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CHEMICAL AND HYDRO-LOGICAL
INVESTIGATIONS 0% THE. :50- CEDAR
R IVER. WATERSHED

Thesis {or the Degree of M, 3.
MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY

Robin Lewis Vannote
1961

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ABSTRACT
CHEMICAL AND HYDROLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS
OF THE RED CEDAR RIVER WATERSHED

by Robin L. Vannote

An investigation was made to determine the source and
level of phosphorus entering the Red Cedar River from the
various tributaries in the watershed. The Red Cedar River
is a warm water stream which drains the south central
portion of Michigan. The physiography of the watershed is
typical of many of the small rivers which drain agricultural
areas in the state.

In addition to determining the contribution of phosphorus
by the tributaries, eight stationscnithe Red Cedar River
were studied to determine phOSphorus transport within the
main stream. Hydrological investigations were conducted on
the tributaries and at the main stream stations in conjunc-
tion with the phOSphorus studies.

A statistical design is presented which facilitated the
chemical sampling of tributary streams on the basis of sea-
sonal flow patterns and size.

The study revealed that the tributaries contributed,
on an annual basis, slightly less than 50 percent of the
total phosphorus passing through the terminal study station
on the main stream. Additional phosphorus sources were:
effluent from sewage disposal plants, septic tank overflows,
and municipal drains. The largest source of phosphorus

entered the stream through Wilmarth Drain, with the greatest

Robin Lewis Vannote
phosphorus accrual being in the lower one-third of the stream.
A significant positive correlation was found to exist
between phosphorus transport and stream discharge for those
tributaries draining agricultural and woodland and not
enriched by domestic pollution. Tributaries which were
enriched by domestic and light industrial pollution were
found to have phosphorus tranSport rates independent of
stream discharge patterns regardless of the season of the
year.

A positive phosphorus gradient was observed in the river
from the upstream areas to the downstream area, and was A
associated with increased watershed drainage area and increased

urbanization of the downstream area.

CHEMICAL AND HYDROLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS

OF THE RED CEDAR RIVER WATERSHED

by

Robin Lewis Vannote

A THESIS

Submitted to
Michigan State University
in partial fulfillment of the requirements

'for the degree of

MASTER OF SCIENCE

Department of Fisheries and Wildlife
1961

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ACKN OWLED GEMENTS

The writer wishes to express his sincere appreciation
to Dr. Robert C. Ball, under whose guidance this study was
undertaken, and whose suggestions and criticisms were
invaluable in the preparation of the manuscript.

He is also grateful to Dr. Don w. Hayne for designing
the sampling scheme employed throughout the study. Special
thanks are extended to Mr. John F. Carr with whom much of
the field work was carried out.

The study was financed by a grant from the National

Institutes of Health (Project - RG-5345-CS).

ii

TABLE OF CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . .
METHODS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Sampling Schedule . . . . . . . .
Water Temperature . . . . . . . .
Hydrogen Ion Concentration . . .
Conductivity . . . . . . . . . .
Turbidity . . . . . . . . . . . .
Stream Flow . . . . . . . . . . .
Phosphorus . . . . . . . . . . .
Total Phosphorus . . . . . .

Dissolved Phosphorus . . . .

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION . . . . . . .
Hydrology . . . . . . . . . . .
Tributaries . . . . . . . .

Red Cedar River . . . . . .

Chemical Characteristics . . . .
Tributaries . . . . . . . .

Red Cedar River . . . . . .

SUWIARY C O O O O O O O . 0 O O O O O 0

LITERATURE CITED . . . . . . . . . . .

iii

Page

13“
16
I6
16
17
17
18
18
19
19
19
23
29
33
58
71
73

 

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TABLE

1.

10.

ll.

12.

LIST OF TABLES

PAGE

A comparison of annual discharge rates to
watershed areas for two tributary streams
and the Red Cedar River . . . . . . . . . . 11

The tributaries of the Red Cedar River
ranked according to drainage area and
seasonal sampling intensities . . . . . . . 12

Comparison of drainage area with annual
discharge for the tributaries of the
Red Cedar River . . . . . . . ... . . . . . 24

Average daily discharge for the tributaries
during high and low stream stages . . . . . 25

Average seasonal physical-chemical properties
of the tributaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

Average seasonal physical-chemical prOperties
at eight stations on the Red Cedar River . . 32

Comparison of the annual accrual of phosphorus
from the tributaries and the sewage disposal

plant with the level observed at

Hagadorn Road . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

Estimates of the seasonal daily phOSphorus
levels and discharge for two tributaries
of the Red Cedar River . . . . . . . . . . . 37

Phosphorus content and discharge rates of
two tributaries during the high
water Stage 0 O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O 38

Estimates of the seasonal daily phosphorus
levels for the tributaries of the
Red Cedar River . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41

Correlation values and "t" test values for
the regression of phosphorus against discharge
for the tributaries of the Red Cedar River . 49

Kilograms of phoSphorus per square mile per

year and discharge in million cubic feet

per square mile per year for the tributaries

of the Red Cedar River . . . . . . . . . . . 59

iv

TABLE ‘ PAGE

13. Comparison of phosphorus levels reported
from several midwestern drainage systems . . . 69

LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE PAGE

1. Average monthly discharge of the Red Cedar
River for 1947-1958 and average monthly
discharge for February 1958 through January
1959. (Data from U. S. Geological Survey) . . 9

2. Drainage map of the Red Cedar River and its
principal tributaries showing sampling
Stations 0 O C . O C C O O O C O C C C C O O O 15

3. Annual volume of discharge for 12 tributaries
and 8 main stream stations on the Red Cedar
River. February 1958 to February 1959 . . . . 22

4. Annual accrual of total phosphorus from the
tributaries and at 8 stations on the Red Cedar
River. February 1958 to February 1959. . . . 44

5. Annual accrual of dissoIved phosphorus from
the tributaries and at 8 stations of the Red
Cedar River. February 1958 to February 1959 . 46

6. Relationship between phosphorus transport
and stream discharge for the high water stage
on ten tributaries of the Red Cedar River . . 52

7. Relationship between phosphorus transport
and stream discharge for the low water stage
on ten tributaries of the Red Cedar River . . 54

8. Relationship between phosphorus transport
and stream discharge irreSpective of the
season of the year. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56

9. Average daily total phosphorus level at 8
stations on the Red Cedar River during the
high water stage. Station numbers are
given on the median abscissa . . . . . . . . . 62

10. Average daily dissolved phOSphorus level
at 8 stations on the Red Cedar River during
the high water stage. Station numbers are
given on the median abscissa . . . . . . . . . 64

11. Average daily phOSphorus levels at 8 stations
for the wet and dry seasons on the Red
cedar River . O O O C O O O O O O O O O O O O 67

vi

LIST OF APPENDICES

APPENDIX PAGE
A. Wet season sampling schedule . . . . . . . . 76
B. Dry season sampling schedule . . . . . . . . 81

C. Hydrographs for the stations on the
tributaries and the Red Cedar River . . . . 83

D. The chemical and physical data collected

on the tributaries and the Red Cedar River
during the study period . . . . . . . . . . 101

vii

INTRODUCTION

The role of nutrients in any ecosystem is of prime
importance in the development and success of the biocoensis.
In an aquatic biotOpe inorganic nutrients and solar energy
are two components necessary for autotrOphic production.
Autotrophic organisms, unlike auxotrophic organisms, require
no organic material during normal growth and reproduction.
Auxotrophic or mixotrophic organisms have the ability to
assimilate inorganic nutrients, but in addition depend upon
organic substances for part of their nutrition (Ruttner 1953).
Heterotrophic organisms, on the other hand, utilize through
decomposition only those organic materials of the ecosystem
previously formed by the producer organisms.

The metabolic role of chemosynthetic bacteria in con-
tributing to the productivity and circulation of nutrients
in waters is largely unknown and may be very important. The
role of autotrophic bacterioplankton in contributing to the
productivity of lakes was investigated by Rodina (1959), and
led the author to believe that the primary production of
waters could not be determined accurately without taking into
consideration the extent of protein synthesis by autotrOphic
bacteria. Rodina (1959) calculated the bacterioplankton
biomass in small ponds to vary between 5.04 and 27.44 mg/L
in weed beds and between 0.065 and 9.02 mg/L in the Open

waters of the ponds.

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AutotrOphic populations are considered the basis of the
food web; their activities are governed by many complex
interactions. Although nutrients and solar energy are the
fuel, speed and efficiency are governed by environmental
conditions. In an Open ecosystem such as the Red Cedar River,
many catastrophies can cause the annihilation of the auto-
trophic community. Brehmer (1959) has described the bio-
dynamics of the producer communities in the Williamston area
of the Red Cedar River and has described the molar effects of
stream-borne sediments on the periphyton community. Brehmer
associated the destruction of the periphyton with high water
levels accompanied by increased turbidity.

AutotrOphic production is regulated by the supply of
inorganic nutrients. The amounts of the various nutrient
components in streams occasionanrare not present in ratios
which promote maximum organic synthesis, and one or more

vital nutrients may limit stream productivity.

f/f“ Hutchinson (1957) reports that of all the elements

present in living organisms, phOSphorus is most apt to be
a limiting factor since the ratio of phoSphorus to elements
in organisms tends to exceed that ratio found in the bio-
Sphere. Phosphorus is a rare mineral in the earth's crust
averaging less than 0.05 percent by weight (Curl 1959).
Whereas nitrogen and carbon are derived to an appre-
ciable extent, either directly or indirectly, from a great
reservoir, the atmosphere, phosphorus comes almost exclu-

sively from the weathering of phOSphate rock and from the

3
soils. The entrance of phosphorus into an aquatic community
may be direct through the action of watershed erosion or
indirect by regeneration of the organic stream bottom sed-
iments by microbial action. Large amounts of phosphorus are
added directly to streams by sewage disposal plants and
septic tank overflow.

Since the advent of household detergents, some of which
are high in phosphorus.¢ompounds, the phOSphorus load of
sewage effluent has more than doubled (Neil 1958). Most
modern treatment plants do not remove or reduce the concen-
tration of phosphorus in the effluent but may change those
complex phOSphate compounds into forms readily available for
plant utilization and therefore are of concern to the aquatic
biologist. :

Odum (1959) describes the phosphorus cycle as being
imperfect in contrast to the perfect cycles of carbon and
nitrogen. An imperfect cycle is one which tends to have
some portion of the element lost from the system for a con-
siderable period of time or in forms which are not readily
available for plant production.

Nitrogen and carbon with vast reservoirs in the atmo-
sphere have perfect cycles since the materials are returned
to the biosphere as they are utilized, although local and
sometimes critical shortages may exist temporarily.

. Man's activities tend to accelerate these chemical
cycles and may even cause them to be acyclic by deposition

in the depths of the oceans. Since phosphorus is relatively

4
earth-bound in its cycle (exceptions being atmOSpheric borne
volcanic ash and industrial smokes), the primary mechanisms
for recycling the element are erosion, sedimentation, and
biological transport. Many biologists have reported the
downhill tendency of the phosphorus cycle which produces a
concentration of phosphorus in the low land areas at the
expense of the upland areas. The local recycling mechanisms
are important in limiting the downhill loss from exceeding
uphill regeneration.

Marshland drainage, realignment of existing watercourses,
and dredging have accelerated the sedimentary cycle of phos-
phorus and have tended to make it acyclic in that there is a
more rapid movement of nutrients to the downstream areas,
lakes, estuaries and oceans. By interfering with the "in-
sight" regeneration, large amounts of phOSphorus pass through
the stream without being assimulated by the autotrOphic com-
munity. The-luxury concentration of nutrients in the lowlands
is not necessarily beneficial to the primary producers since
other limiting factors such as Space, light, and/or competi-
tion may inhibit efficient utilization.

Clarke (1954) maintains that the majority of inorganic
phosphorus available for primary production arises from the
decomposition and regeneration of organic material already
present in the environment. This concept is perhaps more
applicable to lakes with a relatively closed system. Streams
tend to be flushed of the organic matter during periods of
high discharges and much of the phOSphorus is lost from the

system.

5

The data presented here are the result of a study to
determine the source and level of phOSphorus entering the
Red Cedar River from the various tributaries in the water-
shed. The results of the intensive study of nutrient levels
in the stream will be correlated with future studies of
organic synthesis. By equating organic production to the
chemical conditions of various sections, it is hoped that
support may be given to the concept that biological produc-
tivity of streams depends in part upon the nutrient quality
of the water. Furthermore the study will contribute insight
into the complex interrelationships of essential substances

and thus contribute to our knowledge of productivity.

METHODS

For those physical and chemical measurements not made
in the field, water samples were collected in polyethylene
bottles and refrigerated until analysis could be performed..
The chemical analyses were completed usually within an hour
upon returning to the laboratory. However, the water samples
for total and dissolved phosphorus were acidified and stored

for several days before being analyzed.

Sampling Schedule

The chemical sampling scheme employed to measure the
level of chemical constituents entering the Red Cedar River
from the tributaries was designed to take into account two
naturally occurring characteristics associated with streams.
These characteristics are:

1. Recurrent high water and low water stages. Inher-
ently associated with the variations in river stages are the
chemical levels. It was postulated that during the high
water periods, the chemical prOperties of the tributaries
would be dynamic, fluctuating to a greater extent than during
the low water stages. During the low water stages the trib-
utaries exhibit base flow conditions and the chemical levels
approach a static condition.

During the period of high water, the chemical nutrient

levels fluctuate and attain a seasonal maximum due to runoff

6

7
and stream bed erosion. Seasonal erosion is attributed to
increased water movement throughout the watershed and increased
stream velocities during'the wet season. Conversely, during
the dry season base flow velocities are so reduced that stream
sediments are deposited and built up rather than flushed from
the system. Also contributing to the static chemical condi-
> tions of the dry season are reduced runoff (streams sustained
at base flow by ground waters) during the summer months and
frozen ground during the winter months.

2. Stream discharge directly proportional to drainage
area size. It was theorized that chemical nutrient contri-
butions of the tributaries would be in direct proportion to
the magnitude of stream.flow; that is, the major tributaries
would constitute a greater source of nutrients than the minor
tributaries. Therefore, it was necessary in designing the
sampling scheme to include tributary flow patterns.

.The flow characteristics of the Red Cedar River during
the past ten years (Figure I) were determined from measure-
ments made by the U. S. Geological Survey. From these data,
a sampling schedule was constructed around both the river
stages and drainage area of the tributaries. To include the
differences between high and low water stages, the sampling
schedule was divided into two seasonal phases.

It was observed that a period extending from the 15th
of February to the 5th of June could be designated as the
high water stage while the remainder of the year, June 6 to

February 14 was chacteristically the low water stage.

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To incorporate the tributaries, both major and minon
into the sampling scheme on a ranked basis relative to dis-
charge, it was necessary to make an estimate of annual dis-
charge rates for each tributary. Since flow data were avail-
able from the U.S.G.S. on only two tributaries, it was
necessary to make a comparison of the annual discharge rates
to drainage area for these two streams. Table 1 shows the
existing flow records for these two drainages for the years
1955 and 1956 as well as those recorded at the Farm Lane
station on the Red Cedar River.

The drainage area of each tributary was calculated from
U.S.G.S. topographical maps. Deer Creek which has a drainage
above the gauging station of 16.3 square miles, representing
4.59 percent of the Red Cedar River watershed, contributed
4.86 percent of the total annual discharge recorded at the
Farm lane station during the 1956 season and 4.59 percent
during the 1955 season. Sloan Creek representing 2.63 per-
cent of the watershed contributed 2.76 percent of the total
annual flow.

Interpretation of these data indicated that it was pos-
sible to determine the relative discharge rates of each
tributary by a direct comparison of drainage area. Table 2
shows the tributaries ranked according to drainage area and
the sampling intensity for both the wet and dry seasons.

The sampling schedule was built around a stratified
random blockdesign. The wet season was subdivided into four

28-day quarters to facilitate statistical treatment; further-

11

Table l. A comparison of annual discharge rates to water-
shed areas for two tributary streams
and the Red Cedar River.

Ecosystem

Area Discharge
Mi.2 cfs Yr.'1

Percent Total
Area Discharge

 

1222
Red Cedar River
Deer Creek

.lgié
Red Cedar River
Deer Creek

Sloan Creek

355 65,935

16.3 3,028

355 100,345
16.3 4,880
9.34 2,774

100 100

4.59 4.59

100 100
4.59 4.86
2.63 2.76

 

12

 

 

 

 

Table 2. The tributaries of the Red Cedar River ranked
according to drainage area and seasonal
sampling intensities.
Seasonal
Percent of Relative Samplinglntensitz
Tributary Watershed Rank1 Wet Low

Doan Creek 15.89 "9.57 19 10
West Branch 12.34 7.43' 15 6
East Branch 9.63 5.80 12 6
Deer Creek 7.72 4.65 9 5
Middle Branch 7.38 4.45 9 4
Kalamink Greek 5.92 3.57 7 4
Lake Lansing Drain 5.55 3.34 7 3
Sloan Creek ' 5.07 3.05 6 3
Wolf Creek 3.44 2.07 4 2
Squaw Greek 1.97 1.19 2 l
Coon Greek 1.72 1.04 2 1
Herron Creek 1.66 1.00 2 1
Misc. Tributaries 21.72 13.08 26 2

Totals 100.00 120 48

 

ll. Herron Creek equals 1.00.

13
more each quarter was subsequently subdivided into seven
4-day blocks of which five blocks were each randomly assigned
six tributaries to be sampled in pairs. The sampling sched-
ule for the wet season, as shown in Appendix A, called for
the assigning of three days from each 4-day block as sampling
days during which time two randomly selected tributaries were
to be sampled on each of the three days.

The dry season was subdivided into four 60-day quarters,
each assigned six paired tributaries to be sampled on six
randomly selected days. Appendix B shows the sampling
schedule followed during the dry season. The sampling design
required that two tributaries were to be visited on each of
the six randomly selected sampling days in each quarter
requiring 12 visits per quarter and a total of 48 visits
during the dry season.

In order to determine the nutrient levels in the Red
Cedar River, a sampling pattern.was develOped parallel to the
tributary sampling schedule. When a tributary was sampled,
an established station on the main stream below the conflu-
ence of the tributary was also sampled. In addition,the
terminal downstream station located at Farm Lane bridge on -
the Michigan State University campus was sampled.- Figure 2
shows the location of the sampling stations on the main

stream.and tributaries.
Water Temperature

At every water collection at each station, water temp-

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erature was recorded with a Taylor mercury column hand thermo-
meter held in the current approximately one foot beneath the
the water surface. Temperature data for the entire study
period were also recorded on a Taylor continuous recording
thermometer permanently located at the Michigan State Univ-

ersity's river farm in Okemos, Michigan.

Hydrogen Ion Concentration

 

The pH was determined in the laboratory immediately upon
return from the field. All pH values were measured on a

Becbman, model H-2 glass electrode pH meter.

Conductivity

 

Conductivity, a reciprocal reading of resistance at a
constant temperature, was determined with a Model RC-7
portable conductivity meter made by the Industrial Instrument
Company. Conductivity readings are reported as ohm'l cm"1 X

10"6 at 18 degrees centigrade.
Turbidity

Turbidity measurements were made on a Klett-Summerson
photoelectric colorimeter equipped with a blue filter which
transmits light in the range of 400-465 mu. All turbidity
measurements were corrected for water color; the calorimeter
was calibrated with a diatomaceous earth standard in the
Jackson Candle Turbidimeter. One turbidity unit is equiv-

alent to 1 mg SiO2 per liter.

l7

Stream Flow

Stream flow measurements were made utilizing gauging
equipment manufactured by the W. and L. E. Gurley Company.
The models used were the Price pattern,pygmy current meter,
and a Type AA Price current meter. The latter was suspended
by either the wading rod assembly or the cable assembly with
a 15 pound lead torpedo-shaped weight. Gauge height scales
were established at each station to determine river or stream

stages during sampling visits.
Phosphorus

All phosphorus determinations were made utilizing a
slight modification of the highly sensitive acidified ammonium
molybdate test as described by Ellis, Westfall, and Ellis
(1948). The modification was that the final digested 100 ml
sample was divided and neutralized with saturated sodium
hydroxide before the strong reducing agent, stannous chloride,
was added to the fully oxidized phOSphorus sample. The color
intensity resulting from the reduction process was read on a
Klett-Summerson colorimeter equipped with a red filter trans-
mitting light in the range of 640 to 700 mu. Both the Total
and dissolved phosphorus values reported are in the form of
total elemental phosphorus (P).

Phosphorus may be present in the form of either organic
or inorganic compounds, and both in particulate forms and in

solution. Total phosphorus values reported here include all

18
of the above mentioned forms, which upon acid digestion, are
converted to a soluble form of phosphorus. Dissolved phos-
phorus values include only the soluble phosphorus forms which
upon acid digestion yield the orthophosphate form. Colloidal
phosphorus forms of a size less than 0.45 microns would be
included in the dissolved phosphorus fraction.

Total Phosphorus

Total phosphorus determinations were made on lOO-ml
water samples collected in polyethylene bottles. The water
samples were acidified with concentrated H2804 upon returning
to the laboratory to prevent phosphorus loss to the walls of
the bottles.

Dissolved Phosphorus

Dissolved phOSphorus samples were collected and treated
in the same manner as the total phOSphorus samples except
that the water samples were filtered through a HA-type
Millipore filter before the addition of H2804. The HA-type
Millipore filter removes all particles in excess of 0.45

microns.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Hydrology

Hydrology, the science of water, encompasses the study
of the physical and chemical properties of water and is
especially concerned with its origin and distribution.

Hydrological studies of the Red Cedar River were con-
ducted to determine the quantitative characteristics of
stream flow on both the tributaries and main stream stations.
The products of stream discharges and phosphorus concentra-
tions were utilized to calculate the weight of phoSphorus
transported during each season at each station on the trib-
utaries and main stream.

Discharge data for this investigation were obtained
from hydrographic rating charts constructed for each trib-
utary and station on the Red Cedar River. The hydrographs

may be found in Appendix<3.
Tributaries

The tributaries of the Red Cedar River accounted for
approximately 90 percent of the estimated total annual dis-
charge recorded at the Farm Lane bridge station. The unac-
counted discharge resulted either from ground-water,drainage
of areas immediately adjacent to the river, or a combination
of both.

19

20

During the high water stage (February 15 to June 5) the
data indicated that the tributaries contributed approximately
70 percent of the total discharge which was measured at the
Farm Lane bridge station. This indicates that those areas
not actually drained by a tributary (approximately 20 percent)
have characteristically high runoff properties with a low
storage capacity.

During the low water stage (June 6 to February 14) the
tributary discharges were approximately 15 percent greater
than those recorded at the Farm Lane station. The water loss
shows that at base flow the stream is either recharging under-
ground aquifers, suppling irrigation projects, or that the
loss is due to evaporation and tranSpiration. It is probable
that a combination of the above factors is in operation. It
has been observed that considerable quantities of water are
removed from the system during the summer months for golf
course, nursery, and garden maintenance.

During September 1958, a minimum discharge of 17 cubic
feet per second was recorded by the U. S. Q. S. at the Farm
Lane station. This would indicate that just one large-scale
irrigation project during the periods of minimum.discharge
would reduce stream flow to a critical level in regard to
stream life.

‘ The total annual discharge of the tributaries is dia-
grammatically shown in Figure 3. The numerical figures in
the rectangles are stream discharges in million cubic feet

per year, and the encircled figures are the estimates of the

21

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ez<aa .
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23
annual discharge in million cubic feet at the eight stations
located on the Red Cedar River.

In general, tributary discharges are in close agreement
with the size of the drainage area. Table 3 compares the
percent area with the percent discharge for each tributary.
Only the relative rank of the Middle Branch and the East
Branch, the confluence of which forms the Red Cedar River
proper, depart significantly in the discharge-drainage area
proportions.

The departure in relative rank can be attributed in part
to the type of watershed these tributaries drain. The East
Branch has its origin as the outfall of Cedar Lake, and the
(Middle Branch drains an area of extensive marsh lands. The
discharge of these two streams was sustained during the sum-
mer months to a greater degree than that of other tributaries.

The average daily discharge for the East Branch during
the wet and dry seasons was 1.09 and 1.29 million cubic feet
per day respectively; the values for the Middle Branch were
1.42 and 1.25 million cubic feet per day. The average daily
discharges for the other tributaries (Table 4) were all
greatly reduced during the low water stage. Phosphorus values,

as will be shown, followed the reduction in stream flow.
Red Cedar River

The Red Cedar River drainage basin is characteristic of
many small Michigan.watersheds in which a large proportion of

the land area is under agriculture. The tributary drainage

24

Table 3. Comparison of drainage area with annual discharge

for the tributaries of the Red Cedar River.

 

 

 

 

 

Area Discharge
Square Percent Million Percent
Tributary Miles Total Cubic Feet Total
Doan Creek 56.4 15.89 467.27 17.64
West Branch 43.8 12.34 373.35 14.10
East Branch 34.2 9.63 447.97 16.91
Deer Creek 27.4 7.72 184.82 6.97
Middle Branch' 26.2 7.38 476.24 17.98
Kalamink Creek 21.0 5.92 177.25 6.69
Lake Lansing Dr. 19.7 5.55 176.18 6.65
Sloan Creek 18.0 5.07 107.31 4.05
Wolf Creek 12.2 3.44 101.30 3.82
Squaw Creek 7.0 1.97 62.44 2.36
Coon Creek 6.1 1.72 58.75 2.22
Herron.Creek 5.9 1.66 15.77 0.60
Totals 278.9 .fiilfiybc 2648.68
Farm Lane 355. 2980.72

 

Table 4. Average daily discharge for the tributaries

25

during high and low stream.atages.

 

 

Tributary

Million Cubic Feet Per Day

Discharge

 

High Water Season

Low Water Season

 

Doan Creek
West Branch
East Branch
Deer Creek
Middle Branch
Kalamink Creek
Lake Lansing Drain
Sloan Creek
Wolf Creek
Squaw Creek
Coon Creek
Herron Creek

Totals

2.06
1.67
1.09
0.79
1.42
0.67
1.29
0.70
0.56
0.46
0.32
0.04

11.07

0.93
0.74
1.29
0.38
1.25
0.41
0.13
0.11
0.13
0.04
0.09
0.04
5.44

 

26

system is underlain by glacial drift that has a low rate of
water intake and a low water storage capacity. These soil
characteristics result in the rapid runoff of precipitation.
Flooding of the marginal lowlands is common following intense
summer storms and following the Spring thaw.

The common farm drainage practices of tiling fields,
dredging tributaries, and establishing networks of random
ditch surface drains all contribute to an increase in runoff
rates. The recent increase in flood damage is not due entirely
to the increase in runoff rates, but is more closely associ-
ated with the increased values of the flood plains. The
marginal lands along the river's course have attracted housing
developments either because of low land value or the aesthetic
attractions of water. Further utilization of the flood
plains are made by farmers who are attracted to the rich
alluvial soil deposits.

Runoff and sediment rates have been studied and reported
by the Michigan Water Resources Commission (1958) for the
Deer Creek and Sloan Creek basins where the percentages of
drainage area under cultivation was approximately 70 and 80 7
percent respectively. The study revealed that within eleven
hours following a 3—hour storm, approximately 60 percent of
the total precipitation resulted in direct rundff. This
rapid runoff produces flooding and excessive siltation and
turbid condition in the tributaries and main stream of the
Red Cedar River. Deer Creek, following peak runoff of the

three hour storm, attained a maximum sediment rate of 27.72

27

tons per hour.

Brehmer (1959) described the cataclysmic effects of Deer
Creek on.the producer communities in the Williamston area of
the Red Cedar River following periods of high runoff.
Tarzwell (1957) reported the investigation of the adverse
effect of settleable solids and turbidity on benthic organisms
in northern.Michigan trout streams. His investigation showed
that the addition of silt and sand to gravel or rubble stream
bottoms greatly decreased the benthic productivity. The
effect of reduced benthic fauna due to turbidity catfish
production in Oklahoma ponds and reservoirs has been described
by Buck (1956) who reported growth of fish in clear ponds
to be 1.7 times greater than those in ponds of intermediate
turbidity and 5.5 times greater than those in muddy waters.

On the Red Cedar River a maximum turbidity of 140 units
(one unit of turbidity equals 1 mg Si02 per liter) was
recorded during July of the study period. The high turbidity
followed a period of heavy precipitation and accompanied
flooding.

The discharge patterns of the stream.during the study
period (Figure l) were far below the "normal" flow conditions
and the usual spring flooding did not occur.

The U. S. Weather Bureau at East Lansing reported
several new low precipitation records for the first five
months of 1958. February precipitation was 1.25 inches
below normal, only in three Februarys since 1900 was the

level below that recorded for this month. During the month

28

of March only 0.43 inches of precipitation fell establishing
a new record low for this month. April and May precipitation
accumulations were 1.30 and 2.18 inches below normal respect-
ively; the departure from nonmal since the first of the year
was a minus 7.6 inches. ,

Kevern (1961), Grzenda (1960), and Brehmer (1959) all
reported that phosphorus movement in the Red Cedar River
reached a maximum during the high water levels following the
spring thaw and intense summer storms. The effects of the
reduced discharge during the atypical year on nutrient trans-
port in the ecosystem is made evident by the minimal phos-
phorus levels (Figures 4 and 5) encountered during the study

per 10d 0

29

Chemical Characteristics

The Red Cedar River and its tributary network is a
highly buffered system having little variation in pH levels.
The waters are alkaline with seasonal pH values ranging
from 7.5 to 8.4. Low pH values occur following periods of
moderate to heavy precipitation and during the winter months
when photosynthetic activities were suppressed.

Alkalinity determinations revealed that only the
bicarbonate ions, Ca(HC03)2, were contributing to the alka-
linity of both the tributaries and main stream. Mbthyl
orange alkalinity varied between 160 and 330 mg 1'1. Alka-
.1inity varied inversely with stream discharge, i.e., low
readings were attained during high water periods.

Conductivity measurements, like alkalinity, varied
inversely with stream flow. Conductivity measurements
corrected to 180 C ranged between 330 unhms cm'l during
high stream stages to 620 unhus cm‘l during base flow con-
ditions. Welch (1948) states that waters rich in electro-
lytes generally have greater biological productivity than
those of low specific conductance. It was observed that the
electrolytic components (Table 6) increased towards downstream
stations indicating that ionic enrichment occurred with
increasing stream length. Perhaps this is directly related
to drainage area. As will be shown, phosphorus levels as
recorded on the main stream stations indicated a distinct

increase towards.downstream stations in a pattern similar to

30

conductivity. The downstream concentration of electrolytes
could not be correlated with alkalinity since all main stream
stations exhibited similar readings, and no gradient was
’observed.

Tables 5 and 6 summarize the average seasonal values of
the interrelated measurements of pH, alkalinity, and conduc-
tivity for the tributaries and eight main stream stations.

The physical and chemical data collected during the

investigation are presented in tabular form in.Appendix D.
Phosphorus

“ Phosphorus concentrations of the 12 tributaries and 8
main stream stations were measured in accordance with the
sampling schedule. Elemental phosphorus concentrations were
converted mathematically and reported on a seasonal weight
basis. The conversion to a time-weight basis (kilograms of
phosphorus per year or season) was made by multiplying the
product of phosphorus concentration and stream discharge by
the unit time.

The phosphorus levels during the wet season were reported
both as seasonal and quarterly rates. Quarterly measurements
during the wet season were utilized to demonstrate the fluctu-
ation of phosphorus levels during the high water stage and the
gradual trend toward stability as stream conditions approached
base flow.

The difference between total and dissolved phosphorus

measurements is attributed to sestonic phOSphorus. Sestonic

Table 5.

31

of the tributaries.

Average seasonal physical-chemical properties

 

 

Alkalinity Conductivi

 

art?

 

Turbidity ppm Methyl uohm'l
pH ppm Orange 180c C.
Season

Tributary Wet Dry Wet Dry Wet Dry Wet Dry
Doan Creek 8.0 8.0 17 13 237 252 559 508
West Branch 8.0 8.0 14 11 237 250 566 454
East Branch 8.0 7.9 16 15 245 263 572 502.
Deer Creek 8.0 8.0 14 19 237 244 544 598
Middle Branch 7.8 7.8 18 28 243 244 507 407
Kalamink Cr. 8.0 8 .1 22 10 262 268 625 484
Lk. Lansing D.7.9 7.9 16 24 234 261 525 467
_Sloan Creek 8.0 8.0 13 6 199 253 437 396
Wolf Creek 8.1 7.7 18 8 239 284 558 342
Squaw Creek 7.9 8.2 13 10 213 282 436 624
Coon Creek 7.9 8.1 12 19 258 284 486 468
Herron Creek 8.0 8.0 34 11 258 233 536 400

 

32

Figure 6. Average seasonal physical-chemical properties
at eight stations on the Red Cedar River.

 

 

Alkalinity Conductivity
Turbidity ppm.Methyl uohm-l

 

pH ppm, Orange 18° C
Season
Station Wet Dry Wet Dry Wet Dry Wet Dry

 

Van Buren Rd. 7.9 7.9 18 21 247 264 515 472
Gramer Road 8.0 7.9 17 15 239 252 518 432
Webberville Rd.8.0 7.9 20 11 243 268 532 473
Reservoir1 8.1 7.9 24 24 252 248 528 505
Disposal Plant2 8.0 7.9 16 24 248 244 515 613
Dobie Road ‘ 8.1 7.9 19 15 226 256 487 430
Hagadorn Road 8.1 8.0 16 13 241 235 534 414
Farm Lane 8.1 7.9 17 18 240 242 538 510

 

1. sampled below reservoir dam
2. sampled up-stream from outfall

33
phOSphorus includes both organic and inorganic combined phos-
phorus in suspension. The ratios of dissolved phosphorus
to total phOSphorus are indices of sestonic phosphorus. This
ratio for the tributaries of the Red Cedar River varied from
1:1.79 during the wet season to 1:1.59 during the dry season.
These ratios indicate that greater amounts of phosphorus are
in sestonic form.during the wet season than during the dry
seasdn.

This increase of sestonic materials during the high
water stage is attributed to the suspension of organic,
detrital material from the stream.bed rather than fixation
by organic synthesis. In addition,sestonic materials are
washed into the stream by runoff from adjacent land areas.
Accordingly, it would be erroneous to assume that an increase
in sestonic phOSphorus is synonymous to phosphorus fixation

(production).

Tributaries. On a yearly basis, the phOSphorus contribution
of the tributaries accounted for slightly less than 50 per-
cent of the total amount of phosphorus passing through the
Farm Lane station. The annual accrual of total and dissolved
phosphorus from the tributaries was 4.27 and 2.77 metric tons
respectively.

Brehmer (1959) calculated the total phosphorus accrual
from.the sewage disposal plant in Williamston to be 2.48
metric tons per year. As can be seen from the subtotals in
Table 7, the allochthonous phosphorus values closely approx-

imated the values recorded at Hagadorn Road, a station

34

Table 7. Comparison of the annual accrual of phosphorus
from the tributaries and the sewage disposal
plant with the level observed
at Hagadorn.Road

 

 

Nutrient Levels
Nutrient Source Total PhOSphorus Dissolved Phosphorus

 

 

Tributaries 4.27 Metric Tons 2.77 Metric Tons
Sewage Disposal Plant 2.481 1.22

Sub Total 5.75 3.97
Hagadorn Road 6.45 3.89

 

"

1. Brehmer (1959)
2. Estimated from total phosphorus

35

immediately down stream from the last tributary in the exper-
imental section of the river.

The terminal study area, Farm Lane, is approximately
0.8 miles below Hagadorn Road. An estimate of phosphorus
passing this station was 9.76 metric tons per year or an
increase of 3.31 tons in a distance of less than a mile. The
large increase is attributed to many septic tank over-flows
and a large municipal (Wilmarth) drain which empties into the
river midway between the two stations.

The tributaries may be divided into two groups depending
upon the primary source of phosphorus. The groups are: (1)
those receiving effluent from sanitary drains and septic tank
outflows, and (2) those streams which drain agricultural and
woodlands and receive little or no domestic pollutants.

Kalamink Creek and Lake Lansing Drain are two tributaries

H._. ‘<~—.~umm\-flqmww . .-

 

r

which fall in category one, and both receiye considerable

 

 

0-1.. s;

Kalamink Creek drains an extensive area of muck-land farms
before passingthrough the community of Webberville and
joining the Red Cedar River. The stream receives considerable
amounts of domestic and light industrial pollution as it
passes through the town. Lake Lansing Drain has as its source
the outfall of cottage-lined Lake Lansing. In accordance
with Whipple's classification as outlined by Welch (1952),

the lake would be designated as a second order temperate

lake. The lake is strongly eutrOphic, and aquatic weed

growth becomes excessive during the summer months. The drain

36

is enriched as it flows near a housing development and trailer
court before entering the main stream between the towns of
Okemos and East Lansing.

The data tabulated in Table 8 for Lake Lansing Drain
and Kalamink Creek show the average daily phosphorus trans-
port and the average daily discharge during both the wet and
dry seasons. Although the phosphorus concentrations varied
with stream flow conditions during each sampling visit, the
calculated daily phOSphorus transport (product of phosphorus
concentration and stream discharge) remained constant for
both the wet and dry seasons. This indicated that the
primary source of pho5phorus entering these tributaries is
constant irrespective of season or stream.discharge. The.
primary source of phOSphorus is considered to be domestic
and light industrial pollution, and is of such magnitude
that it completely masks the seasonal phosphorus response
associated with the peak flow periods of the tributaries.

In summary, the phosphorus loads of Kalamink Creek and
Lake Lansing Drain are independent of stream.discharge and
the season of the year. A ten fold increase in stream flow
produced no detectible increase in the phosphorus load
carried by Lake Lansing Drain during the wet season.

The influence of Kalamink and Wolf creeks on the nutrient
level of the Red Cedar River during the high water stage
(February 15 to June 5) is shown in Table 9. The tributaries
enter the Red Cedar River at the same location; Wolf Creek

drains agricultural lands to the north, and Kalamink Creek

Table 8. Estimates of the seasonal daily phosphorus levels

37

and discharge for two tributaries of the

Red Cedar River.

 

 

Lake Lansing Drain

Kalamink Creek

 

Dissolved Phosphorus

Wet Season

Dry Season
Total PhOSphorus

Wet Season

Dry Season
Discharge

Wet Season

Dry Season

2.50 Kg. Day“1
2.71

3.79 Kg. Day"1

3.79

* 1
1.29 MCF Day”

0.13

1.67 Kg. Day'1
1.79

2.44 Kg. Day’1
2.29

0.66 MCF Day'1
0.41

 

* MCF equals million cubic feet

38

 

 

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39

drains agricultural lands to the south before passing through
an urban community and joining the Red Cedar River. These
tributaries enter the Red Cedar River (Figure 2) midway
between the upstream station, Gramer Road, and the downstream
station Webberville Road. Since the distance between the

two main stream stations is approximately one mile, direct
runoff to the river is minimal. Therefore the contributions
of phosphorus and discharge by the two tributaries should
closely approximate the phosphorus and discharge increment
noted from the upstream station (Gramer Road) to the down-
stream.station (Webberville Road). This comparison of trib-
utary contribution to main stream increment shows the magni-
tude of the contributions and attests to the reliability and
statistical soundness of the random sampling scheme employed
throughout the investigation.

The contribution of total phosphorus by the two trib-
utaries during the wet season.amounted to 331.81 kilograms..
The total phosphorus increment between the upstream station,
Gramer Road, to the downstream station, Webberville Road,
was 324.27 kilograms. Although the standard errors of the
estimates reveal considerable variability, the close simi-
larity of the total phosphorus estimates indicate that the
sampling scheme was statistically sound.

Kalamink and Wolf creeks contributed 211.92 kilograms
of dissolved phosphorus to the nutrient content of the main
stream during the wet season. The dissolved phosphorus

increment between the two main stream (Gramer-Webberville)

40

stations amounted to 112.35 kilograms accounting for approx-
imately 53 percent of the tributary contributions.

The apparent loss may be attributed to biological uptake
once the high concentrations of dissolved phosphorus reaches
the main stream. Brehmer (1959) reported that nearly all the
dissolved phosphorus introduced by the effluent of the sewage
disposal plant in Williamston was removed from solution within
the first 0.6 mile below the outfall. Brehmer associated the
loss with biological uptake after failing to demonstrate
abiotic removal.

In summary, Kalamink Creek like Lake Lansing Drain
increases the concentration of both total and dissolved phos-
phorus, while Wolf Creek and other tributaries which drain
agricultural and woodlands tends to dilute the phosphorus
concentration of the main stream.

The average daily phosphorus levels of the tributaries

are presented in Table 10. Those tributaries not receiving
Odomestic pollution showed reduced phosphorus loads during

the dry season. The reduction was not entirely attributed to
an increase in autotrOphic production, but believed due pri-
marily to reduced flow conditions. As previously explained
in the section on Hydrology, the Middle and East Branch
exhibited a sustained flow pattern during the summer months,
and correspondingly there was no reduction in the phosphorus
levels during the dry season. Since these two tributaries
are free from domestic contamination and phosphorus levels

were sustained during the summer months, it was concluded

41

Figure 10. Estimates of the seasonal daily phosphorus
levels for the tributaries of the
Red Cedar River.

 

 

Total PhOSphorus
Season-

Dissolved PhOSphorus
Season

Tributary

Wet

Dry

Wet

Dry

 

Doan Creek

West Branch 0.53 '0.21 1.12 0.40
East Branch 0.40 0.53 0.84 1.04
Deer Greek 0.24 0.20 0.61 0.40
Middle Branch 0.45 0.61 1.04 1.62
Kalamink Creek 1.67 1.79 2.44 2.29 ‘2“
Lake Lansing Drain 2.47 2.71 3.79 2.79 ‘r“*
Sloan Creek 0.37 0.07 0.79 0.11
Wolf Greek 0.23 0.07 0.79 0.10
Squaw Creek 0.24 0.08 0.47 0.08
Coon Creek 0.06 0.03 0.10 0.07 21_1
Herron Greek 0.05 0.03 0.14 0.05 ‘&F”
Small Stream 1:1 t 0.01 t
Totals 7.63 6.77 13.67 10.78

0.92 Kg. 0.44 Kg.

1.80 Kg. 0.83 Kg.

 

1 - trace amounts

t

42

that flow patterns rather than autotrOphic production were
the primary cause effecting phosphorus reduction during
periods of minimal discharge.

Estimates of the total annual amount of phosphorus
entering the Red Cedar River from the tributaries are pre-
sented diagrammatically in Figures 4 and 5. The numerical
figures presented in the rectangles are phOSphorus budget
estimates for the tributaries measured in kilograms per year.
The encircled figures are estimates of phOSphorus movement
in kilograms per year at eight stations located on the Red
Cedar River. In comparing Figures 4 and 5 with the similarly
constructed hydrographic diagram (Figure 3), it can be seen
that the tributary phOSphorus loads are in direct proportion
to discharge; the exceptions being Lake Lansing Drain and
Kalamink Creek which were described previously. For these
two tributaries the comparison reveals a higher phosphorus-
discharge ratio than found in the other tributaries and is
attributed to artificial enrichment.

The tributaries of the Red Cedar River transported 4.27
metric tons of phOSphorus to the main stream during the year.
The contribution of Lake Lansing Drain was 1.38 metric tons
or approximately 32 percent of the total accrual. The discharge
of this tributary was estimated as 176.18 million cubic feet
per year or approximately 6.65 percent of the estimated com-

bined flow of the tributaries. The phosphorus accrual from

,d

 

 

LakeeLansing Drain represents the largest single sourCe of
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phOSphorus

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entering the main stream from a tributary.

43

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45

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46

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47

Wilmarth Drain, a tiled township interceptor drain,
(Figure 4 and 5) enters the main stream midway between Sta--
tion 7 (Hagadorn Road) and Station 8 (Farm Lane). Although
the phosphorus contribution by this drain was not measured
directly, its magnitude may be estimated by the increase in
phosphorus tranSport between stations 7 and 8. Assuming
that the increase in phosphorus transport between the two
main stream stations was due entirely to Wilmarth Drain, then
the annual contribution by this drain would be 3.31 metric
tons. This amount is 33 percent greater than the annual
contribution by the Williamston sewage disposal plant (2.48
metric tons).

The effluent from the Williamston disposal plant enters
the main stream approximately 1000 feet below Station 5. The
phosphorus accrual from the disposal plant was reflected in
the measurements made at Station 6 (Dobie Road).

The phosphorus transport at stations 5 and 6 was estimated
as 3.55 and 6.10 metric tons per year respectively. The
increase between the two stations (2.55 metric tons) approxi;
mates the phosphorus yield of 2.48 metric tons from the

disposal plant effluent. Two ggglletrihutariesT~CooneQ£§gKm

and_§;gan_Creek, enter the main stream between

A_ ..-...n. ..-—“.... _ 4 “ .--...Ay“

stations 5
ang,fi. The combined phosphorus contribution of these trib-
utaries was approximately 0.10 metric tons per year.

In describing the total and dissolved phosphorus content

of Ellersile Brook, a Prince Edward Island trout stream,

Smith (1959) reported that the rise and fall in phosphorus

48

was directly associated with changes in water level (discharge)
of the stream. A similar correlation was found to exist for
the Red Cedar River watershed.

A significant positive correlation (Table ll) was found
to exist between the rate of phosphorus movement (weight per
unit time) and discharge of those tributaries not enriched
by domestic pollution. Furthermore, the correlation between
phosphorus transport and stream discharge revealed that it
was possible to predict, on an annual or seasonal level, both
the total and dissolved phosphorus contribution from the
discharge data.

On the strength of the significant correlation, the
phosphorus transport rates (Y) in kilograms per season or
year were plotted against stream discharge (X) in million
cubic feet for all the tributaries except Kalamink Creek.and
Lake Lansing Drain. The regression equation describing the
the relationship between phosphorus transport (Y) and stream
discharge (X) was calculated on the principle of least squares
as outlined by Snedecor (1956) and reported as

£7=bx.
where y is the estimated deviation of Y corresponding to any
x-deviation.

The regression equations showing the relationship
‘ betWeen kilograms of phosphorus transported per unit time
and stream discharge were computed for the following stream
stages: (1) high water stage, (2) low water stage, and (3)

on a combined basis. In addition to a correlation significant

at the one percent level, the slopes (b) of the phosphorus-

49

Table 11. Correlation values and "t" test values for the
regression of phosphorus against discharge for
the tributaries of the Red Cedar River.

 

 

 

Correlation Value1 "T" Value1
Phosphorus Phosphorus
River Stage Total Dissolved Total Dissolved
High 0.96 0.95 9.86 5.27
Low 0.94 0.97 7.53 12.05
Combined 0.93 0.97 8.95 12.01

 

1. all values significant at the one percent level

 

 

Total Phosphorus Dissolved Phosphorus
wet Season Dry Season Wet Season Dry Season
ix = 1,020.63 1,269.59 1,020.63 1,269.59
(x2 = 150,385.18 309,403.32 150,385.18 309,403.32
iY = 831.31 1,192.84 392.78 574.44
132 = 97,441.22 305,141.24 122,898.81 61,037.91
{XY = 119,629.51 296,872.74 57,531.69 135.691.42
n = 10 10 10 10

50
discharge regression equations were found to be signif-
icantly different from zero at the one percent level by the
"t" test (Table 11). The regression coefficients (slope and
intercept) were calculated from the data presented in Table
11. The accompanying Figures 6-8 show the original data with
the estimated regression lines.

Figure 6 shows the relationships between both total and
dissolved phosphorus transport and stream discharge during
the high water stage (February 15 to June 6). The regression
formulae are:

1. Total PhoSphorus Y = 6.32 + 0.75 X

2. Dissolved Phosphorus Y = 0.32 + 0.38 X

Figure 7 shows the relationship between total and
dissolved phosphorus and stream discharge during the low
water stage (June 6 to February 14). The regression
formulae are:

1. Total Phosphorus Y = -5.29 + 0.98 X

2. Dissolved PhOSphorus Y = 3.69 + 0.42 X

The phosphorus and stream discharge parameters for the
wet and dry seasons were combined and tested for heterogenity
by the analysis of covariance. The analysis revealed that
neither the slepes nor the elevations of the regression lines
were significantly different. Failing to demonstrate a signif-
icant difference between the seasonal, phoSphorus transport-
discharge regressions, a grand regression equation was cal-
culated.

Figure 8 shows the relationship between both total and

dissolved phosphorus transport and stream discharge following

51

Figure 6. Relationship between phosphorus transport and
stream discharge for the high water stage on
ten tributaries of the Red Cedar River.

52

 

250,. - Total Phosphorus

_———x-—-—- Dissolved Phosphorus

200%-

150

100

Phosphorus (Y) kilograms

50

 

 

 

 

5’ ,3 '
fish 100 2'00 70F

Discharge (X) million cubic feet

 

Figure 6

53

Figure 7. Relationship between phosphorus transport and
stream discharge for the low water stage on
ten tributaries of the Red Cedar River.

54

 

Total Phosphorus

 

400-
—- —9&-— —Dis solved Phosphorus

()3
O
O

200

Phosphorus (Y) kilograms

100

 

A; I 1
100 200 500 7
Discharge (X) million cubic feet

 

 

Figure 7

 

55

Figure 8. Relationship between phosphorus transport and
stream discharge irrespective of the season
of the year.

56

 

400

300

200

Phosphorus (Y) kilograms

100

 

 

Total Phosphorus

—. — — — Dissolved Phosphorus

.4
100 200 3

Discharge (X) million cubic feet

Figure 8

 

l
00

 

57

the combination of the seasonal rates. Accepting the assump-
tion that the seasonal rates are homogeneous, then the
regression formulae are:

1. Total PhOSphorus Y = -4.93 + 0.93 X

2. Dissolved PhOSphorus Y = 0.62 + 0.41 X

The combined regression formulae may be used to predict
phosphorus transport (Y) from the stream discharge (X)
regardless of the season of the year.

The investigation of phOSphorus transport by tributary
streams should not be limited entirely to the quality of the
water within the stream.‘

\
many processes; however the primary sources for natural

Phosphorus enters the streams by

streams are associated with the surface erosional processes
occurring over the entire watershed and accretion through
ground water. The phosphorus contributed by the ground
water supply to the Red Cedar River is quite low (approx-
imately 20 ug/L) and occurs only when the stream.is lower
than the water table.

Summer flow is supplied largely by ground water; except-
tions being surface runoff following intense summer storms
-which often produce considerable runoff.

The erosional forces of surface runoff produce the
large periodic pulses of phosphorus in streams. The amount
of phosphorus eroded from the watershed depends upon the
dominant land use, topography, hydrological properties of
the soil, and duration and intensity of precipitation.

The movement of phOSphorus within the watershed may be

58

determined by computing the phosphorus transport of the stream
on an annual-area basis. In this way area is reduced to a
common denominator (mi.2) and the erosional characteristics

of each watershed are comparable.

Table 12 shows the annual phosphorus contribution as
well as runoff to each tributary on an area basis. The
average watershed contribution of total and dissolved phos-
phorus to the tributaries was 11.99 and 7.24 kilograms per
square mile per year. Excluding those tributaries enriched
by domestic pollution (Kalamink Creek and Lake Lansing Drain)
and intermittent streams, the total and dissolved phosphorus
contributions from the agricultural watersheds were 8.23 and
3.93 kilograms per square mile per year respectively.

In general, streams with the largest runoff transported
the greatest amount of phosphorus. Tributaries such as Coon
and Herron creeks whose watersheds are devoted primarily to
dairy production yielded less phosphorus than those trib-
utaries such as the Middle and East Branch where large areas

are devoted to corn and wheat production.

3539 9393; 3.5.2122. Phosphorus levels as recorded at the eight
main stream stations indicated an enrichment gradient towards
downstream stations. The enrichment is a contribution of
upland erosion and increased urbanization of downstream
watershed areas. The greatest inflow of phosphorus occurs

in the lower one-third of the river system and is associated

with domestic pollution.

59

Table 12. Kilograms of phosphorus per square mile per year
and discharge in million cubic feet per square
mile per year for the tributaries of the Red

Cedar River.

L

 

 

 

Phosphorus Discharge
Are Kg. Mi.'2 Yr."1 M. c. F.

Tributary Mi. Total Dissolved Mi.’2 Yr.-1
Doan Creek 56.4 7.29 2.82 8.28
West Branch 43.8 5.14 2.68 8.52
East Branch 34.2 10.49 5.25 13.10
Deer Creek 27.4 6.21 2.81 6.75
Middle Branch 26.2 20.08 7.83 18.18
Kalamink Creek 21.0 40.65 30.42 8.44
Lake Lansing Drain 19.7 70.14 48.89 8.94
Sloan Creek 18.0 6.50 3.25 5.98
Wolf Creek 12.2 6.92 3.46 8.30
Squaw Creek 7.0 10.34 6.66 8.92
Coon Creek 6.1 4.98 .2.39 9.63
Herron Creek 5.9 4.37 2.12 2.67
Small Streams 77.1 0.01 t1

 

1t - trace amounts

60

Many workers have observed an enrichment gradient towards
downstream areas (Dietz and Harmeson 1957, Slack 1955, and
Curl 1959). Since phosphorus is earth bound in its cycle,
the mechanisms for transporting the element are erosion,
sedimentation, and biological transport. The local recycling
mechanisms present in the stream are very important in .
lflmiting the down stream loss of phosphorus from excceding
the upstream contributions.

Estimates of phosphorus transport were made at eight
~main_stream stations on a seasonal, river-stage basis. The
average daily phosphorus levels recorded on the Red Cedar
River during the wet season are present in Figures 9 and 10
for total and dissolved phosphorus respectively. Phosphorus
transport during the wet season is shown.quarterly to demon-
strate the diversity of phosphorus levels recorded during the
high water stage. As the season progressed and discharge
rates approached base flow, the composite picture of phos-
phorus levels became less variable as shown in the data for
the final quarter of the wet season.

A general enrichment gradient (Figures 9 and 10) was
observed between Station 1 (Van Buren Road) and Station 4
(0.3 miles below Williamston Dam), however, between stations
4 and 5, a distance of 0.2 miles, a negative gradient occurred
during three of the four sampling quarters of the wet season.
This decrease in the estimated phosphorus transport occurred
even though a tributary, Deer Creek, joined the main stream

midway between the two stations.

61

Figure 9. Average daily total phosphorus level at 3
stations on the Red Cedar River during the
high water stage. Station numbers are
given on the median abscissa.

62

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an o
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peppmnv u mahonamona amp: :0 was we mam OHHM

Miles from mouth of river

Figure 9.

Figure 10.

63

Average daily dissolved phosphorus level
at 8 stations on the Red Cedar River during

the high water stage. Station numbers are
given on the median abscissa.

64

 

 

 

  

 

 

 

 

7

 

 

 

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no no no .0

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

F

 

  

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«0.3 11 .z 20 20.3 1. 11 o..o .o o..1
among Hmpaoaoas mo passwoawx

O
100
200
300

20 15 10
Miles from mouth of river

25

30

 

Figure 10.

 

65

The cause of the upstream station having a phosphorus
transport value greater than the downstream station was
attributed to localized water turbulence as the stream passed
over the Williamston dam. It was theorized that the overflow
from the 13 foot dam effected a suSpension of stream bottom
sediments in the vicinity of the upstream.station causing an
increase in phOSphorus. The effects of this would not be
registered at the downstream station due to settling of the
disturbed sediments.

The larger dissolved phosphorus values obtained at
Station 4 can not be attributed to suspended solids. However,
an increase in dissolved phOSphorus may occur following the
destruction of euplankton and other organic material with the
subsequent release of phosphorus due to the hydro-mechanical
forces associated with the overflow.

Approximately 300 yards downstream from Station 5, the
phosphorus-rich effluent from the Williamston disposal plant
enters the Red Cedar River. Its effect on the nutrient
budget of the stream was recorded at Station 6 located at
'Dobie Road. The effluent from the diSposal plant represents
a major source of nutrients entering the Red Cedar River.

A composite of the average daily phOSphorus transport
as recorded on the main stream during the wet season is
summarized. and diagrammatically shown in Figure 11 and
compared to the level recorded during the dry season. Max-
imum.phosphorus movement is attained in the stream during the

high water stage of the wet season. During the dry season a

66

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68
phosphorus gradient can be demonstrated from the upstream
stations to the downstream station. However, it does not
attain the level associated with the high water stage of the
wet season. The increase of phosphorus between successive
downstream.stations is by gradual increaseS, unlike that
recorded during the high water stage. The reduced phOSphorus
levels during the dry season are attributed to increased
autotrophic production and perhaps more important, the reduced
land runoff.

Maximum.phosphorus movement occurred at the terminal
study area, Farm.Lane bridge. The annual estimate of 9763
kilograms of elemental phosphorus passing by this station
and out of the section of stream above this point is equiv-
alent to 130 tons of 18 percent P205 — superphOSphate.‘ This
amount would be sufficient to cover approximately 3000 acres
of agricultural land at a rate of 100 pounds per acre.

It is also useful to compute phosphorus accrual rates
on an annual-area basis to facilitate comparison of data
with that of other authors. Table 13 shows the Red Cedar
River data compared with thos‘e of other midwestern streams.
The Red Cedar River figure of 27.5 Kg. was calculated from
the level observed at the terminal study station.

Sawyer (1947) reported that the Yahara River immediately
below the outfall of Lake Mendota contained between 40 and
160 ug 1'”1 total phosphorus. Further downstream, after
passing through Lake Kegonsa, the phosphorus concentration

_in the river ranged between 300 and 780 ug 1'1. On an annual-

69

Table 13. Comparison of phosphorus levels reported from
several midwestern drainage systems.

 

 

Kilograms Mile"2 Year'1
Total Ortho-
Total Dissolved Phosphate
River System P P PO4-P

 

Red Cedar River
Michigan 27.5 17.7

Madison, Wisconsin1

Drainage and Seepage 72.0
from.Agricultural

and Urban Lands

Drainage to Lake2

Mendota, Wisconsin
1947 12.6
1949 7.4

Huron River3
Michigan 6.3

Portage River3
Ohio 13.9

Maumee River3
Ohio 19.0

Raisin River3
Michigan 8.8

. . 4
Kaskaskia River
.Agricultural Drainage
Illinois 3.8

Little Miami Rivers
Ohio 4.9

Todd Fork5
Ohio 4.8

Massie Creek5
Ohio 23.3

 

l Sawyer (1947) 2. Wis. Comm. on Water Pollution (1949)
3. Curl (1959) 4. Dietz and Harmeson (1958)
5. Brown (1960)

70
area basis the increase in the amount of phosphorus trans-
ported by Yahara River is approximately 72 Kg. per square
mile per year. Sawyer (1947) concluded that the large
increase was due to domestic and agricultural drainage from
the Madison area.

On an annual-area basis the contribution of phoSphorus
from the Red Cedar River watershed is considerably below
that of the Yahara River. This is attributed to the greater
population density in the Madison area, and to the fact that
that the data obtained for phosphorus transport in the Red
Cedar River wan taken during a year when stream discharges

were far below the normal flow rates.

SUMMARY

1. The Red Cedar River, a warmpwater stream in south
central Michigan, was investigated to determine the source
and level of phosphorus entering the stream from its trib- '
utaries. In addition, phosphorus transport was studied at
eight stations in the 30—mile experimental section of the
main stream.

2. Flow measurements were made at each tributary and
main stream station in order to study phosphorus transport.

3. The stream discharge data indicated that the trib-
utary network accounted for approximately 90 percent of the
total annual volume discharge of the Red Cedar River.

4. On a seasonal basis, the tributaries supplied
approximately 70 percent of the volume of discharge recorded
at the terminal study area, Farm Lane, during the wet season.
During the dry season, tributary volume of flow exceeded the
flow at the terminal study station by approximately 15
percent.

5. Tributary discharge rates were found to be directly
proportional to the size of the drainage area, and the latter
parameter could be utiliz ed to predict tributary Stream
flow throughout the watershed. . I

6. The chemical data revealed the stream to be highly
buffered. Methyl orange alkalinity varied between 160 and
330 mg 1‘1, pH values ranged between 7.5 and 8.5. Conductivity
1

rneasurements ranged between 330 and 610 uohm' cm’l.

71

72

7. The tributaries of the Red Cedar River accounted
for slightly less than 50 percent of the total amount of
phosphorus passing through the Farm Lane bridge station.

The annual accrual of total and dissolved phosphorus from
the tributaries was 4.27 and 2.77 metric tons respectively.
An estimated 9.76 metric tons of phosphorus passed through
the terminal study station of the Red Cedar River during the
12 month period of February 1958 to February 1959.

8. The phosphorus accruals of Kalamink Creek and Lake
Lansing Drain, both of which received considerable amounts
of domestic pollution, were independent of their discharge.

9. A significant positive correlation was found between
phOSphorus accrual and discharge for those tributaries which
drained agricultural and woodlands and were free from
domestic pollution.

10. Regression equations were presented to predict
tributary phOSphorus accruals from discharge data.

11. Phosphorus levels were significantly reduced
during the dry seasons. The summer phosphorus reduction
appeared to be more closely associated with reduction in
stream flow and surface runoff than with increased auto-
trOphic production.

12. A distinct phosphorus enrichment gradient was
observed from the upstream to the downstream stations. The
greatest increment was observed in thelower third of the

stream and was associated with domestic pollution

LITERATURE CITED

American Public Health Association
1955. Standard methods for the examination of water,
sewage, and industrial wastes. American Public
Health Association Inc., New York, 522 pp.

Brehmer, Morris L.

1959. A study of nutrient accrual, uptake and
regeneration as related to primary production
in a warmwater stream. Doctorate Thesis, Mich.
State Univ. Lib., Microfilm available.

Brown, Edward H.
1960. Little Miami River headwater-stream investigations. </’
Ohio Dept. of Nat. Res., Div. of Wildlife, 143 pp.

Buck, D. Homer
1956. Effects of turbidity on fish and fishing. Okla.
Fish. Research Lab., Report No. 56, 62 pp.

Clarke, George L.

1954. Elements of ecology. Johy Wiley and Sons, Inc.,
New York, 534 pp.

Curl, Herbert
1957. A source of phOSphorus for western basin of
Lake Erie. Limnol. and 0ceanogr., 2(4):315-320.

1959. The origin and distribution of phosphorus in
western Lake Erie. Limnol. and 0ceanogr.,
4(1):66-76.

Dietz, Jess C. and Robert H. Harmeson
1958. Phosphate compounds occuring in Illinois surface
waters. Proc. 12th Ind. Waste Conf., Purdue Univ.
Eng. Bull., Series 94, pp. 285-300.

Grzenda, Alfred
1960. Primary production, energetics, and nutrient-
utilization in a warm-water stream. Doctorate
Thesis, Mich. State Univ. Lib., Microfilm available.

Hutchinson, G. E.

1957. A treatise on limnology. John Wiley and Sons, Inc.,
1015 pp.

73

74

Kevern, Niles R.
1961. The nutrient composition, dynamics, and ecological
significance of drift material in the Red Cedar
River. Masters Thesis, Mich. State Univ. Lib.

Michigan Water Resources Commission
1958. Hydrological studies of small watersheds in
agricultural areas of southern Michigan. Report
No. l, 77 pp.

Neil, John H.
1958. Problems and control of unnatural fertilization
of lakes. Proc. 12th Ind. Waste Conf., Purdue
Univ. Eng. Bull. Series 94, pp. 301-316.

0dum, Eugene P.
1959. Fundamentals of ecology. W. B. Saunders Company,
Philadelphia, 546 pp.

Rodina, A. G.

1959. BacteriOplankton of weed-bed zones in lakes - The
food base of aquatic invertebrates. Doklady,
6:1286-1289. (Translated by American Institute
Biological Sciences, Washington 5, D. 0. 114(2);
566-569).

Ruttner, Fran Z.
1953. Fundamentals of limnology. (Translated by D. G.
Frey and F. E. Fry) Univ. Toronto Press, 242 pp.

Sawyer, C. N.
1947. Fertilization of lakes by agricultural and urban
drainages. J. N. E. Water Works Assoc., 61:109-127.

Slack, Keith V.
1955. A study of the factors affecting stream productivity

by the comparative method. Invest. of Indiana Lakes
and Streams, 4:3-48.

Smith, M. W.
1959. Phosphorus enrichment of drainage water from farm
lands. J. Fish. Res. Ed. Canada, l6(6):887-895.

Snedecor,George W.
1956. Statistical methods. The Collegiate Press Inc.,
Ames, Iowa, 534 pp.

Tarzwell, Clarence M.

1957. Water quality criteria for aquatic life. Biological
Problems in Water Pollution, U. S. Dept. Health,
Education and Welfare, Trans. 1956 seminar, pp.
246-272.

75

Welch, Paul S.
1948. Limnological methods. The Blakiston Company,

Philadelphia, 381 pp.

1952. Limnology. McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc.,
New York, 538 pp.

76

APPENDIX A

Wet season sampling schedule.

77

Tributary Sanplirg Schedule

First Quarter .. Wet Season

February 14 to March 13

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Days
Blocks 1 2 3 4
,Kalemink Ck. Doan Creek Mile 5
I
East Branch - Kalamink Ck. Mile 2
0
‘3
Doan Creek Mile 19 Mile 6 '5;-
II 3
Mile 1? West Branch East Branch 9
'3
.3
Lake Lansing Middle Branch West Branch E
III
Middle Branch Deer Creek Deer Creek g
'8
t
8
e
IV a
5
-o
- 1:
West Branch East Branch Squaw Creek 5
V a.
Sloan Creek West Branch Doan Creek
Lake Lansim Wolf Creek Mile 8
VI
Doan Creek Sloan Creek Doan Creek
VII

 

 

 

 

 

Appendix A-l

 

78

Tributary Semplirg Schedule

Second Quarter .. Wet Season

March 14 to April 10

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Days
Blocks 1 2 3 4
Mile 4 Deer Creek Coon Creek
I 0
Kalamink Creek Doan Creek East Branch 3.
2
Dean Creek Deer Creek Lake Lansing a
II ....
West Branch Mile 26 Mile 15 5
O
a
o
$4
West Branch Sloan Creek Doan Creek ‘3
III t
Mile 14 East Branch West Branch 3
2
3‘
Mile 21 East Branch west Bramh I,
W 11
Dean Creek Doan Creek Lake Lansirg g
' h.
V
VI
Mile 20 Middle Branch Middle Branch
VII
Kalnink Creek Wolf Creek Sloan Creek

 

 

 

 

 

Appendix A-2

 

79

Tributary Sampling Schedule

Third Quarter - Wet Season

April 11 to May 5

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Phys
Hunks l 2 3 u
Deer Creek East Branch Deer Creek
I
Westlhmmch Mnmfleanmmfla Min-18
.‘3
Q
h
:mwmwthed: Hbstlhamfl: Lahslamflng 'g
II
Lamplamnmg WdUFCnum: lkmn<hsek '3
«H
g
West Branch Doan Creek Doan Creek 3
III ‘1
East Branch East Branch West Branch g
8
t
nrugzs Kthmdnkcmu M£h57 ?
IV 0
Doan Creek Mile ll Herron Creek 1:
I:
-- 3
ts.
V
)fllej) lkmn(heek M£u110
VI
Sloan Creek Kalamink Creek Middle Branch
VII

 

 

 

 

 

Appendix A-3

 

80

Tributary Sanpling Schedule

Fourth Quarter - Wet Season

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

May¢5t0.hnn15
Ihys
Eknks l 2 3 u
Deer Creek East Branch Doan Creek
I
Lake Lancing Mile 22 East Branch «3
3:
2
e
Sloan Creek Mile 23 West Branch 1
II .2
[bentheek DwarCred: EhstEhanfla S
O
8
Dmu1Crafl: luddlelhmnch DomnCheek .8
III
West Branch Deer Creek Middle Bramh E
e
1 a
5‘
- ikflfthmek M£u525 hhetlhwmch '0
IV 5
Kalamink Ck. Mile 13 Mile 9 g
a
M£h524 1u1.:1 Mnkfle Bunch
V
Herron Creek Coon Creek M110 12
VI
VII

 

 

 

 

 

Appendix A-4

 

81

APPENDIX B

Dry season sampling schedule.

82
Tributary Sampling Schedule

Dry Season
June 6 to February 13

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Quarters
Days I II III IV
Doan Creek Doan Creek West Branch Doan Creek
1
Middle Branch Kalmink Ck. Deer Creek West Branch
Mile 2]. Middle Branch Doan Creek Middle Branch
2
East Branch Deer Creek Kalamink Ck. East Branch
Doan Creek East Branch West Branch Kalamink Ck.
3
Deer Creek Doan Creek Herron Creek Doan Creek
Sloan Creek West Branch East Branch Sloan Creek
a
West Branch Lake Lansing Doan Creek Wolf Creek
Deer Creek East Branch Lake Lansing Lake Lansing
5
Kalamink Ck. Doan Creek Sloan Creek East Branch
6 West Branch Wolf Creek Middle Branch Doan Creek
Coon Creek Squaw Creek Mile 23 Deer Creek

 

Appendix B-l

 

83

APPENDIX C

Hydrographs for the stations on the tributaries
and the Red Cedar River.

84

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101

APPENDIX D

The chemical and physical data collected on the
tributaries and the Red Cedar River during the
study period.

102

Phosphorus concentrations for the tributaries of the

Red Cedar River.

February 1958 to February 1959.

 

 

‘Wet Season Dry Season
zhoghorus (ugll) Phosphorus £341)
Date Disso ved Tot Date sso v otal
Doan Creek:

9 2—15-58 12 23 649-58 21 72
2-18-58 8 19 7-2-58 19 46
3.4.58 171 #4 8-15-58 28 43
3—6-58 38 39 8-28-58 13 21
3-8-58 14 39 9.22.58 12 19
3-15-58 6 27 10-27-58 9 14
3-18-58 9 24 11.7.58 11 19
3-24-58 12 21 12-16-58 6 12
3-26-58 8 19 1-6-59 .21 34
3.27-53 7 20 1-19-59 13 24
4-17-58 10 25
4-20.58 17 26
4—21-58 12 25
4—23-58 18 26
5.2-58 17 22
5-11-58 10 24
5-13-58 9 29
5-15-58 15 38
5-19-58 10 37

West Branch

. 2-19-58 8 15 7-15-58 19 an
2-24-58 10 14 3.1-53 14 31
3-2-58 13 25 9-9-58 15 29
3-3-58 14 33 10.24.58 10 1?
3—18-58 10 14 10031.58 6 14
3-22-58 10 17 12-16-58 5 9
3-24—58 10 20
3-28-58 8 1?

4—11—58 12 19
4.16-58 10 2?
4-19-58 9 26
4—21-58 18 26
5-15-58 8 41
5-17-58 11 43
5-23-58 14 28

 

1- water sample probably not filtered

Appendix D-l

1133

 

 

 

 

Wet Season Dry Season
Phosphorusfigg/l) Phoaphorus (ugll)
Date Dissolved Total Date 'ifDissolved Total
W
2-14-58 9 21 6-11-58 25 51
2-20-58 9 19 8-28-58 14 27
3-3-58 16 31 9-22-58 12 23
3-15-53 7 21 11-7-58 14 31
3.23.58 9 22 12.26.58 8 17
3—27-58 13 24 1-13-59 14 25
4.12-58 16 23
4.19 -58 11 32
4.20.58 24 48
5-10-58 17 3?
5-11-58 15 42
5-15-58 12 40
29.21011
2-23.58 5 19 7-2-58 26 52
2.24-58 1o 29 7-23.58 18 38
3—15-58 9 . 31 8-23-58 22 38
3-19-58 8 23 10.24-58 1o 39
4.11-58 11 - 1-19-59 18 28
4-13-58 16 30
549-58 13 24
5-14-58 11 32
5—18-58 16 46
14.111112431111911:
2-22-58 3 14 649-58 17 98
2-23-58 5 14 8.23.58 27 46
4-8.58 13 28 11.26.58 16 43
11.9.53 14 25 12.26.58 9 25
4—12-58 14 23
5-3-58 21 31
5-18-58 18 84
5-19-58 22 74
5-27-58 19 66
Kalamink Creek;
2.14-58 48 81 7.23.58 173 211
2.15.58 254 279 8.15-58 147 175
3.14.58 53 78 10.27-58 239 250
4.7-58 64 121 1—6-59 105 175
4.24-58 23 79 _
5-2-58 25 91
5-21-58 100 141

Appendix D-2

Wet Season

104

 

Phosphorus (ug/ 1)

 

 

 

Date Dis solved

Lake LansiiDrain:

2-22-58
3-6-58

3—20-58
3.28.58
4-15-58
4-17-58
5-9-58

MM

3-2-58
3.7-53
3.23.53
4-9-58
5-1-58
5-13-58

1191;312:111
3.7-53
4-8-58
4-16-58
5-21-58

Squaw Gregg:

3-4-58
4-15-58

Coon Creek:

3-16-58
5-26-58

 

Herron Creek:

4—25-58
5-25-58

229
41

98
179
147
144
227

19
21
13
16
16
13

14
14
18
18

17
21

Appendix D-3

Dry Season
Phosphorus (g/ 1)
Total Date fissolved Total
261 9—9-58 914 1129
46 1 1-19-58 636 758
143 1-13-59 757 929
143
240
255
425
4 7-15-58 21 37
4g 1 1- 19.58 15 26
24 1-9-59 1 8 22
3.5
30
35
23 9.26-58 15 35
34 1-9-59 17 24
39
73
36 9-26-58 38 64
36 .
9 8-1-58 8 20
2 1
67 1 0-31-58 26 4O
19 O

105

Phosphorus ( l)

 

Date River Mile Dissolved Tot

 

 

 

Snell Streams:

2-16-58 2 25 61
2-16-58 5 14 33
2-20.58 6 9 9
3-19-58 26 8 8
3.20.58 15 14 38
4.7-58 20 4 11
4.13-58 18 8 26
4.23-58 16 42 72
4.24-58 11 47 141
5-3-58 1o 20 51
5-10.58 22 35 140
5.22-58 13 21 7o
5-22-58 25 25 7?
5-23-58 9 24 75
5—25-58 24 51 142
5-27-58 12 19 166

Appendix D-4

3L06

Phosphorus concentrations for eight main stream stations
of the Red Cedar River. February 1958 to February 1959.

 

 

 

 

 

Wet Season Dry Season
‘ghosphorus (ugll) ghosphorus ( 1)
Date Dissolved Total Date Dissolved otél
Van.Buren Road:
2-14-58 9 21 6-9-58 18 86
2.20.58 12 17 6-11-58 22 52
2.2.58 4 15 8-23-58 24 35
2-23-58 8 21 8-28-58 18 31
3-3-58 16 33 9-22-58 15 33
3.16-58 11 22 11-7-58 12 34
3-23-58 12 21 11.26.58 15 44
3-27-58 11 21 12—26-58 8 22
4.8.58 13 29 1-13-59 15 30
4.9-58 13 21
4.12-58 16 25
4—19-58 11 31
4-20-58 21 46
5-3-58 14 32
5—10—58 15 41
5-11-58 14 42
5-15-58 - 52
5-18-58 18 78
5-19-58 21 68
5-27-58 15 53
gramer Road:
2-19-58 32 66 7-15-58 73 123 .
2-2“-58 35 86 8-1-58 55 107
3-2-58 19 38 9-9-58 68 119
3-3-58 22 40 10.24.58 80 134
3-18-58 22 44 10431-58 44 76
3-22-53 13 32 12.16-58 44 93
3.24.58 21 41
3-28-58 13 34
4—11-58 16 40
4-16-58 17 5O
4-19-58 21 72
“L21-58 33 91
5-10-58 28 . 92
5-15-58 39 120
5-17-58 42 125
5-23-58 36 116

_ Appendix D-5

107

 

 

 

 

Vet Season Dry Season

Phosphorus (113 l) Pysphorus (Egél)

Date Dissolved Tota Date Dissfived Tot
W

2-14-58 17 54 7-23-58 “9 70
2-15—58 23 67 8.15-58 72 107
3-7-58 19 44 9-26-58 68 112
3-14-58 25 44 10.27-58 49 72
3—26-58 17 41 1-6-59 52 98
4-7-58 19 57 1-9-59 37 7“
4-8-58 17 47
4-16-58 22 56
4-24-58 29 72
5.2-58 28 70
5-21-58- 35 9“

Williamston (1000 yards below dam}:

2-15-58 18 47 6-9-58 28 93
2-18-58 17 4? 7-2-58 42 119
3-4-58 22 36 8-15-58 53 125
3-6-58 15 28 8—28-58 42 105
3.8.58 26 44 9.22-58 30 74
3-15-58 12 31 9-26-58 34 73
3.18.58 16 31 10.27-58 51 86
3.20.58 14 32 11-7-58 36 72
3-24-58 14 39 12-16-58 16 73
3—26-58 16 35 1-6-59 51 89
3-27-58 12 32 1-19-59 36 77
4-1 5.58 30 94

4-17-58 17 51

4.20.58 28 72

4-21-58 33 86

4.23.58 24 69

5.2-58 22 .d-09 .47}! 1-

5-11-58 14 654 ‘

5-13-58 15 .054

5.17-58 17 .061

5-19-58 22 .082

Savage Disposal Plant ( 1000 yards upstrgn from outfall):

2.23.58 9 43 7-2-58 42 113

2-24-58 14 44 7-23-58 34 78

3.15.58 16 35 8-23-58 44 63

3-19-58 16 34 10.24.58 42 7o
‘ 4—11-58 17 32 1-19-59 36 81

4-13-58 10 28

5-9-58 19 5?

5-14-58 11 32

5-18-58 15 56

Appendix D-G

108

 

 

 

 

 

‘wet Season Dry Season
Phosphorus (W Phosphorus (E112

Date Dissolved Total Date Dissolved Total

IbhhaRomg
2-20-58 - 57 7-15-58 22 69
3-2-58 24 64 11-19-58 11 69
3-7-58 25 59 1-9-59 52 85
3-23-58 41 44
4—9-58 23 “5
4-25-58 27 67
5-1-58 44 88
5-13-58 62 104

gggadorn.Road5
2-22-58 36 _81 9-9-58 116 154
3-6-58 17 47 10-31-58 68 95
3-20-58 26 46 11-19-58 72 101
3.28.58 24 46 1-13-59 76 97
4--15-58 34 64
4-17-58 24 72
5-9-58 ‘42 83
5-25-58 76 152

Farm Lane Bring.e_:_
2.14-58 79 117 6-9-58 106 179
2-15-58 78 101 6-11-58 120 185
2-16-58 75 117 7-2-58 - 134 187
2-18-58 - 105 7-15-58 116 163
2-19-58 - 116 7-23-58 114 138
2-20-58 - 109 8-1-58 112 182
2-22-58 47 91 8-23-58 112 162
2-23-58 74 111 8-28-58 128 178
2-24-58 74 116 9-9-58 260 3321
3-2-58 29 7? 9-22-58 . 133 166
3-3-58 32 64 10424-58 122 173
3-4-58 38 64 10-27-58 108 152
3-6-58 2? 65 10-31-58 127 166
3-7-58 31 61 11-7-58 88 123
3-8-58 36 61 11-19-58 120 148
3-14-58 59 79 11-26-58 140 236
3-15-58 38 69 12-16-58 84 105
3-16-58 31 61 12-26-58 105 136
3-18-58 31 56 1-6-59 120 161
3-19-58 32 57 1-9-59 97 146
3-20-58 34 66 1-13-59 92 131
3-22-58 44 70 1-19-59 142 154
34Z168 31 51
3—24-58 35 63

Append ix D-7

109

 

 

 

 

 

Djiscelhneous Main Stream Stations

Station

Okemos Road
Zimmer Road
Gregory Road
Dietz' Road
Meridian Road
Meridian Road
Nickelson Road
Zimner Road
Meridian Road
Stow Road
Zimmer Road
Zimmer Road
Zimmer Road
Zimmer Road
Zimmer Road

Date

2-16-58
3-16-58
3-19-58
4-13-58
4.24.58
58-58

522%
5-22-58
5-23-58
5-25-58
5—26-58

11-10.58
11-17-58

12-2-58
12-9 -53

Phosphorus 535/ 1;
Dis solved

36
15
23
17
27
32
62
50
24
43
45
41
35
42

37

Appendix D-8

Wet Season Dry Season
Phosporus (ggél) Pisphorus (25(1)
Date Dissolved To Date Dissolved Total
Farm Lane Bridge:
3-26-58 34 57 “-24-58 “'2 97
3-27.58 41 65 4-25-58 40 101
3-28-58 28 - 5-1-58 48 ‘ 103
4-7-58 26 64 5-2-58 84 202
4-8-58 34 79 5—3-58 49 118
4.9-58 48 72 5-9-58 80 134
4-11-58 44 7? 5-10-58 62 112
4-12-58 36 69 5-13-58 7“ 138
4-13-58 26 5? 5-14-58 69 160
1+-15-58 38 72 5-17-58 104 186
4-16-58 51 108 5-18-58 123 186
4-17-58 39 96 5-19-58 118 180
4-19-58 68 129 5-21-58 114 180
4-20-58 61 139 5-22-58 141 230
4-21-58 43 110 5.25.58 94 172
4.23.58 40 140 5-26-58 128 201

Total

63
36
47
35
75
64
187
92
75
142
98
84
100
103
73

110

Physical and chemical characteristics 01' the tributaries
of the Red Cedar River. February 1958 to Febuaray 1959.

Conduc- Turbid- Color

0 Gauge tivity Alka- ity as as

Tulip. 1". Height mho % linity pp: Klett

Date Air Water inches 1 10" ppm pH 8102 units

 

Doan Creek:

 

2-15-58 20 32 3 614 262 7.8 13 7
2.18-58 8 32 3 675 292 7.8 10 17
3-4-58 33 35 21.5 510 186 7.9 26 28
3-6-58 35 36 22.5 506 180 7.9 28 31
3-8-58 30 36 17.75 534 198 7.8 16 30
3-15-58 32 - 35 11.25 583 222 8.0 16 26 ~

3-18-58 33 38 9.25 591 228 8.1 16 22
3.24.58 37 40 8 575 232 8.1 16 20
3-26-58 40 39 7 595 232 7.9 15 23
3-27-58 37 40 7 581 236 8.1 15 23
4-17-58 55 52 6 534 242 8.1 18 25
4.20.58 60 58 5 511 242 8.0 17 22
4-21-58 55 52 5.25 463 244 8.0 24 20
4.23-58 46 47 5.5 457 244 8.2 21 25
5.2-58 56 63 2.0 545 233 8.2 23 15

5-11-58 76 60 -0.25 529 250 8.1 15 23
5—13-58 62 64 -0.75 537 249 . 14 23
5-17-58 65 59 -2.75 649 274 16 24
5-19-58 63 60 .2.75 638 263 17 23
6-9-58 , 56 61 0.00 449 233 30 25
7-2-58 82 80 -6.5 842 250

8-15-58 73 73 7 246 262 6 25
8-28-58 82 74 5.75 786 250 9 13

¢QMU¢NNHNOOOO
...
..e

9-22-58 70 65 -7 642 252 15
10-27-58 51 ‘ 50 0.00 354 215 . 7 37
11-7-58 45 42 -3.75 391 212 . 13 16
12-16-58 16 32 -1.5 380 270 . 10 17
1-6-59 10 32 1.5 478 298 . 14 18
1-19-59 - 32 0.75 - 281 . 15 1o
144821222222

2-19-58 19 32 58.5 658 278 7.7 5 18
2-24-58 32 32 59 611 254 7.8 11 16

3-2-58 35 35 40 505 180 7.8 15 54
3-3-58 30 34 43.25 516 180 7.8 15 52
3-18-58 33 38 54.5 586 230 8.1 12 3o
3-22-58 41 43 57.5 585 228 8.1 10 47
3.24.58 37 42 58 598 230 8.1 12 43

Appendix D-9

111

Conduc- ' Turbib- Color

Gauge tivity Alka- ity as as

Temp. °F. Height mho c1116 11111137 ppm Klett

Date Air ‘Hater inches X 10' PPM PH Si02 units

 

Hbst Branch:

 

3—28-58 42 41 57.75 595 239 7.8 13 42
4-11-58 36 ‘ 40 56.75 331 234 7.8 10 50
4-16-58 80 62 57 609 234 8.0 18 55
4-19-58 76 63 59 662 240 8.2 16 52
4-21-58 55 54 58 441 244 8.1 24 44
5-17-58 65 60 64.5 628 278 8.0 23 33
5-23-58 62 66 64.25 591 272 8.2 20 26
7-15-68 82 76 62.5 430 278 8.2 15 45
8-1-58 - - - 502 268 8.3 15 25
9-9-58 59 58 66.5 498 268 8.0 9 24
10-24-58 50 52 62.75 472 224 8.1 11 33
10-31-58 61 51 62.25 410 224 8.1 11 43
East»Branch:

 

2.20.58 20 32 23.75 540 264 7.8 15
2-14-58 15 32 23.75 262 16

3-3-58 3o 34 33 474 192 7.8 14
3-16-58 33 37 25 474 228 7.9 13
3-23-58 41 44 24 512 236 8.0 11

3-27-58 37 40 23.5 524 234 8.1 11
4-12-58 43 42 27.75 386 23“ 7.9 13
4-19-58 76 62 22 617 244 8.2 14
4.20-58 6o 57 22.25 464 250 8.1 27
5-10-58 68 64 20.25 567 267 8.0 17
5-11-58 76 59 20 567 274 8.0 19
5-15-58 72 66 19.75 559 272 8.0 24
6-11-58 67 67 25.25 331 264 8.0 20

663322888888888586

8-28-58 82 68 26.5 756 274 8.1 11

‘ 9-22-58 70 60 24 624 272 8.0 18
11-7-58 45 43 21.25 460 228 8.0 15
12-26-58 29 32 25.5 339 270 7.7 13
1-13-59 24 32 26.5 - 274 7.7 12
Ibeereek:
2.23.58 34 32 12 564 244 7.8 10 8
2-24-58 32 32 12.25 549 242 7.8 13 13
3.15-58 32 35 14.5 529 222 8.1 17 2
3-19—58 35 38 13 552 228 8.1 16 22
4.11-58 36 40 13.25 305 224 7.9 13 25
4-13-58 45 43 18 414 216 7.8 10 32
5-9-58 50 52 6.5 512 246 8.2 17 19

Appendix D-10

112

 

 

 

 

Appendix D-ll

Conduc- 'hu'bid- Color
Gauge tivity Alka- ity as as
Temp. °F. Height 11116 2 111111; ppm Klett
Date Air Water inc hes X 10 ppm pH Si02 Units
Deer Creek:
5-14-58 74 61 5.75 630 253 8.0 15 26
‘5-18-58 65 56 5.5 606 256 7.9 17 30
7-2-58 82 80 4.75 774 244 8.2 18 24
7-23-58 80 77 5.25 654 248 8.0 20 19
8-23-58 67 67 5.5 566 254 8.1 21 30
10-24-58 50 52 5.5 400 208 8.0 21 21
1-19-59 - 32 6.5 - 265 7.7 14 12
Hhknelmmuwh:
2-22-58 22 32 71 510 250 7' 7.6 8 20
2-23-58 34 32 71 492 244 7.6 13 21
4—8—58 35 43 61.5 “9“ 223 7.6 7 66
' 4-9-58 3“ “7 63 “95 220 7.9 10 58
4-12-58 43 42 60 351 218 7.8 12 65
5—3—58 64 58 70 482 244 7.9 - -
5-18-58 65 67 71 547 25“ 7.9 27 86
5-19-58 63 63 72 554 266 7.9 29 63
5-27-58 58 62 73.5 484 270 8.1 29 41
6d9-58 56 6"1 69 310 238 7.8 59 47
8-23-58 67 68 65 578 274 7.9 20 51
11-26-58 26 36 67 386 228 7.9 13 60
12-25-58 29 32 64.5 355 236 7.5 19 29
Kalamink Creek:
2-14-58 15 32 70.5 - 300 7.9 16 10
2-15-58 20 32 70.5 629 288 7.9 15 9
3-14-58 32 38 72 638 244 8.0 15 32
4—7-58 36 45 70.5 606 220 8.0 24 52
4-24-58 54 52 73 557 264 7 .8 42 33
5-2-58 56 68 75.25 659 276 8.1 18 29
5-21-58 64 64 75.5 659 283 8.5 19 23
7-23-58 80 88 76 722 254 8.3 13 26
8-15-58 73 75 77 342 275 8.3 10 30
10-27-58 51 52 75.5 346 219 8.3 6 25
1-6-59 10 32 72.25 525 324 7.6 13 16
Lake LansingDrain:
2-22-58 22 32 150 597 250 7.6 14 22
3-6-58 35 35 112 518 198 7.7 16 51
3-20-58 32 37 130 554 228 7.8 9 46

‘11}

 

 

 

 

Appendix D-12

Conduc- Turbid- Color
Gauge tivity Alka- ity as as
Temp. °F. Height who can linity pp! non.
Date 11: water inches x 10-6 ppm p8 3102 Units
Lake'LanaiggiDrain:
3-28-58' 42 40 137 490 208 7.9 12 36
4.15-58 so 44 144.5 424 230 7.8 14 45
4.17-58 55 49 144.5 515 230 7.9 20 37
5-9-58 50 50 147.5 494 260 7.9 24 40
9.9.58 59 57 150 448 270 7.8 44 24
11-19-58 48 41 149.75 486 230 8.0 18 24
1-13.59 24 32 148.75 - 283 - 9 13
W
3-2-58 35 35 2061's 386 154 7.8 19 25
3—7-58 3o 34 17ers 366 166 8.0 16 23
3-23-58 41 45 83.75 476 210 8.2 4 15
4.9.58 34 42 83.25 473 190 8.1 14 13
5-1-58 55 48 84.5 483 228 8.0 11 9
5-13—58 62 51 85.75 482 246 8.0 16 7
7-15-58 82 71 84 378 250 8.1 6 21
11-19-58 48 44 86 415 228 8.0 7 6
1-9-59 9 32 87 - 282 7.8 5 6
WdUTCrafln
3-7-58 30 34 41.5 528 204 7.9 14 28
4-8--58 35 45 54.25 597 243 8 . 1 14 38
4-16-58 80 64 67 630 238 8.4 22 37
5-21-58 64 60 65.5 565 276 7.8 31 21
9-26-58 66 67 66.75 684 284 7.8 8 20
1.9-59 9 32 64.25 - 284 7.5 7 8
Ekwmnthvok:
3-4-58 33 34 50.75 483 192 7.8 15 37
4.15.58 50 44 60 390 244 8.0 11 45
9-26-58 66 7o 65 642 282 8.2 10 28
Cannermfln
3-16-58 33 36 39.5 486 234 7.9 7 15
5-26-58 58 61 45 486 283 7.9 ' 17 13
8-1-58 - - 45.25 468 284 8.1 19 14

114

Conduc- anbid- Color

 

Gangs tivity Alka- 1ty as as
Temp. °F. Height mho $2 linity pm But.

Date Air Water inches X 10 ppm pH 8102 Units

 

Herron Creek:

 

4.25-58 4o 42 32 536 262 7.9 29 30
5-25-58 58 74 32.25 - 254 8.2 40 29
10-31-58 61 53 400 233 8.0 11 24
Conduc- Turbid- Color
tivity Alka- 1ty as as
T3132. 91". River Flow nho “:6 linity pp! nstt.
Date A11- Hater Mile gm 1 10 ppm pH 3102 Units

 

anal]. Straws :

2.16.58 4 34 2 1 727 288 7.9 10 6
2-16-58 4 33 5 9 583 294 7.9 8 7
2.20.58 20 39 6 1 427 216 8.1 1 5
3-19-58 35 42 26 12 587 214 8.0 2 46
320-58 32 39 15 8 451 206 7.8 9 35
4-7-58 36 41 20 7 494 179 7.7 0 3
4.13.58 45 48 18 50 475 244 8.0 23 13
4.23.58 46 56 16 8 368 238 8.1 22 52
4.24.58 54 50 11 80 504 240 7.9 8 21
5-3.58 64 61 1o 12 370 204 8.0 22 14
5-10-58 68 55 22 20 552 312 7.9 57 97
5.22.58 58 53 25 60 518 282 7.6 29 61
5-22-58 58 55 13 2 490 256 7.8 22 16
5.23.58 62 61 9 12 445 230 7.9 10 16
5.25-58 58 66 24 17 - 274 8.2 21 42
5-27-58 58 5o 2 12 417 233 7.9 73 3

Appendix D-13

115

Physical and chemical characteristics for eight main ‘strsam
stations of the Red Cedar River. February 1958 to Feburary

1959-
(hnflMc- 1Mran-Cohmr
o Gauge tivity Alka- 1ty as as
Tam. I“, Height 111110 on linity pp: Klett

 

Date 11: ‘Hater inches x 10'6 ppm. p8 3102 Units

 

vanlhwenfmmd:

2-14-58 15 32 49.5 - 268 - 14 11
2.20.58 20 32 49.5 582 280 7.8 15 14
2.22.58 22 32 48.75 523 256 7.7 8 16
2-23-58 34 32 48.75 505 252 7.7 18 12
3-3-58 30 34 34.25 458 186 7.7 12 51
3.16-58 33 35 34.75 516 224 7.9 11 40

3.23-58 41 48 45.5 508 236 8.0 13 45
3-27-58 37 41 46.25 505 228 8.0 13 45
4-8-58 35 43 41.25 528 232 7.9 8 59
4-9-58 34 46 44.6 523 228 8.0 13 45
4.12-58 43 43 40.25 361 228 7.8 13 56
4-19-58 76 65 49 521 238 8.3 21 48
4-20.58 60 59 48.75 459 242 8.0 27 48
5-3-58 64 57 51.75 503 258 7.9 - -
5-10-58 68 54 52.25 509 260 7.9 20 37
‘5-11-58 76 59 52.75 544 269 8.0 20 41
5-15-58 72 65 53.75 537 268 8.0 - -
5-18-58 65 64 52.25 562 260 7.9 31 49
5-19-58 63 59 53 544 272 7.9 34 43
5-27-58 58 55 54.25 492 275 8.0 29 24
6—9-58 56 61 50 370 236 7.8 36 36
6-11—58 67 68 49.75 282 268 8.0 27 5o
8-28-58 82 73 54.5 750 284 8.1 13 19
9-22-58 70 65 54 636 278 8.0 18 . 21
11-7-58 45 41 50 429 238 8.0 20 31
11-26-58 26 35 47.5 391 231 7.8 20 42
12-26—58 29 32 49 339 ’ 269 7.6 18 14.
8-23—58 67 65 54.5 578 274 7.9 18 3?
1-13-58 - 32 47.25 - 299 7.7 15 12
EBEEEHLIEEfiE

2-19-58 19 32 12 607 274 7.7 8 16
2.24.58 32 32 13 572 250 7.8 18 16
3-2-58 35 33 45 435 166 7.9 15 52
3.3.58 30 34 41 465 182 7.8 11 51
3-18-58 33 38 21 555 ,- 214 8.0 14 46

Appendix D-l4

 

'116

 

 

 

Appendix D-lS

Comkmm Tmfifid- (kflor
o Gauge tivity Alka- ity as as
Tamp. F. Height nho cm linity ppm Klott
Date Air ‘Hater inches X 10 ppm pH 3102 Units
Grumn‘Road:
3.22.58 41 42 22 543 234 8.2 11 43
3-24.58 37 42 20 541 236 8.1 13 38
3.28.58 42 42 18.5 546 243 8.0 16 38
4-11-58 36 41 20 317 232 7.8 11 48
4.16.58 80 60 18 548 240 8.4 19 54
4.19-58 76 62 16.5 594 244 8.3 19 54
4-21-58 55 55 16 391 250 8.0 29 4o
5.10-58 68 53 10.25 534 263 8.1 22 35
5.15.58 72 64 8.5 - - 8.0 30 33
5-17-58 65 60 6 571 284 8.0 - -
5.23.58 62 58 8 545 280 8.1 17 35
7-15-58 82 71 12 440 282 8.0 17 50
8-1-58 - - - 492 264 7.8 18 22
9-9-58 59 60 8.75 482 262 8.1 11 21
10.24.58 50 52 5.5 440 224 7.8 22 33
10-31-58 61 48 16.75 363 233 7.8 12 39
12.16.58 16 32 10.5 376 252 7.5 9 20
Webberville Road:
2.14-58 15 32 10 - 298 7.6 13 11
2-15-58 20 32 10 585 268 7.6 15 12
3.7-58 3o 35 37 500 108 7.8 15 44
3-14—58 32 38 23 567 228 7.9 12 41
3-26-58 40 40 17.5 567 240 8.0 13 39
4.7-58 36 44 25.75 534 230 8.0 18 54
4.8-58 35 45 25 553 232 8.0 12 57
4.16-58 80 59 - 589 238 8.2 18 49
4.24-58 54 52 17 484 252 7.9 31 47
5.2.58 56 59 9.25 518 256 8.0 32 26
5-21-58 64 60 4 518 270 8.3 28 33
7—23-58 80 84 1 .25 664 268 8.2 13 26
8-15-58 73 72 -1.5 332 270 8.1 8 31
9-26-58 66 69 0.0 602 270 8.2 13 22
10-27-58 51 50 9 346 217 7.9 9 56
1-6—59 10 32 8 421 286 7.5 15 20
1-9-59 9 32 7 .5 - 296 7.5 10 16
Williamston ( 1000 yards below dam):
2-15-58 20 32 56cfs 621 ‘ 246 7.7 14 12
2-18-58 8 32 56cfs 626 - 7.8 13 15

 

‘117

 

 

 

Conduc- ‘mrbid- Color
, o Stream tivity Alka- ity as as
Temp. F. - flow 111110 c linity ppm Klett

Date Air Water cfs X 10 ppm pH 3102 Units
‘williamston ( 1000 yards below dang):
3.4.58 33 33 384 486 180 7.8 12 39
3-6—58 35 36 360 512 198 7.9 11 41
3-8-58 30 36 360 500 190 7.8 33 21
3-15-58 32 37 190 516 224 8.0 12 36
3-18-58 33 38 174 563 23“ 7-9 12 38
3—20-58 32 38 170 541 236 8.0 16 32 .
3-24-58 37 42 160 581 228 8.2 15 30
3-26-58 40 42 150 546 236 7.9 12 , 33
3-27-58 37 41 144 558 230 8.3 12 33
4—15-58 50 52 160 466 238 8.2 22 47
4-17-58 55 59 133 522 240 8.2 26 43
4-20-58 60 62 114 4941 245 8.1 45 38
4-21-58 55 60 121 420 252 8.2 50 33
4.23.58 46 57 130 494 254 8.0 44 30
5-2-58 56 58 95 494 250 8.1 34 24
5.11-58 76 60; 79 571 254 38.3 '27 30
5613-58 .62 63: 66 545 256 {8.3 26 24
5-17-58 65 68? 66 '523 274 L202 26 28
5-19-58 63 69 " 60 1562 272 .2 24 33
6-9-58 56 66 55 508 261 8.0 25 32
7-2-58 82 76 40 774 256 7.9 31 24-
8-15-58 73 - 53 342 264 7.9 1. 33 29
8-28-58 82 68 32 748 262 7.9 32 20
9-22-58 70 64 38 594 240 7.9 20 18
9-26-58 66 69 32 614 254 8.0 22 19
10-27-58 51 51 38 326 214 7.8 22 31
11-7-58 44 45 47 410 224 8.1 23 23
12.16.58 16 32 46 363 294 7.4 18 17
1-6-59 10 32 36 373 215 7.7 18 26
1-19-59 - 32 36 - 296 7.6 32 19
Segage Disposal Plant (1000 yards upstregm from outfall :
2.23.58 34 32 66 569 264 7.7 12 9
2-24-58 32 32 76 584 258 7.7 12 13
3-15-58 32 37 204 548 224 8.1 13 32
3-19-58 35 38 182 505 230 8.1 13 30
4—11-58 36 43 166 317 238 8.1 15 33
4—13-58 45 44 206 424 230 8.1 15 38
5.9-58 50 56 72 442 252 8.3 27 29
5.14-58 74 66 73 621 264 8.2 20 33
5-18-58 65 67 89 630 271 8.1 19 30

Appendix D-16

Temp.

Date Air

water

Sewage Disposal Plant

7-2-58 82
7-23-58 80
8~23-58 50
10.24.58 50
1-19-53 -
ngie Rogg:

2-20-58 20
.34458 35
.34h58 30
3-23—58 41
4.9-58 34
4-25-58 40
5-1-58 55
543-58 62
7-15-58 82
11-19-58 48

Eadorn Road:

2-22-58 22
3-6-58 35
3-20-58 32
3—28-58 42
4-15-58 50
4-17-58 55
5-9-58 50
5-25-58 58
9-9-58 59
10.31-58 61
11-19-58 . 48
1-13-59 24

FannIADOIhfldge:

2-14.58 15
2-15-58 20
2—16-58 4
2-18-58 8
2-19-58 19

76
73
54
54
32

32
33

35
42

5o
53
60
74

118

Conduc-

Strean tivity

flow
cfs

mho
1m?

Alka-
linity

PF"

‘9;

pH

Turbid- Color

ity as

PP"

(1000 yards upstream from outfall):

52
44.

“7
39

171
196
162
114

aadgg

774
676
570
432

535
425

485
.542

470
431
414
445

638
495
567
548
443
540
505
482
354
405

646
643
_ 628
605

252
260
242
220
268

263
150
190
232
223
244
252
251
262
227

276
196
232
234

240
252
259
258
221
226

286
280

274

Appendix D-l7

7.9
739
8.0
7.9
7k6

ooxzooonoooooooo-QV
H‘OUNHNNHQV

7.6
8.0
8.2
8.3
8.2
8.3
8.2
7.9
8.1
7.8
8.0
7.6

7.7
7.?
7.7
7.8
7.8

23
17
24

32

10

19
14
14

22
16
22
11

18
17
11
13
27
15

15
11

13

11
11
12
10

as
Klett
Units

58888

.15
13
13
18
13

119

 

 

 

Conduc- Turbid- Color
Stream tivity Alka— ity as as
Temp. 9F. flow mho on linity ppm. Klett

Date Air 'Hater cfs x 10-6 ppm. pH 8102 Units
Fannlanslhinfi
2.20.58 20‘ 32 68 ~ 618 274 7.8 10 11
2.21-58 22 32 66 638 282 7.7 _ 8 12
2.23.58 34 32 68 611 278 7.7 9 8
2.24.58 32 32 81 612 266 7.7 13 12
3—2-58 35 32 666 423 154 7.9 28 36
3.3.58 30 33 540 448 163 7.9 18 37
3-4-58 33 34 468 486 178 7.9 16 35
3-6-58 35 36 440 490 194 8.0 18 35
3.7.58 30 35 482 495 192 8.0 16 34
3-8-58 30 35 440 494 190 8.0 12 34
3-14-58 32 38 245 567 224 8.1 14 30
3-15-58 32 38 235 568 224 8.1 12 31
3-16-58 33 37 228 . 548 224 8.2 13. 29
3-18-58 33 37 212' 595 230 8.2 13 24
3-19-58 35 37 209 560 230 8.2 14 24
3-20.58 32 39 209 541 234 8.1 11 33
3-22-58 41 40 212 556 232 8.2 10 33
3-23-58 41 40 202 541 232 8.2 10 33
3.24.58 37 40 196 554 230 8.2 14 25
3.26.58 40 41 184 567 232 8.2 14 28
3-27-58 37 41 177 544 226 8.3 14 28
3-28.58 42 41 171 540 234 8.3 15 28
4.7-53 36 46 269 534 235 8.2 18 30
4-8-58 35 45 298 555 223 8.1 22 29
4.9.58 34 44 245 550 224 8.1 23 30
4-11-58 36 44' 190 3547 234 8.1 12 37
4-12-58 43 43 215 3917 234 8.1 14 35
4—13-58 45 44 238 449 228 8.2 15 32
4-15-58 50 51 196 476 234> 8.2 14 40
4-16-58 80 54 174 618 232 8.2 '18 39
4-17-58 55 57 162 567 234 8.3 20 39
4.19-58 76 62 142 545 240 8.1 21 35
4.20-58 6o 61 139 512 240 8.1 26 35
4.21-58 55 58 148 445 244 8.1 27 32
4-23-58 46 54 159 476 243 8.1 30 24 -
4-24—58 54 54 168 476 246 8.0 41 25
4-25-58 40 50 180 420 242 8.1 13 48
5-1-58 55 51 119 540 253 8.2 24 26
5-2-58 56 58 116 497 248 8.2 25 21
5-3-58 64 58 111 482 246 8.2 - -
5-9-58 50 56 114 505 256 8.2 20 25
5-10-58 68 58 105 494 254 8.2 15 26
5-13-58 62 63 81 548 255 8.1 19 31

Appendix D-18

 

120

 

 

Appendix D-l9

Conduc- TUrbid- Celar
Stream tivity Alka— ity as as
Temp. °F. flow mho c136 linity ppn Klett
Date Air Water cfs . X 10 pp! pH S102 Units
Faun Lane Bridge:
5-14-58 74 65 78 574 258 8.1 17 32
5-17-58 65 66 81 533 268 8.0 16 30
5-18-58 65 66 84 618 264 7.9 17 35
5-19-58 63 68 78 661 270 8.0 17 28
5-21-58 6“ 63 71+ 560 270 7.9 29 27
5-22-58 58 63 74 515 262 8.0 26 34
5-25-58 58 66 68 - 259 8.1 19 26
5.26-58 58 65 56 604 259 8.1 23 24
6-9-58 56 66 68 540 259 8.0 26 29
6-11-58 67 69 92 338 258 7.9 21 25
7—2-58 82 78 48 828 252 7.9 15 23
7-15—58 82 75 89 441 266 7.9 21 50
7-23-58 80 74 50 720 27 O 8 . 0 19 24
8-1-58 - - 46 492 246 8.0 25 22
8-23-58 67 - 52 570 238 7.9 - -
8-28-58 82 - 39 774 252 - 17 23
9-9-58 59 .63 24 508 228 8.0 34 20
9.22.58 70 64 46 582 248 7.9 19 14 7
10-24-58 50 55 43 452 221 7.8 22 32
10-27-58 51 51 46 354 213 7.6 14 31
10-31-58 61 47 60 381 220 7.8 11 31
11-7-58 44 - 58 540 .224 - 13 24
11-19-58 48 47 84 420 223 8.0 13 22
11-26-58 26 36 64 425 210 8.0 13 31
12-16-58 16 32 56 410 229 7.5 7 18
12-26-58 29 32 41 395 278 7.6 6 13
1-6-59 10 32 61 405 230 7.7 15 20
1.9-59 9 32 56 - 260 7.6 12 19
1-13-59 2“ 32 43 - 301 7.6 5 13
1-19-59 - 32 43 262 7.5 9 11

121

 

Conduc- Turbid- Color
tivity Alka- ity as as
Station Date Air 'Water X 10 ppm. pH. 5192 Units

 

Mdaufllmmumslggnfiflmeggjflatngg5

Okemos Road 2-16-58 4 32 '628 288 7.8 10 12
Zimer Road 3-16-58 33 36 554 226 8.1 12 29
Gregory Road 3-19-58 35 39 534 234 7.9 14 38
Dietz Road 4.13.58 45 45 429 232 8.0 11 51
Meridian Rd. 4.24-58 54 54 435 248 8.0 28 32
Meridian Rd. 5-3-58 64 57 488 244 8.2 20 29
Nickelson Rd. 5.22-58 58 56 505 272 7.7 34 4?
Zimmer Road. 5-22-58 58 60 494 258 8.1 19 34
Meridian Rd. 5~23-58 62 65 53? 260 8.4 14 26
50cm Road 52558 58 59 - 276 7.8 - 26 29
Zimer Rd. 5-26-58 58 61 512 259 8.2 17 25
Zimmer Rd. 11-10-58 43 43 410 230 8.0 11 30
Zimmer Rd. 12-2-58 34 32 313 236 7.9 12 30
Zimmer Rd. 12-9-58 10 32 327 225 7.8 13 24

Appendix D-2O

122

Stream flow measurements
February 1958 to September 1959

 

 

 

 

We st Branch:

4-1-58
5-2-58
5-23-58
6-17-58
7-9-58
7-17-58
11—6-58
3-23-59
4-17-59

East Branch:

 

4-1-58
4-19-58
5-3-58
6-17-58
7-9-58
11-26-58
3-4-59
3-5-59
3-9-59
3-19-59
3-23-59
“-17-59

Deer Creek:

4-3-58
5-2-58
5-9-58

58.50
61025
64.25
64.00
55.00
63.50
63.50
28.25
50.50

22.50
22.00
20.75
23.75
32.50
22.00
59.50
57.75
57.00
52.50
49.50
28.00

9.00
7.00
6.50

Appendix D-Zl

Date Gauge Height Stream.Discharge
inches cubic feet per second

Doan Creek:

“-1‘58 5000 21621-1y
5.2-58 2.00 12.09
6-17-58 -2.75 7.58
7-9-58 8.00 23.
11-6-58 -3.75 6.80
3‘9’59 36075 1 23062
3.23-59 25.50 84.48
4—1—59 20.00 72.38
4-22.59 6.75 24.31

17.84
10.84
6.77
7.46
19.72
7.17
5.06
86.82
34.48

11.48
8068
8.21
5.25

14.85
6.96

97.80

92.82

76.24

84.52

58.28

22.43

Date

 

£822.9222h3

6-17-58
7-10-58
3-9-59

4.22.59

Middle Branch:

4.19-58
5-3-58
6-17-58
7-9—58
11.26-58
3-4-59
3-5-59
3-9-59
3-12-59
3-19-59
3—23-59

.5218812§_§:22§3

2-1-58
5-2-58
5-23-58
6.17-58
7958
3-2-59
4-15-59

Lake Lansing Drain:

1123

Gauge Height
inches

Stream Discharge
cubic feet per second

 

 

 

4-19-58
4-3-58
5-2-58
5-9-58
6-17-58
11-19-58
4-1-59
4-15-59
4—17-59

Sloan Creelg

4-3-58
5-2-58
7-17-58

11-1 -
4.1.5958

6.00
12.00

13.25

68.00
70.00
70.75
57.50
67.00
30.50
29.50
33.00
44.00
42.00
46.00

72.00
75.25
75.00
76.75
73.25
55.50
70.00

143.
139.50
145.5
145.75
145.25

sampling day

115.00
127.00

84.00
84.75
85.50
86.00
82.50

Appendix D-22

12.84
6.97
3016

12.95

11.48

105.56
119.27

93.95
44.14

64:49

7016 (float)

4.50
3.13
3.08
7.27
53.12
14.46

7.16
10.16
4.46
3.28
1.08
1.27
31.67
21.92
19.51

2.35
2.16
0.93
0.76
10.30

Date

H01: Creek:

2.1.58
4—1-58

5-23-58
6-17-58
7-10-58
4.18.58

Squaw Creek:

4-3-58

5-23-58
3-19-59
7-24-59

 

Coon Creek:

5-2-58
2-19-59
7-24-59

Barron Crggg:

4-3-58

3-19-59
3-31-59
3923-59
4-1-59 ‘
”-15-59

124-

Gauge Height
inches

Stream Discharge
cubic feet per second

 

 

64.00
62.50
65.25
66.50
58.75
55.00

61.75
$7.50
37.00
50.50

45.00
32.50

35.25
40.00

29.00
18.25
23.00
20.50
23.50
25.00

Appendix 0-23

6.07 (float)
4.08
1.30
1.16
4.83
6.47

2.17
0.79
24.11
8.45

1.66
13.29
8.03
5043

0698
10.20
3039
7.49
3.43
2.79

Date

Van Buren Road:

3-5-59
3-23-59
5-15-59

Gramer Road :

4.4.58
6-17-58
7-8-58
7-9-58
7-17—58
6.12-59
6.16-59
6-23-59
7-1-59
7-3-59
7-12-59
7-27-59

‘Hebberville Rogd:

4.4- 58
6—17-58
6—12-59
6-16.59
6-23-59
7-1-59

7-3-59

7-12-59
7-27-59

125

Gauge Height
inches

 

10.75
17.25
46.50

15.50
9.00

23.75
11.25
15.00
13.25
12.50
12.00
11.50
10.00
11.25

13.25
2.75
7.75
5.00
3-50
1.00
0.75

-2.25
0.50

Williamston (1000 yards below dam):

9-15-58
9-16-58
9-23-58
10-2-58

10.13-58
10.25-59

“-25-59
4—18-59
4-22-58

Appendix D-24

Flow measurements of the main stream stations
of the Red Cedar River
February 1958 to September 1959

Stream.Discharge

pubic feet per second

228.51
153.67
27.06

56.81
20.47
103.80
77.02
24.70
39.32
30.33
24.38
21.06
19.63
13.56
19.09

54.35
23.75
46.98
35.95
29.29
24.37
23.63
16.02
$015

10.10
3.46
24.16
24.40
52.42
46.02
117.65
176.86
123.87

(float)

(float)

‘126

Gauge Height Stream Discharge
Date inches cubic feet per second

 

 

‘Hillianston (1000 yards below dag):

 

1‘7'59 “50 7a
1- 13-59 32 o 61
Zimner Rggg:

3-26-59 65.00 556.57
3.2-59 56.00 392.79
3-8-59 43.00 131.26
4-22-59 44.00 150.21
“.25-59 " 1171 o 52
5-15-59 - 1310 03
5.22-59 44.50 153.89
Meridian Road (US 152 :

7-21-59 79.98
7-24-59 168.17
8-12-59 83.42
9‘3.59 192. 13
29912.82393

8- 15‘58 "’ 37 e 3?
8-22-58 8.00 39.93
8-30-58 6.00 27.53
9-23-58 - 27.24
10.2.58 10.00 26.51
10.14.58 12.00 43.29
10.28-58 14.00 43.56
5-15-59 -

Appendix D-25

121.89

41.6.41 USE OMY

 

140673-196 11’

"in;

 

 

 

. 43““ I39“.