbor area.)

Because the vineyards are more widely distributed in
the St. Joseph-Benton Harbor area, Lincoln, the leading town-
ship in Berrien County in number of grapevines, has only
17.8 per cent of that county's total. Royalton, with 5.3 per
cent of the vines and Sodus with 8.1 per cent are the second

and.third most important townships. Thus, in the three lead-

 

1
This percentage includes the village of Paw Paw.

_ 10 _

ing townships there is only about 3H.3 per cent of the grapes
of Berrien County, as compared to 82.3 per cent in the three
principal townships of Van Buren County. In Berrien, as in
Van Buren Couty, the number of vines has dropped in recent
years except in Berrien Township. The proportion of vines
per township to the county total, however, has decreased only
in Lake, Benton, Chikaming, St. Joseph, Coloma, and Buchanan
and.has risen in the other eleven townships.

Analysis of the changes indicates that of the leading
townships in number of grapevines in 1935, only Lincoln had
a larger proportion of the Berrien County total in 195M.

Thus, there has been a loss both relative and absolute in the
other grape grOWing townships of importance in 1935, namely
Chikaming, Benton, Lake, and St. Joseph, and a tendency to-
wards dispersal of grapevines rather than greater concentra-
tion as has occurred in the Pew Paw-Lawton area. One apparent
reason for this has been the urban expansion of Benton Harbor,
St. Joseph, and Bridgman.

Within both the Paw PaweLawton and the St. Joseph-Benton
Harbor areas the two towno.ips of the second and less impor-
tant county included in each, does not contain a significant
share of the vines in the respective areas. They are impor-
tant, however, as the leading grape growing townships in their
respective county. In Kalamazoo County, 63.5 per cent of the
vines are in Texas Township and 26.5 per cent in cshtemo Town-

ship. Both Texas and Oshtemo townships had fewer grapevines

_ 11 _

in 195U than in 1935. The percentage concentration had risen,
however, from 55.u to 63.5 per cent in Texas, but dropped
from 29.2 to 25.5 per cent in Cshtemo. In Cass County, Po-
kagon Township contains approximately 33.9 per cent and Sil-
ver Creek Township 29.1 per cent of the total number of vines.
In 1959, both had fewer grapevines, but a greater share of
those in the county, than they did in 1935.

In certain of the aforementioned townships, vineyards
not only occupy most of the land devoted to the raising of
fruit, but also much of the total acreage of cropped land.
The proportion of all land planted in strawberries, fruit
orchards, vineyards and nut trees that was used for grape-
vines in the leading townships of the Paw Paw-Lawton area
in 1954, according to the Agricultural Census, was: in
Van Buren County, Porter, 9h.5 per cent; Antwerp, 93.8 per
cent; Paw Paw, 59.1 per cent; and in Kalamazoo County, Texas,
78.7 per cent. In the St. Joseph-Benton Harbor area, on the
other hand, the townshipsof greatest importance, Lincoln, had
only 5H.M per cent of the fruit land planted in grapes. These
figures indicate extreme predominance of viticulture in the
fruit-growing activities in the Paw Paw-Lawton area. In the
St. Joseph—Benton Harbor area, the ratio of land in grapes to
land in all fruits is less.

In the Paw Paw-Lawton area, vineyard acreage in relation
to total cropland in the above-mentioned townships is shown

by the following percentages: Antwerp, Ml.€; Porter, 13.2;

_ 12 _

Paw Paw, 16.6; and Texas, 13.8. In the St. Joseph-Benton Har-
Harbor area, Lincoln Township, with grapes cultivated on 2n.a
per cent of the total cropland, again stands out as the lead~
er. Compared to all the other townships in the Southwest
Michigan Vineyard Region, Antwerp in Van Buren County shows
the highest percentage of grape land in relation to total
cropland. Vineyards in this leading grape growing township
of the Pew Pathawton area cover almost one half of the total
cultivated acreage; While in Lincoln, the leading township of
the St. Joseph-Benton Harbor area, only about one quarter of
the cropland is in grapes. iincoln Township is, nevertheless,
second only to Antwerp Township in this regard.

In summary, during the last twenty to thirty years there
has been an increasing concentration of Michigan viticulture
in the four counties of the Southwest Hichigan Vineyard Re-
gion, as evidenced by the fact that the share of grapevines
in the state outside of the Region declined from 15.5 per
pent of the total in 1935 to 5.4 per cent in 1954. Within
the Region itself there has been a further tendency towards
concentration in a few leading townships in each county, ex-
cept Berrien where there has been some dispersal, probably
largely due to urban expansion in several of the townships
which formerly were the leaders in grape growing (Appendix

Table 5).

_ 13 _

Statement 9; Problem

The purpose of this thesis is to discuss the economic
geography of the grape industry in southwest Kichigan.
Geography is the study, description, and interpretation of
the areal differentiation of the earth's surface. In eco-
nomic geography this concept is applied to the investigation
of man's methods of gaining a livelihood.1

The writer will attempt to describe and explain the pre-
sent distribution of vineyards in the Southwest Michigan
Vineyard Region, and the differences and similarities be-
tween the two constituent areas. Following the introductory
chapter, there is one dealing with the relation of the areal
arrangement of the vineyards to the physical features of
climate, topography, and soils. In chapter three, grape
production activities, and in chapter four, the marketing as-
pects, are investigated. In a concluding chapter, a summary
of the main facts is given, as well as some prediction of

future trends in the southwest Eichigan grape industry.

1

P.E. James and C.F. Jones, Amerigan Geography Inventory
and graspect (Association of American Geographers, Syracuse
University Press, 1954), pp. 21 and 2M1.

CHAPTER II
PHYSICAL FEATURES

The present location of vineyards and their concentra-
tion in the Southwest Kichigan Vineyard Region is the result
of more than one hundred years of experience and study.1
One of the most important factors, either physical or cul-
tural, determining the focusing of Kichigan viticulture in

this area is that of climate.

Climate

The Region is located at the northern limit of the humid
continental climate with long summers (KOppen Dfa). A con-
vectional type of rainfall and much heat and sunshine during
the summer is characteristic. Although the long, warm sum-
mers promote grape growth and maturation, late summer and
early autumn heavy rain and.hail storms sometimes damage the
crop before it is ready to be harvested.

U.P. Hedrick, in his treatise, The ggapes gjlfiggjiggg,
published in 1903, discussed the ideal conditions for growing
American type grapes. He stated that temperature is the most

important climatic element determining the suitability of giv-

 

Early vineyards, if not the first, for commercial produc-
tion were set near St. Joseph, Eerrien County, in 1852; near
South Haven, Van Buren County, in 1858; and near Lawton, Van
Buren County, in 1860.

—1u

-15...
Ch regions for viti ulture because it influences the date of
berry maturity. The cultivation of American grape varieties
usually fails in regions with sudden temperature changes,
large annua .l and diurnal ranges, or late spring and early
autumn frosts. Grape leaves, buds, and shoots develop best
during a frost-free, mild, rainy, late spring and early sum-
mer (Nay, June, and July), vith temperatures averaging be—
tween 55° and 65° F. Partial or complete failure of the
future crop and severe damage to the vines may result from
a spring frost. A relatively dry, long, warm, sunny summer
is conducive to berry ripening and wood maturation. It must
be relatively dry to help prevent diseases, pest infestation,
and excess foliage and weed growth; long, warm, and sunny

k
to increase grape sugar content.

The taste of the berries is influenced by the amount of
heat received. In general, cool use her causes higher acid
content and a sour taste. Excessively high summer tempera-
tures, however, do not cause as high a sugar content, nor
as large a size of the berries, as do slightly cooler tem-
peratures. Cptimum conditions for grape maturation durin

the months of August, September, and October consist of much
1

sunshine and of temperatures averaging from 65° to 75°

Any sudden temperature change during the ripening period,

 

1U. P. Hedrick, et al, The Grsp_s ofl We York, Fifteenth
Annual Report, Vol. 3, Part 2 (State_ of Ne wlork, Dept. of
Agr-a 1908): pu 69.

_ 15 _

particularly if combined with high humidity, may cause rot
and other fungus diseases. A warm to cool, dry, harvest sea-
son (usually from early September to mid-October) facilitates
picking, transportation, and storage of the crop.

Except for a warmer July and a cooler October, tempera-
tures in the Southwest hichigan Vineyard Region correlate
well with those recommended by U.P. Hedrick (Table l).

Partridge concludes that “an average temperature for
the months of Hay to September inclusive of at least 65.50 F.
with a growing season of something more than 160 days, is es-
sential to the successful culture of the Concord grape in
Michigan."1

The greatest climatic advantage for the cultivation of
grapes in southwest Tichigan is the modifying influence of
Lake Michigan upon the temperatures of the Region. Since
mater both heats and cools slower than land, Lake Kichigen
remains colder in spring and warmer in autumn than the ad-
Joining land areas.

Prevailing westerly winds cross the lake and carry the
"lake influence" into the Southwest Kichigan Vineyard Region.
This phenomenon is most effective within ten miles of the

lake shore. It causes a retardation of vegetation develop-

 

Nenton L. Partridge, "The'Young Vineyard", Apr. Ex . S a.
Circ. Bul. fig. 124 (Mich. State 00., Hort. Sec., East Lan-
sing, fiich., April 1929), p. 7.

_ 17 -

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_ 13 _

ment in spring until the likelihood of damage by frost is
largely over. In autumn, it tends to delay the first frost
until the crop has matured and is nearly all harvested. As
a consequence, the average length of groming season1 in the
Region varies from approximately 150 days in eastern Van
Buren County to 170 days around Eeu Claire in Berrien County
(Table l).2 Thus, the average length of the growing season
in much of the Southwest Kichigan Vineyard Region is appar-
ntly lesst than that Partridge stated as necessary.

It is not length of the growing season alone that is
important, but also the dates marking the limits of the grow-
ing season. In Paw Paw in the interior, for example, the
average date of the last frost in spring is Kay 10} while in
Benton Harbor on he lake it is Kay 7. It is true, however,
that cultivation of grapes becomes in ncreasingly hazardous
eastward from the lake because of greater departures from
the average date of the last frost in spring and of the first
one in autumn, and because of colder and more variable vin—

ters which increases the dang er of winter kill.

 

1Growing“ sees son is here consid.ered to be the period bp-

tv,:een the last frost in spring and first frost in autumn,
when the temperature drops below 32° F.

2An average growing season of similar length c .r(cter—
izes oth er localities in “ic‘h ig n. I nsing has an avrrage
growingr season of 154 davs; onroe, 155; Port Huron, '65;
end Alpena, 15o. Alth u h average growing season dates are
similar between the verious localities, the ectu 3 dates de-
termining the growing sea son each year renain relatively con-
stant in south:"tst “icc‘rcn in contrast to those elsewhere in
the state.

...-19...

.k Although the Paw Paw-Lawton area is approximately twen-

ty-five miles east of Lake Fichi

C

ran, the "lake influence" is
probably still effective enough to partially explain the con-
centration of viticulture in the area. No doubt more impor—
tant is the topographical situation of the vineyards so as

to obtain suitable air drainage by way of the valleys of the
Paw Paw River and its headstreams, combined with the histori-
cal factor that the first men to establish vineyards in the
area were very successful. Cn the whole, mean monthly tem-
peratures in Paw Pam and Kalamazoo are but little different
from those in Benton Harbor, except that they are a little
colder in the winter and slightly warmer in the summer. The
dates limiting the growing seasons are similar in both cases
(Table l), the main difference being that the start and end
of the average growing season is several days later in the
Pan Paw-Kalamazoo area.

‘In general, there is a little more rainfall in April,
Hay, and June than during other times of the year, thus con~
forming approximately to the precipitation requirements stated
by Hedrick. Average annual rainfall is about 35 to #0 inches.
Unseasonably heavy rain, or drought, do occasionally cause
damage, but on the whole the precipitation factor is favor-
able to grape growing. Although problems arise when weather
conditions deviate very much from those considered optimum
for viticulturel the most frequent destructive forces are

frost and hail.

Frost

In spite of the “lake influence", frost is the most cru-
cial climatic hazard to vineyards in southwest Eichigan.
Early autumn frosts are not so dangerous as are those in late
spring._ This is because spring frosts come when the grape-
vines are Just beginning to develop buds. A comparison of
Table 2 and Figures 5 and 6 shows a definite correlation
between the occurrence of spring frost and the tonnage of
grapes harvested, the estimated per cent of full crop ob-
tained,1 and the price per ton received.by growers.

Although Table 2 and Figure 5 include data only as
recent as l9u9, the information given is adequate to illus~
trate this climatic-economic relationship. In 1921, 1925,
1938, and l9k5, there occurred spring frosts with tempera-
tures cold enough to kill more than one half of the expected
harvest. As a consequence, hichigan grape production.de—
creased in tons from 63,960 in 1920 to 26,330 in 1921; from
60,005 in 1924 to 21,#s5 in 1925; from 67,200 in 1937 to
16,900 in 1938; and from 32,000 in 19hu to 13,500 in 19h5
(Appendix Table 11). Apparently the spring frosts, or some
other adverse factor, also decreased production in the other
principal grape states in northeastern United States during

the same years, at least in 193$ and 19MB (Fig. 1). Years

actual harvest for a given year compared to potential
harvest obtainable under the most advantageous conditions
for the same year.

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of low production commonly resulted in high average prices
received by the growers. From $57.00 per ton in 192“, for
example, the price rose to $90.00 in 1925; from $23.00 in
1937 to $50.00 in 1933; and from $99.00 in 19th to $138.00
in 19h5 (Fig. 6).1

In autumn, an early frost may injure grapes that are
still on the vines. Normally, most grapes are picked before
there is chance of frost damage, but sometimes because of
picker scarcity, lack of adequate markets, immature berries,
or fruit with sugar content too low to be accepted by pro-
cessing plants, frost occurs before the harvest is complete.
Although a light early autumn frost may not harm the fruit or
vine wood to any great extent, both are seriously damaged by
a severe one. Autumn frosts, however, do not affect grape
production as often or as much as do those in spring because
they usually occur after the grapes are harvested and the
vines are prepared for winter dormancy.2

Due to lack of air drainage, frost deleteriously affects
vineyards in hollows and valleys more than it does those
grown on slightly sloping land and hillsides. For example,

primarily because of frost danger, there are few vineyards

 

1Prices were not given for 1920 and 1921 (See Appendix
Table 11).

2At times, however, if the Southwest Fichigan Vineyard
Region has an extraordinarily warm autumn, many young shbots
are continually sent out and are seriously injured or killed
if the temperature suddenly drops to freezing. Interview
with Frank Kotyuk, Soil Conservation Service Agent, Berrien
County, Sept. 8, 1959.

in the former Lake Dowagiac bed south of the Lawtonéfiatta-
wan area. In regions of sloping terrain, air movement tends
to prevent the temperature from cooling to a point where frost
occurs.

The three types of frost in the Southwest Iichigan Vine-
yard Region are: a) air drainage frost when cold, heavy air
descends the slopes into valleys and replaces the warmer,
lighter air, b) wind frost When a wind of freezing tempera—
tures may kill grapes grown in a certain area and at a cer-
tain elevation, and 0) radiation frost when heat absorbed by
the earth during the day is radiated unchecked into the at-
mosphere on cold, clear nights.1

Interestingly enough, a severe spring frost may not de-
crease the crOp as much as a lighter one. Sometimes, after
a severe spring frost, a larger crop than expected results
because when the primary Shoots are killed or critically in-
Jured, fruit clusters are produced on new lateral shoots.
After a light spring frost, however, the primary Shoots often
are not injured enough to induce deve10pment of new lateral
shoots, and the crop damage is greater than if the frost had
been more severe. The recuperative capacity of the vine
varies with the variety and the care expended on it. Neg-

lected vines (Fig. 7), and old, diseased plants, will not

 

1 -
Interview with the late Jerry Landigo, Van Buren County
District Extension Agent of Horticulture, Sept. 17, 19:

/_/ .

 

Fig. 7.--Neglected grapevines, one
and one half miles northwest of Paw Paw,
looking northwest (Sept. 27, 1959)

 

‘ Fig. 8.--Well-kept, clean-tilled vine
yard, ten miles north of Dowagiac, Cass
County, on Highway 11-40 (Aug. 3, 1959)

_ 27 _

produce as large recuperative crops as do those that are young,
healthy, and well cared for (Fig. 8).

Frost may indirectly cause grapes to "shell", or drOp
off the stem at the least jerring movement. If hot, dry
weather follows a frost, the grapes seem more susceptible to
"shelling". A virus is also suspected of causing this phen-
omenon.1 In the autumn of 1959, a team of three specialists
were investigating possible grape " helling" causes, and ef—
fective control measures.

In southwest Iichigan there is little use of smudge
pots to keep temperatures in the vineyards above freezing.
The late Jerry Landigo, Van Buren County District Edtension
Agent of Horticulture, steted that the use of commercially
prepared smudge pots to protect vineyards was too costly.

In contrast to the case of the extensive orange groves in
southern California where smudge pots have been used success-
!ully, their use in the smaller, more sporadically located
vineyards of southwest Kichigan for protection against a
phenomenon that occurs relatively infrequently is uneconomi-
cal.

_q Some growers have devised their own methods of frost

protection. When cold weather is predicted, some spray their

vineyards with water, which when it freezes protects the

 

1Interview with A.N. Fburnier, Paw Paw viticulturist,
Sept. 25, 1959.

2
Interview with Jerry Iardigo, Sept. ll, 1959.

-23...

berries with a thin film of ice.1 One, A.N. Fournier, a

viticulturist living northwest of Paw Paw, burns tire cas-
ings and hay at the ends of the rows. The radiant heat keeps
temperatures above freezing and the smoke and warmth rise to
a certain height and then billom out to form a protective
"ceiling" over the vineyard, thereby checking terrestrial

radiation.2

When there is danger of freezing temperatures,
special frost warnings are issued on weather.forecasts by

radio broadcasts within the Region. Iany growers also have
their own systems for detecting the threat of frost, as for

example, alarm bells in their homes which ring when tempera-

tures in the vineyard drop to near critical levels.

Hail
Hail, associated with convectional precipitation, is
another climatic threat and occurs during late summer and
early autumn, the times of grape maturation and harvest. An
example of hail devastation was a storm that occurred on July
19, 1956. With twenty minutes, in a twelve to fifteen
square-mile area betman Stevensville and Sodus, Berrien

County, the storm caused half a million dollars worth of

damage to vineyard, vegetable and fruit crops. This is an

 

1Interview with Dr. Harry K. Bell, Associate Professor,
Horticulture, and Extension Specialist, Coop. Ext. Ser.,
Kich. State Univ., East Lansing, Uich., June 26, 1961.

2Interview with A.N. Fournier, Sept. 29, 1959.

_ 29 -

area of heavy vineyard concentration. Some viticulturists
suffered almost total crOp losses.1 Some fifteen to twenty
farmers needed Farmers' Home Administration type loans. Keith
Acker, FHA supervisor for Berrien County, however, did not
declare the area in a state of emergency because a survey team
ascertained that most growers possessed sufficient available
commercial credit and would, therefore, not be elegible for
FHA aid.2 In the Southwest Kichigan Vineyard Region, how-

ever, damage is not sufficient to cause more than a small

percentage of the growers to carry hail insurance.

Glacial Features

while climate is the control of greatest consequence
generally for grape growing, the terrain upon which the vine-
yard is located becomes locally extremely significant. This
is because of the importance of adequate air drainage for
protection against frost. Thus, vineyards are placed on
sloping, rather than level land, in areas Where there is frost
danger. This is usually the case in southwest Kichigan, ex-
cept very close to Lake Kichigan where the "lake influence"
is at a maximum. i

The surface of the Southwest Vichigan Vineyard Region is

the result of glacial deposition during Pleistocene glacia-

 

lgenton Harbor News-gilladtug, July 10, 1955.

2
Ibid., July 20, 1956.

tion and of post-glacial erosion. It is widely varied, ran

5.)].

ing from extensive glac al- l.1:e plains and drainage ways to

strongly developed moraines associated rith the Lake: idfiigan

Lobe (Fig. 9). The genrral grain of the to no graphy is north-

‘

east to southwest, paralleling the Lake Xichiaan shore, but

the drainage finds its way transversely thr "a tlze major

LAD“
moraines to the lake. In places immediately along the lake
shore there are extensive post-glacial dune areas, but these

re of no importance as sites for vineyards.

ICU

The glacial moraines, till plains or ground moraines,
outwash plains, and lake beds and drains;3e ways are res-
pectively characterized by an increasingly level topography.

As a consequence, the greatest concentration of vineyards in

the Southwest Kichi.e n Vine;rerd Regi n is on the more Mi es

‘.

...—

whcre air drainage is at a m.ximum, while they are largely

absent on the lake plains and drainage ways where it

Iqb

: at
a minimum (Fig. 9).

Analysis of the distribution of vineyards (details
given in Appendix Table 7),1 shows that in the whole vine-
yard area of,southwest1 ..ichigan, some 3,117,000 vines, or RE
per cent are on moraines; 1,725,000 vines, or 23 per cent

on outmash plains; 1,377,000 vines, or 18.5 per cent on till

1Distribu tion of vineyrrds vas ootaired from aerial photo-
graphs, scale 1:7,9m , and this information vs 3 used as a basis
for plotting e rge scale dot map, which in turn was super-
imposed on a gl ial map of the same scale to obtain the final
counts shown in ppendix Table 7.

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plains; 1,173,000 vines, or 16 per cent on lake plains and

drainage ways; and only 3?,000 vines, or 0.5 per cent in
muck areas (Fig. 9).1

In the St. Joseph-Benton Harbor area, approximately
1,335,000 vines, or 37 per cent are found on moraines; ,
1,071,000 vines,-or 23 per cent on lake plains and drainage
ways; 927,000 vines, or 24 per cent on till plains; 375,000
vines, or 10 per cent on outnash plains; and 33,000 vines,
or less than 1 per cent in much areas.

In the Paw Paw-Lawton area the relative concentration
on moraines is much greater, there being approximately
1,731,000 vines, or ”g per cent on moraines; 1,350,000
Vines, or 37 per cent on outwash plains; M50,000 vines, or
12 per cent on till plains; 102,000 vines, or 3 per cent on
lake plains and drainage rays, and only 3,000 vines, or 0.1
per cent in much areas.

Vineyards on moraines in the Pan Pan—Lanton area are
located mainly on parts of the Kalamazoo moraine in eastern
Van Buren_§ounty and western Kalamazoo County (Figs. 9 and
10). Those in the St. Joseph-Benton harbor vineyard area

are found primarily on serments of the Valparaiso moraine

U

located in Berrien and western Van Buren counties.

 

1..

buck is a soil type but is included in the glacial fea-
ture classification because it is found in level terrain,
such as lake plains; or small, flat, spaces Within glacial
features characterized bv a more rugged surface.

V

 

Fig.glO.--Vineyard on inner (west-
ern) ridge of Kalamazoo moraine, one
half mile south.oflfiattawan on the New
York Central Railroad, looking southeast
(Oct. 15, 1959). The possibility of
good air drainage in this vineyard is

evident.

-313,—

On the other extreme, there are few vineyards anywhere
in the bottom of the valley of the Paw ‘azv River, on the
former Lake Dowagiac lake plain, and in most other valley,
lake plain, and drainage-way areas. The Dowagiac lake plain
comprises a strip of land approximately five miles wide trend-
ing southwest-northeast from Files City in Berrien County,
towards Lawton in Van Buren County (Figs. 3 and 9).

Grapes can be grown successfully on -ake plains and
drainage ways, however, provided other factors compensate
for the poor air drainage. In the townships of St. Joseph
and Lincoln, Berrien County, grapes are cultivated on such
sites because they are near Lake Wichigen and the "lake in-
fluence" becomes the controlling factor. In addition, there
are favorable soils, situation to market is satisfactory, and
it must remembered, too, that the grape industry in this area
was started early by immigrants Who were skilled in horti-
cultural techniques, and.vho found they could ship the grapes
by water to the Chicago market. Although water transport is
today of no consequence, it has great historical significance.

host of the vineyards around Lawton, hattawan, and west
of Kalamazoo are situated either on moraines or till plains,
but practically all those vest of Paw Paw are located at the
north end of the Valparaiso outwash plain (Fig. 9). Cutwash'
plains are level in relation to moraines and till plains, but
there is often enough slope to provide adequate air drainage.

In addition, that around Paw Pam is underlain by soils suitable

~35...

to viticulture. This satisfactory slope-soil combination
occurs also in Hamilton Township, Van Buren County, and
elsenhere in the Valparaiso outwash plain that extends south-
west from Paw Paw'between the Dowagiac lake plain and the
Valparaiso moraine. Hardly any grapes are raised other than
west of Paw Paw, however, because, in contrast to this 10-
cality, others were not settled by viticultural pioneers,
and there are no processing plants in the near vicinity where
the grapes can be easily marketed. One exception is the con-
centration in a small area near the center of Keeler Town-
ship.

Even given a favorable climate, less suitable soils and/
-or greater distance from markets may render viticulture un-
profitable on moraines and till plains. There are, for ex-
ample, few vineyards on the moraines in most of the south-
eastern Berrien County townships. The processing plant at
Eau Claire is the only one in the district. In three south-
western townships of Van Buren County -- Keeler, Hartford,
and Lawrence -- hardly any grapes are grown on the roraine
or till plain. Even though there are suitable vineyard soils
in all three townships, growers here would he at a disadvan-

tage when compared to those Operating on similar site condi-

 

1The vineyards in the two grepe growing neighborhoods in—
volved belong to one firm, Bronte Champagne and Tine Co. Al-
though the vineyards of one are partly on soils less suitable
to viticulture, both are very close to the Bronte processing
plant in Keeler and apparently have climatic conditions for
success.

...30...

tions but nearer the processing plants and other markets.
The exceptional case of the vineyards around Keeler has already
been mentioned.

Conversely, grapes can be grown successfully on unfav-
orable glacial features in districts characteriZed by a com-
bination of climatic, pedalogic, and economic advantages.

Kuch of the vineyard acreage of western Berrien County exem-
plifies this point. Throughout the entire Southvmst Iichigan
Vineyard Region, a grape locale found on an unsuitable gla—
cial feature will, in addition to having satisfactory climate,
nearly always be underlain by a favorable soil. Cn the other
hand, vineyards on less suitable soils are usually set on a
favorable glacial feature where lepe is sufficient to pro-
vide adequate air drainage (Figs. 9 and 12).

The location of vineyards in Berrien County on sites
having a varied combination of tOpographic and soil charac-
teristics indicates that the climatic factor ("lake influence")
is the one of primary importance there. In Van Buren County,
where the "lake influence" is less, there must be much strict-
er adherence to sites having a suitable union of topographic
and soil conditions. Although the practice of planting vine-

yards on leping topography is climatically advantar

)0
C

eous, it
may be detrimental if soil erosion is not checked. This

problem, however, will be discussed in the next cbapter.

...37—

Soils
Given a suitable climate, either beceus e of location
near Lal :e nichivin or on the slopes of moraines and other
surface features, the most important physical feature in-

q

fluencing the distribution of vineyards is he type of soil

used. Although pro oductive vineyard “possible on all but
the extremely l_iaht or extr mely heavy soils crm* petition

limits the vineyards for the most part to those soils pro-
ducing the best combination of hi3h yield and qu lit' of pro-
duct. It is not fer tiiity, as much as sufficient drainage
which is the most important factor in determining the adapt-
ability of a soil for grape culture.

The best soils usually are sandy loams or loamy sands
with sandy or gravelly substrata (Fig. ll, Table 3).1
These soils are characterized by an open structure that per-
mits easy root penetration, adequate subsurface drainage,
and movement of soluble elements of fertility to the roots
of the plant. Unfortunately, vines grown on the sandier soils
are usually poorer in vigor and lover in fruit yield than are
those located on soils with more clay. Grape gro"=rs prefer
the lighter soils, however, as long as they are not pure

sands, because they are the most profitable to use (Table 3)

 

1N. H. Loomis, "Growing American Bunch Grapes", U.§. Dept.

93,ggg,, Farmers' Bul. No. 2123 (.asninston, D. C.: Goveri-
ent Printing Office, 1959), p. 6.

 

-33...

 

Fig. ll.--Vineyard on coarse, loamy
sand soil; good example of one-stem, four-
cane Kniffen system of training vines
four miles north of Paw Paw, on M—MO (Aug.

28. 1959) .

...39—

yield berries that mature

L

and because the vines groan here
earlier than do those on heavier soils and are not so liable
to be killed by an early autumn frost. "when grape prices
are moderately high, vineyards may be profitable on the very
lightest sand soils that would support few other crops."1
As a consequence, the viticulturist does not have to compete
for land with very many other farmers.

The principal grapevine supporting soils in the South-
vest Eichigan Vineyard Region are Plainfield, Coloma, Fox,
and.Bellefontaine in order of descending impnrtance (Fig. 12).
Approximately 83 per cent of the vineyards in the aw Paw-
Lawton area, and 67 per cent of those in the St. Joseph—Ben-
ton Harbor area ere planted on these four soils.

Each of the four possesses qualities conducive to success-
ful viticulture. All ensure good underdrainage due to porous
substrata of sand, loamy sand, and/or gravel. In addition,
all are located for the most part in topographical positions
which afford satisfactory air and water drainage that grapes
need. Plainfield sand, Plainfield sandy loam, and Fox sandy
loam are associated with outnash plains, where the gentle
overall slope is usually enough to provide adequate air drain-
age. Coloma loamy sand, Coloma sandy loam, .nd Bellefontaine
sandy loam are associated with glacial m raine areas, where

few air drainage problems exist due to the hilly nature of

 

Partridge, "The Young Vineyard", 92. ci ., p. 7.

 

_ #1 _

the topography.

In the St. Joseph—Benton Harbor area, approximately
2,903 acres, or 27 per cent of the vineyards, are planted on
Plainfield sand; 2,263 acr s, or 21 per cent on Coloma loamy
sand; 1,049 acres, or 10 per cent on Bellef onta ine sandy loam;
991 acres, or 9 per cent on Fox sandy loan; and 3,564 acres,
or 33 per cent on other soil types (Appendix Table 8).1

In the Pew Paw-Iawton area, some 2,997 acres, or 29 per
cent of the vineyards are on Plainfield sand; 3,911 acres, or
3k per cent on Coloma loamy sand, or sandy loam; l,h23 acres,
or 19 per cent on Fox andy loam; 1,095 acres, or 11 per cent
on Bellefontaine sandy loam; and only 1,268 acres, or 12 per
cent on other soil types.

A little over 23 per cent of the grapes in the Region are
grown on soils other than the main four. Some of these are
heavy, compact soils, or clays, that promote heavy crop ton—

na.

UL}

es, but also cause intense vine growth and delayed berry
ripening, thus increasing danger of frost damage before har-
vest. Although a large harvest is desirable, the weigit of
the grapes may break the vine. Heavy vegetation growth com-
plicates picLing, and hinder the sun from reaching the grapes,

consequc ently helpinu to dela3 the date of maturation. Com-

 

 

Appendix Taole 8 was constructed by first determining the
acrea 5e and distribution of vineya rds from eerie 1 photo :raphs,
scale 1:7,920 This inf creation "as en careiully compared
with de 11196. soils maps to determine tthe acreage of vine~
yards on each of the four major soils.

pared with the Paw Paw-Lawton area, ths percentage of VinP"
yards on other soils in the St. Joseph—Bcnton Harbor area is
high. This is largely bro; so a) thrrp is tore total acreage
of other soils compared to the four main ones thgn in the Paw
Paw—Lawton area, b) the "lake influsncP" is strong GnO”§h tr
compensate for less adVantngeous soil conditions, and c) the
vintrard locations may he near enough to a market to risk

planting on less favorable soils.

CTAPTE“ III
GRAPE PRCDUCTICN

Varieties Produced

Approximately ninety per cent of the plantings in the
Southwest fiichigan Vineyard Fegion are of the Concord grape.
This is a blue-black variety uhich is vigorous, productive,
and has compact bunches of large round.herries. The fruit
has an attractive appearance, the quality is good, and it has
a certainty of maturity. The berries yield a relatively large
amount of juice of maroon-red color and medium acidity, which
is most largely used for unfernented grape Juice.

Delaware and Kiagara plantings, in approximately ecual
quantities, constitute the only other important grape varie-
ties grown for commercial purposes in southwest lichigan.
Both are fairly vigorous, but less hardy tha. the Concord.
The Delaware type yields compact, medium-sized bunches con-
taining small, round redfiieh berries which are sweet and of
excellent quality -- ideal for eating, juice, and wine. The
Niagara variety, a "white" Concord grape, is used primarily
for fresh consumption and champagne manufacture. The bunches

are large and fairly compact with big, amber-colored berries.

 

1Information concerning grape characteristics obtained from
Leonie, 92.,c1t:, pp.‘ 4-5.

lo

-uu-

A variety having less importance in the R gion is the
catcwca, which produces fruit of high sugar content and thus
is used for making wine. Some Champions, Toores, and Wordens
are also grown because they all mature earlier than the Con-
cord, but they are poor Shippers, and do not adapt to a var-

iety of uses.

Production Costs

Basic grape production costs can be said to involve the
following: a) overhead costs -- primarily divided between
permanent investment, insura ce and taxes, upkeep of the trel-
lises, and vine replacements; b) operating costs -- pruning,
tieing, spraying, and cultivation; and c harvesting costs --
containers, transportation, and actual labor.1

These basic costs, as well as the size of the harvest,

vary with the site characteristics of the vineyard, especially

the soil being used. Data in Table 3 indicate the influence
of soils on average grape produ tion costs in southwest ichi-
ganyaq.during the years 1927 to 1929. Costs of maintenance to-
day are higher, but the comparison of costs on different soil
types is essentially the same. The average cost of growing
a crop per ton is lowest and profit per acre is highest on

loamy san nds . This is true even though production in tons per

 

1NeWton L. Partridge, "Giape Production in Vichigan", Arr.

Exot. Sta., ”ich. Sta. Que rt., Bul. g, No.'} (Iich. Agr. 00.,
est Lansing, hich., Feo. 1923), p. 20.

-45..

acre tends to be ler.z3 er on heavier soils. The cost of grow-
ing a crop per acre increases as one moves from sands to
sandy loams, to loamy sand s, to silt loams and loans, in that

order (Table 3).

TABLE 3*

THE INFLUENCE CF SOILS CH THE
COST C‘F PP ODUCTICN 0F GRAPES

1927 - 1929

Cost of Cost of

Prod'n. growing growing
in tons crop per cr0p er Profit

per acre acrea ton per acre

Sgtnd.s . o o o o 1'6 $211.59 $19056 3’ 2°63
Loany sands , , . 2.h 29.80 10.43 23.59
Sandy loams . . 2.2 27.Z9 13.95 11.02
silt loans and loams 3.0 3S.'6 10.10 7.50

a .
Overhead char3 es omitted.

*NeWton L. Partridge, "Grape Production Costs and He-
turns in Southtestern Iichi3an", A33. 21 t. Sta. fipec.
Bul. To. 24 2 (hich. State 001., Hort. dec., East Lam nsjn3,

Lich., Sept. 1933), p. 11.

 

Yield per acre, an important factor in the cost of pro-
duction per ton and therefore the amount of profit, is in-
fluenced by such things as number of plants per acre, number
of cultivations per season, amount of sprevi and fertiliza-
tion, topoaraphy, soil type, weather, and variety and age of
vineyard. Costs per acre, yields, and net returns tend to
vary di rtctly vith the amount of labor expended on the vire-
yard. A close, direct correlation between total expense per

acre and the amount of frvit harVested exists beeerse pre-

-45..

harvest costs are much the same regardlcs s of yield and her-
vesting costs fluctuate vfltl the size of the crop.

Koreover, except for pruning and tising the vines, the
labor inputs are larger in the harvest than in any other single
vineyard activity. A study made in 1957 showed approximately

forty-four r an hours per acre expended for pre-narvest pre-
paration in vineyards of the Region as conpared to sixteen per
acre for harvest activities.1 About three time as much pre-
harvest labor, or 33 man hours, was spent in pruning a.nd tie-
ing the vines, as was devoted to spraying, cultivation, and
other tasks combined. These required six, three, and tvo
labor inputs, respectively. Costs of material inputs in the
form of fertilizer, lime, and mulch ranged from 35. 00 to

$39.00 per acre, v(-nt ing 331. 00 per acre, and for spr?v ma-

terials from 37.00 to 313.00, averaging 311.00 per acre.2

Vineyard Preparation and Care
Altnough the cost 8 of prociucing grapes Varv from year to
year and from vineyard to vineyard, the asic operation of
establishing a new vineyard is much the Same reg'r rdless cf

place. A prospective viticulturist procures bound bunfi rs of

IR.G. {$1733

 

n 1er and E.F. Lord, "" The Southwes stern I;ichigan
Fruit and Vegetable Farm Eusiness, 1957; Crop Costs and He-
turns", rearinted from Quari. Eu1.Vh1 L1, 90. 1, égr. Exet.
Sta. (Iich. State Univ., Best Lansin5,1301., 1958, pp.
56731—218), p. 205.
Ibid., p. 212.

_ h7 _

year old, rooted grapevine cuttings, usually from eisht to

ten inches long, at an approximate cost of twelve cents each.1
He usually purchases the cuttings either direct1v from a
friend vho oxns a vine"'re or from one of the nurseries 13~
cated in southvest Lichigan. Anong the better-kno"n Resion

nurseries that sell vine cuttin s are Krieger's V.

Us

Nursery and Ackerman's Nursery in Bridgman, and the Enlon
Nurseries in Stevensville.

Alth ouLh south \vrsti ic .iaan vin‘vards range from less
than one acre to 250 acres in size, the average is about ten
acres, and include 31,000 to 5,0 3.0 vines, rou hly 1, soc tr 110

118 posts, a-d nee rly 29 -11198 of tr M1 is wire. vai ouslv,

the posts and rire co prise a la

’ I
"5
of?)

‘e percentage of the vine~
yard setting costs.

The grape grower follows standard techniques to "set",
or lay out , his vineyard. After stringing the wire along the

posts to make trellises, he plants the vines at prescribed

 

1 .

Vine cutting prices increo-se proportionately with age due
to the additions L:1 c re and monev expended upon th en If only
a few cuttings are purchased, the cost may oe as hig h as 50

cents each. In erview with Dr. herry K. Bell, Aug. 21,1901.

Many southrest Lichi~an grape growers use disca.rded. cre-
osoted railroad ties at evenlv measured istances within the
rows and for supporting posts at th1-eir end s. A.N. Fournier
maintains that among Catalpa, Sassafras, and Locust tree trunks
the last produces the best wood for supporting posts. Be~
cause of destructive forces such as alternate wet and dry
spells and lignivorous insects, the posts tend to decay at
the point vhere they protrud_e from he soil, and it is here
that the posts break during vind storms or under tne v.ei;ht
of heavy crops. Interview with A.N. Fournier, Oct. 3, 1959.

_ hg _

distencofl from each other. While the vines are developing,
the farmer applies fertilizer and sometimes soil erosion con-
trols, cultivates between the plants, trains and prunes the

Vines, and spra*

‘y‘
‘1

s to check disease and insect scourges. The

vines beginto bear in about five years.

Soil Laintenance
Although the four main soils used for vineyards in
southwest licrigan naturally support good grape yields, appli-
cation of commercial fertilizers can considerably increase
the crops if Wisely used.2 Southwest Tichigan viticulturists
most commonly apply 12—6-243 fertilizer on their vineyards.
An example of the benefit of proper fertiliHer use is

sen-

provided in the Lawton-Yettawan area. Grapes here are

erally grown on sancv loam soils, there the subsoil may be

 

1The overall age of an older vineyard is difficult to de-
termine because as some plants die or become too old, crooked,
or diseased to produce a profitable yield, they are replaced.
Also, by training a sucker -— or "layering" -- a new cane from
an old plant may be started. Hence, from one original vine,
many progeny may be obtained. "Layering" is the practice of
doubling a long cane near the end of the previous year's
fruiting cane from an adjacent vigorous vine and burying one
or two of the buds four or five inches under the ground. R.P.
Larsen, H.K. Bell Jerry Iandigo, "Pruning Grapes in Lichigan",
Coop. 3&3. Eul, £7 (Rich. State Univ., East Lansing, Iich.,
Dec. 1957). pp. 3'14-

2Newton L. Partridge, "Commercial Fertilizers for Crepes",
Quart. Bul. Vol. 1, No. 7 .Agr. Expt. Sta. (Tish. Afr. Col.,

.4:

Hort. 360., East Lansing, Iich., Feb. 1925},pp. 93-100), pp.

9$"99.
3

volume ratio of nitrogen-phorpnc ic acid—potash.

P
\_)

from 50 to 60 inshes below the surface. Formerly, rhen a
predominantly nitr genous fertilizer mes used, yields averaged
less

a ton or‘hore_per acre th an to ey. They now average from five
to six tons of grapes per acre as a result of using fertili-
1izer with a higher prooortion of potash and phosphate.1 Al-
though both foliage growth and fruit production increase pro-
portionately to the amount of nitr Lrn sop _ieh, the increase
is greatest in the ca se of the folia ge.2 Excessive leaf and
vine growth are undesirable because they hinder the sun from
reaching the fruit and increasing its sugar content, did it
complicates picking.

South of the L'W ton-flattewan district, tr e vineva rds
were planted later than those farther north. They are loca.ted
for the most part on slightly he evier soil s which retain

3

moisture better because the subsoil is nearer to the surface.

 

1In 195k, an annual grant of $3,500.00 was given to the
Horticulture Deper tment ofITic-igen State Un versity in order
that specialists mimht conduct vineve rd research in southwest
Lichigan. In the first year, Drs. A. L. Kenwcrthy and Harry K.
Bell discovered that by augmenting the amount of potash in the
fertiliz r, they could increase the grape production by one ton
per acre. "The Grape Situation and ijectives of the National
Grape Gromers‘ COOperetive Association", by Herle R. Stemm, Di-
rector, National Grape Co-Operative Association, Inc., in
Eiihtz- eventh An-. Regt. 2£_§h§,§ecv of the State Hort. —§QQ.
of hich., 195Z ngnsing, Kich.: Speakerehines and Thomas, Inc.,
State Printers, 1957), p. 121.

2Newton"..L. Partridge and J. c. Veat , "Fertiliz rs and
Soils in Relation to Concord Grapes i SOl+1VCgtHPM 33 cM an"
A32. Enpt. fits. Tech, Bu1.:g. 114 (7165. Stat 331., Secs of
Hort. and Soils, East ansing, Lici., Jun ne 1931), pp. 28-30.

BInterview With Eavid sti son, Van Buren County Soils Con-
servations Service Agent, Aug. 26,1959.

In addition, the grape growers have applied a great deal of
fertilizer to the soil. Yields in this locality arse from
six to eight tons per acre. The lareer proouction here is
not the result of better fertilizer practices than are used
in the vineyards farther north, but because of the difference
in the soil. Such heavy crops, however, are not necessarily
desirable for reasons previously stated. It can be concluded
that, "in grape culture, applications of commercial ferti—
lizers can in only rather small measure compensate for soil
deficiencies."1

Since the vineyards in southwest Michigan are usually
planted on sloping terrain, gully and sheet erosion are likely
to result. The first, occurring on steep hillsides and wreak-
ing more rapid destruction, is more readily evident; but sheet
erosion is often, in the long run, more serious because the
deleterious effects are seldom noticed until conditions be-
come critical over a large area. Water erosion occurs pri—
marily on the heavier soil types, whereas lighter, sandier sci}:
are more susceptible to wind erosion.2 In order to prevent
water and wind erosion, root exposure and damage, and conse-
quent decreases in the vigor and fruitfulness of the vines,‘r$L
viticulturists may employ one or more methods to control ero-

sion. These include inter-row planting of winter cover crops,

.1

1Partridge and Veatch, 22. cit., p. 28.

2 .
Partridre, "The Young Vineyard", gpi cit., pp. 7-9.

U

1...

U’l

planting along contours or on terraces, and formation of
mulches.
For the prevention of erosion it would be desirable to

have a ermanent cover sudh as arass in the vineyard but
L. 9

“vineyards must be Cultivated if they are to produce suffi~
. 1
cient quantities of fruit to be profiteole." Consequently,

the conventional practice in many Iichigan vineyards is to
maintain a bare, loose soil surface during the growing sea-

son and use a cover crop the rest of the year. "Jere condi-
tions are conducive to severe erosion, however, the growth
of winter cover crops is inadequate to prevent loss of soil
and eventual depletion of its organic content.2
Terracing is not much used in southwest Iichigan vine-
yards. For one reason, the sandy soils in many of the vine-
yards are not heavy enough to anchor the trellis posts when
-the vines are heavily laden with fruit if the rows are plant-
ed across the slopes. For another, the more traditional type
of terrace is expensive to build, uhile the more modern type

requires vegetation cover to hold it in place. Vineyards with

a permanent cover either in the rows or between them are usu-

 

1
Newton L. Partridge, "Cultural Kethods in the Bearing
Vineyard", Agr. Exot. Sta. Circ. Eul. 120 (rev.) (Xich. State

‘ " "\ "1. 7' 1 - f
001., hort. bec., Last Lansing, LiCfl., Oct. i937), p. lo.

2Ibid., p. 16, and H.K. Fleming, 3.5 .Alderfe
Freer, “Effect of Fertilization and Cul . "*
Growth and'lield of Concord Grapevines", A“
2 (State 001., Pa., Ear. 1950), p. 23.

I
\H
m
l

ally not very productive, as vas ment’o.ed previou 813.

Use of some type of mulching is becoming increasingly

common and widespre ed in “ionie n vineya d3 mrrehy culti-

. ....(‘JQ'
vatiin, brush creppirg, and.hay mulching are all used. Tra shy
cult iv tion, a relatively new method for erosic-n control, in-

volves chOpping and only partia 'y dis} :ing under the cover

. 1
crop in order to create a mulcn.
In brush or opping, the viticulturist leaves autumn vine

‘3
prunings in and betveen the grapevine rows.“ Eventually, he

chops these into smaller pieces with a tractor—towed machine
and leaves them to decompose in the vineyard. Brush cropping

not only adds humus to restore the soil, but helps prevent ero-

q

sion and frost damage to the vines.3 At the same time this
technique is cheaper than maintaining a cover crep.

Hey mulching, the third type, has been proven effective

1

"Partially removinj or decreasind the competit‘on of a
growing cover crop by trashy cultivation would more nearly meet
the requirements of a good Vineyard management practice, vhich
involves obtaining maximum yields, at the same time maintain-
ing the greatest possiole protection 8 sins soil and water
losses throu h runoff and erosion, and also increasing the or-
ganic matter content and available water holdinfi ca,acity of
the soil." Fle-min..:, Alder? er, :nd Frear, 92. £23., p. 22.

2 -.-

 

William D. ulcay, "Enrich Your Vineterd Soil 1ith firepe
Pruning; s", .L‘meriocn frtit ”‘ry {-‘r, Vol. Z71, 270. 12 (..illoug‘u‘zz,
Ohio: naeircan Fruit iro er uolis”ing Company, Dec. 1953),
p. 17.

3The layer is n:t ligh enru h to create 2. ll eir n'er the
bottom of the rows cs is sometimts the cese vith en unmown

cover crop.

Interview with Frank Kotyuk, Sept- 9: 1959-

I
\J’l

3...

by a successful experiment conducted hf two Paw Prv viticul-
turists. After applying pure hay between the Lrepr-vi ne rovs
in their vineyard, thcv concluded that the soil was tenrfittcd
by increased organic matter, better nutrient availability,

and increased water retentive capacity, in addition to lessen-
ing erosion. They also reported that hey produces nearly all
the essentie 1 minrra 1 nutrients, thus red.icin~ the need for

. 1
commercial fertilizers.

,1

DéESOnal Pound of Other Activities

Pruning and Traininp.--Prunin5 of the vines is thn first
of the seasonal activities, and us ally is done in late winter
or spring after the extent of rinter injury to the bearirg weed

ftFI‘l 1L

0

S 8.

n5

is evident. Zhe may in which a vineyard is pruned
greater effect on grape production tnen any other factor. Vines
usually thrive and produce best when they are heavily pruned,
eXCept in years fihen frost damage is serious, in Which case

2

lighter trimmed Vines teid to yield better. The main prupcse

in pruning is to regul ate th

VF

C=i.ze of th e crop bv controlling
the amount of tearing wood.

The vigor of the vine growth during the preceding your

4.1.,

determines ..e profiuctive ability of the plant durinr the fol-

"Znteroriqirc Pugsieys", .American Fruit Grower, Vol. 8,

2Newton L. Partril"e, "The Fruitinfi Hsh_-. : .-
of the Concord vrepe", arr. :.'::pt. Ste. Trcn $.12. 93
(Ifich. State 001., Lort. been 3 n. ' ‘
p. 32.

 

l
U"!
p-
l

lowing season. Pruning is done not only to train the vine but
to remove surplus rood to prevnnt overbearing. Cverhearing one
year lessens the crop the following one and weakens the vine,

because the larger the crop produced the smaller the a cunt of

-. ..u , :1 a .. "P : -
snoot Sro-tn is taat season. in snort, "

,1)
4
l .Jo
LJ
T)
%t
F)
m
cf
F"
C0
0
<1
”D
‘1
I

bearing will not nature fruit and canes so early or so well as
.. 1
it would if it w:re arrying a smaller crOp." Optimum crop

Lo

and cane grorth can he obtained by "balanced" pruning, 0 prac-

tice suggested by N.l. Partridge LS early as 1929, and today
i . ,, 2 n .
widely used in southwest Lichijan. lieids are reported to

increase up to two tons per acre ahen growers switch from "un-

balanced" to "balanCed" pruning.
In contrast to the head system of separate plants as
practised in Califoriia and.Arizona, practically all grape-

vines elsewhere in the United States are trained alonfi trel-

Q

lises. Most southwest Iic’igan grape growers emoloy either

A

%

the one-stem, four-arm Kniffen t3-

CD
y.»

nine system (F1? 11),

L

or the six-arm Kniffen systen if the plants are especiall‘r

2
vigorous.“ In recent years, use of the Umbrella Kniffen

1Newton L. Par ridge, "Profitable Pruning of the Concord
Grape",.Ag:. Expt. Ste 090. Eul. lUl (rcv.) (Yich. State
001., Hort. 560., East Lansina nich., Nov. 1937), p.

 

For technical d

i "balanced" pruning, see Ler-
sen, Bell, and Lendis

of
cit., p. 9.

 

Ihid., pp. 9-15. '

1 a C .1
method has seen greoueily inc rce sing Tfins tide vine to the
trellis tires, usually uith twine, although other mrt~riels
are used by some grovers, is done during the pruning and train-

/
" n . ( 1.
ing operations. AS previously indicated, pruning, treining, and

tfing of the «rapes reou re supwerds of three quarters of the

(‘1)

total lebo rinputs per acre of a vineyard.

eceuse Of the labor

time involved, many growers vith lerg e ecre

U“
U)
3
{.1
m
cf
0
cf
’1
d-

pruning in late as Jt1mn or ee rly winter end run the chance of
cold damage to next year's fru ting wood.

I/

Culti eti:n.-—After prunine is finished the next ecti-

 

vity in the vineverd is the first cultive ion vtich Should
be accomplished a ween or two before the vi sblo mm. Fol-
lowing the initial plox m'hing, vtich throws soil away from

the vines, they er

I?)

: cultivated anyuhere from four to ten

times during the sceson with a disc, spri g tooth harrcw, or
‘ 0 ' 2 q s

other equipment, usually pui’ed by a tractor. Both the ini-

tial plouehing and sub

seo ouent cultivatic are shallOW, not

:3
(I)
ha

more then three inches deep, to avoid root injury. Tore fre-
quent tilling is needed during dry weather and in week vine-

,

yards, especially Where texd gro'th isb eevy. Cultivation

u
m
0
Lb
p4

controls weeds and mainta ins e mulch vhich preservc
moisture thereby accelerating vine growth. The early

ploughing aids in combating black rot enC grape—berrx moth

 

..—

W .
. ,f‘. ~ g
a ( .nk i "’

1
Interview with Jerry

2
Interview with Dr. Berry K. 3911, June 22, 1951.

0: SPpt. 17: 1‘59-

\

aswfll.

In general, cultivation is discontinued when further
vine grovth is not wanted (usually around late July or early
August), because of its competition for soil nutrients With
the maturing berries. If the grape crop is small, however,
and excessive autumn vine growth appears likely, cultivation
is usually stopped earlier. This tends to retard autumn vine
growth and to promote more fruitful vines the following year.
Conversely, cultivation may be contined throughout August if
the crop is heavy and vine growth has nearly erased 4y late
July. Concurrent with the last cultivation, often a plough-
ing throwing soil to the vines, a cover crop is usually sown.

Grape Diseases and Insect Control.--Interspersed with
the cultivations of the vineyard are activities designed to
control damage by insects and grape diseases. Although most
of the disease and insect pests attacking vineyards else-
where in eastern United States are present in southwest
hich gen vineyards, the chief grape disease is black rot and
the principal insect threats are the grape flea beetle,2 the

1
rose chafer,’ the grape-berry moth, and.the grape leaf

R
hopper.“

1Partridge, "Cultural Iethods in the Bearine Vineyard",
92. cit., pp. 12-13.

gAltica chalybca Illigfr.

3N

fiacrodactylus subspinosis Fab.

4.:-

Polychrosis viteana.

5m

:ypilocyba, or Erythroneura, comes Sty.

 

 

...-57—

Black rot, caused by a parasitic fungus, Guicnerdia
bidwellii, is generally a problem with all grape varieties
except Delaware.1 The dew a.:Te appears as red’ish-hromn,
black—centered s.)ots on the leaves and brown-red spots on
the berries causing them to become shrivelled and mummified.
Downy mildew, another fungus disease,2 sometimes damages the
leaves and affects the berries so that they "shell" or drop
from the stems at the slightes CTt touch, but is usually con-
trolled by sprayinfis to protect the grapes against black rot
and other plagues.

Among the insects the rape flea, or_Stealy, beetle at-
tacks the vines early in the season, eating out the buds as
tr ley are reedv to Open. The rose or afer infests the vine-
yards Just as the blossoms appear, feedin3 first on the blos-
som buds, then on young fruit and stilll ter on 12 r3er frTAt
and leaves.

The 3rape-b erry moth is usually the insect pest causing
the most destruction in hichi an vineyards. Two generations
deve10p and sometimes a third during t.e growinz season;
Damage is done by the lTrvae T lch feed on bud s and younyg

fruit in the first _eneration and inside the grape berries

 

¥A.E. Iitchell, Alfred C. Dowdy, Edwe.rd J. I os, nd

a
Robert H. Fulton, "1929 Fruit spraying Calen(lar“, C :oo Ext.
Ser. Skit. Bul. lo. 17 (Rich. State Univ., East Iansin;

‘1

I
M

 

iCh-a 19595: 9° 43°

_A

:lesnooara viticola g. and Q. Eerl. and De Toni.

themselves in the second generation. Since the moth wint (rs
over in cocoons cut from the Trepe leef vhich drop to the
ground ‘hrPP thTy are protected bT any vineya d tree. h and
cover craps that mry be present, cleaning and plougT.in3 cf

the vine"erd early in the spring is desirable control method.

fit

The grape leefhooper, a small, active, suchin; insect,
works on the underside of the leaves ceusin: t em to develop

slowly or to prematurely die and drop off. This in turn slows

7‘0

development and maturity of the berry causing it to be 1 cling
.—. 1rfi+ n 1
in suéar and oeuen in size and ilevor.
Grape dissesns and insects thrive best in neglected
or some years previous to 1930, many Iichigan

grape growers, especially those vith vineyards that were

poorly located, old, or oth rv'ise oer.

L:
\J

in 81 in character,
allowed them to deteriorate or abe.ndone:l them, because the

low prices then being received for time‘s m eds the vineyerds

unprofiteble. In 19% horticultural inspection teams exa-
mined meny of these ne3!« Tcted vinTverds and found thet 30st

of them were infested with pe st 3 that were migrating to near-

4

by Vineyards under active cultivation and were rendering com-
peratively ineffective the insect and Sisease control mea-

sures used there. As a consequence, from 1030 to 1951 in-

R.H. Pettit, ”The Principal Crepe Inscct.
.Agr. .laot. Qte. iguw:. Eul- ZR). 2 (1i:fi1. St.
11

Lansing,f ich. July 1933), pp. 3-5, 7-8,1

Kalamazto, St. JosPPh, and Van Buren, W155 the Tes‘lt ti?

o\
\n
n‘

nrry moth-infestsd vineyards, totaling soms 7

acres of vinas, wars torn out (Table A).

commz TCTALS or J APE L‘s:
Emma.- TICN PRCJ L- CT
lguo - 1953

All egan o o o o o o 2 o o o o o 2"'QOO
Berrien . . . . . 22} . . . . 775.25
case 0 o o o o o o o o o o 328,00
Kalamazoo . . . . .79 . . . . $20.25
St. Joseph . . . . . . . . . fi0.00
Van Buren . . . . 713 . . . . 5,350.95

T0138]- . o o o o o 1,065 o O O O 71327‘75

*C. A. Boyer and G. S. KcIntvre, "Grape Berrylfioth
adicsticn", Bufixoo ocrtit‘crticfi Pas ch Crchcrd
asp ction, Orchard Rerovsl Annuzl :,p ort TLich
pt. Of Aisr 0: 1953): p0 70

 

At least six sprayings a year are recommended by the
COOpsrative Ex ension Service of T'ic igan State University
to control the insect and disease pests in lo itan vineyards.
The same service issues a Spraying Calendar which is revised
annually and is widnly used by the growers. Typically, there
is one spraying in Lay, two in June, one in July, and two in

AuCust. Altnou3h VltlL81MTiStS former'v handspreyrd their

cf

vines with hoses from a tank moon ed on a ho rso-firawn wagon,

they now spray automatically with apparatus torsd ithin a

-60..

tractor (Fig. 13), Several farmers, vhc own and co ntrol
huge vineyard acreages in the Paw Paw-Lawton area, even air
spray their crops by contracting with the Berrien County
Aerocrop Service which is ovned and managed by Fran}; Deaner,
Benton Harbor, Kichigan. .

Ususally in Lay the first covering of DDT is sprayed to
prevent grape flea and climbing cutworm infestations prior to
bud development. In June, when the shoots measure from four
to ei ght inche es long, the second spray covering of Ferhame
or Zineb3 is applied to control black rot. DDT, to combat
grape berry moth, is incl fled in th Ls spray;

The third cover, applied Just as the blossoms are open-
ing in late June or early July, consists of either Fe ham or
Zineb, or mixed c0pper, or u—M-IOO BordeauxLL -- any one of

which combat black rot. Berry noti and rose chef,r are

 

Letter from Jonathan S. Woodmen, ovner and operator
of a large vineyard near Pav Pan,i ich., July 35, 195‘ l.

2ferric dimethyldi thioce roinrue.

7
)zinc ethylenebiedithiocarbamate.

Bordeaux is a tank—mix of copper sulfate (bluestone or
blue vitriol), hyrated lime, ani v‘ater It is identified
by a ci,rLcteristic fcnriula, an exa ple of vhic is M-S-lOO
The '4' means ’lbs. of copper ulfctc' the '6', lbs. of
hydrated lime; and the '1C 0' means that the total volume of
spray mixture is 100 gallons. wit hell, Dowmd/ Klos, end
FJlton, 93. £33., p. 10. Bordeaux mixtJr( was ocru.cte~ by
Lillardet in France in the late eighteenth century. L.H.
Bailey, Sketch g: the Evolut’nn 9: our ‘ati‘e Frsits (New
York: Tne- —Lac.%ili n Cuw)r* {3 London: I;cfillsn & Company,
Ltd., 1898), p. 96.

 

t

- Fig. 13.-—Tractor-towed spraVing ap-
paratus of a type commonly used to apply
pesticides in southwest Xiohigan vine-
yards (Taken from cover of J.B. Demaree
and G.W. Still, "Control of Grape Di-
seases and Insects in Eastern United
States", 6.55,. Deot. of .333. Farmers'

Bul. No. Is , tsashi'r'fgtcn, 1325., “191M;
1951 if

rev.

-52..

checked with a DDT additivc.

The fourth cover, applied immediately after bloom

[.b

n
. ¢

July, is considered the nost critical for the control of

black rot owderv mildew and downv mildew. To control
, u , u

black rot and insects, growers can use the same chemicals

as v'ere used in the third cover. However, if protection

1

against downy or powdery mildew is neeied, fixed copper or
Bordeaux sprays must be used in place of Fertem or Zincb.

The same Pesticides employed in the fourth spraying
are used in the fifth and sixth. The fifth application is
made ten to fourteen days after the fourth to check black
rot, powdery and downy mildew, berry moth, leefhopper, and
rose chafer. The sixth cover is applied in August just be-
fore the berries begin to touch in the clusters and con-
trols the same pests as before. Althoujh a "sticker" is
used with the early sprays, to cause them to stay on the
plants and fruit eVen in the rain, it is not used with
sprays containing DDT or DDD within forty days of harvest,
that is, after the berries have grown to the size of buck-
shot.

filq ecial Era: Problem.--Vineyerd growers have par-

L‘s

ticipeted but little in the rapid expansion in recent years
of use of weed control sprays. Some grovers ap ly Diuron
(trade name, Karmex) in spring in a band treatment to help
eradicate vegetation between the vines in the rows. .Rnother

preparation, CIPC (trade name, Chloro IPC), is sometimes

-63...

used d' ring die dorman at period of the vine or in early spring
before the reeds appear. Iost herbicides, however, par-

2
ticularly 2,4—D and 2,“,5-T,3 harm or kill the vines as well

the weeds. As a consequence, there is a

dispute between grape growers and field cropp -

r3
'1
m
f}
O
(1')
O
J
H
<4

the damaging sprays to crops in fields adjacent to vine-
yards.

On April 30, 1 P9, ieor e S. KcIntyre, Director of
Agriculture for the State of Sic igan, received petitions,

supported by the National crepe Co-operative A

U}

sociaticn,
Inc., from grepe grorers in various townships of Eerrien,
Case, and Van Buren counties. In these petitions, the
viticulturis ts rcqu ested the restriction or prohibition of
use near their vineyards of the following herbicides: 2,h—D,

2:”:5-T, and ICP.5 Two hearings resulted.

 

 

1 .
S. K. Pies and R. F. Carl son, "Chemical Teed Control for
Hortic;ltursl Crops", Coop. Ext. :‘r -xt. Fold_er F-Esl
(3rd rev., April 1961) (hich. State Ur iv., East Lansing,

ich ), p. 12.
22,h—dichlorolphenoxyscetic acid.

32,LL,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid.
4
In 1959, three neste-rn Fe -smazoo County viticulturists

sued a nei"tberin corn :“rower for injury they believed was
wrought upon their vinr‘:rvs by his 2, u-D applications in
early Jun. One received ,5,000. 00 insurance, out the other
two suitse were still pendin5 on Sept. 18, 1959. Interview
with Jerry Yandigo, Sept. ld, 1959.

52 meth yl, 4 c.Jorophenoxya cetic acid -- another detri-
mental herbicide.

-5u-

Testimony submitted at these hearings -- one near Paw
Paw, Van Buren County, June 11, 1959, and the other in Ber-
rien Springs, Berrien County, June 12, 1959 -- indicated
the following: a) that in the affected areas, commercial
production of grapes constitutes a major source of agri-
cultural income; b) that corn is also one of the economically
important crops; 0) t1_at the use of 2,4—D noticeably decreases
weed controlling costs in the cultivation of corn; d) that
actual damage to the {fir pes was caused exclusively by the
use of the volatile ester forms of the aforementioned chem-
icals; and e) that "the amine form of? 2,M—D can be used
with little damm :e to grape vi neverds or grape crops "’en
proper consideration is given to wind velocity and direc—
tions, and proper low pressure spreyers are used at was
time of applications."

Consequently, on July 16, 1959, 1r. TcIntyre decreéd
that "any and all persons shall cease and desist from the
use of the voletile est er forms of 2,h-D, er d 2, ,S-T
fi( 2)

within the above describ(.d a during the period of

 

1Order of the Director of A4r101ture, State of‘Yichi-
gan, Dept. of a‘rieuiture, July lo, 1959. (Vimeogreohed).
For information concernin3 use of "Ptd-COHtP01 chemicals in
field crops, see Bovd Crurchill and Buford GriO sbv, "Weed

 

Control in Field Crops", Cooo. xxt. jrr. ixt. rolefr F-EQ
(rev. April 1959) (I ich. State Univ., East Lansing, 11—)ch.
2

vineyard zrea and compris i ‘ i of the and contained in
Hagar r, Benton, soinbriu,v Coloma, Lat: rvliet, Bolus, Pipe-
t

stone, Bc-rrien, Orcnoko, Bowel on, St. Jossph, Lincoln,

Cne resion correlst d with the St. Joseph-Tertoi Harbor
(-

I
0\
\Ii
1

. . 1
July 23 to Cctotsr i, 1959." This promulgation was made

annually reanacls u, Jon recr-ipt of petitions from the vi”;-

Covsr roge.--30vvr crops fire comtonly sown after the
last cultivation of thJ vineyard in late sumrsr, but before
gr sp r8 are harrestrd. Eye, oats, sni barlr" QTF the most
commo I? used in fictigsn vineycrds. Some vinovsr115ts
allow grass and weeds to grow betwcen tns vine rcrs sné
thus act as a covtr crop (Fig. 13).

One of the functions of a cover crop is ths checking
of late season growth of Vinvs, thus csusin them to mature
their wood so taat they hsvs more resistance to “*ntsr cold.
A‘othsr imoor ta.nt functicn is grsrn marurinf or the rain-
taining of the hurus C3ntsnt of the soil. A tcird furctio
is the irprovrm<nt of scil t¢xfiurw cuui.its maisturc-holiin
qualities, While a fourth

slowing of scil erosion.

 

correlated with the P2“ Prc—stton 8398: including
.ntvsrp, aw Paw, and Porter torcstips, and 011 spctio
Viticultural irouiuaLCn in firv~rly, Lawrenc», Doc.¢ tur, Al
mens, and Hsmiltcn to Wanips in Van Fursn County snfi all of
Texas Township, ano all sncti 333 of vit‘cwltursl importahcc
in Cshtsmo Tetnship in halawazoo County.

Take, Baroda, ouiksti“ to"rsh ps in Berrien Jountv and all
sscticns oi ' my import :'>nc- in Viticul tur: in ‘»vsar, Buchsn-
9n, and lWIes to‘rships of t‘n sews courtv, Pokagon and Sil-
ver Crest townéxi ps in Cass C§unty and :;rtfcrc and COVwrt
t0".nslips in Van Eurnn COUHJT. The other sffrcts d r0313 n
p11
n.

(3
y.»
(‘1'

1 _ -
Craer of the Dir so tor of Agriculture, cg.

 

-55..

 

Fig. l4.--Grass and weed cover crop to
check vine growth. The planting of fruit
trees between vine rows, as shown in this
view, usually means that the grapes are to
be pulled out eventually (Three miles west
of Paw Paw along US-12, looking south, Sept.
10, 1959).

... ’5‘“. “‘6 ‘_y ‘ . q v‘ 1‘ -
Eye is pl‘OCE 1:1, 11‘19 lust ass-C cover crop in 5913.13,;

..10

vest IichL en Vine-"Pris. Since it does not winter h ll,
however, it competes with Cl? vines for nutrirsts in the
soring, perticulrrly if the first cultivation of the vine—
yard is delayed. Winter barley, which also does not win-
tor kill, is chesper per bushel than rye, but more must te

planted per unit sree, rit th the result that the costs of

using the two grains forever croppin3 differ very little.

T

For a cover crop that does not compete with vines in the

spring, some srowers prefer oats which winter hill, but

k.

|‘)

neverth (lens c

Q}
(J

onplisl1the ocneficisl results listed

above. A few

‘PT‘

'0
CD

growers use sheet for this puroose,

C" 1

but this practice discoure3ed because the wheat harbors

is
the Hessian Fly. This pest is s constsnt menece to theat

fields. Wheat farmers S‘ray their fie ds against the fly,
but viticulturists ignore it hus providing breeding places

in tr eir v ney:rds in cese theat is used for a cover crop.
Tiis is another exemple of differing interests between viti-
culturists and surrcurding field crop farmers.

Hmr tirw

13.-

:3

.’19 h e-rvcst, the lest of the seasonal

(D

(f

round of sctivi ie

CO

, is a busy, festive time, e:t1.in from

late Au3ust or early Septedbcr until cerly October. Once

 

1 w
Interview with Jerry Handigo, Sept. 11, 1959.

Interview with Harry Icrtin, fen Burrs County A ric l-
tural Stabilization and Conservation Fieldmsn, Aug. 24,195

’\

tr e crop has matured, it m so he retov ed :rom the vines

C

with msximum.rspidity before an early frost renders the ber-
ries unmerketable. At harvest time, the grape farmer buys

containers (unless sup {Lied them bv a processino .st.l1lish~

_ . '- L .5 ' A L)

“D

ment), hires pickers, and trensports the crop to market.
Lost of the so uthwesti ichigan vinevords are owned and

ooerst

(D

d by families, and only a few ere so large as to need
extra help other then at hervest tine. Durin3 this crucial
period, however, prectice lly 1vtrgore in the loo c.1ity works

.,

in the in v rds and son etimes picters from ou ta ide the area

t

'70

are lmi ed. During the long steel strijc in the summer and

m
C.
cf
{3'
F3?
:5
O
W
H

959, for example, many unenployed steelworkers

d their f lilies trsv1-leo from northern I linois and In-

07
:3

M

o:

diens to the southwest Iic“igsn fruit and vegetable region
to find employment harvesti _, the vsrious crops, among thicn
were grapes. Itinersnt laborers from the South and e: :ioo,
however, have lit tle ps rt in the grape harvest, elthou h
the sy work in other orOps in the arse during the summer.
This is because KOSt of them return home before the grape
harvest in order to send their children to school.

lie pickers work from about eight in the morning un-
til six in the evening (Fig. 15). Grapes to be marketed

fresh are he ndl:d as little as possihl and are sent to mer-

(D

kst immediately of

c+
7.)
"S
H4
,. )
F0
“5
,4
|
(.0
Cf
F“
:3
U 9
o

Formerly, pickers would

 

Interview with Dr. Kerry E. Bell, June 22, 1961.

 

Fig. 15.--Ebman "fancy packing“ Con-
cords into 2-qt. (approximately 3 lbs.)
baskets, eight of whioi will be fitted in-
to the cardboard carton shown behind the
picker (One and one half miles northwest
of Paw Paw, Sept. 27, 1959).

...70...

pack the clusters directly into large baskets, uhich were
then transported to pecxin hoases where profs - nel pack-
ers artistically arranged the bunches int 3 attractive small—
er containers. This practice, however, has been discr :Ht n-
ued due to the increase in 1 xbO? cos ts and in sale to pro-
cessing plants which do not require "fancy packed" grapes.

Harketmen in the Southwest hichigan Vineyard Region
formerly pre: erred €5‘~ouart Climax bes‘: iets, each holoing
approximately Cnine pounds of fruit, for containers if
the ggra pes were to be marreted as fresh fr1it (Fig. 16).

TM1ay 2-qu rt baskets, pe cked eight to a carton, are most

3
dl m 1
used. he pics ers fill these right in the vineyerfi rat mcr
than in a packing house.

Less care is taken in picking ani andling grapes des-

D

tined for Juice ani wine processing pl ants, bee a so an st~

L+

ractive appearance of the fruit is of little significance.
“€58 grapes are pick {ed r1irectly into the wooden beer lugs
provifled by the processing plant (Fig. 17).2 In 1959, pick—
ers were paid thirty cents per crate of eight baskets for
"fancy pack" grapes and twenty cents per beer lug for nine

and Juice grapes.

 

small 2-quart Cardboard boxes "eienirv approximately 3
lbs. vhen filled, and fashioned xith hznoles to e mhnnce mar-
ketability. A crate contains eiah 2-quert be s:cts (Fig. 15).

2

heavy wooden boxes, approxime telv two feet long, one
foot wide, and one foot 6 , “signed pri11-ril.y to carr
beer bottles, but with th 1 ’(PS re: v*d us+d as contain-
ers to transport grapes ( s. 17 and 19).

_ 71

A tractor and flat trailer

used to distribute the empty containers between

vines and

have been filled.

q
‘

o A, 1., A. .
fresh-iruit margets ens

'\

to the
today is host commonly done by
the grapes out of the vinrrerd

eat of a Vineyardist's year.

to transport them out of the vineyard after

Except for the transporting of

(F g. 13) are generally

the rows of
they

the grapes

1
\fiiich

)
the processing plants,
motor truck, this hauling of

con be considered the lest

_ 72 _

 

Fir. 16.--6-ct. (approximately 9 lbs.)
Climax baskets filled with grapes. In the
smaller container, there is from left to
right one bunch each of Niagaras, Delawares,
and Fredonias (One mile east of Benton Har-
bor on US-lE, Sept. 3, 1959).

~73—

Ms

L “:3"! A . _ . ‘ L“.
' -L" "E Jfllj’r’a‘g} ' 1;? -‘
t «..., hi
<1 . x

4“»

 

Fig. 17.--Beer lugs of grapes at the
Paw Paw Grape Juice Co. processing plant.
Arriving by truck transportation, the lugs
are carried into the plant on roller con-
veyors. In the background is a pile of
"cheese", or grape pulp left after proces-
sing. This is returned to the vineyard'Whene
where it is used for fertilizer and erosion
control (Paw Paw, Sept. 23, 1959).

- 7h _

 

Fig. 18.--Trensporting cardboard con-
tainers of "fancy packed" grapes from the
vineyard on a tractor-towed trailer (One
and one half miles northwest of Paw Paw,
Sept. 28, 1959).

CHAPTER IV

GRJPE ...-CKZT‘" G

Today, aptroximat.ly eisht times as many :3rapes pro-

’0
L“

‘71

duced in tie Southw=st Zic‘: Vineyard Region are sent‘b

L—Jo

m

1

i

.6
processing plants as are mareeted as fresh fruit. This is
considerably different from the conditions tlat formerly

9X1 Stvd.

 

Up until as recently as 19+O, one half or wore of the
grapes were delivered to fresh fruit markets. It is true
that some of these grapes found their way into homemade
wine and Juice, especially during the Prohibition ycers,
but they were marketed as fresh fruit rather than being

ent to commercial rinrsics, Juice plants, or other grape
product plants.

Another si3nifican t ch nge connected with merketing of
Lic.i3en 3rspes is the method of trans‘ort used. At pre-
sent, most of the crop is noved to the fresh fruit psrkets
and processing plants by motor truck (Fig. 19). During much
of th epr resent century, however, rail shioments were by far
the "o st in: m) rtant reams of transeor tat ijn. Rail shipments
reached a peak in 1922 vhen 6,020 carlots of grapes were

dispatched from stations in Lichigan to city marhrts, es-

75

 

Fie l9.-~Grape growers' trucks wait-

ing to unlOad at Paw Paw Grape Juice Co.
processing plant, Paw Paw (Sept. 23, 1959).

-77...
pecially Chicago and Detroit. SubSequent to 1930, when
1,620 Carlots were shipped, use of the railroads to move the
Tic”13an crop declined rapidly. In no subsequent year has
more th'n 1,000 cerlot s be 3n siipped and in recent yeers the
number has usually been much less tlan 100.

Although the railroad had been previously used in mov-

ing some grap.s to ntrket, its use expanded rapidly after

about 1335 with the Mn re duction of the refri3erator car

1
(Fig. 20). Before then, practicallv all 3rapes and other

fresh fruits nd ve3etcbles gronn commercially in the South-
west Lichiga- Vineyard R€3ion were shipped by boet from Ben—
ton Hsrbor and St. Joseph.2 "Farmers gathered at the

Whe rves and either sold tirir proo uce directly to the ships'
captains or consigned it to comm ssion firms in Chice

“O
f"\ .0...
Fl

....Boat shipments from Benton Herbor and St. Joseph were

still of some commercial importance until trucl: transporta—

 

For example, in lg
ev

B. Jone es of Lawton set out one
hundred graoi c or‘

as and Delawares, the first
fruit of whi . o Lansing 2r ere it sold for
prices of 12 to 15 ce ts per pound In a second shipment
"the 3rsf es were put up in three-pound br skets and creted,12
baskets to the crate" Vht reupon they sold in the Lansing mar—
ket for prices as high as 39 .OO pe-r crate. Cept. C.W. Ro"i:
land, A Fistsr" of Van gprcn Count", "e‘i"er, 101.1 (C

 

 

cago ar d hem ior&: The Lewis Publishing Company, 1912), p. 320.
2 .3 .
In 1070, of the 71,100 pou nds of 3reoes that Were snippcfi
to Chica o "n1.;ilreui.. 27,000 pounds left from St. Joseph;
13,000 from Graze Haven; 1L, 000 from South PI Ven; 5,000 from
Zus e on; 2, OIO from Tenistee; 1,900 from GreIdd Traverse;
1, “so fron Wwi e River° So. “r om orthport; and goo from
Ludin3ton. The ‘1“"ir‘n Alnenec, 187 0 Compiled b;.' Cherles

 

- 4‘ .. ......th-
n. becnus (Detrci pich.: Jhe $dVCTtiS(-P & Tribune Compsny,

1370). p- 57-

--73 -

 

w ”\3 ”xx 399'“? (5

F13. 20.--Loadin' grapes at the Paw
‘Paw railroad station circa. 1900-1910) .
Picture from Bil"! 233 Centennial: Eictor-
1.2:; Higtorx Souvenir ficggam (Paw Parr,
I.Iich.: Paw Perv Press, 19597, p. 14-4.

Irk

After thc rescinding of rrohibition in December 1933 re-
turned wine making to bonded commercial rinteries, and the
wartime deman1 for grape juice, Jam, and jelly to be used by

the servicemen stimulated production of the

(0

products, there
was a steady gain in the importsrce of processing plants as
markets for gichigsn grapes. In 1953, some 83 per cent of

the h erst was processed into Yine, juice, and other prc~

ducts, s contr sted with 53 prr cent utilized in t1:is ray

.1

in 1931

Y‘
-L

3% per cent in 1930 (Appendix Table 11). Con-

(1

(I)

versely th apes used on the farm, and pertic‘lcrlv those
shipped to the fresh fruit r.erkets, declined drastically dur-
ing the past two dec des. In 1953, only #00 tons, or less
hen l per cent, were kept on the farm and some U,%OO tons,
or 11 per cent, were sent to retail markeus. In 1930, in
comparison, 1,900 tons, or 5 per cent of that year's crop,
were used at home and 23,560 tons, nearly 61 per cent, were
shipped to the fresh fruit targets (Appenoix Table 11,. In
Spite of this relative and absolute de Ml ne in shipment of
fichigsn grapes to the fruit markets, however, the state has
been second only to 3:11fornie durin3 most years since 19ul

in the marketing of grapes for fresh fruit (Appendix Table 10).

 

 

 

1 . . F n . .. .
G.:i Lotte, "The zenton neroor Fruit garnet, 1931-1955",
Coop. Ext. Err. (Mich. State Univ., Ebst Lansing, Iich.,
1950), p. l. (Kimeographed.)

The 'argest part of the graoss Carkwtcd as frrsh fruit
come from the Ernton H rCor-St. Joseph area and are sold'th~
through the Benton Harbor Fr_it Tsrkrt. This markst, pre-
dominantly vholesals, has long been an important factor in
selling lichigsn graphs, hrv ng been located at its proscnt

site since 1930. It is claimed tr at it is the "largest cssh

[11

to growers outlet in thp world". stsblic

:3

m 6.1%sn it became
incree sink“ ly apps rep nt tliat motor trucks would become the
dominant means of transportation in the marketing of Uichigan
fruits and vogctsblss, it is owned by tho city of Bsntcn Har—

q

bor. It is LStllFETQ that some 2,250 grow FPS, including v Cs-
yardists, within a fifty-mile radius of the market sell all

or part of their producs torou fii this center. Sons fifty mil-
lion psoplo Cithin an area encompassing thr states of Kicki-
gsn, hio, Indiana, Illinois, and Tisconsin are the ultimate
consumers of three quer Ht rs or more of the produce sol; hrro,
but some of it re: dies cc. SQWW(P at a much grsattr cistsncc.

The rclativo and absolute decline in ths amounts of Yichi—

gen grapes marketed as fresh fruit are reflectsd in the fact

1‘

that in 1951 some 1,523 carlot equivaltnts of fresh grapos

\

passe”1 thr uh the Benton Harbor Fruit Iarkpt, ville in 10 55
. A 2
onl; 12: carlot equivalonts were rrccrdad. Total equival- ,

1

 

"The Bcnton Har:or Fruit srkct". ”~r'ntiC" ?rsrCrcE ?\“-
port“ 5'0 500. TJVN‘QQOPtPthH.€NMi Froili‘i»: Fiwyv1Cg; L‘vigio

 

 

A~ricui+4r ‘I lfiarkcting service. 0.5. Sept. of Agriculture,
950, pp. 5 and 9.

m . :3,‘ 1-. '...,. "- 1-
Motts, "ins Evnton h-rtor r-uit mtrArt”, o\

1 -I ' ‘\ '- -9 f 3 "‘
ents of all procuce Candiei in 1931 was 7,139, and in 1G 35 it
'"P 7 1 n 3 3 o o J. h
~MS 0; 1. As a Consequfnoe, voile tne function of the :«nton

. A.
\

-arbor Fruit Larket in disposing of the Xictiger grape rer—
vest is still important, the grspes sold are a much smaller
part of the total produce he ndl ed than in fc TGE years.

In an effort to countier the decline in fresh fruit sales,
various measurts have seen tszen tm'
These include improvements in varieties, cultivation prac-
tices and
sesse and insect control, all designrd to present tetter qual-
ity grapes more attractively to the consumers. Also, as re—

orttd i

'U
:5
1...:

\ O

55: thb state Of Kietigan'was spendinr an annual

ammount of some ' ;Q5, 000. 00 to advertise frCsL grapes, and the
Iichigsn Grrpe Growers' Association was proviling a spe is

pack5js in uhich the 5 apes Core skio.ed and disolavpd.
is hoped thst these bensfits Cill increase ”r9 Zernnd for

fresh grapes both in stores and at roadside stands (Fig. 21).
The latter have boo ome a factir of incree sin; consequence in

mar rketing grapes and

reps products in recont veers, but it

I
;~_'
g;

is probable that th eir imoort.- s will not

F"
C)
I.)
L)
(I)
:3
S:
0

more
because travelers other then local will be using the HF? lim-

ited access hi h '"s filong which no sts.n

()4
(.0

are permitted.

 

2Gino Orsolini, ".A ii

s tory of the Dnv~loomsnt end Growth of
the Gr; pe Industry of the Pew Pew-erton Ares of Southern Licki-
gan from 1858 to 19535" (Papers from the Fistory 52minsr of
Kalamazoo College, unpuolishod paper, '9 5), p. 17.

 

“Fig. 21.--A roadside fruit stand one
half mile rest of Psw Pew on US-12, sell-
ing fresh and processed products of or-
chards and vineyards (Sept. 18, 1959).

_ 33 _

Although a larger investment is recuired for the produc-

1

grapes for the ”fancy pMCCEH market than for processing

cf
“:1

ion 0

lents, tne profits cleared fr<3m the sole of tbe former ere

"0

usually gr m.: ter. 30st growers with large vineyards ens might

best be able to deve10p a Quality grsde trend and peck, how-
ever, do not care to go to the extra expense and trouble of
producing it, in view of the re stively limited market and the
gamble involved because of price fluctuation. .ether, they
favor receiving adequate, more dependable prices per ton fo
grapes sol on contract in quantity to the processing plants.1

Conseouertl,, nearly 90 per cent of the srepes in southwest

x.)

Iic‘:ig.n are sent to processing plen nts V.ithin the fission.

PPS 05-88133; P1911138
Six teen grape processing plants Opereted in southwest
fiicbigen in 1957 (Fig. 5) and fifteen in 195C.2 Listed by
vineyard ares, these were:
an Pashgivton Area

(Van Buren County)

 

 

A.F. “arch, Fm
A.F. urch Co. Pew Pew Grepe Juice Co.
Paw Paw, Lich. Paw Paw, Lion.
Edward Higley Paw Paw Wine Co.a
Kettevsn, Iich. Pew sW, Lich.
Frontenec Tinery St. Juli;n Tinery

PW P?) "j” ::ic}1. PC;:‘" P(—f‘ ‘3', 3.. 101-1.

ichi-~n Zlncries, Inc. The '3elcn Era pe Juice Co.
Lawton, Iich. Lsumon, Z.ich.

 

lArticlc in American Fruit Growrr, Vbl. 76,’Noa.1J“Jln.
2 1956: p0 20-

dnpublisted met rial obtained from G.A. Swanson, Apri—
ultural St Hti sticie.n, gictigsn Crop and Livestock chorting
CService, Nov. 11, 1959. For plant locations, refer to Fig. 5.

 

 

at. closi-fin—Evvrtrn I“ rtrr*£v~ c
T; “7": $ fl 1“-
..r--.L'-I 401171;,

‘ DC a Y. C 7" "‘ “Hr“..- b H 4- ‘L’ - .' f) {‘11, “'0
HOUEQ Of VJ... it I tci V97 avg). :r« I'lL“ nine ‘ w"C"'pF‘DZ‘1€
54. I ' ’2‘ - p T N '1
Oh. Jc Sf-ph, “icy. hefiler, .icn. oo.
“- 1 h x, "‘ nmh ”P a f3 0
Inc t .'(‘ v'JOp A ”V9

-.-— , , « :~I»‘ T R
..‘I..L-.-f-.T‘»;t", .LI’lC. u
A
.J

~-‘ - -' * - r '7' '.‘ ' . *- 7... W ,
oiivnr -ili Frozwn Poocs, inc. Holly :itcier miner}
w. ”'1 ~ 1 "r_ w _‘ 7' a
;au olsire, Lion. nsrc;rt, lion.

w ‘- H... - -‘ -'! 7“" - ' VV", IL '7‘" ‘r' _‘ ‘fi-N
Spinss oorntrs mit shc‘enge Scaus Fruit onc_sr§e

:3. rs k» -s L ~ ~ '

R. F.D. ’ L4."._{+.-'C’n a :‘T‘Q’Jr, .m-nLCLL. DO(:US’ l.-1Ch.

'0.

court cent-
the com-

UPCCf—E, “ht" O'Tl‘é‘I‘ 0f P T'.’

. CE" tlflts ff .idt
( ‘Gv 1T1 BIT-C. 1900, Hpn
nger operates.

3's
(‘3

r371?

lacrtv :rocrsrors. ”he tfiree
lerg:st oroc.ssin- firms in the Thole Sout:1vsst gict‘fen Vine-

. '1 .. . 2 ,~, '_‘ ‘ g ,l LV/ ‘ I‘ . ‘. V ' “ v . 0.1 -.. 1‘- ~.. ' ‘ r. . I- ‘ -.
yyro Y Lion are in one “res, nesei; the 3:10“ greet cJ‘CO Con

\ *‘ I m A ‘s ‘
Erase Juice oo. srd the A.F.

Cl
,1.
’7‘:
*3
(D
d
C)
F"
'1
Cf
’1"
4
r-
F
H
,3
lb
,1.
4

n r: 1 ‘ 0.. ‘ I F. ‘
fin“ mcfie univrmrnted -repe

ins local plant of the field: Grape Juice 00., T"hats.

. ‘ a . J- .t‘ ' T ‘, ‘ ‘ ‘ .9 ,- _ 1 ‘. u ‘ .-
<ywrfitrs ere Li.&etiield,givrlork, nunuIscttresiwe greet

 

On Sept. l, 195 , onnrréfiip of all plants of the Telch
Grape Juice Conpary “s: of’icia.=‘lv tr'n TEIPOfi from the pri-
vate owner to monbcrs o? the Istionel Grape Co- Operetivc Asso-
ciation, Inc. but they still operate unfinr the 3klch .nm .

$'-ci”

o
C
w
.1
s
r}
T
#1 g
0
Cl
0
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M
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rt
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... a. ..
/
~~r - a .x 'a 4“ -‘I " ‘ a u ‘ ,‘R__ 1’ ’, .‘L 0 v: a ( V‘.’ “T"—
est a hunt afli v r42<5 91 aru<u0us. g¢n;r-:;rd V *~*<rfls Say
L v A" '0 h.‘! »‘ ‘-" . A . I. . 5 — -~' -g ru- 6‘ yr Q "‘--l ‘ PI
plfizn iJflTCPS to .uu:.£”A-.t ere LICE'N(1 :t uni, .37 u-« -W
w ,1 - .

_ - \ _ '_ _ r} "m' __ J7“ ,- ‘ .. .L‘ ‘fi' , J- ... - ‘ #-
PDWHLAwton crew, but ere Mt rreJ taro ”vut ,ne DDJuthSb

“ . ... ,. \ - “ ..
axl‘f1N€§arfl:mr“‘ (EU- . 22;. rELP or<+flvat plxzjt at l ‘?-

o c .- -.. w A L ‘. 4. n" A \ L‘ y c: '—
d'3l_L,I‘S. '1 J 0'1 Pa”? \r t Pd L: $18 1)}- ”in 3." 1:11.)“ fI‘Z'H J1! 13"!"
fl - \- - -" I on - ‘ V ‘ ' ‘ 1.. A . fl“ -.‘.
vJ pa~y “3 furl TL; ooewan d if, 'nn hrvo J<9td t<<1r .1 iq.n

. \
‘ ‘ l- ‘ 1 < I —’ ’\ a r " I‘ 4 1" Y" '1 '2 ‘I
«ic< for; g; 38 3f i+;,3»u bcL'ons c<prcjfy < C- u L31 ere
. - w ‘ "‘ ~ A ‘- r- vn ‘ In \ h ‘4
low-uva in rvfriJecmu:d r.cms, C“OL rJJ a, iipfl“ neck tcttiina

lines, and TthJDuSiN: areas. In a difFCrrnt srctii. of the
factory tuvre 15 also «Quipqut fcr waain; grape jollics 2rd

1

s:
O
k+
(D
0
Ft
...)
H3
:1
E l
L5
C...
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3
I
H
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\l
v
i?
C
:3
(1'
L5
’1’)
C_

uice stsrad in
th* ta mks of oer four milliin r¢1l-ns totpl CP“CC’+V same
1,12;,Cflfl‘ cgsrs 05‘ Hith pr;CgmLJs sac: as Chvgpe Juice, Efiwazpn
Grape Juice Somewntrafia, }rzoe J 11y, ““Itl‘ub, Fruit-Of-the-

Vine, and fivlchode "vre manufactured. Eetwe n 150 afii 175 me

‘5

W P-Q

are employufl on a year round {8818. 2213 number incrpases to

between 340 afid 350 during the harvest season. "”9 DH§T011

 

 

 

 

The Telch CD. also h:s a piaht four $1103 berthrast of the
The Lrwts- itail' Trhfn‘ri:1 ff"’:fi, 1”ET-;§§1 ( rt 1,

’" ”Lu—T- 7"»- .wt n q ‘4 ' ""d‘ ...

... 03.. F--<- LMt uh LIP-(Lei, 1:3,}, p. L(.

whonfimu mo

mwpammcfi> ..OCH .coapmaoomm< m>fipup®Qunoo Dacha HflQOHpoz .mm .Mah

 

03!... .32.... .833 fill“

It‘dflgoOO Ul‘l. ACID-btl ..U...‘

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

00.0.. (0.8 £000.05. n * fli— .
...... 30.0.0 .2... 0.2. so... W H3:- .
3:03.02... .2. <0... .0 vi...) a I .1 w H m m o.
222... .30 a a 2:. . .
ozwoud o .
D D ..
so. 0 o o 5
O A

mmwmzmz no mom<>mz_>

.oz. .zo_h<.oomm< ,
w>.._.<mmaouoo ma<mo 4<ZOF<Z .

8(¢.80.8 hmu’vzboa

 

 

 

 

.V
000‘ o . o.
0 ‘ 0 «VJ o
. 0 Cl. ‘0 r L D 0 0
to. 00 fl. ‘. o
o. O o o
O IOOIW‘ 0 .0

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

_ g7 _

 

Fig. 23.--Wéloh Grape Juice Plant in
Lawton, lichigan -- now owned by National
Grape Co-operative Association, Inc. (1&-
kcn from The Lawton Storv: Centennial
Boltlon,‘TgES-195§, Lawton, Kich.: The
Lawton Loader, 1958, p. 16).

one in Lawton, at luemttw wen. Teis res ecquired from Armour

(meat packing) in the late 1920's. Althsurh use; as re-
cently as 1? 50 for pre ssinr and bot
plant of late has been used only for grape pressing stem there
is an overload at Lawton and for the storage and shipment of
grape products which have been processed and pacLa
ton. Plans for reactivation in January, 1955, to manufacture
Grape Jelly, Grapelade, and Fru t-of—tnw— ine apparently came
to nought.

Alt nou h the telch plant processes primarily Concord
grapes, some Fredoniss, fibrdens, ioores Ezrly, and an Burens
are also accepted. Thtse are ta lien onlv at a twenty-five per
cent discount from prices paid for Concorde, he ever, since

they do not pm duce Cancord color and do not nav. the same

A

. 2 L - ,
distinctive flavor./ Contrar to tonnsge contracts was: Ly
most of the other e uliafl.rflb8 in the area, lklch contracts

by the acre. Growers who contract all or part of their vine-
yards must deliver all grep es produced on the contracted acre-
age to the itlch plant vtich is bound to accept them. A grow—
er Who, for any reason, takes grapes from contracted acres else-
vhere, runs the chance of losing the next year's contract vith

the company, even though he wishes to retain it, and is other-

 

Nationals Grape io-og, News, No. 7 Oct. 10 5% (Petp: llFt).

* A .1 7‘ ‘ fl"._. ."i' v" ... (3" A wet " C , ( .
-a i-nai :reoe -o no. r.*s, .o. ;2, auo. i,; . Patphlet).

wise penalized. Growers contrect vith the uetional :rrpe Co-
Operative Association, Inc., owners of the nelch Crepe Juice
Co., and become members of the ASSOCiFtljn. then they de-
liver their grapes to the nrOCessino plent, they receive cer-
tain advances, but inasmuch as this is a coopvrative venture,
in the (a: the price re eiVed for the grapes deo ends upon the

profits from the operation of the firlch Grape Juice Co.'s en-

...:

O:

tire eastern ivisicn.
The Paw Paw Grape Juice Co. in Pew Pet is Yichigen's sec-
ond largest grape Juice plant. It is og>eretri by John Turn=r
83d his brothers. They also own and optrete Kickigan's largest
winery, Sic iman Wineries, Inc., 10 ed in LuW.to n, and PX‘
tensive vinevards in the a20a. T7ch of tte two plants has a
total storage ca'acitv of one million willons. The? have been
in the grape grQVin* busine ess since 1903, their ftther hevi ng
started some ten to twel ve years previous to the time. To—
day, their vineyards total almost 250 acres. They waintain
an office and warehouse at Le wton, near the winery, vhero vine-
upp Mi s are handled in large quantities
A. F. Yurch Co. of Pam Pzir is primerilv a me nufecturer of

grape concentrate, some of which is shipped to a company in

Florida, who either sells it as a concentr rr te or dilut.s 1t

 

1“

national Grape Co~cperative Association, Inc., eastern
contract form.

The Lra wt on story, 0. cit., p. lo.

—

 

..90—

J

to produce grape juice. A.F. lurch in tu1 n sells or rcrge con-
centrate in Iictigen shipp:d to him from Florifia, enfl is con-
templating the m01Hufcture of j1filCPS and cc:nc entr tee from a
number of other fruits. Problems in merkcting surplus fruit
grovn in the area may be pertly solved by this men fecture of

Juice ouncefltretes. The canoent

H

etc is less bulky than th
juice tuet can be n1ede from it and is, therefore, easier and
Cheeper to tranSgort to market. Alt}17u 3h ..urch formerly made
ciampagne at the Paw Paw plent, he presently prOCeesee no wine,

but die ributes Cedillec tines made by a firm outside the

ice rest of the prOCessing concerns in the Pet Pcw—La mt m1

area are 11elltr t -en tthe desc ribed. The safe is true of

('1'
o

the eight companies that were cperating in 1957 in the S
Josepl—Ee. on Ha rice or area. Thee: letter are also more widely

scattered throughout the area, reflection, no doubt, of the

9.:

t0

fact hat a Ierger prcportfzn of the grapes in errien County

are marketed as fresh fruit and the vineyards e

H

OsS Ccnccn-

+4

e

U'

tr

m

ted then in Van Buren County.

Each processing plant employs one or more fieldmen.
Growers rho send their gre GSPS to a processor usually have
signed a contract with the ccepenv'e Cietrict t'ield represen-

tative. Those rho nave not signed such a Coutre t simply Fe-

liver th:ir grapes to a processor who either vertelly a;

 

1... .. 1. - _
interview vi *1 A.1~. .-urch, Cct. 11+ 10,39

’ '/ .

...91...

to purchase the present truckloed or refuses, Czepenai on the

x.
U

needs a th” time. A rOWP mnv sell graces from his vinchrd

E
to several different processors.

Although quelitr control ens bracing of srepes s not as

...:-

C

strict as that enforCed in the case of tioee destin1i f0

fresh fruit markets, th ere ere, nevertheless, stenderds estsh—

U2

t

LC

lished bv the Division of Foofis end rMs, Fichigen'Depart-
ment Of Agwri c¥ture, for proc seine.j er nd freezing grade greoes

which are heli to. :nere are also certain state lam;

U)
(A)
’ 3
f‘)
...!
H
L3
4

with the quality of grepes to be manufactured into wine in
Kichigen. Tech yeer the Uic”igen Department of Agriculture,
in conjunction with the Enforcement DivisiDn of the Liquor
Control Commissifn places a treilor lebo re.orv at Fe m Fe m in
inspect and taste the grapes to en-
sure the prOper qua litf. The processing plants themselVes
nploy control technici he to check th e queliti of the grepes
delivered to them, perticulerly the s gar content of these
grapes.

Because the processors pe more for grapes vith a hisher

"‘b

sugar percentage and 0. tan refuse those with less than a cer-
tain sugar content, vineyardists try to Tait until their grapes
attain tr e optimum suge.r content ref ore delivering then. In

attempts to maintain a beler ce between the amount of grants

Just as Fre ~cs e jo"ede "vintz3e :m* r" in 1959, the Ticki—
gsn grape crop of 'h; geer elso reach -n the condition of hi{h-
cs t CUElitV anfi sugar conter t in s: vrr. ycere es re oorte cg

n Ln

'0
'- a
th e Lic_i:en Department of A3riculture '9 Chemical
Division.

...92-

elivered to the pre es enfi the arount t“y can hendle, the
plant opcrstors cannonly demenfi a specific amount of grapes per

q

‘A‘ 4- - 4—
CLay from esp-:1 con11r...c.,

"§

\)
“'3

at tircs than hirv;sts are poor, or
the v‘eeefcl’zer 5urin3 hfimrvl st is adverse, the erowtrs find it dif-
ficult to meet this quote; then crops ere heavy, es in 10:”
they wish to C¢li Ver more ths1 ranted in orfier to market the
cerries at pcak quality eni before rail storms or eerly

-

fine growers ere usually paid ty the ton for their grc es,
priccs r191!“ pro sportieno sly with sugar content percentage
above an snount set by the procrseing plant. There is no lat
placing a lower limit on prices the processor‘pays.peys, ex-

cept one passed by the [ichigan Le "E,ch esteblished

H'
U)
}.J
(D
(1*
S.
«.5
’D
|_b

an 935.00 per ton minimum that must be paid for those to he
for waking vine within the state of Iictigan.

In a normal season, "ict‘: es, Delereres, and Concorfs

1

ripen and “re he vestcd suc ces sivvly. Previous to the initial

8

run of Kiagerus, or "whites", the procrssing plant neCFinery is
completely ClFEnefi s as to rake the clearest wire and/or chem-
psgne poss sible. .me equipment GW)€ not have to he thorou3hly

cleaned between successive proce sslng

of the "rhites" (Eiag~

ores) and the "reds" (Delaware?) end the "blues" (Concorfis)

1
Article 16, Secti
n

 

on 163, as addei h; Pu clic Act 231,1,37,
:nd subsequently ame defl.by Public Act. ~"o. 1219 Extra
sion). Portions of these regulatians, as copiedo _rem "Wine
Rules and :e Wulat ons", -iC‘isen Liquor Ccntrcl “or"icsic.,
July 1948, zre cited on the next couple of pages.

_ 92 -

1

due to the graiustion of light to sari in juice color

Fi.31 procsssing tngins only after tbs prsssvd juic
storag3 tsnks of t33 pl3nt Ere fill In some yssrs, fihsn th
rsrvvst is too small to fill the tsnks, grspns or juice 3re 13—
ported from othcr arses vrcre thrre is a surplus. In ctnsr
vw3 rs, the s3ms vintgsrds m3y yield unusually large harvests.

At such tifi3s thw grocss 31.3 p1 nts will often take more

r4.)

grapss than thsy have contrscted or shipping trs excess jui-e

2
1

to othsr plarts and stor3gs csntcr

Laws 3nd Problem3 Concsrninm Terksting f Wins 3r393§.--

 

For some years bsfore larch 30, 1951, one of the rost signifi~
cant problems connected.vith the marksting of T‘chgan gr3p38
res the fyct that rincs from California w:re b3in3 solfl eves pFr
in‘Michigsn t53n wore comp3 -r3ole Wirrs made in Tichigan. lichi~
gan vine mskrrs sought to Eth this covgstition by importi *

rib

I”. a r- 'I ‘ ‘ C: vs v". ( w 1"“ v I ,~ ‘-. . "\ ‘
sPPOrs Ltd Juice frov 37if3r is 3333338 3.13 i~s CuFEPEP then

 

In 1959, for exavpls, due to 3 preps surplus in th3 3w
Pam—Lewton 3rs3., th3"31ch olgnt 1r Lsmton “ts soncin; Jufcc
by stainl 333 steel linto t3iisr tracks to tktir Arfians33 plant
fihsre prochsing h36.311~3i¥r r”““(-nce-fl 33d 3r3p3 juice stor3ge
Sp3C3 mES avail3tle (IntchiPW with 9otvrt Ashbfi, Yelch field-
man, Cot. 13, 1959). Cn Sfipt. 10, 1959, ?Cm3rfl Cox, Ecrton
H3rLor Fru t “&T&Ct, Tarket I ster, recrivsd a 1rttgr from the
3'atkins G133, Lew Yor K, processing plant TCQUKStin: Niag3rs
and Dm31z'rr3 grsors, w;ich duo prim3ri ly to the lighter soils
and. "lake lfiflUCnCP", usuallv ripen l3tsr in somtEwsst Iic‘ifsn
than in 13w York 3; rs thsf "FTP ir sqort suppl" (Intvrvisw

t. 10, 1933 . John Tarnrr, 0'3 r 3rd cp-

3tor o: octh the Paw Paw Grape Juice Cc. ori ;‘C"5rn Jiner-
133, Inc., sends surplus cs 3nd po3333 to 3 cold st '
pl3nt in DVC3tur, 733 o 1y, whence it is oht3in3d I
chainstors aLgnts end pro 331 into gr 93 proguct: “c i
(ConVFr33tin 31th an off 31 of [13”33 3 tin rits, I c.,

SPpt. 17: lJ:/)

21').

1'

0'3

‘ I I- nix "I '0 ~ D .. ~. " ”- " V ‘1‘ V. r! I '
purchasing sic iaan grapes. as a CunStCurnvv, mic i;.n arhpf

C

growers ccrplained to :tate officials that the competition of
California wines, grapes, and jnice was:so severely depressing
the prices which they received for their grapes that operation
was unprofitable. As a consequence, the hichigan Legislature
in 1937 sought to provide relief by amending and adding to cer-
tain sections of the Hichigan State Liquor Law Amendment to

the Constitution as established by Act. No. S of the Public
Acts of 1933 (Extra Session). One pertinent addition by Act
281, Public Acts 1937, was Section 16a. This, in part, stated
that:

There shall be levied and collected by the commission

on all wines sold in this state and manufactured from
grapes or fruits not grown in this state, a tax at thee
rate of fifty cents per gallon if sold in bulk.and in
like ratio if sold in smaller quantities: Provided,‘hem.
QQE§V§P, That the commission shall reduce the tax forty-
six cents per gallon on all wines manufactured in Michia
gan from grapes grown in Hichigan, for which the win-
eries, blenders or rectifiers have paid, in cash, the
Hichigan grape growers fifty—five dollars, per ton, or
more, at the shipping point, the buyer furnishing at

his expense, all neCessary packages or containers and
paying transportation charges beyond such shipping
point: the tax shall likewise be reduced on wines manu-
factured in.Hichigan from Michigan grown fruits, other
than grapes, and also on such wines when blended with
wine or wine spirits manufactured from grapes and

fruits not grown in Nichigan, when such blend does not
use in the finished product over 25 per cent in vol-

ume of wines or wine spirits manufactured outside the
state of fiichigan. All wines not manufactured and not
entitled to tax reduction as provided herein shall be
subject to and shall pay to the cimmiseion the full
amount of tax as provided herein.

"Wine Rules and Regulations", 93. ci p.

-95...

Section 16b, added by the same Act, provided that:

There shall be levied and collected by the commission
a tax of ten cents per gallon on wine manufactured
from grapes or fruits not grown in this state, and
imported or purchased by bonded hichigan wineries,

blenders orlrectifiers to be Used for blending pur-
poses only.

Section 16 of the original Act of 1933 was amended from
time to time (Act 281 - 1937; Act 133 - 1945; Act 349 - 19u7).
The most important provision of this Section states:

That wine manufactured in Kichigan from the Juice
of grapes grown in Hichigan shall be sold at prices
that shall not exceed the cost to the commission of
buying and distributing such wine, and shall in no

case exceed a gross profit to the commission of 10
per cent.2

While these various amendments and additions to the
Michigan State Liquor Law helped, they did not entirely sat-
isfy the Michigan grape growers. In 1950, the minimum price
that must be paid Nichigan grape growers to qualify for the
reduction in the tax on wines manufactured in Kichigan was
raised from $55.00 to $85.00 per ton by an amendment to Sec-
tion 16a through Act. 12, Public Acts 1950 (Extra Session).
The same bill provided that:

.....the minimum price for wine of over 16 per cent of

alcohol by volume, shall be based upon the minimum
price of grapes per ton as set forth in Section 16a,
and shall be 1 per cent of the minimum price of-

grapes per ton for ea odEfifth gallon of wine or
fraction thereof.....

1Ibid., p. 57.

21bido, pp. 55-560

3Senate Substitute for Senate Bill No. 17, Hichigan 65th
Legislature, Extra Session of 1950, a bill to amend Sections
16, 16a, and 19 of Act No. 8 of the Public Acts of the Extra
Session of 1933.

-96-

These various measures were, of course, opposed by Cal—
ifornia vineyardists and authorities. Consecuently, repre-
sentatives from Michigan and California met wit the Nichigan
Committee on Interstate Cooperation on Yarch l, 1951. Con-
clusions reached were that a) California wines were being
sdld in Michigan at prices lower than what they were being
sold for in other states, and even California, and b) under
existing or contemplated legislation in Michigan, California
wines of the same quality and characteristics, would have to
compete on an even price basis with Michigan wines.1

Thus, there is today an established minimum price that
must be paid for Kichigan grapes manufactured into mine in
Nichigan; also wine made from Hichigan grapes is benefitted by
near-elimination of a heavy tax levied on wines not made from
Xichigan grapes and by the establishement of a minimum price
for the sale of wines of over 16 per cent of alcohol by vol-
ume, regardless of where manufactured and the origin of the
grapes used. This minimum price is based on the one that
must be paid for fiichigan grapes used in manufacturing Wines
in Hic igan. These measures were designed to directly or in-

directly aid the Kichigan grape growers.

"Liquor Intergovernmental Relations", Michigan Committee
on Interstate COOperation, Lansing, Iich., Her. 8, 1951, un-
published information borrowed from the Council of State Gov-
ernments, Chicago, Ill., p. 51.

..97—

Vineyard Associations

Throughout the history of commercial grape production
in southwest Lichigan, various grape growers' cooperatives
and other associations have plagld an i.'1portant part in tne
protuction and marketing of the grape crops. Over the years,
a large numb er of these cooperatives have come into being,
operated for a time, and in most oases, passed out of exist-
ence One of t;e first, if n t the first, to be formed was

the South Haven Pomological Society, 01 aa'ized in 1870 pri-

*4.

marily in order to teacn tne fru t farmers about the grow-

ing of varieties best suited to the area.
One orgaw'ization of partic la r significance was the South-

ern.ticnigan Fruit Association WhiCfl was started at Lawton in

Mcfr’
~L’~\J,;

. It built up a memoerahip of as many as 600 growers,
vno at peak ope1ati ns loaded as many as one hundred refrig-

erator Cars at thirtten railroad stations in a single day

-—.

and had sales returns as high as el,503,0au for one harvest.

In 1933. the As ociation are alal Smrted with the Pew paw
Fruit Growers' Union wnich was established in 1302, and is

('3
apparently still active.“

Tod ay, in addition to the National Grape Co-cperative

1 f
T.T. Lyon, "history of Zic L an Bruit Culture-", in Eirht-

Annual Report of the Secv. 9; the State Pomological Soc. 2;
nichiigan, 1:378 (Lansing, Llic:1.: V7.8. {Eerie 6c Co., State
Printers and Binders, 1879), p. 178.

 

2
R Paw Centennial: Pictorial History Souvenir Program
(Pa?! Paw, “1011.: PC??? Pa“!!! PI‘GSS, I SID/TY, p. Er.

9“ ‘
- U

Association, Inc., which has bexn previously notrd as owning

and operating tne ev1ton plant of the Welcn Grape Juice Co.,

,3

tiers are several other more inp rtant groups test should be
mentioned. Tne Paw Paw Co-operative Association, in Paw Paw,
originally formed in June, 920, as a grape gm rs' organi-
zatio rn under the presi ency of K.D. Buskirt, later bou 5ht

out the older Wolverine Grape Growers' Association. In 1959,
tnis group included 2,1l5 members.1 The Wine Institute of
flichigan, or*sni zed in 1938 by seven important processors in
Paw Pan and in Detroit, functions as a manufacturers coopera-
tive by artitrating with the Liquor Control Corniission, the
Department of Agriculture, and the grape growers. It also
sets annual prices for grapes to be made into wine which have

nged from 935.00 per ton to 9127.50 per ton as was paid in
2
J

p.—

H
\0

g

Two other si_r Jific nt cooperatives rtpre - ed within the
Southwest nicnigan Vinegard Region are the Farm Bureau and
Farmers' Union. The former, based in Lansing, Ric lean, pro-
vides its "\7JHFS with a) a 1:3 islntive voice in State and
Federal issues, b) life, fire, auto, and hospital insurance,
and c) discounts on farm equipment and supplies, chief among
which is gasoline. 0f the 6,956 Farm Bureau members who re-
side in the Region, many produce grapes. As of April 13,

1960, some 2, 65r? members were located in Berrien County;

 

Paw Paw Cent cnnial 92. c t., p. 27.

2
Orsolini, 9p. 0 t., p. 27.

..99—

1
2,193 in Van Buren; 1,311 in Kalamazoo; and 300 in Cass.
Farmers' Union, a smaller organization tnan the Farm

Bureau, among other activities, maintains a legislative

a fairs office in Washington, D.C., and constantly strives
to increase prices and incomes for the individual frrmer.
Approximately 250 Farmers' Union members live in southwest

Lichigan, about 100 of whom operate cosmerciai vineyards.

 

1 ., e ‘
Interview witn Boxer Foercn, Organization Coordinator of
Farm Bureau, Lansing, Hich., Nov. o, 1959.

2
Letter from Ernest Sawyer, President, fiichigan Farmers'
Union, Kay 9, 1900.

CHAPTER V
SUXLARY AND CONCLUSIONS

Fourcounties in the southwestern corner of the state
usually account for some 95 per cent of Michigan's grae
production. These and their respective share of the 1953
harvest were: Van Buren, 51 per cent; Berrien, 38 per cent;
Kalamazoo, 6 per cent; and Case, 1 per cent. Kic‘igan, in
turn, usually places third in national production being sur-
passed only by California and New York, and commonly is
second_only to New York in the harvest of American type
grapes.

Within the four counties named, there are two areas of
greater vineyard concentration. One of these centers in
eastern Van Buren County around the villages of Paw Paw and
Lawton; the other is more widely dispersed, but focuses on
the twin cities of St. Joseph and Benton Harbor. Indicative
of the differences in degree of concentration are the facts
that three townships of the Paw Paw-Lawton area contain 82
per cent of the grapevines in Van Buren County, whereas the
three leading townships of the St. Joseph-Benton Harbor area
contain only 34 per cent of those in Berrien County. With-
in the townships of greatest grape growing activity, this

crop accounts for a significant part of the total culti-

100

- 101 -

vated acreage, being as much as 41 per cent in Antwerp
Township, Van Buren County, and 24 per cent in Lincoln Town-
ship, Berrien County.

The present location of vineyards within the Southwest
Hichigan Vineyard Region and the concentration there of such
a large share of hichigan's commercial grape production, is
the result of more than one hundred years experience and
study. WithOut doubt the favorable climate has been the most
important physical factor explaining this develOpment. Pre-
vailing westerly winds carry the "lake influence" into th
Region from Lake hichigan, causing retardation of vegetation
growth in the spring until likelihood of frost is past and
delaying frost in the autumn until the harvest is accom-
plished. Kany parts of Lichigan have a sufficiently long
average growing season for grape production, but have a

greater number of years with departures from the averag

6
date of the last spring frost and of the first autumn frost
than occur in southwest Hichigan. Even so, spring frosts
are the single most important cause of grape crop dame.
the Southwest Michigan Vineyard Region.

Since the “lake influence" is most effective within ten
miles of the lake shore, the cultivation of grapes tends to
become increasingly hazardous climatically farther in the in-
terior to the east. Correspondingly, greater attention must
be paid to the selection of vineyard sites that have suffi-
cient air drainage to offset increased chance of frost dam-

age. In other words, the tepegraohy upon which the vine-

- 102 -

yards are located is more significant in the Paw Paw-Lawton
area than it is in much of the St. Joseph-Benton Harbor
area. Vineyards are placed on sloping, rather than level,
land in both areas, however, except very close to Lake xi-
chigan where the "la is influence" is at a maximum.

Study of the distribution of vinvyards in relation to
surface forms revealed that in the entire Regic n son e 42 per

)

vines were on moraines, 23 per cent on outwa eh

..J
P)

cent of
plains, and 1S.5 per cent on till plains. The fact that 97
per cent of th e VlltS in the Pew Paw-Layton aria were- asso-
ciated with these three glacial features, as compared to 71
per cent in the St. Joseph-Benton Harbor area, would seem
to substantiate the conclusion concerning the increased im-
portance of proper site selection the farther from Lek.
Kichiéan the vineyard is located. Some 29 per cent of the
vines in the St. Joe eph- Be nto on Harbor .rea are located on
that is usually ccnsid ered unsuit.ble terrain (lake plains,
drainage rays, and much) but most of these are 1W1 liin the
zone of maximum "lake influence" on the clinate.

Given a suitable climate, either because of location
near Lake hickigan or on slopes providing satisfactory air
draina 3, soil becomes a physical factor of importance in-
fluencing vine.e rd location. Proc. luctive vine-y rds are pos-
sible on all but the extreme ly light or extremely heavy
soils, but the most profitable soils to use are 'oamy sands

and sandy l ams x.ith 3;: ndy or vrcvelfv substrat a. The

-103...

principal vineyard soils in southwest Iichig:en are Plain-
field, Colora, Fox, and Bellefontaine in order of decreasin3
iiportance. All of tLese ensure good underdrainage and
associated for the cost part with top03reph cal conditions
affordin3 satisfactory air and water surface drainage.
Plainficld sand, Plainfield sandy loam, and Fox sandy loam
commonly correlate with outwaSh plains and Coloma loamy
sand, Coloma sandy loam, and Bellefontaine sandy loam With
more ines. Approximately 83 per cent of the vineyard acre-
age in the HP w-Le vton area and 67 p r cent of that in
the ‘t. Joseph—Benton Harbor area are planted on these soils.
Since the area of suita.ble soils, like the areas of suitable
top03raphy and climate, is much more extensive than that of
the vineyards, it is evident thrt within the limits set bv
the physical environment, cultural factors such as early es-
establishment of successful viticu' ture, access to trans-
portation to carry the 31ap es to fresh frui markets, and
location of processing plants for wine, Juice,znd other
products have also had a part in fixin3 the present location
of the vin= rsd
While the varieties produced and the Vineyard practices
differ greatly from those in California, they are much the
same as in other grape producing regions in the northe-e stern
part of the Un ted St~t es. Approximately 90 per cent of the

pi antin3s in the South"es st iiCri“en Vinega rd Re ion are of

05:

the Concord grepei The number of Dewl *are and ia3ara vines

-101l--

are approximately equal, with some Catawba, Champions, Xoores,

and werdens also grown. A though the vineyards r nge from

fu

less than one acre to 250 acres in size, the average is
about ten acres.

Pruning of the vines is the first of the seasonal acti-
vities and is usually done in late Winter or spring. Be-
cause of increased yields obtained, a practice hnovn as
"balanced" pruning, which was developed by N.L. Partridge of
Xichigan State University as early as 1929, is today widely
used in southmest Hicligan. The vines, as elsewhere in the
northeastern states, are trained along vertical trellises.
Either the one-stem, h-arm Kniffen or the 6-arm Kniffen train-
ing system is normally used, although in recent years there
has been an increase in use of the Umbrella Kniffen method.
Application of commercial fertilizers is the usual practice,
a 12-6-24 fertilizer being most cemnonly applied. ther soil
maintenance and improvement practices generally followed are
planting along contours or on terraces, the use of some type
of mulchi-g, and the establishment of a winter cover crcp,
usually rye, at the time of use last cultivation in the late
summer.

Following initiel ploughing a see? or tro befcr, the
vines bloom, there are anyvhvre from four to ten cultivations.
The last of these is usually in late JHly or early August.
Interspersed with the CUltivations are activ ties for con-

trol of insect and disease pests. Black rot is the chief

_ 105 _

J

cause of damage by Liseage and the grape-berry noth is

usually the insect causing the most destruction. At lee t

U.)

six sprayings year are recomm.nded by the COOperative Ex-

91

tension Service of Hicuigan State "niversity and a Spraying
Calendar, issuvd a.nually by the university, is widely used
by the growers.

An intere sting special problem encountered by the vine-

hborinr

:W-‘ o- -)

yardists is the use of weed coztrol sprays by nei
field crop farmers that are damaging to the grapes. As a
consequence of tne dispute between grape 3ro" ers and field
croppers, the Directoro A :ri thure for the State of Kichi-

q

gen has eecreed that certain forms of weed control chenicals
should not be Hsr-d in the vicinity of the vineyards. Another
example of differing interests of the viticulturists and sur-
rounding field crop farmers is the use by the grape growers
of wheat as cover crOp without spraying this to preV(nt it
becoming a breeding place for the Hessian fly. This pest is
a constant menace to Wheat fields and the W eat farmers take
measure! to protect themselves from it, so are at odds with
he viticulturists who ignore it.

Pruning and tieing of the vines requires the larges
amount of labor inputs of any single vineyard activity. An
average of 33 man hours of labor per acre are expended doing
this, six hours are needed for spre"ine, three for cul i-
vation, and two for other pre-harvest tasks. The harvest is
the second most demand n3 on the vineyardist's time, requir-

ing on an average sixteen hours of labor per acre.

~106-

The he .rves t extends from late Au met to early October.
During this peritd practically everyone in the loce lity
W3rks in the vineyards, but im“i 3ra,nt labor from the South

-

and.hcxico is lit le usvd. Nearly 90 per cent of the g eoes

are sent to processin3 pl nts V1 thin the Region and the re-

ainder are m?rkrt9d as fresh fruit mainly through the Ben-
ton H.r ro3r Fruit Harket. Pickers fill the co nts fners rifht
in the vint‘yards -- orcinarily 2-qusrt baskets, ackrd eight
to a carton, if the grapes are to be marketed fresh, and
wooden beer lU3s if thcy are to be processed.

Two outsta.n;in3 his

me rtt~tin 3 of

3.»
1,.)-
5
"3
U
h
’L
T)
(D
0
'31
}-b
'1
(D
d-
U
C
I.
..J
n
3
'3
‘7
:5
U)
0
to
('1‘
*5
I
“J
’U
0
*3
l

ta tion has oev lcptd frzu boat during the latter half of the

fi.‘ .‘ r v
nineteenth century,

c+
O
S
"J'
* b
*1
g)
,3
'1
n1
3.;
()1
\O
Q
cf
0
3.:
\u
"0
Q
V
O)
S
i J
cf
0

~ 1

truck slice is nstl

’31
c f
O
OJ
"7

. 3vC"nd, up until es rec ntly as
1930, half or more of the grapes were delivered to fresh
fr‘it mangets. Today these are relatively unin ortant. The
amount of fruit used by he vinyjardists themselves has also
declined greatly during the last two decades. A prOportion-
ately lar3er amount of the total crOw in the St. Joseph- Brn-

ton Harbor area is sold as fr sh fruit than is the CuCC in

(D

the Pew Paw-Lawton area.
tve sixteen processing plants op rating in the Rrrion

f
in 1957, the three lar est were located in the Pa“ Par-Lar-

the Pa Pe" Grape Juice Co. and the A.F. Kurch so. in Paw

Paw. All three Hnuf re unfermpntud greoe products. The

- 107

largest winery in the Region, the lic‘iza W'inaries, Inc.,
is also located at EWCOH.
1.21011. an 'rap.- growers are usually pc- id b" the ton for

their grapes to be processed, the price increasinr in direct

V
V *1

proportion to the amount of sugar content above a base set by
the processing plant. For some years prior to 1951, Lic‘i2an
grO"FPS were rec iving unprofitably low prises for grapes
sold for wine manufacture bece use wineric-s in :iic fan, in
order to produce wines ch eaoiy enou h to comp t: vzith those
from aliforn is, paid low prices ar nd vmre also importing
grapes and juice from California. Briefly speaking, after
amending and adding to certain sections of the Kic c‘igan State
Liquor Law Amendment to the Constitution establiShed by Act
No. 8, Pub-L ic Acts of 1933 (Extra Session), the HicPigan
Legislature levied a tax on all wines sold in Eichigan other
than those made in hictigan from richigan grapes. In the
latter case the tax was greatly reduced if the wineries had
paid.the growers a set minimum price, or more. Today this
price is $35.00 .

Throughout the history of commercial grape production in
south"cst dieii"“ n, various grape growers' COOperatives and
other associations have played an important pert in the pro-
duction and marketing of the grape creps. The most impor-
tant ones in the Re ion at pPFSS nt are the National Grape
C0-0perative Association, Inc., which has owned and operated
the Lawton plant of the welch Grape Juice Co. since Sept. 1,

1950, th 'e P. w Pew Co- opera tive Associatic n, the Wine Insti-

- 10S -

tute of Iichigan, the Farm Bureau, and the Farmers' Union --
all of which offer various benefits to the southwest Xichiqan
Viticulturists who are members.

Subsequent to a long, irregwler decline in both grape
production and number of v nes in the Southwest Kichigan
Vineyard Region, reaching a low point about l9¥5, there has

1

been an upward trend. hat this increase is likely to con-

tinue is substan iated by plm no for expansion by many of the
vineyardists in the Re i n. As a consequence of prot ec ive
laws p: sed by the St‘t L(Lmi le ,ure, and activ ties of the

cooperatives, particularly the Rational Grape Co- Operative
Association, Inc. Which controls the marketing and processing

1

of the largest snare of the grapes, the growers in recent
yea rs have benefitted from relatively hi:h and stable prices
'and have been reasonably prosperous.

The prospect for the future appears to be an increasing
6 emend for so utn'.st hichigan grapes, if for no other reason
th an nbccause the population of the Su ate and surrounding
areas is increasing. One thing is certain. Sites with sat-
isfactory conditions for the production of several tim 198 as
many grapes as are now produced are available in the South:
west Richire n Vincm..rd Region. .Also, there as ms to be little

doubt but that the conCG:n

cf

r2 tion of an (ven larger oroportion

of the total vineyard acreage of the state will occur in the
Region as demand increases, if pe st eXp*rience is any indi-
cation of the future. The Southwest Kichig

has evolved to vhere it is now a well-defined oart of the

&

hichigan landscape.

—\-

...-

APPENDIX TABLE 1*

GRAPE PRODUCTloi, 1899 - 1959
(SHORT TONS)

Year U.S. Calif. N;Y. fiich. Pa.

1899 650.492 360.717 123,849 20.765 23,563
1909 1,285,"33 989,843 126,503 60,348 17,010
1919 1,2 8,fi20 1,027,822 76,241 57,936 21,341
1929 1,941,699.1,691,111 77,205 58,911 21,662
193 1,909,481 1,660,000 64,800 58,562 17,808
193 1,931,168 1,700,000 49,400 61,145 18,981
1935 2,454,615 2,194,000 66,500 56,310 24,750
1936 1,916,46011,714,000 49,300 38,700 16,000
1937 2.779.770 2,454,000 89,100 67,200 26,000
1938 2,703,560 2,531,000 55,600 16,900 15,700
1939 2,525,830 2,228,000 75,600 58,100 23,200
1940 2,467,150 2,250,000 : 9,800“38,200 17,300
1941 2,727,500 2,547,000 7,600 26,700 12,500
1942 2,402,350 2,160,000 69,600 46,000 21,500
194 2,972,900 2,789,000 39,200 42,400 15,300
19 2,712,100 2,514,000 51,600 32,000 19,500
1945 2,781,400 2,663,000 31,300 13,500 6,000
1946 3,159,500 2,958,000 64,500 1,000 19,500
1947 3,036,400 2,836,000 60,000 12,500 18,100
1948 3,078,400 2,891,000 65,200 27,000 11,200
1949 2,650,100 2,473,000 48,400 34,300 1*,100
1950 2,687,900 2,440,000 95,800 43,000 30,000
1951 3,389,800 3,228,000 60,700 10,000 17,"o
1952 3,164,400 2,967,000 62,300 9,600 18,000
1953 2,700,000 2,479,000 67,200 9,500 1 ,000
1954 2,562,900 2,327,000 94,000 45,500 2 ,000
1955 3,241,350 3,020,000 88,500 23,500 24,000
1956 2,912,250 2,641,000 106,000 60,500 31,600
1957 2,598,750 2,382,000 66,000 48,000 19,500
1958 3,026,070 2,741,000 100,600 50,500 29,000
195923.2311350 2.950.000. 84.000 57,000 29,000

Includes small quantities not harvested on

market conditions as follows:
left on vines in 1933; N.Y., 6,310 tons in 1937; Kich.,

3,360 tons in 1937.

2Indicated.

Ohio

39.597
212907
20,861
14,121
27,412
22,720
29,110
26,400
37,800

9,800
42,800
22,500
14,600
22,400
17.900
18,600

5,100
12, 00
15, 00
11,000
15,800
19,100
15,600
13.700
16,500
16,900
17,000
13,800
10,900
20,000
16,000

account of

Calif., 3,000 tons sold but

3From 1950 to 1959 inclusive, washington produced.the fol-

lowing tonnages:

1953 - 46.100; 1954 - 30.700; 195; ~

1957 - 50,000; 1958 - 54.000; 1959 - 57,000.
tion of Washington in recent years, and hissouri in earlier

ones,

the states in the table were the leaders.

1950 - 23.000; 1951 - 22.700; $952 - 33.100;
48,600; 1956 - 30,000;
With the excep-

“U.S., Befisuslg£.Agric., 1899 - 1929; Aaricultural Statis-

tics, U.S. Dept. of Agric., 1936 - 1960.

109

-110 -

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

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- 111 -

APPENDIX TABLE 3*

MICHIGAN GRAPENINE
TOTAL AND IN LEADING COUNTIES, 1910 - 1954

(NHMBER AND PER CENT OF STATE TOTAL)

§121§.22121

Not of Per
Icar Bearing Age Of Bearing Age Total Cent
.1910 1,869,648 11,913,476 13,783,224 100.0
1920 607,149 11,097,734 11,704,882 100.0
1925 17,219,05 100.0
1930 879,868 16,919,628 17,799,496 100.0
1935 480,601 17,840,130 18,320,731 100.0
1940 361,448 11,176,193 11,537,641 100.0
1945 10, 55,4 6 100.0
1950 431,483 8,039,965 8, 71,348 100.0
1954 462.705 7,485.99 7.948.702 100.0

13g Buren
1910 6,000,348 50.41
1920 104,989 4,429,189 4,534,178 38.9
1925 . , . 5.970.321 34.7
1930 116,944 2,905,014 6,081,958 34.2
1933 56,202 ,717,018 6,773,220 37.0
19 15.409 4.224.568 4.23 .977 30.7
1945 4.29 .563 41.5
1950 260,414 3,569,716 3,830,130 45.2
1954 64.370 3.379.853 3.404.229 43.6
Berrien
1910 2,192,008 13.41
1920 259.587 4.319.218 4.57%.S05 23-1
1325 , 7.612.977 .2
1930 301.339 7.557.244 7.898."83 44.2
19 5 155.325 6.990.028 .145.fi23 39-1
19' 96,0:1 4,407,122 ,503,163 39.0
1945 3.911.657 37-8
1950 30,474 3,256,213 3,286,687 38.8
1954 305.731 3.094.640 3.400.377 2.8

.........

1945

1910
1920
1925
1930
19 5

1945

19 0
1954

- 112 -

APPENDIX TABLE 3 (continued)

Not of

Bearing.Age

44,847

53.003
22,512
7.89}

23.764
14,134

3.599
30, 520
5,221

16,242
7.163

6,158
2,466

,096

24,093

12,127
7.494

10,518

34.455
20,902
11.097

14,124
610

Of Be

Kalamazoo

694, 4&
669, 002

973. 492

1,161,909

759.282

37%
E61 234

Allegan

172,361
94,276

272. 55
249, 63
151, 452

71,046
102, 364

Cass

411,769
200,752

393.917
368, 099

167. 547

83, 649
72, 760

nonroe

aring Age

Total

713.; 949
514.3 05

1,026, 00
1,184,121

E67. .175
2 818
1, 262

575 308

979875
367, OH)
302 875
259.403

153.993
87,288

109.527

208, 910
243,120
329 383
372.195
1/1,OL10
120 ,032

0 77
83: 253

185, 574
366, 652
24 ,960
29 ,699
181,063
96:53”
80.550
27.988

O

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Year

1910
1920
1925
1930
1935
1940
1945
1950
1954

1910
1920
1925
1930

1945
1950
1954

1910
1920
1925
1930
1935
1940
1945
1950
1954

_ 113 _

APPENDIX TABLE 3 (continued)

Not 8:

Bearing Age

12,626
31, 601

7,248
11,466

3, 605

620

43,036
19. 63
11. 7
2,500

1.799
2,017

119.789
266,972

213,801
198,825

41, 3165.4

gent

Of Bearing.Age

253.1 3
209.7'1

2111:7.373
O
’8E8

124,

44,166
24, 179

Ottawa

211122
1,684,868
712.313

1,025,348

18:88:88.8

458,854
233.99}

Census, Arricul

Total

222 ,367
,361
.72 ...
271, 818
135, 898
1 19, 464
47. 771
24,805

331, 223
E18, 6E9
17 9 5
408, 512
142, 858
119, 805
20,522
15.985

"d
m
"S

Cenfi

F’

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Q1
l4

OOHHmmpmm
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Computed from the total number of vines of bearing age
only.'

’U.S. Bureau of the tugfi, 1910 - 1954.

LEADIl‘ G-

- 114 -
APPE"DIX TABLE 4*
KUKBER OF GRAPEVINES

 

 

State
Per
Year Amount Cent
934 480, 601 100.0
195 462, 705 100.0
Berrien Countx
1
Per
Year Aflount Cent
1939. 155,395 32. 4,096
305.731 oo.1 7.494
Berrien Townshigs
Lincoln-' Revalton
Per1 Per
Year Amount Cent Amount Cent
1935 17.940 11.5 7, 75 4.7
1954 56,825 18.6 30, 93 10.0
Baroda Bainbriégg
193 28,199 18.1 8,369 5.4
195 25,815 8.4 25,298 , 8.3
Pigestone Oronoko
1934 3, 688 2.4 3, 515 2.3
195 16.756 5.5 166 5.5
32322 §2§E§
193 4, 675 3.0 2840 1.8
1954 15,245 5.0 14,002 4.6
Watervliet Niles
1935 615 0.4 2,435 1.6
195 8,530 2.8 5,532 1.8

FCT OF BEARING
COUNTIES AND TOWESHIPS OF SOUTHWEST fiICHIGAN

Amount

AGE

0228 Countz

Per
Cent

0.9

1.6

Benton

Per
Amount Cent

16,217 10.4
28,815 9.4

 

20,311 6 6
2222122
2,43 1.6
16,487 5.4
Weesew
1,660 1.1
9.553 3-1
St, Joseoh

 

_ 115 _

.APPENDIX TABLE 4 (continued)

Berrien Townahigs (continued)

 

 

 

Chikaming Coloma Buchanan
Per Per Per
Year Amount Cent Amount Cent Amount Cent
193 6 205 4.0 6 890 4.4 4 342 2.8
1952 4:390 1.4 21354 0.8 21343 0.8
Others
1935 6,563 4.2
1954 773 0-3
Case Townshigs
Silver Creek Pokagon Others
Per Per Per
Year Amount Cent Amount Cent Amount Cent
193 ---- --- 10.9 3 651 89.1
1953 2,670 35.6 11,000 313,3 5:3:82M 7 51.0
Van Buren County Kalamazoo County
Per Per
Year .Amount Cent Amount Cent
193 56,202 11.7 22 512 4.7
1952 84,376 16.2 14,134 3.1
Van Buren TownShigs
;;M_gaw Paw Porter Antwerg
Per Per Per
Year Amount Cent Amount Cent Amount Cent
19193 5.103 9.1 7,605 13.5 --—- --~-
195 19,641 23.3 17,697 21.0 12,706 15.1
nglgr Decatur .l_1mena
193 --- ---— 13,34 23.7 8,290 14.7
195 8,480 10.1 6,240 6.1 5,33 6.3
Hamilton Hartford Lawrence
1935 270 0.5 2,200 3.9 125 0.2
1954 4,020 4.8 2,300 2.7 2,200 2.6

-—--_.-.-

 

- 116 -

APPEDWDIX BLE 4 (continued)

Van Buren Townships (continued)

 

Covert Arlington [£32392
Per Per Per
Year Amount Cent Amount Cent Amount Cent
1935 13,178 23.4 --- --—— ---- ----
1954 2,195 2.6 1,200 1.4 845 1.0
Waverly Others
1932 1,710 3.0 4,391 7.8
195 400 0.5 519 0.6
Kalamazoo Townships
. Texas Cshtemo Others
Per Per Per

Year Amount Cent Amount Cent Amount Cent

1932 1,004 4.6 1,588 33.7 13,920 61.8
195 6, 683 47.3 ,196 29.7 3,255 23.0

Data for counties in Iicri“ n other than the four mentioned
were: 242, 336, 50. 4 per cent, in 1935; and 50,970, 11.0 per
cent, in 195

Percentages given are of state totals in the case of coun-
ties and of county totals in the case of toamships.

*Data for 1935 from 1955 Census of Acriculture for? ich;-
gan ,_x Tovnghigg, Michigan Agricultural Statistics, 1951.
Data for 1954 from 1954 Cengu us of Agriculture for LichiganIQX

Cguntieg and.;4nor Civil Division (T Townships s), Yichi::an Agri-
cultural Statistics, 1956.

 

Jill‘IIIIlIII-l

- 117 -
APPENDIX TABLE 5*

TOTAL NUKBER OF GRAPEVINES

LEADING COUNTIES AND TOWNSHIPS OF SOUTHWEST VICHIGAY

tate
Per
Year Amount Cent
1935 18,320,731 100.0
1942 10,355,496 100.0
195 7,948,702 100.0

Van Buren Countv

 

O
..

Kalamazoo County

Per1 Per
Year Amount Cent Amount Cent
1935 6,773,220 7.0 1,184,421 6.5
1942 4,294,563 '1.5 672,818 6.5
195 3,464,229 43.6 575 368 7.2
Van Buren Townshigg
Antwerg Porter Paw Paw
Per Per Per
Year Amount Cent Amount Cent Amount Cent
19} 2,756,385 40. 4.?7},455 15.8 1,034,754 15-3
1942 1,264,076 29. 1,116,915 26.0 813,804 18.9
195 1,276,068 36.8 851,536 24.6 722,812 20.9
Keeler Decatur Almena
1935 178,928 2.6 352,9“9 .2 282,442 4.2
194* 94,355 2.2 189, 74 ..4 142,450 3.3
1954 205,326 5.9 130, 4 3.8 89,467 2.6
Hartford Waverlx Lawrence
19 5 122,076 1.8 108,063 1.6 105,724 1.6
19 4 68,612 1.6 100,290 2.3 116,596 2.7
195 41,606 1.2 30,908 0.9 29,194 0.8
Covert Arlington .2milton
1935 -158,705 2.3 66,684 1.0 143,413 2.1
19 2 45,628 1.1 26,252 0.6 81,268 1.3
195 24,217 0.7 24,100 0.7 14,660 0.

- 118 -

APPEYDIX EABLE 5 (continued)

 

Van Buren Townshios (continued)

 

 

 

Bangor Others
> P 621' P UP
Year Amount Cent Arount Cent
1935 17.352 0-3132,339 2.7
1945 8,868 0.7 205,4 5 4.8
1954 8,690 0.3 15,241 0.4
Texa Centemo Others
Per Per Per
Year Amount Cent Amount Cent Amount Cent
19 5 668,428 56.4 345, 48» 2 .2 171,511 14.5
19'3 470, 643 70. 0 170,160 24. 3 32,015 4.8
195 395,031 93 5 152 537 26 5 57,150 9.9
Berrien Countv Cass County
Per Per
Year Amount Cent Amount Cent
935 7195 “23 39.0 372195 2.0
g43311,657 7. 8 120, 032 1.2
95 0,377 2. 8 80, 254 1.0
Berrien Townshigs
Lincoln Royalton Sodus
Per Per Per
Year Amount Cent Amount Cent Amount Cent
1935 951,159 13.3 454, 793 6.4 417,935 5.8
194 419 12.8 233, 762 6.0 254, 14 - 6.5
195,950 17.8 282, 761 8.3 275,647 8.1
Bainbridgg Baroda- Lake
, 19 5 410,328 6.7 401,170 5.6 546,997 3.7
19 3 2 5,366 6.5 180, 739 4.6 234,413 .0
195 2 7,715 7.3 24L :22 7.2 229,890 6.8
Benton Berrien Cronoko
19 5 756,533 10.6 202,115 2.8 256,320 3.6
19 5 449,396 11.5 146,75 3.8 174,850 .5
1954 226, 96 6.7 207,906 6.1 194,813 5.7

_ 119 _
APPERDIXLTABLE 5 (continued)

Berrien Townshigs (continued)

 

Pigestong Hagar Chikeming
Per Per Per
Year Amount Cent Amount Cent Amount Cent
1935 212,957 5.0 320, 449 4.5 765,808 10.7
194 170, 788 4 294, 728 7.5 323,313 8.3
195 162, 498 158,610 4.7 113,150 3.3
Weesaw gt. Josegh Coloma
1935 205, ,732 2.9 524,696 7.3 300, 631 4.2
194 mg 14 2.6 155,2;3 4,0 177,4'fi3 4.5
195 SD 3.1 10 ,2 68 3.1 97,487 2.9
Niles Wetervliet Buchanan
1935 97,100 1.4. 45, 402 0.6 56 6,362 0.8
1942 75,7%1.9 26,145 0.7 32,172 0.8
195 53,188 1.6 41, 218 1.2 22,947 0.7
Others
19? 148,876 2.1
1945 123,534 3.2
195+ 27,533 0.8
Cass Townshigs
Pokagon Silver Creek Cthers
Per Per Per
‘Year Amount Cent Amount Cent Amount Cent
19 5 86, 879 23.} 87,428 23.5 197,888 53. 2
19'5 13,670 11.4 28,217 23.5 78,145 65.1
1954 26.8 22 33.4 23.370 2911 30, 062 37. 5

Data.for counties in- ic 1129 other than the four mentioned
Were: 2,845,472, 15.5 Eer cent, in 1935; 1,350 ,U2o, 17.1 per
cent, in 1945; and 28 74, 54 per Cent, in 1954.

Percentages given are of state totals in the case of coun-
ties and of county totals in the ceee of tovnships.

 

*Data for 1935 fr0219§5 Census of Atrioai.wre for 'ic 1:2n
69 r , Jicni an A. ricuiture 1— Statistics, 1951. Deta
for 19 5 and 1954 from 1 4" Lnd1;§4 Censuses of Amriczlt r
for micnigan _x Counties and 11* nor Civil ivieions T01nsiips),
11611266 Arricultural Statistics, 19 and 1956, respective1y.

 
 

LEADIH G CCUNTIES APID TO ADMIP: CF SCUTH 133T EACH

Year

3;;

199“

an Buren

Year

1934
19AA
1953

- 12o -
APPENDIX TABLE 6*
GRAPE PRODUCTION

State

 

Year Amount Cent

1915 127,(32 #7 100.0
19f5 50,9,37, 035 100.0
195A 7A, A71, 033 100.0

 

 

 

   

(Grape production was reported by
townShip.)

 

Keeler _ Decatur
1,535,2A0 3.A 2,233, 750 A.3
235.500 1.11.0mA,2—o 5.0
Hartford Waverly
335,325 1.3 661,660 1.A
257,325 1.2 209,500 1.0
Covert Arlington
709,649- 1.7 EEQJAQS 018
60, 300 0.3 132,920 0.9
Others
2 796,125 1.7
1 303,762 3.9

 

' ILAN

 

Van Burcn County. Felawezoo County
Per1 Per
Amount Cent Amount Cent
L6!17/15/06‘1 Z9 (2536‘+1 6‘0
20,920, 050 !1.0 ,170, 003 6.2
33, 033, 067 51.1 2, 210,323 5.7
Toams‘ni s
Antwgrg Porter aw Pan
Per Per
Amount Cent Amount Cent Amount
16,217,3A1 35.1 7, 331,065 17.1 10,712,263
5 639 900 27 2 5.893 52 2 27 9 5.231.315

Alme

n2

'2,125,3A9

587,

867

Isnronce

232,

3Z3

Per
Cent

23.

2

25.0
county but not by

Hamilton

1,293,6

A37,6o

10
5

- 121 -
APPFNDIXLTABLE 6 (continued)

Kalamazoo Tomnshigs

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Texas Oshtomo Others
Per Per Per
Year Amount Cent Amount Cent Amount Cent
1934 4,603,100 59.6 2,003,330 25.9 1,119,161 14.5
1944 2,396,650 91.4 116,900 3.7 156,453 4.
Berrien Countx Cass Countx
Per Per
Year Amount Cent Amount Cont
1934 56,646,943 44.3 2,731,504 2.1
1944 19,394,357 36.0 526,132 1.0
1954 26,679,954 33.5 726,661 1.0
Berrien Tounshigg
Lincoln Rovalton Sodus
Per Per Per
Year Amount Cent Amount Cent Amount Cent
1934 6,159,101 10.9 4,096,414 7.2 g,872,214'4 6.8
11944 2,931,379 15.1 1,338,446 6.9 ,536,230 7.9
Bainbridgga Baroda Lake
1934 5, 48,981 9.4 2,119,617 3.7 4,653,445 6.2
1944 1, 10,250 7.3 1,326,495 6.8 1,356,646 7.0
Benton Berrien Oronoko
1934 6.939.542 12.3 2,564,690 4.5 3,193,895 5.6
19 4 1,196,360 6.2 906,116 4.7 1,301,961 6.7
PLQostdg_ Kama Chikaming
1934 2,411,640 4.3 2,957,996 5.2 4,018,526 7.1
1944 910,532 4.7 697,690 3.6 1,426,100 7.4
‘Lesaw St, Joseoh Coloma
19 h 1:3r5: 0 2°” 3,392,037 600 129732591 305
1934 660,346 3.4 503,056 2.6 706,674 3.7

.APPENDIX TABLE 6 (continued)

 

 

Berrien To"nsh1ps (cont1r
Nileg
Per
Year Amount Cent
19 4 ,291, 098 0.5
19 3 7.057 1.8
Othvrs
1934- 701,694 1.2
1944 611,258 3.2
Case Townships
okegon
Per
Year Amount Cent
1934 796,474 29.2
19 4 74,940 14.2
,Data for counties in.
were: 15,582fi
cent, in 194

Percentages givan ar
ties and of county

*Data for 19
£§_._1

pectively.

- 122 -

ued)

Wetrrvliet

 

 

Per

Amount Cent
.229, 505 0.4
86, 013 0.4
Silver Creek
Per

Amount Cent
511,401 18.7
135,300 25.0

£1ch1{:an other than the four mentioned
11.3 per cent, in 1934; 6, 974, 493, 13. 7 per
and 2,770, 863, 3. 7 per cent,

90f

Civi Division

and 1956, res-

Buchanan

Per

Amount Cent

.362, 480 0.6

135,040 0.7
Others

Per

Amount Cent

1, 423, 629 52,1
317,8 92 60. 2

in 1953.

state totals in.the case of coun-
totals 1n the case of to mships.

35 from 1935C engug of Azriculture for Ticki-
Tovmshi Ticoiwan Agricultural S tetistics, 1951.
Data for 1944 and 1953 from 194 5 and 1954 Censuses of
pgrg for Nichixan bx Cguntigg and.?inor
shigs , Michigan Agricultural Statistics, 19

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— 126 -

 

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APPENDIX TABLE 8 (continued)

P88.

-Benton Harbor

. Jo

St

Berrien County

Coloma Fox Plainfisld

Bellefontaine

r

 

Sand Loam

 

Others Totdl

and

 

 

 

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Per

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Per

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Per
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Township

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County Total

_ 129 _

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1941

"nited States
Ca1ifornia
New‘lork
liiczigan
Ohio
Pennsylvania
Others

1950

United States
California
New York
Iiichigan
Ohio
Pennsylvania
Others

1954 (Prelim.)

United States
California
New York
Kichigan
Ohio
Pennsylvania
Others

1958 (Prelim.)

United States
California
New‘York
fiichigan
Ohio
Pennsylvania
Others

1

_ 131 -

APPENDIX TABLE 10*

GRAPE DISPOSITION, 1941 - 1953
NATIONAL AND LEADIJG STATES

(TONS)

Sold.As

Used on Fresh

Production Farm Fruit
2.727.500 34.270 625,077
2.547.900 3, 00 565.700
47,600 :L,'80 6,700
26,700 1,750 0.493
14,800 2,200 4,600
12,500 2,400 4,500
78,900 23,140 34,084
2,687,100 24,700 222,833
2,440,000 2,700 '97,400
95,800 1,400 6,700
43,000 1,400 6,080
19,100 2,400 2,500
30,900 1,980 , 920
58,300 14,820 9,238
2,569,400 20,010 541,865
2,329,000 9,710 521,600
9-,000 1,000 ,400
46,000 1,080 .970
17,500 2,300 2,300
26,600 1,600 800
50,330 4,330 8,795
3,025,070 12,650 527,947
2,741,000 2,700 500,700
100,600 600 4,000
50,500 400 5.500
20,000 720 3,760
29,000 00 900

8 .970 7, 70 13,037

Kostly cruShed for wine, brandy, and Juices.

Sold For
Other1
[Ises

1,208,869
1,120,000
39.420
15.457
8,000
5,600
20.392

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) p. 184.

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Hedrick, U.P., et al. The Cranes g: New'lork, Fifternta
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Leverett, Frank, and Taylor, Frank B. The Pleistocene g;
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/

"Liquor Intergovernmcntal Relations", icziran COXTittCe on
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Orsolini, Gino. "A History of the DevelOpment a1 Growth
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:3)
W
H
(J
>3

"Grape Production in hicii an",
perioont St etifn, Qu rterlv BHl'.rt ‘-‘
3. gicn‘“'n.n ricultural Collw”e, Ho
Section, East LC -nsin3, Hich., Foo. 19¢

"Profitable Pruning of tL.
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2£££ (PPV’.). . io iIa St'
Section, East Lansing, Li

 

 

 

Tne Frui ting Habits and Prunin3 of he Con ord
Grape" , A rfixnflitlra; ~vo»*”*1-xt Station Technical.

 

 

gulletin go. _2. Michi3an State College, Horti-
cultural S ct on East Lansi-3, ich., Oct. 1925.

""I'he Young "‘ne'" r,d" A cultural Ez-rocrinent
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College, Horticultural Sec ion, Past Lansing,

Lich-, Apr. 1929.

2

tion to Concord Grapes in Southwestern
A"T”LVI'tU“Tl..STOFPiwfflt Steti'rlfPecnn

 

 

i0. $;io LiChi an St7t9 CCllFZP, SrC

Hortic ultnr ana “Jils, East L nsing, ‘ich., June
1931.

ntpn:ial: Pictorial Histczg ”cuvenir ro'rrr.

Pa WP Vi, Lich.: P.” P Press, lfijj.

 

Pettit, R.H. "The Principal Grape In nets of Licti"an",
Airiculturrl Erorrfmrnt Station Soéci‘l Bulletin
ho. 252. ”n State College, East LanSing,

__ c ni_
Lich., July 1933.

_ 137 _

Ries, S.K., and C r1son, R.F. "Chemical weed Control for
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Licnigan State UniV+rsity, East Lansing, hich.

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SPnate Substitute for Senate Bill NO. 17: 3ficnqc n 65$”
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Papers for 195H on the Geo logy of Lichigan, Pub—
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"The Benton Harbor Fruit *rr‘rt" Yerketing Resgprdh E;-
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".8. Dept. of A 3ricu1ture, 1960

tion 1353-1958. Lawton,
er

The Efrton Storv: C<r tennial 7 .,
’ l9300

"*
LC...
1110151.: Tilt“ LE—I‘V’ bOn L6 8.5

The Licfiigan Almanac, 1% 0. Compiled by Charles K. Backus.
Detroit, Lion.: The Advertiser & Tribune Company,
ISYO.

W. 8. Bureau of the C<nsus, Census of the United States,

Agricm ture (various veers).
”.8. Census 2;.Agricu1ture.(varicus years).

. Photostat COpies of the 1935, 19A 5, and 195A an-
au §§§ _; A2riculture fior . hi chu tie and
hinor givi1 Divisicns own Chi as,% 511, 19 o, and
1950, respectively.

 

U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Agricultural Statistics (various

 

years
. Farmers' BU1 19 n an M9 1942 (rev. 1951)

. New.s Lf Farmgr C O , fioecia] I*°+i*u_§,Tssu§,
Fa.rmer COOperative Service, Oct. 1950.

. Soil Survey :aps.

 

 

 

 

 

".S. Dept. of Commg roe , Heather Burceu, CliT”tPS cf the
8323.” ‘C 1'sn,Lkfir1959
. Clim'tw10~*noi DPt(9~ , ic‘irsn, A22u21 Summfigx,
1750 (V‘Dl. 65’1-0. 13) to 'y’o (‘JOJ—o 75, LCD. 13).
\JWhPVIET: R. G., and Lord_, E.F. ”The Sou: "#:tcrn Yichijen

Fruit and V6 ,PtP01e Fr rm Businrss, 1957;

Crap Costs

 

 

and Rf turns", Aggieultuy; J. {L‘ZF‘wthwé- $331211,
QuertrrLg Bullgtiu, V31. 41, :3. ;, 21c igan State
or _ v - "o 'f -- (Y4. ." ~,-' . w" - (I.
U:.Li\l erbltd ’ LVnDU L(J.nb;.ii—;, ..-iCLL. , 19500

1'? ' - (- 1‘1: “
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HICHIGQN STATE UNIV. LIBRQRIES

31293102565268