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MAXIMAL WORK CAPACiTY AS RELATED TO STRENGTH,
BODY CQMPOSITION, AND PHYSICAL ACTIVITY
EN YOUNG WOMEN

Thesis for the Degree- of M. A.
MICHIGAN STATE UNWERSIW

Doris Darwick
1964

 

 

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L I B R A R Y
Michigan Stave
University

 

MAXIMAL WORK CAPACITY AS RELATED TO STRENGTH,
BODY COMPOSITION, AND PHYSICAL

ACTIVITY IN YOUNG WOMEN
By

Doris Darwick

AN ABSTRACT OF A THESIS

Submitted to
Michigan State University
in partial fulfillment of the requirements
for the degree of

MASTER OF ARTS

Department of Health, Physical Education, and Recreation

1964

Approved ‘§§4:XREjAJCAAA) laggl‘
K3

ABSTRACT

MAXIMAL WORK CAPACITY AS RELATED TO STRENGTH,
BODY COMPOSITION, AND PHYSICAL
ACTIVITY IN YOUNG WOMEN

by Doris Darwick

The relationship of physical activity, strength, and
ioodgr composition to the maximal work capacity of young
wonmnq was studied. Twenty—eight college women, age 18 to
22, twere measured to determine their: (a) body composition
In; assessing body fat and calculating fat-free body weight
from.the predicted specific gravity, (b) habitual physical
activity by means of an activity history recall question-
naire, (c) strength using the cable tensiometer in the
measurement of eleven positions, and (d) maximal work capacity
by determining the maximal oxygen consumption in a graded
treadmill test.

Gross body weight and fat—free body weight were found
to correlate .6“ (r) with maximal oxygen consumption.

Body weight and fat-free body weight correlated .69 and .62,
respectively, with the daily caloric expenditure estimated
from the recall questionnaire data. Maximal oxygen intake
correlated .51 with hip flexion and .50 with knee extension.
The best strength measures to indicate total strength were

hip flexion (.88), knee extension (.84), and elbow flexion

(.83).

Doris Darwick

Active subjects as rated from the recall questionnaire

werma: (a) heavier and possessed a greater fat-free body

vmeight, (b) found to expend more energy per day, (0) capable
of higher maximal oxygen consumptions, and (d) stronger in

total and trunk extension strength.

Physical education majors as a group had higher fat-
free body weights, expended more energy per day, were

capable of higher maximal oxygen intakes, and were consis-

tently stronger than the non—physical education majors.

MAXIMAL WORK CAPACITY AS RELATED TO STRENGTH,
BODY COMPOSITION, AND PHYSICAL

ACTIVITY IN YOUNG WOMEN

By

Doris Darwick

A THESIS

Submitted to
Michigan State University
in partial fulfillment of the requirements
for the degree of

MASTER OF ARTS

Department of Health, Physical Education, and Education

1964

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

The author wishes to extend sincere thanks
to Dr. Janet A. Wessel for her invaluable

assistance and encouragement.

 

DEDICATION

Dedicated to my family for their love,

faith, and prayers.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Chapter
I. INTRODUCTION

Purpose of the Study

Need for the Study

Limitations of the Study

Definition of Terms.

II. REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE

Studies Concerning Methods for Determin—
ing Body Composition and Specific
Gravity.

Studies Concerning Maximal Oxygen
Consumption as Related to Body
Composition

Studies Concerning Methods and Procedures
for Determining Maximal Oxygen
Consumption

Studies Concerning Responses to Maximal
Work Capacity of Men and Women

Studies Concerning Responses to Maximal
Work Capacity of Men

Studies Concerning Maximal Work Capacity
as Related to Physical Activity. A

III. METHODOLOGY

Subjects

Page

broom

N

IO

14

17*

20'

27

29

Chapter
Test Procedures and Data Obtained
Anthropometric Measurements
Physical Activity
Metabolic and Heart Rate Techniques
Cable Tension Strength.
IV. ANALYSIS OF DATA.
Description of Subjects and Comparative
Data.
Interrelationships of Parameters
Analysis of Variance
V. SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Summary.
Conclusions
Recommendations
BIBLIOGRAPHY
APPENDICES.

Appendix A. Raw Data on Physical Characteristics
of Subjects, Body Composition,
Physical Activity, Maximal Work
Capacity, and Strength

Appendix B. Data Sheets Used to Record and Calcu-
late Maximal Work Capacity, Body
Composition, and Strength

Appendix C. Formulas Used to Compute Specific
Gravity, Per Cent Fat, Fat—Free Body

Weight, and Ponderal Index

Page
29
30
32
33
37
50

50
56
6A
110
110
111
116
117

122

123

130

133

Table

II.
III.

IV.

VI.

VII.

VIII.

IX.

XI.

XII.

LIST OF TABLES

Weight, Per Cent Body Fat, and Specific
Gravity as Determined in Young's Study.
Metabolic Responses
Aerobic Work Capacity, Oxygen 1; ml/kg.
Subject General Description, Body Composition
and Predicted Specific Gravity of Young's
Study as Compared with the Present Study
Metabolic Responses to Maximal Work Capacity
of Test One as Compared to the Retest
Mean Metabolic Responses to Maximal Work of
the Present Study as Compared to Other
Studies on Women
Maximal Work Capacity as Correlated with Body
Composition of the Present Study as Com—
pared with Other Studies
Cable Tension Strength in Kilograms.
Inter-correlation Matrix of All Variables.
Daily Caloric Expenditure of Group I,
Group II, and Total Subjects
Analysis of Variance of Per Cent Body Fat
in Group I
Analysis of Variance of Body Weight in

Kilograms in Group I.

Page

l8

19

51

53

SA

55

56

57

65

72

72

vii

Table Page
XIIIL. Analysis of Variance of Fat—Free Body Weight
in Kilograms in Group I . . . . . . . 73
XIV. Analysis of Variance of Standing Height (in
Centimeters) in Group I . . . . . . . 73
XV. Analysis of Variance of Ponderal Index in
Group I . . . . . . . . . . . . 7A
XVI. Analysis of Variance of Calorix Expenditure
(One Day Average) in Group I . °. . . . 7A
XVII. Analysis of Variance of Maximal Oxygen Uptake
in Liters Per Minute in Group I . . . . 75
XVIII. Analysis of Variance of Maximal Oxygen Uptake

Per Kilogram of Body Weight in Liters Per

Minute in Group I . . . . . . . . . 75
XIX. Analysis of Variance of Maximal Oxygen Uptake

Per Kilogram of Fat—Free Body Weight in

Liters Per Minute in Group I . . . . . 76
XX. Analysis of Variance of Time (in Minutes) of

Maximal Oxygen Uptake Attainment in Group I 76
XXI. Analysis of Variance of the Heart Rate

Simultaneous with the Maximal Oxygen

Uptake Attainment in Group I . . . . . 77
XXII. Analysis of Variance of the Heart Rate of the

Last Minute on the Treadmill in Group I. . 77
XXIII. Analysis of Variance of the Total Treadmill

Time (in Minutes) in Group I . . . . . 78

Table

XXIV.

XXV.

XXVI.

XXVII.

XXVIII.

XXIX.

XXX.

XXXI.

XXXII.

XXXIII.

XXXIV.

XXXV.

XXXVI,

viii

Page

Analysis of Variance of Total Strength in

Group I 78
Analysis of Variance of Hip Flexion Strength

in Group I . 79
Analysis of Variance of Hip Extension

Strength in Group I 79
Analysis of Variance of Knee Extension

Strength in Group I 80
Analysis of Variance of Shoulder Extension

Strength in Group I 80
Analysis of Variance of Elbow Extension

Strength in Group I 81
Analysis of Variance of Elbow Flexion

Strength in Group I 81
Analysis of Variance of Ankle Extension

Strength in Group I 82
Analysis of Variance of Shoulder Horizontal

Flexion Strength in Group I . . . . . 82
Analysis of Variance of Shoulder Flexion

Strength in Group I 83
Analysis of Variance of Trunk Flexion

Strength in Group I 83
Analysis of Variance of Trunk Extension

Strength in Group I 8“
Analysis of Variance of Per Cent Body Fat in

Group II. 8”

Table

XXXVII.

XXXVIII.

XXXIX.

XL.

XLI.

XLII.

XLIII.

XLIV.

XLV.

XLVI.

XLVII.

Analysis of Variance of Body Weight in
Kilograms in Group II

Analysis of Variance of Fat-Free Body Weight
in Kilograms in Group II

Analysis of Variance of Standing Height (in
Centimeters) in Group II

Analysis of Variance of Ponderal Index in
Group II

Analysis of Variance of Caloric Expenditure
(One Day Average) in Group II

Analysis of Variance of Maximal Oxygen Uptake
in Liters Per Minute in Group II

Analysis of Variance of Maximal Oxygen Uptake
Per Kilogram of Body Weight in Liters Per
Minutes in Groups II

Analysis of Variance of Maximal Oxygen Uptake
Per Kilogram of Fat—Free Body Weight in
Liters Per Minute in Group II

Analysis of Variance of Time (in Minutes) of
Maximal Oxygen Uptake Attainment in
Group II

Analysis of Variance of the Heart Rate
Simultaneous with Maximal Oxygen Uptake
Attainment in Group II.

Analysis of Variance of the Heart Rate of
the Last Minute on the Treadmill in

Group II

ix

Page

85

85

86

86

87

87

88

88

89

89

9O

Table

XLVIII.

XLIX.

LI.

LII.

LIII.

LIV.

LV.

LVI.

LVII.

LVIII.

LIX.

LX.

Analysis of
Time (in
Analysis of
Group II
Analysis of
in Group
Analysis of
in Group
Analysis of
Strength
Analysis of
Strength
Analysis of
Strength
Analysis of
Strength
Analysis of
Strength

Analysis of

Variance
Minutes)

Variance

Variance
II

Variance
II

Variance
in Group
Variance
in Group
Variance
in Group
Variance
in Group
Variance
in Group

Variance

of

in

of

of

of

of
II
of
II
of
II
of
II
of
II

of

the Total Treadmill

Group II

Total Strength in

Hip Flexion Strength

Hip Extension Strength

Knee Extension

Shoulder Extension

Elbow Extension

Elbow Flexion

Ankle Extension

Shoulder Horizontal

Flexion Strength in Group II

Analysis of
Strength
Analysis of
Strength
Analysis of

Strength

Variance of Shoulder Flexion

in Group
Variance
in Group
Variance

in Group

II

of

II

of

II

Trunk Flexion

Trunk Extension

Page

90

91

91

92

92

93

93

9A

9A

95

95

96

96

xi

Table Page
XLI. Analysis of Variance of Per Cent Body Fat
in Group III . . . . . . . . . . 97
XLII. Analysis of Variance of Body Weight in
Kilograms in Group III. . . . . . . 97
XLIII. Analysis of Variance of Fat-Free Body Weight
in Kilograms in Group III. . . . . . 98
LXIV. Analysis of Variance of Standing Height (in
Centimbers) in Group III . . . . . . 98
LXV. Analysis of Variance of Ponderal Index in
Group III . . . . . . . . . . . 99
LXVI. Analysis of Variance of Caloric Expenditure
(One Day Average) in Group III . . . . 99
LXVII. Analysis of Variance of Maximal Oxygen Uptake
in Liters Per Minute in Group III . . . 100
IXVIII. Analysis of Variance of Maximal Oxygen Uptake

Per Kilogram of Body Weight in Liters Per

Minute in Group III. . . . . . . . 100
LXIX. Analysis of Variance of Maximal Oxygen Uptake

Per Kilogram of Fat-Free Body-Weight in

Liters Per Minute in Group III . . . . 101

LXX. Analysis of Variance of Time (in Minutes) of

Maximal Oxygen Uptake Attainment in Group

III . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
LXXI. Analysis of Variance of the Heart Rate

Simultaneous with the Maximal Oxygen

Uptake Attainment in Group III . . . . 102

Table

LXXII.

LXXIII.

LXXIV.

LXXV.

LXXVI.

LXXVII.

LXXVIII.

LXXIX.

LXXX.

LXXXI.

LXXXII.

LXXXIII.

LXXXIV.

Analysis of Variance of the Heart Rate of the

Last Minute on the Treadmill of Group III.

Analysis of Variance of the Total Treadmill

Time (in Minutes) in Group III

Analysis of

Group III

Analysis of
in Group
Analysis of
Strength
Analysis of
Strength
Analysis of
Strength
Analysis of
Strength
Analysis of
Strength
Analysis of
Strength

Analysis of

Variance

Variance
III

Variance
in Group
Variance
in Group
Variance
in Group
Variance
in Group
Variance
in Group
Variance
in Group

Variance

of Total Strength in

of Hip Flexion Strength

of Hip Extension

III

of Knee Extension

III

of Shoulder Extension
III

of Elbow Extension
III

of Ankle Extension
III

of Elbow Flexion

III . . . . . . '.

of Shoulder Horizontal

Flexion Strength in Group III.

Analysis of Variance of Shoulder Flexion

Strength in Group III

Analysis of Variance of Trunk Flexion

Strength in Group III

xii

Page

102

103

103

10“

10A

105

105

106

106

107

107

108

108

xiii

Table Page
LXXXV. Analysis of Variance of Trunk Extension
Strength in Group III . . . . . . . 109
LXXXVI. Raw Date on Physical Characteristics of
Subjects . . . . . . . . . . . 12A
LXXXVII. Raw Data on Pubic Skinfold, Per Cent Body

Fat, Fat—Free Body Weight, and Relative
Weight . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
IAXXVIII. Raw Data on Predicted Specific Gravity,

Ponderal Index, and Daily Caloric

Expenditure . . . . . . . . . . 126
IXXXIX. Raw Data on Strength . . . . . . . . 127
XC. Raw Data on Test One Metabolic Responses. . 128

XCI. Raw Data on Retest Metabolic Responses . . 129

Figures

J:

\OCDNIOW

10.
11.
12.
13.
1A.
15.
16.

LIST OF FIGURES

Shoulder Extension

Elbow Extension

Ankle Plantar Flexion

Elbow Flexion.

Shoulder Horizontal Flexion

Hip Flexion

Hip Extension.

Shoulder Flexion.

Trunk Flexion.

Trunk Extension

Knee Extension

Elementary Linkage Analysis: Type I
Elementary Linkage Analysis: Type II.
Elementary Linkage Analysis: Type III
Elementary Linkage Analysis: Type IV.

Elementary Linkage Analysis: Type V

Page
39
A0
A1
A2
A3
AA
A5
A6
A7
A8
A9
60
61
62
63
63

CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION

"And the Lord God formed man of the dust of the
ground, and breathed into his nostrils the breath of
life; and man became a living soul.”l Oxygen is necessary
not only to life itself but to every act of human perform-
ance; mental and physical actions are dependent upon oxygen
supply to the working tissues. Bard stated that "maximal
oxygen consumption is probably the best single physiological
indicator of a man's capacity for maintaining extremely
hard work."2 According to Astrand and Rhyming, "the individ-
ual's capacity: (or fitness) for heavy prolonged muscular
work will first of all be dependent on the supply of oxygen
to the working muscles. In types of work which engage large
gwmps of muscle the limiting factor for the maximal oxygen
intake (aerobic capacity) will probably be the capacity and

n3

FEgulation of the oxygen transporting System. Astrand

1Genesis, 2:7.

gPhillip Bard (ed.), Medical Physiology (11th ed.;
St. Louis: The C. V. Mosby Company, l96l),p. A98.

 

jP. O. Astrand and Irma Rhyming, "A Nonogram for Cal—
0ulation of Aerobic Capacity (Physical Fitness) from Pulse
Rate During Submaximal Work," Journal of Applied Physiology,
7::l8, July, 195A to May, 1955.

 

believes that ”it is of essential physiological interest to
know a) the maximal activity level of the normal healthy
human and how this level varies with sex and age; b) the
factors normally limiting this upper level and, therefore,
the physical performance.”u
As the human body is designed for action it is evident
that physical work capacity should be assessed during muscular
work; preferrably to determine maximal work during maximal
performance. Because of natural endowed physical capacities
and anatomical structure, performance, although relatively
constant in one individual, varies considerably between
individuals. It is apparent that sex, age, body composition,
inherent skills, and similar factors all influence the
physical work capacity of the individual. Just what level
of physical work capacity is necessary and/or desirable for
general health is not yet known. It is generally agreed,
however, that an individual should possess a work capacity
level above that which is necessary to carry on their daily
activities. It is the objective of this study to contribute
to the better understanding of physical work capacity of
young women and the individual variations as influenced by

Strength, body composition, and physical activity.

“P. O. Astrand, "Human Physical Fitness With Special
Reference to Sex and Age," Physiological Reviews, 362380,
July, 1955.

 

Purpose of the Study

 

This study was designed with the intent of determining
the relationship of physical activity, strength, and body
composition to the maximal work capacity of young women.

In order to realize this purpose four main objectives
were selected:

1. to determine maximal oxygen capacity of young

women,

2. to determine the effect of body composition on

maximal oxygen consumption,

3. to determine the relationship of strength and

maximal oxygen consumption, and

A. to determine the differences between active and

less active individuals in relation to maximal

oxygen consumption.

Aged for the Study

The literature reveals only a few studies on women
concerning maximal work capacity as related to age and body
Composition and none relating physical activity or strength
t0 maximal work capacity. Contributions of basic informa—
tion in the analysis of human biological individuality are
eSsential if man is to gain:

a. understanding of human difference,

b. understanding of fitness and efficiency of

performance,

 

c. understanding of activity programs and procedures

to increase the effectiveness thereof.

Limitations of the Study

 

Sample.

1. The number of subjects in the sample were
limited to twenty-eight women.

2. All subjects were college women 18 to 22
years of age.

3. All subjects were volunteers.

Techniques and procedures.

 

l. The design of the study was limited in that each
of the subjects participating could not follow
a definite order and sequence in testing and re—
testing.

2. The physical activity history recall questionnaire
was based on the subjects individual record of
activities for a limited period of five days.

3. Very little research evidence was available on
ways to assess maximal work capacity of women or

levels of performance.

Definition of Terms

 

Per cent of standard weight (relative body weight).5

Per cent of standard weight was calculated by dividing the

¥

5Build and Blood Pressure Study, 1959, Vol. I (Chicago:
Society of Actuaries, 1959).

 

predicted weight into the actual weight. The predicted

weights were obtained from the Build and Blood Pressure

 

Study.

Predicted specific gravity.6 Specific gravity was

 

predicted by using the following formula:

Specific gravity = 1.0884 — .ooou23le - .0003A01Xl3

Where X1 = skinfold on mid-abdominal line halfway
between the umbilicus and the pubis. (in mm)
X13 = percentage "standard" weight (average

weight per height and age).

Per cent of fat of body weight.7 Body fat content was

 

calculated from densiometrically determined specific gravity

using the Rathbun and Pace formula:

100 (5.5A8 - 5.0AA)
Specific Gravity

 

Per cent fat =

Fat-Free body weight. Fat-free body weight was com-

 

puted by subtracting the calculated fat content from theubody

Weight.

Ponderal index. Ponderal index was computed by

 

dividing height by the cube root of weight.
Height
3\/ Weight

6Charlotte Young, Elizabeth Martine, Rosalinda Tensuan,
and Joan Blondin, "Predicting Specific Gravity and Body Fat—
nGss in Young Women," Journal of the American Dietetic
Association, Ao:105, February, 1962.

 

 

 

7E. N. Rathbun and N. Pace, "Body Composition I,"
Journal of Biological Chemistry, 158:675, l9A5.

 

 

Physical activity. All subjects completed an activity
history recall questionnaire in which they recorded their
activity for a consecutive five day period. Energy expendi—

ture; i.e., physical activity, was determined by the compu-

tation of the subject record.

Maximal work Capacity. Maximal oxygen consumption was
determined during a ”run” on the treadmill at 6 mph with a
one per cent grade increase each minute until the subject was
unable to continue. The "run” was preceded by a ten minute

warm up "walk" at 3.5 mph on zero grade.

CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF LITERATURE

In order to develop a complete review of the litera—
ture pertaining to this study, it was necessary to consider
several aspects of investigation. The several topics
involved will be treated as separate areas of review and
will appear under separate headings.

Studies Concerning_Methods for Determining
Body Composition and Specific Gravity

 

Young8 and her associates reported a pilot study
designed to obtain normative data on the lean body mass and
fatness of a representative sampling of 9A Cornell University
women 17 to 30 years of age. The authors were interested in
Studying the interrelationships existing between estimates
0f lean body mass and/or adiposity based on determinations
in each of body density, total body water, skinfold measure-
ments, fat-pat measurements from soft tissue x-rays, anthro-
pometric measures, creatine excretion, and basal oxygen

Consumption.

8C. M. Young, M. E. Martin, M. McCarthy, M. J. Marniello,
E. Harmuth, and J. Feyer, "Body Composition of Young Women,"
iggrnal of the American Dietetic Association, 38:332-3AO,
April, 1961.

The authors findings9 on body weight, fat—free body

weight, per cent body fat, and Specific gravity are

presented in Table I.

TABLE I

WEIGHT, PER CENT BODY FAT, AND SPECIFIC
GRAVITY AS DETERMINED IN YOUNG'S STUDY

 

 

 

 

Characteristic Range Mean S.D.
Weight (kg) AA.ll — 76.20 58.96 6.AA5
Fat-free body

weight (kg) 31.9A - 61.11 A2.15 6.073
Per cent body fat

(Rathbun-Pace) 15.81 - 38.62 28.69 A.856
Specific gravity l.0217—1.0665 1.0A08 0.009A

*

The authors further stated that the "pubis" measure-
ment correlated best of all measurements with both total
Skinfold thickness(r=.90) and density (r= —.66).

Young10 and her associates in a more recent article
pUblished a predictive equation for specific gravity.

Intercorrelations between skinfolds, with total skinfold

thickness and with density, were obtained. Using the

9Ibid., p. 335.

10Young, et al., op. cit., 102—107.

 

skinfold measurements obtained in their earlier study,11

linear regression equations were formulated to predict
specific gravity. After numerous computations the authors
found that when a standard weight was included as a variable
there was no significant difference in predicting specific
gravity using only one skinfold. The pubis skinfold used

in this formula had the best correlation with both total
skinfold thickness (r = .90) and density (r = —.66) as
reported in the previous study. The following equation

was formulated for predicting specific gravity.12

Specific gravity = 1.088A - .oooA23le —.ooo3A01X

13
When X1 = skinfold on the mid-abdominal line
halfway between the umbilicus and the
pubis (in mm).
Xl3 = percentage "standard" weight (average
weight per height and age).
The correlation between determined and predicted
Specific gravity based on this equation was r = .70;
Standard deviation of differences was 0.0068 units. This

Was found to be approximately 3.A per cent body weight as

fat.

llIbid.

12Ibid., p. 105.

10
Studies Concerning Maximal Oxygen Consumption
as Related to Body Composition

Mahadeva, Passmore, and Woolfl3 investigated the rela-
tionship between energy expenditure during standardized
walking and stepping, and weight, height, race, and sex in
50 subjects. Energy expenditure was found to be closely
correlated with body weight, but was not significantly
correlated with height, age, race, or sex. The authors
concluded that in any physical activity in which a large
proportion of energy expenditure is used to move the body
the metabolic cost will be directly proportional to the
body weight.

Seltzerlu measured the oxygen intake of 3A male
students, aged 20 to 38 years, during a maximal two to five
minute run on the treadmill. The mean maximal oxygen uptake
was 3.35 liters per minute. A number of anthropometric
measurements were correlated with energy expenditure.
Maximal oxygen uptake per minute correlated with stature

(r = .59 and with weight (T = .88).

13K. Mahadeva, R. Passmore, and s. Woolf, "Individual
Variations in the Metabolic Cost of Standardized Exercises:
The Effects of Food, Age, Sex, and Race," Journal of Physio-
lggy, 121 225—231, 1953.

1”Carl C. Seltzer, "Body Build and Oxygen Metabolism
at Rest and During Exercise," American Journal of Physiologp,
129 1—13, 1940.

11

Buskirk and Taylor15

studied the relationships be-
tween maximal oxygen intake and components of body composi—
tion.' Fifty—nine young college students and soldiers
participated in the experiment. The following correlation

coefficients were obtained: maximal oxygen intake with

body weight r

.63, maximal oxygen intake with fat—free

.85, maximal oxygen intake with "active

body weight r
tissue" r = 91, and maximal oxygen intake with blood
volume r = .78. They defined "active tissue" as body
weight minus estimated body fat (densitometry), thiocyanate
space and bone mineral (7 per cent of fat-free body weight).
The subjects were also divided into three groups of nine
relatively sedentary students classified according to the
percentage of body fat (less than 10, 10-25, and 25 and
above). Each group was compared with respect to the
maximal amount of oxygen used per minute per kilogram of
fat-free body weight. The authors found no observable
difference existing between the groups.

Von Dobelnl6 investigated the relationships between
maximal oxygen intake, total hemoglobin, and (body weight
minus adipose tissue) 2/3. In all, 33 male and 32 female

Subjects participated in the study. For each subject,

15E. Buskirk and H. Taylor, ”Relationships Between
Maximal Oxygen Intake and Components of Body Composition,"
Federation Proceedings, 13:21, March-December, 195A.

16Wilhelm Vonlkflxahi,"Maximal Oxygen Intake, Body

Size and Total Hemoglobin in Normal Man," Acta Physiologica
§gandinavica, 38:193-199, September, 1956.

 

 

 

12

r“?

otal hemoglobin, per cent fat based on hydrostatic weighing,
and maximal oxygen consumption per unit of time was obtained.
Maximal oxygen intake values were plotted against the
respective values for body weight minus adipose tissue. A
correlation coefficient of r = .76 was reported between
(weight minus adipose tissue) 2/3 and maximal oxygen intake.

Von Dobelnl7

administered a maximal oxygen uptake test
to 35 men and 35 women to determine the differences in
maximal oxygen uptake as related to body composition. The
mean maximal uptake for men was 3.91 liters per minute and
for the women 3.06 liters per minute. The mean weight of the
men was 69.3 kilograms and of the women 62.8 kilograms; how—
ever, the men at a ten per cent higher body weight attained

a twenty—eight per cent higher maximal oxygen uptake than the
women. Von Dobeln concluded that there was not a linear
relationship between body Size and maximal oxygen intake.

The author suggested that the difference in maximal metabolic
rate between the sexes was due to the difference in the.
hemoglobin content of the blood. The mean hemoglobin con-

tent of the men was 1A.95 g/100 ml. and in the women l3.A7

0P ten per cent less.

17Wilhelm Von Dobeln, "Human Standard and Maximal
NEtabolic Rate in Relation to Fat—Free Body Mass," Acta
Efiysiologica Scandinavica, Vol. 37, Supplementum 126:3-38,
l956.

 

l3

Welch, Riendeau, Crisp, and Isensteinl8 studied the
relationship of maximal oxygen consumption to various com—
ponents of body composition in 28 healthy young men. The
authors stated that on the basis of previous studies con—

19 and Von Dobeln,2O the

ducted by Taylor and Buskirk,
assumption was that oxygen was more highly related to lean
tissue than to any other description of body composition.

”One can infer from the correlations reported that maximum

oxygen consumption is dependent mainly on the amount of

lean tissue in the body."21

The subjects used in this study were tested on the
treadmill at grades of 6, 8.5, and 11 per cent. The time
Of the runs was 2 minutes and A5 seconds. Maximal oxygen
Consumption was considered to be attained when running at
the next higher grade did not increase the maximal oxygen
cOnsumption by more than 150 cc. above the previous grade.
Significant correlations (P < 0.01) between maximal oxygen
COnsumption in liters per minute and body weight (r = .59);
body weight minus fat (r = .65); and body weight minus bone

(P = .6A) were obtained. The authors emphasized that the

18B. E. Welch, a. P. Riendeau, C. E. Crisp, and R. S.
ISenstein, "Relationship of Maximal Oxygen Consumption to
Various Components of Body Composition,” Journal of Applied
Physiology, 12:395-398, May, 1958.

19Taylor and Buskirk, loc. cit.

2OVon Dobeln,

21Welch, et al., loc. cit.

 

1A

correlations obtained by Taylor and Buskirk,22 and Von

Dobeln23 can be interpreted in that from 53 to 83 per cent
of the variability in maximal oxygen consumption may be
attributed to variations in the percentage of lean body
mass. Welch and his associates concluded that the percen~
tage of fat in the body had no significant influence on the
maximal oxygen consumption when expressed as either liters
per ndnute or cubic centimeters per minute per kilogram of
fat-free body weight. Significant differences were found
when maximum oxygen consumption was expressed as cubic
centimeters per minute per kilogram of weight. The authors
suggested that although fat may not have an effect on the
ability of the tissues to extract oxygen, it did have a
Significant effect on the circulatory capacity of the
individual. This was due to the fact that fat increased
Weight, and therefore, the energy requirement. However,

there was not a corresponding increase in the maximum

OX.Ygen intake.

Studies ConcerninggMethods and Procedures
for Determining Maximal Oxygen Consumption

Johnson, Brouha, and Darling2u discussed methods and

 

 

procedures uSed to determine an adequate test of fitness

22Taylor and Buskirk, loc. cit.

23Von Dobeln,

2”R. E. Johnson, L. Brouha, and R. C. Darling," A
Test of Physical Fitness for Strenuous Exertion," Revue
Canadienne De Bilogic, 1:A9l—503, June, 19A2.

15

for strenuous exertion. The same investigators concluded that

hard work must be used to determine hard work if hard work
is in question as differences between fit and unfit individ—
uals during submaximal work are arithmetically smaller at

lower metabolic rates.

The authors stated that the type of exercise used is

not important provided that it:

a. stresses the cardio—vascular system by involving

large muscle groups,

b. is of such intensity that it exhausts one-third

of all the subjects within five minutes, and

c. does not demand any unusual Skill for successful

performance.

The authors further postulate that all subjects should
work at a rate linearly prOportional to their body weight.
The reactions of the fit and unfit individual of the same
Weight to the same maximal work differ in that the fit
individual will consume more oxygen, attain a lower maximal
heart rate, and will endure longer before reaching exhaustion.

Taylor, Buskirk, and Henschel25 examined maximal

Oxygen consumption methods and procedures by running several

\—

25H. L. Taylor, E. Buskirk, and A. Henschel, "Maximal‘
Oxygen Intake as an Objective Measure of Cardio-Respiratory
Performance," Journal of Applied Physiology, 8:73-80, July,

1955 to May, 19563

l6

eXperiments on the motor driven treadmill. Data was
collected on 27 soldiers and A6 student males between the
ages of 18 and 35.

The warm—up consisted of walking at 3.5 mph on a 10
per cent grade for ten minutes to one hour. Within five
minutes or less of completing the walk, the subject
started running at 7 mph for three minutes. The subject
repeated the test procedure on three successive days with
a grade increase of 2.5 per cent each day.

The authors found that using a constant speed (7 mph)
and_increasing the grade in steps of 2—1/2 per cent was
more satisfactory than using a constant grade and increasing
the speed. The increase in oxygen consumption, associated
with an increase of 2-1/2 per cent grade (below maximal
Oxygen intake), was approximately 300 cc/minute. If the
Oxygen intake at two different grades differed by less
than 150 cc/minute or 2.1 cc/kgm of body weight per minute,
they assumed that a maximal oxygen intake had been obtained.

Increasing the working muscle mass by simultaneous
running and arm work increased the maximal oxygen intake.
Therefore the same investigators concluded that maximal
Oxygen intake was only maximal under Specific working
Conditions. The authors further postulate that after maximal
Oxygen had been reached changes in Speed or grade of the
treadmill did not change the oxygen intake. It appeared to

the authors that as long as changes in grade running skill

17

did not change the muscle mass used for this purpose that
maximal oxygen intake must be independent of skill.

The coefficient of reliability for these procedures
was 0.95 in 69 test—retest determinations.

Studies ConcerninggRepponses to Maximal
Work Capacity of Men and Women

Metheny and associates26 determined physiologic.
responses of men and women to strenuous work on the motor
driven treadmill. The subjects consisted of 17 women be-
tween the ages of 19 and 27 and 30 men between the ages of
19 and 23. The exercise consisted of running at 7 mph on
an 8.6 per cent grade for five minutes or until unable to
continue. During maximal work the average run for the
women was only half that of the men before becoming exhausted.
The women attained a maximal oxygenconsumption of A0.9
CC/kg/min., a maximal R.Q. of 1.06, and a maximal heart rate
Of l97/min. The men attained 51.3 cc/kg/min., 1.1A, and
l9A/min. respectively.

In a study by Astrand27 AA physically active female

Subjects 20 to 65 years of age were examined three to seven

26E. Metheny, L. Brouha, R. E. Johnson, and W. H.

Forbes, "Some Physiologic Responses of Men and Women to
Moderate and Strenuous Exercise: A Comparative Study,"
American Journal of Phyeiology, 137:318—326, August—November,
19A2. '

27Irma Astrand, "Aerobic Work Capacity in Men and Women
with Special Reference to Age," Acta Physiologdca Scandinavica,
Vol. A9, Supplementdm, 169:11-87, 1960.

 

 

18

different days when cycling at submaximal to maximal loads.
Heart rate, pulmonary ventilation, and oxygen uptake were
determined during work and blood lactate concentration was
measured after each work load.

I. Astrand and P. O. Astrand administered various
maximal work capacity tests to women of many ages.
Metabolic responses concerning the age ranges pertinent to

the present study are presented in Table II.

TABLE II

METABOLIC RESPONSES

 

Number Maximal Maximal Maximal
Age of 02 l/ 02 ml/ Heart Oxygen
Subjects Minute kg/min. Rate Pulse
20-29 8 2.23 i .09 39.9:1.66 187 i 3.A 11.9 i .A5
20-25
P.O. 32 2.88 : .OA A8.A: .A9 199 i 1.8 --
Astrand
20—25
P.0.
Astrand AA 2.90 i .0A A8.A: .50 198 i 1.5 --
1952

;

Maximal oxygen uptake was indicated by: (a) an oxygen
Uptake which did not increase despite a rising work load,
but reached a level and/or two liters and (b) a blood lactate
concentration which was high, 90—100 mg per 100 ml after

work of at least four minutes duration. Oxygen uptake at

l9

certain loads was somewhat smaller for younger subjects.
Women had a lower oxygen uptake than men at a fixed work
load but calculated mechanical efficiency was identical.
At lower loads (300 rpm/minute) the mechanical efficiency
was Significantly lower for older than younger subjects.
Mechanical efficiency decreased from about twenty—five to
eleven per cent when decreasing the load from A50 to 50 rpm
per minute. A rectilinear relationship between oxygen uptake
per minute and pulmonary ventilation per minute and also
an approximate rectilinear relationship between heart rate
and oxygen uptake per minute was found in all age groups.
Astrand classified aerobic work capacity into norms to
evaluate work capacity. The figures used to evaluate women

of normal body weight aged 20-29 are presented in Table 111.28

TABLE III

AEROBIC WORK CAPACITY, OXYGEN 1; ml/kg

 

Low Fair Average Good High
; 1.69 1.70-1.99 2.00—2.A9 2.50-2.79 2.80 ;
g 28 29—3A 35-A3 AA-AB A9 ;

 

28Ibid., p. 83.

20

Studies Concerning Responses to
Maximal Work Capacity of Men

Taylor29 administered a submaximal and maximal tread-
mill test twice to 31 male college students ranging in age
from 19 to 26. The test consisted of a four minute walk on
the treadmill; 108 meters per minute at a grade of 5 per
cent, and a run to exhaustion; 162 meters per minute set at
the initial grade of 5 per cent elevated one per cent each
minute until time of subject exhaustion. The test and re-
test were three days apart. The mean maximal values attained
were heart rate; 198 per minute, and oxygen in liters per
minute; 3.A8. The test-retest correlations were r = .81 and
F = .70 respectively.

During the submaximal test per cent oxygen correlated
DOSitively with time run while body weight and carbon
dioxide were insignificantly correlated. However, the
responses (heart rate, respiratory rate, ventilation, and
blood lactate) to the maximal test were insignificantly
correlated with time run. Taylor stated that this evidence
reVealed that each subject ran to his individual maximal
Value which had little relation to his fitness; the length
of the time he was able to run being the essential value.

In submaximal exercise the oxygen consumption cor-

related with body weight r = .71 and with weight partialled

29Craig Taylor, "Some PrOperties of Maximal and Sub—
maximal Exercise with Reference to Physiological Variation
and the Measurement of Exercise Tolerance,” American
{ggynal of Physiology, 142:200-212, August to December, l9AA.

 

21

out r = .23. In maximal exercise the oxygen consumption
correlation dropped to r = .A3 and with weight partialled
out rose to r = -.A6. Taylor concluded that in submaximal
exercise oxygen consumption is chiefly a function of body
weight and only slightly related to fitness but that in
maximal exercise the relation with weight drops and the
fitness criterion increases considerably.

Heart rate and blood lactate were found to be the
most reliable submaximal measures but were approximated in
maximal work by per cent oxygen and oxygen consumption.
Ventilation was of low reliability in both submaximal and
maximal work, while respiration became highly reliable in
the maximal exercise.

C. Taylor30 determined the circulatory, respiratory,
and metabolic responses of four male subjects (three physical
education students with athletic experience and one com-
DIEtely untrained) to a periodically increasing work—load
on a bicycle ergometer set at 70 rpm. All experiments were
Continued without interruption until the subject was forced to
quit from exhaustion.

On the approach to maximal levels there was no
mahifest Sign of circulatory failure accompanying exhaustion;

hoWever, failure of an adequate blood supply to certain

3OCraig Taylor, "Studies in Exercise Physiology,"
Amgggcan Journal of Physiology, 135:27—42, December 19A1-
February, 19A2.

22

tissues was thought to possibly affect the onset of exhaus—
tion.

Total ventilation displayed a linear increase with
work-load tending toward excessive acceleration at maximal
levels. The rate of increase varied considerably between
subjects but was fairly constant for each individual.

Final ventilations ranged from A0 to 115 liters per minute.

The rate of oxygen consumption was considered to be a
highly Significant physiological variable not only because
it represented the physiological cost of the work, but be-
cause it gave evidence of the transport capacity of the
circulatory and respiratory mechanisms. The oxygen consump-
tion curve as related to work load was found to be a good
measure of the efficiency of the subject. The trend of
oxygen consumption at maximal levels was considered to be
of great Significance because of the prevailing View that
the ability to absorb oxygen is a limiting factor in an
individual's physical performance. In Taylor's study oxygen
consumption was by no means always deficient at exhaustion
levels. In fact, in 50 per cent of the cases no deviation
in the linear increase of oxygen intake occurred and in the
remaining cases the value accelerated rather than declined.
In the cases where the curve turned upward approaching
exhaustion it was the opinion of the author that the effec—
tiveness of the muscles performing the work had to lower
to necessitate the mobilization of additional motor units to

be able to sustain the rate of work.

23

The alveolar p002 and per cent CO2 in expired air both
increased in the transition from rest to work and remained
on a fluctuating plateau throughout most of the work range
and declined sharply at exhaustion. These variables as well
as ventilation were considered to be the most reliable
signals of exhaustion onset.

Wyndham and associates31 tested four highly trained
men at various levels of work on the bicycle ergometer to
attempt to determine the level at which maximal oxygen intake
is attained and to compare the results with previous studies.
The subjects warmed up for ten minutes at 3000 ft. lb/min.
followed by a training run on the cycle set at 70 rpm at
7500 ft. lb/min. for thirty minutes each day. After the
training run they worked to exhaustion at various levels of
work between 9000 and 11,000 ft. lb/min. Training covered
a period of four months.

The maximal oxygen level remained constant over a
number of months. The average coefficient of variation of
heart rate of the four men at the same three levels of work

was 3.5 per cent indicating that in trained men maximal heart

rate is constant.

 

310. H. Wyndham, N. B. Strydom, J. S. Maritz, J. F.
Morrison, J. Peter, and Z. U. Potgieter, "Maximum Oxygen
Intake and Maximum Heart Rate During Strenuous Work,"
Journal of Applied Physiology, 1A:927-936, 1959.

2A

There was a significant difference between the maximal
observed heart rate of some of the men. The mean of the~
asymptote values was 178.3 beats per minute as compared to
Astrand's32 mean heart rate for young men which was 19A.6
beats per minute.

The authors found that after the maximal heart rate,
and presumed maximal cardiac output was reached, that the
oxygen uptake continued to rise. The same investigators
considered this evidence that a small additional quantity of
oxygen could be obtained from the circulating minute—volume
of blood after the maximal cardiac output was attained.

The authors discussed criterion used by other authors
in the determination of an absolute level of maximal oxygen
Uptake attainment and rejected them due to their own study
results and conclusions. Wyndham and associates felt that
there was not sufficient knowledge of the relationships
between oxygen uptake and rate of work to accept with cer—
tainty criteria for determining maximal oxygen intake attain—
ment.

chhneider33 tested 6 sedentary men on a bicycle

ergometer carrying loads of 2000, A000, 6000, 8000, and.

32P. Astrand, Experimental Studies of Physical Working
Capaciyy in Relation to Sex and Age.(COpenhagen: Munksgaard,

1952).

33E. C. Schneider, "A Study of Responses to Work on a
Bicycle Ergometer," American Journal of Physiology, 97:353—
36A, April to July, 1931.

25

10,000 foot pounds at a set rate of 70 rpm's/minute.
Preceding the experiment and between each work period of
six to eight minutes the subject completely rested for
twenty minutes.

A linear relationship between oxygen consumption and
work load was maintained during submaximal work; however,
as work load increased the linear relationship was broken
for four out of the six cases. Heart rate also maintained
an approximate linear relationship to work load; however,
it was found to vary from man to man. Beyond this oxygen
uptake and heart rate responded to the load to a lesser
degree than at submaximal loads. An overload was found to
fail to increase oxygen uptake. Schneider considered this
to be sufficient evidence to conclude that a load of work
may be undertaken in which heart rate will also be unable to
increase.

Oxygen pulse rose.steadily with an increase in work
load except for the heaviest loads. Some of the subjects
made only a slight addition to the oxygen pulse upon reach-
ing their maximum load but a few were able to increase
beyond expectation even atthe heaviest loads. I

Mitchell, Sproule, and Chapman34 administered a tread-

mill test to determine the physiological meaning of the

 

3“J. H. Mitchell, 3. J. Sproule, and C. s. Chapman,
"The Physiological Meaning of the Maximal Oxygen Intake
Test," Journal of Clinical Investigation, 37:538-5A7, 1958.

26

maximal oxygen intake to 65 normal men. Subjects warmed up
for ten minutes at 3 mph on a 10 jper cent grade which was
followed by a ten minute rest period. After the rest the
subject ran at 6 mph at zero grade for 2—1/2 minutes. After
another ten minute rest period the grade was raised 2-1/2
per cent (speed remaining at 6 mph) and the procedure was
repeated. This procedure continued until oxygen intake per
minute leveled off.

Maximal intake was taken at the point at which the
oxygen intake curve ceased to rise. In 72 per cent of the
cases oxygen intake either remained the same or declined
when work load was increased beyond this intake. Because of
a relatively slight rise in some cases a final value of 5A
ml or a rise of less than 1A2 minus 88 ml per minute was
accepted as the criterion to determine at which point maximal
oxygen intake was attained. The mean maximal oxygen intake
was 3.22 liters : 0.A6 per minute and the mean maximal heart
rate was 187 i 10 per minute.

Robinson35 administered a treadmill test to 93 normal
non-athletic males ranging in age from 6 to 91 years to
study the interrelations of age, basal heart rate, and the
adaptation of heart rate work to various levels of work.

The subjects walked for fifteen minutes at 5.6 mph on an

 

vBSSid-RObinson, "Experimental Studies of Physical
Fitness in Relation to Age," Arbeitsphysiologie, 10:251-

323, 1938.

 

27

8.6 per cent grade. After a ten minute rest they ran at a
rate which exhausted them in two to five minutes.

Men aged 20 to 29 attained an average maximal heart
rate of 189 beats per minute as compared to a mean of 19536
and ranges of 17A to 192 (men) and 168 to 192 (women)37 of
comparable studies. The mean maximal oxygen consumption of
subjects 18 years of age was 3.61 liters per minute and of
subjects 25 years of age 3.56 liters per minute.
Spudies Concerninngaximal Work Capacity
pg Related to Physical Activity

Knehr, Dill, and Neufield38 performed a study on 1A
college men over a period of six months. Data were collected
before and during the training period for subjects working
to maximum on the motor driven treadmill. The subjects
walked for eight minutes at 3.5 mph on an 8.6 per cent grade
and then immediately ran on the same grade, or a higher grade,
at 7 mph for five minutes or until exhausted.

The same investigators found a mean increase of 60

Per cent in work done due to greater use of anaerobic mecha

nisms for energy transformation as evidenced by an increased

36D. B. Dill and L. Brouha, Travail Humain, 5:1, 1937.

37E. H. Christensen, ArbeitSphgsiologiej‘ A:A53, 1931.

 

38C. A. Kneur, D. s. Dill, and w. Neufield, "Training

and Its Effects on Man at Rest and at Work," American
Journal of Physiology, 136:1A8-155, March-July, 19A2.

 

 

maximal oxygen intake. This was indicated by increased
lactate tolerance and an increased oxygen debt. The
authors concluded that the capacity to accumulate lactate
runs parallel with and furnishes an excellent index to
cardiovascular fitness. There was also an increase in
oxygen transport to the working tissues which represented

a gain in aerobic work capacity.

39

, in a review of the literature, summarized

Astrand
the effects of training evident during maximal work. The
effects of training are:

a. An unchanged maximal heart rate,

b. An increased aerobic capacity,

c. An increased oxygen debt capacity,

d. An increased capacity for supplying oxygen to

the tissues,

e. An increased utilization of anaerobic reserves,

f. An increased lactic acid capacity, and

g. An increased blood sugar level.

39Astrand, "Human Physical Fitness with . . . ,
loc. cit.

28

 

CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

To determine the relationship of body composition,
strength, and habitual physical activity to maximal
oxygen consumption in young college women the following

methods and procedures were followed.

Subjects

The 28 women used in this experiment were under-
graduate students at Michigan State University between the
ages of 18 and 22. The majority of the women were fresh-
men, 17 of which were physical education majors and 11
which were non—majors attending instructional classes in
physical education. They did not represent a random
Sample of young women Since they were selected on a
Volunteer basis with an attempt to select subjects repre-
sentative of different levels of habitual physical activity.
All subjects were examined by the university hospital and

were considered to be of good health.

Tgst Procedures and Data Obtained

Data collection covered a period of approximately
five months. Measurements on each subject were completed
in two testing periods of an approximate length of one

hour each. Subjects were tested five days a week

 

30

beginning at 7:00 A.M. and ending at 5:00 P.M. All metabo-

lic data were collected in the A.M. from 7:00 to 12:00 Noon.

Anthropometric Measurements

 

The procedures followed for these measurements were
taken from the instructions issued by the Committee on
Nutritional Anthropometry of the Food and Nutrition Board

of the National Research Council.140

Height. The subject removed Shoes; stood with her
back against the calibration on the stadiometer; heels, hips,
shoulders, and head touching the backboard. The head was
erect with the chin tucked in slightly. The subject stood
as tall as possible. The square was placed against the
calibration on the backboard above the head of the subject.
It was brought down until it fitted firmly against the top
Of the subject's head. The reading was taken at the lower
Edge of the square. Height was recorded to the nearest one-

half centimeter.

Weight. The subjects were weighed without shoes in
Standardized dress of bermudas, blouse, and socks. Weight

was recorded to the nearest half—kilogram.

uOCommittee on Nutritional Anthropometry of the Food
and Nutrition Board, Nutritional Research Council, in
dey Measurements and Human Nutrition, J. Brozek, editor
(Detroit: Wayne University Press, 1956).

 

31

Per cent of standard weight (relative weight). Per
cent standard weight was calculated by dividing the pre-
dicted weight into the actual weight. The predicted

weights were obtained from the Build and Blood Pressure

Study.ul

The standard weight figures in the Build and Blood
Pressure Study included shoe heel height of about two
inches and usual indoor clothing, which on women approxi—
mates four to six pounds. In order to make the figures in
this study comparable the average heel height of one inch
was added to each height and two pounds added to the weight

to cover the extra clothing.

Pubic skinfold. The pubic skinfold site is located

 

on the mid—abdominal line halfway between the umbilicus
and the pubis. The skinfold was grasped between the thumb
and index finger in the vertical plane of the body. The
Size of the skinfold was enough to include two thicknesses
Of skin and subcutaneous fat but no fascia.

The application of the Lange* Calipers was about 1 cm.
from the fingers and at a depth approximately equal to the

thickness of the fold. Three successive measurements were

ulBuild and Blood Pressure Study, pp. cit.

*Werna-Gren Aeronautical Research Laboratory, Kentucky
Research Foundation, University of Kentucky, Lexington,
Kentucky.

 

32

taken on the right side of the body while the subject was in
a supine position. The three measurements were averaged and

recorded in mm.

Predicted Specific gravity. Predicted specific

 

gravity was obtained by the use of the prediction formulas
devised by Young and her associates.”2 The pubis skinfold
measurement and the per cent of standard weight were based
on the predicted weight for age and height as determined by

the Build and Body Structure Study.

Per cent fat of body weight. Per cent fat of body
A3

 

weight was derived from the Rathbun and Pace formula using

specific gravity figures.

Physical Activipy

 

All subjects completed an activity history recall
questionnaire in which they recorded their activity for a
Consecutive five day period. Energy expenditure, i.e.,
physical activity, was determined by computing the activity
in terms of calories per hour per body weight. The subjects
Were listed in rank order according to the total energy

eXpended in activity over the five day period.

A
QE‘_—i£5Young§uet al.,"Body Composition of Young Women,”
-C.,p -

A3

Rathbun and Pace, pp, cit., p. 675.

 

33

Metabolic and Heart Rate Techniques

 

The maximal work capacity test. Subjects began walking

 

on the Reeves motor driven treadmill at 3.5 mph on zero grade
for ten minutes. During this ten minute "warm up" period
oxygen was not collected nor heart rate recorded. .During ,
the last thirty seconds of the walk the subject was connected
to a Collins plastic triple "J" high velocity valve by means
of a rubber mouthpiece with the nose being completely closed
with a nasal clamp. At the end of the tenth minute the
treadmill speed was increased to 6 mph (without interrupting
the experiment) to begin the "run." At the completion of
each minute of the "run” the grade was raised one per cent
until the subject was unable to continue. The speed remained

constant at 6 mph throughout the "run."

Subject dress. The subjects wore standardized dress

 

Of bermuda shorts, blouse, athletic socks, and tennis shoes.

Electrode placement. The chest—back type electrodes

 

Were used to record heart rate during the "run." The
three Sites of electrode placement were:
a. On the chest: one inch above and to the
center of the left breast,
b. On the chest: one inch below and to the
center of the left breast, and

c. On the back: parallel with the lower chest

3A

electrode and three inches to the left of

the spinal column.
Cramer Tuf—skin was applied to the skin site and then
roughed with paper toweling to insure electrode placement.
A small area (the size of the electrode) was scraped clear
of tuf-skin at the exact spot of the electrode placement.
The inner cap of the placement side of the electrode was
thinly covered with Sanborn Redux Electrode paste before
placing the electrode in the cleared area of the site.
Johnson and Johnson one inch waterproof adhesive tape was
then placed over the electrode to stabilize it. The center
of the three inch strip of tape was placed on the electrode
and held in place as one Side of the tape was stretched and
secured to the side of the electrode and then the same pro—
cedure was repeated to secure the other side of the tape.
DUke elastoplast (a four inch square) was stretched and
placed over the tape and electrode to prevent the tape from
loosening or curling due to body perspiration during activity.
The electrode lines were then brought toward the left
ShOulder, straight but with slight slack, looped, and
Secured to the Shoulder with adhesive tape. The cord
eXtended through the collar of the blouse and was inserted

into the Sanborn portable electrocardiograph recorder.

Supject directions. The subject was directed to walk

 

and run using her natural stride and to attempt to focus on

a point directly ahead of her. It was emphasized that an

 

35

all out performance would be necessary for the experiment
to be successful. The nose clip and mouthpiece were posi—
tioned to give Iher the proper feel of the equipment. (The
valve was adjusted to her height by raising or lowering the
valve attached by a rubber hose clamped over an overhead
ceiling bar.) All subjects were able to adjust to the
treadmill during the ten minute warm up walk and had no

difficulty adapting to the speed change of the run.

Experimentyprocedures. Seven persons were necessary

 

to administer the all out test on the treadmill. Each
testor had a specific responsibility during the all out run.
The jobs consisted of:

a. Operating the Reeves motor driven treadmill: to
regulate the speed at 3.5 mph for the ten minute
walk on zero grade and at 6 mph during the run
with a one per cent grade increase each minute;

b. Operating the Sanborn portable electrocardiograph
and twin visa recorder: recording heart rate and
calling a 5 second count down at the end of each
thirty seconds;

c. Exchanging the Douglas gas bags each thirty
seconds;

d. Standing along side of, encouraging, and watching
the subject for signs of impending exhaustion;

e. Transporting the Douglas gas bags to the person

36

Operating the Fisher gas partioner and the
Beckman infared 02 analyzer;

Operating the Fisher gas partioner and the
Beckman infared 02 analyzer: to analyze the
expired air for carbon dioxide and oxygen
content, and

Operating the Kofranyi meter: to determine the

temperature and volume of the gas metered.

Calculated maximal work capacity data. The following

 

data were calculated:

8..

b.

Maximal oxygen uptake in liters per minute,
Maximal oxygen uptake per kilogram of body
weight in liters per minute,

Maximal oxygen uptake per kilogram of fat—free
body weight in liters per minute,

Time (in minutes) of maximal oxygen uptake
attainment,

Heart rate simultaneous with the maximal oxygen
uptake attainment,

Heart rate of the last minute on the treadmill,
Total treadmill time (in minutes),

Exercise R.Q. simultaneous with maximal oxygen
attainment,

Maximal R.Q.,

Oxygen pulse,

37

Determination of maximal oxygen attainment. The
thirty second gas bags (necessary due to the smallness of
the bags available) were analyzed and the readings combined
to determine one minute oxygen per kilogram of body weight
calculations. The criteria for determining maximal oxygen
consumption was the same as used by Taylor.uu Taylor stated
that "if the oxygen intake at two different grades differs
by less than 150 cc/min. or 2.1 cc/kg of body weight, it can
be safely assumed that the maximal oxygen has been attained."
In the present study maximal oxygen consumption did not Show
in the same way for all subjects. In thirteen of the cases
maximal oxygen rose to a peak followed by a decline and in
the remaining fifteen cases it rose upward and then leveled
off. In those cases where there was a peak followed by a
decline maximal oxygen was taken at the peak minute. In
those cases where the oxygen consumption leveled off and was
relatively constant over the previous minute maximal oxygen

Consumption was taken in the minute where there was no

further increase over .00150 liters per minute.

Cable Tension Strength

 

Eleven strength measures were determined by use of the

Cable tensiometer. The strength measures included:

uuTaylor, et al., 0p. cit., p. 79.

38

a. Shoulder Extension

b. Elbow Extension

c. Ankle Extension

d. Elbow Flexion

e. Shoulder Horizontal Flexion
f. Hip Flexion

g. Hip Extension

h. Shoulder Flexion

i. Trunk Flexion
j. Trunk Extension
k. Knee Extension

The measures were taken at least twice at each site
according to instructions outlined by Clarke?5 If the
second measure differed from the first by more than 2.0
points additional measures were made until two of the
measures differed by not more than 2.0 kg when corrected.
The first of the two measures differing by not more than
2.0 kg were averaged and recorded.

Directions and diagrams for subject positioning and,
Cable tensiometer attachments as taken from Clarke's)46
manual of cable tension strength tests are reprinted here

With permission granted by personal communication with the

author.

”5H. Harrison Clarke, A Manual: Cable Tension Strength
Tests (Chicopee: Brown-Murphy Company, 1953).

u6Ibid.

 

 

39

A7

Shoulder Extension.

 

Starting Position

a. Subject in supine lying position; hips and knees
flexed, feet resting on table; free hand resting
on chest.

b. Upper arm on side tested adducted at Shoulder to
180 degrees; shoulder flexed to 90 degrees;
elbow flexed with wrist in prone position.

Attachments

a. Regulation strap around humerus midway between
shoulder and elbow joints.

b. Pulling assembly attached to wall at subject's
head.

Precautions
a. Prevent shoulder elevation by bracing with hand.
b. Prevent humerus abduction by guiding elbow.

Objectivity coefficients: 0.97

 

 

Figure l. Shoulder Extension

 

”71bid., pp. 17—18.

A0

Elbow Extension.

 

Starting Position

a. Same as for Elbow Flexion, except elbow is in
A0 degrees flexion.

Attachments

a. Regulation strap around forearm midway between
wrist and elbow joints.

b. Pulling assembly hooked to wall below subject's
head.

Precautions
a. Prevent shoulder elevation by bracing.

b. Prevent raising elbow and abudcting upper arm
by bracing elbow to side.

c. Require subject to keep head straight so as to
reduce tendency to flex the Spine laterally.

Objectivity coefficient: 0.9A

 

— A?

 

Figure 2. Elbow Extension

 

u8Ibid., pp. 16 and 18.

Al

Ankle Plantar Flexion.)49

 

Starting Position

a. Subject in supine position; hips in 180 degrees
extension and adduction; knees in 180 degrees
extensions; arms folded on chest.

b. Ankle on Side tested is in 90 degrees plantar
flexion.

Attachments

a. Regulation strap around food above metatarsa1~
phalangeal joint.

b. Pulling assembly attached to wall at subject's
head.

Precautions

a. Prevent: inversion or eversion at ankle joint,
extension of metatarsal~phalangea1 joint; and
raising of leg.

b. Brace behind Shoulders to stabalize subject.

Objectivity coefficient: 0.93

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Q

l_cQ?

 

 

”ML

Figure 3. Ankle Plantar Flexion

 

 

uglbid., pp. 30—31.

 

A2

50

Elbow Flexion.

 

Starting Position

a. Subject in supine lying position, hips and
knees flexed, feet resting on table, free
hand resting on chest.

b. Upper arm on side tested adducted and
extended at shoulder to 180 degrees; elbow
in 115 degrees flexion; forearm in mid-prone
supine position.

Attachments

a. Regulation strap around forearm mid-way
between wrist and elbow joints.

b. Pulling assembly hooked at wall at subject's
feet.

Precautions

a. Prevent raising elbow and abducting upper
arm by bracing at elbow.

Objectivity coefficient: 0.95

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Figure A. Elbow Flexion

 

50Ibid., pp. 16 and 18.

 

Shoulder Horizontal Flexion.

 

A3

51

 

Starting Position

Subject in supine lying position; hips in 180

a.
degrees extension and adduction; knees fully
extended; free hand on chest.

b. Upper arm on side tested flexed at shoulder to
90 degrees; elbow flexed to 90 degrees; forearm
directly across body in mid-prone-supine position.

Attachments

a. Regulation strap around humerus midway between
Shoulder and elbow joints.

b. Pulling assembly attached to wall away from body.

Precautions

a. Prevent trunk from lateral flexion and shoulders
from lifting by bracing; require subject to keep
head straight.

b. Steady subject's arm in testing position by

holding.

Objectivity coefficient: 0.93

 

 

 

Figure 5. Shoulder Horizontal Flexion

 

51Ibid., pp. 17—19.

AA

52

 

Hip Flexion.

Starting Position

a. Subject in supine lying position; hip and knee
of free leg flexed with foot resting on table;
arms folded on chest.

b. Hip and knee of leg being tested extended and
adducted to 180 degrees.

Attachments

a. Regulation strap around thigh, lower third
between hip and knee joints.

b. Pulling assembly attached beneath subject
through slit in table.

Precautions
a. Prevent lifting of shoulders by bracing.

Objectivity coefficient: 0.90

"I

‘K/

\\\ -
/

 

 

 

 

Figure 6. Hip Flexion

52Ibid., pp. 2A-25.

A5

53

Hip Extension.

 

Starting Position

a. Subject in prone lying position; hip in 180
degrees extension and adduction; knees fully
extended; arms along sides of body.

Attachments

a. Regulation strap around thigh, lower third
between hip and knee joints.

b. Pulling assembly attached beneath subject
through Slit in table.

Precautions
a. Prevent lifting of hips by bracing.

Objectivity coefficient: 0.9A

 

 

 

 

 

 

Figure 7. Hip Extension

-~_~_‘~_

S3Ibid., pp. 25—26.

\

A6

Shoulder Flexion.Su

 

Starting Position

a. Subject in supine lying position, hips and knees
flexed, feet resting on table; free hand resting
on chest.

b. Upper arm on side tested adducted at Shoulder to
180 degrees; shoulder flexed to 180 degrees;
elbow in 90 degrees flexion.

Attachments

a. Regulation strap around humerus mid-way between
shoulder and elbow joints.

b. Pulling assembly hooked to cross piece below
subject's arm.

Precautions
a. Prevent shoulder elevation by bracing with hand.
b. Maintain right angle at elbow.

Objectivity coefficient: 0.9A

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Figure 8. Shoulder Flexion

5L’Ibid., pp. 16—18.

A7

Trunk Flexion.55

 

Starting Position

a. Subject in supine lying position; hips in 180
degrees extension and adduction; knees fully
extended; arms folded on chest.

Attachments

a. Trunk strap around chest, close under arm pits.

b. Pulling assembly attached beneath subject
through slit in table.

Precautions
a. Prevent lifting of hips by bracing.

Objectivity coefficient: 0.90

 

Figure 9. Trunk Flexion

\

55Ibid., pp. 23 and 25.

Trunk Extension.56

 

This test is performed in the same manner as trunk
Flexion, except subject is in prone position with
hands clasped behind back.

Objectivity coefficient: 0.99

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Figure 10. Trunk Extension

Ibid., pp. 23 and 25.

A8

A9

r7

3 A . 3
Ahee Exten31on.‘

 

Starting Position

a. Subject in Sitting, backward-leaning position;
arms extended to rear, hands grasping sides of

table.
b. Knee on side tested in 115 degrees extension.
Attachments

a. Regulation strap around leg midway between knee
and ankle joints.

b. Pulling assembly attached to hook at lower end
of table.

Precautions
a. Prevent lifting buttocks.
b. Prevent flexion of arms.

Objectivity coefficient: 0.9A

 

Figure 11. Knee Extension

\

C‘
)7Ibid., pp. 28 and 31.

CHAPTER IV
ANALYSIS OF DATA

Description of Subjects and
Comparative Data

A general description of the subjects is presented
in Table IV. Comparative data of the present study and
Young's58 study on body composition and Specific gravity
are also Shown in Table IV. The mean values in Young's
study for body weight (58.96 kg) and fat—free body weight
(A2.15 kg) are almost identical to that of the present
study; 58.A6 kg and A3.89 kg respectively. The other

measures are also similar.

Maximal work capacity. Maximal oxygen consumption
was determined on 28 young women who ran on the treadmill
at 6 mph with a one per cent grade increase each minute
until unable to continue. The "run" was preceded by a ten
Ininute warm—up "walk" at 3.5 mph on zero grade. Eight
Subjects re—ran on the treadmill at maximal capacity to

(ietermine the reliability. The metabolic responses

58Charlotte Young, "Body Composition of Young Women,"
Journal of the American Dietetic Association (April, 1961),
387332-3110.

51

 

 

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52

to the maximal test and. retest are presented in Table V.

The reliability correlations are also Shown in Table V.

Mean metabolic responses to maximal Work capacity as

compared to the mean results of other studies on women by I.

Astrand,59 P. O. Astrand,60 Metheny,61 and Von Dobelnsz’

are presented in Table VI.

It is interesting to note the work of others as com-

pared to the present study. Maximal work capacity as cor-

related with different body composition measures compared

similarly with four other studies even though the subjects

Ilsed in the other studies were men. Table VII presents

nuaximal oxygen consumption as correlated with body composi-

txion measures of the present_study and those of Buskirk and

CPayflor,63 Von Dobeln,“l Welch,65 and Seltzer.66'

 

59Astrand, "Aerobic Work Capacity . . ., " loc. cit.
6OIbid.

61Metheny, et al., 100. cit.

R 62Von Dobeln, "Human Standard and Maximal Metabolic.
ate . . .," loc. cit.

63Buskirk and Taylor, loc. cit.

H

1 6“Von Dobeln, "Maximal Oxygen Intake, Body . . .,
\Eflc. cit.
65
Welch, et al.,loc. cit.

66Seltzer, loc. cit.

 

 

 

 

 

 

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55

 

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Strength.

56

Eleven cable tension strength measurements

were taken in various areas of the body as outlined by

Clarke67 in A Manuel:

Cable Tension Strength Tests.. The

 

Incans, standard deviations, and ranges found in the present

study are presented in Table VIII.

Ivomen were found in the literature.

TABLE VIII

CABLE TENSION STRENGTH IN KILOGRAMS

No comparable data on

 

Characteristics

Range

 

 

 

Mean S.D.
Tkrtal strength 383.96 77.00 2A3 - 572
Hi}: flexion 57/1A 1A.55 36.00-9A.32
His: extension AA.O9' 10.35 26.35-65.50
Knee 'extension ‘6A.90 18.83 -39.25-ll7.61
ShIJulder extension 25.31 6.35 13.00—38.38
Ellbow extension 17.08 A.25 9.75-26.88
Ankle extension Al.78 13.29 22.00‘47AL‘A2
Elbow flexion ' 26.3A A.73 1A.75-35.75
ihx>ulder horizontal flexion 16.90 3.92 10.75-2A.65
Ilcnilder flexion 27.6A 7.00 15.25-A3.38
Trunk flexion 3-.03 10.72 1A.13-60.00
rWAnk extension 32.3A 12.10 lA.75-52.88
EEltfigrrelationships of Parameters
Pearson Product—Moment correlations. The Pearson

 

Pr'CDduct-Moment Coefficient of Correlation was employed to

e'5’*‘b:1.mate the interrelationships of parameters.

Table IX

prVasents the matrix of intercorrelations of all the variables,

\

67Clarke, Op. cit.

 

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racy—1‘17 C‘ (“151mm
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A:! ”in”: C13 ’3
[\uovfi‘l'fio
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I

 

TABLE IX

INTER—CORRELATION MATRIX OF ALL VARIABLES

57

58

The results of the intercorrelations reveal that:
l. The two body composition measures indicating the highest

relationship with maximal oxygen consumption were body

weight (r .6A) and fat-free body weight (r - .6A).

2. Body weight and fat-free body weight indicated a higher
relationship with daily caloric expenditure than other
body composition parameters. The correlations were
r = .69 and r = .62 respectively.

3. Maximal oxygen consumption and trunk extension strength
indicated a higher relationship with daily caloric
expenditure than other metabolic and strength parameters.
Maximal oxygen consumption and trunk extension strength
each correlated with daily caloric expenditure r - .59.

A. The two strength measurements indicating the highest
relationship with maximal oxygen consumption were hip

flexion (r 8.51) and knee extension (r . .50).

5. The best indicators of total strength were hip flexion

.88), knee extension (r = .84), and elbow flexion

.83).

(r

(r

Elementary linkage analysis. Elementary Linkage Analy—

 

8143 for isolating Orthogonal and Oblique Types and Typal

Revelancies68 was performed on the intercorrelation matrix

68Louis L. McQuitty, "Elementary Linkage Analysis for
Is(blating Orthogonal and Oblique Types and Typal Relevan-
6 'es," Journal of Educational and Psychological Measurement,
C31. 17, no. 2, Summer, 1957.

for the purpose of clustering related parameters. lementar*
linkage is defined as ”the largest infex of association which
a variable has with any or all of the other variables.”69
Every variable is assigned to a type or cluster in terms of
its highest index of association. Each variable in a type
has a higher correlation with some other variable in that
type than it has with any variable not in the type. A
prototype is the characteristic common to all members of
the cluster. The results of the Elementary Linkage Analysis
are presented in Figures 12 to lb.

The results of the Elementary Linkage Analysis of
Types III to V indicated inherent relationships; i.e.,
strength with strength and metabolic responses with metabolic
responses. Types I and II, however, indicated interrela-
tionships of parameters of separate origins. Type I indi—
cated that the subjects who possessed more body fat and a
greater fat—free body weight were more active and were

interesting to

(II

stronger in trunk extension strength. It 1
note that trunk extension strength did not relate to any of
the other strength measures. Type 11 indicated that the
subjects who possessed a greater fat-free body wei-ht were
able to consume more oxygen and were able to run for a longer

period of time before becoming exhausted.

691bid., p. 208.

Per Cent of
Body Fat

60

Trunk Extension
Strength

v

Caloric Expenditure

 

v

 

Body Weight e

Fat—Free Body

 

in Kilograms

> Weight in Kilograms

Type I

+———— Means a reciprocal pair

——-+ Means that the variable
highest with the one at
the head is not highest

of variables.

at the tail of the arrow is
the head, but the one at
With the one at the tail.

Figure 12. Elementary Linkage Analysis: Type I

61

Maximal Oxygen in Total Time
Liters per Minute on
Treadmill
Maximal Oxygen Maximal Oxygen in Time Maximal
per Kilogram of+————— Fat—Free Kilograms+————— Oxygen
Body Weight in of Body Weight in Attained

Liters per Min. Liters per Minute

Type II

S

Means a rec1procal pair of variables.

Means that the variable at the tail of the arrow
is highest with the one at the head, but the one
at the head is not highest with the one at the tail.

Figure 13. Elementary Linkage Analysis: Type II

Knee
Extension
Strength

Elbow Flexion——¥——+ Total Strength<

Strength

 

Shoulder Extension
Strength

62

Shoulder Horizontal
Flexion Strength

Elbow Extension
Strength

 

Shoulder Flexion e
Strength

 

Hip Flexion
+gStrength

 

I

Ankle Extension
Strength

Trunk Flexion
Strength.

Type III

*‘-— Means a reciprocal pair of variables.

N

“‘*~—+Means that the variable at the tail of the arrow is
highest with the one at the head, but the one at the
head is not highest with the one at the tail.

Figure 1A.

Elementary Linkage Analysis:

Type III

63

 

 

Heart Rate Simultaneous % . ,
with Maximal Oxygen gHeaPt Rate~Durinsf
Last Minute on
Attainment
Treadmill

Type IV

+———— Means a reciprocal pair of variables.

Means that the variable at the tail of the arrow is
highest with the one at the head, but the one at the
head is not highest with the one at the tail.

Figure 15. Elementary Linkage Analysis: Type IV

 

Standing Height < Ponderal Index-

A
r

Type V

+———— Means a reciprocal pair of variables.
“—4-

Means that the variable at the tail of the arrow is.
highest with the one at the head, but the one at the
head is not highest with the one at the tail.

Figure 16. Elementary Linkage Analysis: Type V

64

Analysis of Variance
One way analysis of variance using unequal subclasses
was applied to determine if there were significant differ-
ences between the sub—groups. All subjects completed an
activity history recall questionnaire in which they recorded
their activity for a consecutive five day period. The
subjects were listed in rank order according to the average
daily energy expended in activity over the five day period.
Next subjects were classified into two groups with two cor—
responding sub-groups based on rank order energy expenditure.
The groups were:
Group I: The upper 20 per cent or ”active" subjects
as compared to the lower 20 per cent or
"less active" subjects determined by a one
day average of caloric expenditure, and
Group II: The upper 10 per cent or "most active"
subjects as compared to the lower 10 per
cent or "least active" subjects determined
by a one day average of caloric expenditure.
Data on daily caloric expenditure is shown in Table X. The
subJects were further classified into another group with two»
Corresponding sub-groups. The group was:
Group III: Physical education majors as compared to
non-physical education majors.
The null hypothesis states that there are no signifi-
cantdifferences between the two groups. Variance ("F" ratio)

‘mas accepted at the .05 level of confidence.

TABLE X

DAILY CALORIC EXPENTITURE OF GROUP I,

GROUP II, AND TOTAL SUBJECTS

65

 

 

Groups Mean S.D. Range
Group I
"Active" upper 20 per cent 2551 335 2201 - 2975
"Less Active" lower 20
per cent 664 A69 371 — 992
Group II
"Most Active" upper 10 per
cent 2812 1AA 2688 - 2975
"Least Active" lower 10
per cent 535 101 371 - 621
All subjects 1590 687 371 - 2975

*

66

Results of analysis of variance for the upper 20 per
cent or "active" subjects as compared to the lower 20 per
cent or "less active" subjects. Analysis of variance data
of body composition are presented in Tables XI to XV. The
significant differences found upon examination of these
tables are:

l. The "active" subjects were heavier than the

"less active" subjects. (Significant at the .01
level of confidence.)

2. The "active'subjects possessed a greater fat—
free body weight than the "less active" subjects.
(Significant at the .01_level of confidence.)

Analysis of variance data of physical activity are
presented in Table XVI. The significant differences found
upon examination of this table are:

l. The "active" subjects expended more energy per

day than the "less active" subjects. (Significant
at the .01 level of confidence.) 8
Analysis of variance data of maximal work capacity are
presented in Tables XVII to XXIII. The significant differ-
ences found upon examination of these tables are:

l. The "active" subjects possessed a greater maximal
oxygen consumption in liters per minute than the
"less active" subjects. (Significant at the .05

level of confidence.)

67

Analysis of variance data of strength are presented

in Tables XXIV to XXXV. The significant differences found

upon examination of these tables are:

l.

The "active" subjects were stronger in trunk
extension strength than the "less active" sub-
jects. (Significant at the .01 level of

confidence.)'

Results of analysis of variance for the upper 10 per

cent or "most active" subjects as compared to the lower 10

per cent or "least active" subjects. Analysis of variance

 

data of body composition are presented in Tables XXXVI to

XL. The significant differences found upon examination of

these tables are:

l.

The "most active" subjects possessed more body
fat than the "least active" subjects. (Signifi-
cant at the .01 level of confidence.)

The "most active" subjects were heavier than the
"least active" subjects. (Significant at the
.01 level of confidence.)

The "most active" subjects possessed a greater
fat-free body weight than the "least active"
subjects. (Significant at the .01 level of
confidence.)

The "most active" subjects had a lower ponderal
index than the "least active" subjects.

(Significant at the .05 level of confidence.)

68

Analysis of variance data of physical activity are
presented in Table XLI. The significant differences found
upon examination of this table are:

l. The "most active" subjects expended more energy
per day than the "least active" subjects.
(Significant at the .01 level of confidence.)

Analysis of variance data of maximal work capacity
are presented in Tables XLII to XLVIII. The significant
differences found upon examination of these tables are:

l. The "most active" subjects possessed a greater
maximal oxygen consumption in liters per minute
than the "least active" subjects. (Significant
at the .01 level of confidence.)

2. The "most active" subjects possessed a greater
maximal oxygen consumption per kilogram of fat—
free body weight in liters per minute than the
"least active" subjects. (Significant at the .05
level of confidence.)

Analysis of variance data of strength are presented
in Tables XLIX to LX. The significant differences found
upon examination of these tables are:

l. The "most active" subjects possessed a greater
total strength than the "least active" subjects.
(Significant at the .05 level of confidence.)

2. The "most active" subjects were stronger in hip

flexion strength, hip extension strength, knee

69

extension strength, elbow extension strength, and
shoulder flexion strength than the "least active"
subjects. (Significant at the .05 level of con—
fidence.)

The "most active" subjects were stronger in trunk
extension strength than the "least active"
subjects. (Significant at the .01 level of

confidence.)

Results of analysis of variance for the physical educa-

tion majors as compared to the noniphysical education majors.

Analysis of variance data of body composition are presented

in Tables LXI to LXV. The significant differences found

upon examination of these tables are:

l.

The physical education majors possessed a
greater fat-free body weight than the non—
physical education majors. (Significant at the

.05 level of confidence.)

Analysis of variance data of physical activity are

presented in Table LXVI. The significant differences found

upon examination of this table are:

l.

The physical education majors expended more
energy per day than the non—physical education
majors. (Significant at the .01 level of con-

fidence.)

Analysis of variance data of maximal work capacity

are presented in Tables LXVII to LXXIII. The significant

70

differences found upon examination of these tables are:

l.

The physical education majors possessed a

greater maximal oxygen consumption in liters

per minute than the non-physical education
majors. (Significant at the .01 level of
confidence.)

The physical education majors possessed a

greater maximal oxygen consumption per kilogram
of fat-free body weight in liters per minute than
the non—physical education majors. (Significant

at the .05 level of confidence.)

Analysis of variance data of strength are presented

in tables LXXIV to LXXXV. The significant differences

found upon examination of these tables are:

l”

The physical education majors possessed a greater
total strength than the non—physical education
majors. (Significant at the .05 level of
confidence.)

The physical education majors were stronger in
hip extension strength than the non-physical
education majors. (Significant at the .05 level
of confidence.)

The physical education majors were stronger in
trunk extension strength than the non-physical
education majors. (Significant at the .01 level

of confidence.)

 

71

In general then it was found that:

l. The "active" subjects (upper 20 per cent),
"most active" subjects (upper 10 per cent),
and the physical education majors:

a. possessed more fat-free body weight,

b. were more active,

0. possessed a greater oxygen consumption, and.
d. were stronger

than the "less active" subjects (lower 20 per
cent), "least active" subjects (lower 10 per
cent), and the non—physical education majors
respectively.

2. The physical education majors were most like the
"most active" subjects (upper 10 per cent)
except that the "most active" subjects displayed
greater strength in more areas of the body as
compared to the "least active" subjects (lower
10 per cent) than the physical education majors
as compared to the non-physical education majors.

The analysis of variance data are presented in

Tables XI to LXXXV.

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77

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H>xx mqm<e

.oonooooo mo: mHmocnoomc HHs: onn .onomonocn mn:ooHMH:me on on 6::om no: mo; OHnm: m one

 

 

:0.0H u HO. no m m H
OO.: n mO. no m .OH u no o:o u no pom m oHnme 80::
OOO:.:mm OH HOOO.::mm mosopu :HnnHz OmmH.mm o>Hno< wmoq
.m.z OOOOO.
emee.mmm H emee.mmm mdsopu :oo3nom ommm.mw o>Hno¢
oo:oo OHnom wonmsvm Eoooonm monmsvm oo:wH:o> :ooz osopo
IHHH:me zm: :moz mo moopwoo no Edm no oopsom

 

H mbomw zH mewzmmem ZOHHMHm mHm mo moz<Hm<>.mO WHWMH<Z<

>xx mqm<e

80

.Uonmooom mm: mHmocnoqm: HHS: o:n nohouohonn uncooHMchHm on on o::ou no: mo: OHnop m o:e

:0.0H Ho. nm m

 

 

Om.a u mO. no m .OH H mm: 6:: H n Hmo pom m oHnoe Eon:
HNNO.:O OH MHem.O:O mQSOLU :chHz mm:m.om o>Hno¢ mmoq
.m.z OOONO. .
emmm.: H ewmm.z masonc :ooznom me:.mm o>Hno<
oo:wo OHnom monosvm Eoooohm mohozvm oo:lom> :ooz adomw
IHmH:me :=m= :ooz no moonwoo Ho 55m no oohsom

 

H mbomo 2H zeuzmmem ZOHmzmexm mmoqbomm mo moz<Hm¢> mo.mHmeH¢z¢

HHH>HH mqmae

.Oondooom mm; mHmosnoam: HHs: ocn .opomohocn mn:oonH:me on on c::om no: mo: OHnoh m one

:0.0H Ho. n.m m

 

 

.mm.: H mo. nw m .OH H NHU 6:: u HHU,LOHm oHnme Eonm
oomm.me OH moom.meHm mQSOLU :chHB mmom.:m o>Hno¢lmon
.m.z .NNHHH.: ,
mmmm.momH H mmmm.OOMH «Quote somzuom mmu~.mu m>Hnoa
oo:mo OHnmm monosvm Eoooonm monmsvm oo:mHHm> :mo: Q5090
IHMH:me zmz :ooz mo moonmoo no 83m mo oonsom .

 

H mbomu zH mewzmmem ZOHmzmeNm MMZM mo moz<Hm<> mo mHmMH<z<

HH>Nx mqm¢e

81

.Uonqooom mm: mHmonnoomn HHs: o:n no:ono:o:n mn:ooHMH:me on on 6::om no: mo: OHnm: m oce
:0.0H n HO. no m

 

 

 

om.: u mo. as m .OH ".mne cam H u Hoe won a meme Eon:
OOHw.mmm OH mOOH.mmmm masons :chHz mmmm.m: o>Hno< moon
.m.z mmOHO.
emem.m H emem.m mQSOLO :ooznom mwmw.H= o>Hno¢
oo:oo OHnom monmswm Eopoomm mono5dm oo:oH:m> :ooz QSOLO
IHMH:me :m: :woz no moopwoo no Sam no oondom

 

 

H mbomo 2H mewzmmem ZOmeHm Bomqm mo moz<Hm<> mo mmeH<z<

xxx mqm<e

.oonaoooo moz mHmonnoozz HHs: o:n .onomoLoSn mn:moHMH:me on on oczom no: mo: OHnML b one

 

 

:0.0H u HO. no m m H
mm.: H mO. no m .OH u no o:o H u no no: m oHQme Eon:
OmmO.mm OH Omwm.omm mqsopu :HnnHz OHmm.OH o>Hno< moon
.m.z mHemz.
mmw0.0H H mmw0.0H masonu :ooznom ,Ommm.wH o>Hno<
oo:oo oHnmm moposvm Eoooopm monosom oo:onm> :moz adopo
IHHH:me :m: :ooz no moonwoa no saw no oopsom

 

H mbomu zH memzmmem ZOHmzmexm 3omqm mo mDZ¢Hm¢> mo mHmMH¢Z<

xHxx mqm¢e

82

.6onoooom mo: mHmocnooH: HHz: o:n .opomoponn mn:ooHMH:me on on 6:zoo no: mo: oHnmn m oce

 

 

 

:0.0H u HO. no o .m H
em.: u mO. no o .OH H M6 6:Hw H u m6 pom o oHnoe Eomo
mewm.mm OH mmew.mmm mozope :HnnHz ommw.eH o>Hno¢ mmoH
.m.z OoezH. .
oeem.m H Oeem.m monLe :ooznom OOww.eH o>Hno¢
oo:oo OHnmm mopmzem E06ooLo mopozem oo:oHpo> :ooz ozone
IHoH:me =o: :ooz mo moopwoo mo Ezm mo oomzom

 

 

H obome zH meezmmem ZOmeqm H<eZONHmom mmadbomm mo moz<Hm<> mo mHmeH¢z<

HHxxx mqmoe

.6onooooo mo: mHmonnooxc HHz: o:n aohomopocn mn:oonH:me on on 6:zom no: mo: OHnmL m one
:0.0H u HO. no m

 

 

 

em.: n mO. no o .OH H NH6 6:: H u Ho6 mom o oHome Eopo
HeHm.mH OH ew:m.:m mozone :HanH3 mwmm.m: o>Hno¢ moon
.m.z OOHON.H , . .
mmeH.Hm H :mem.m:m monLe :ooznom Ommm.em o>Hno<
oo:oo OHnom monmzem EO6oono momozem oo:oH:o> :ooz. ozone
IHmH:me zoz :moz mo moonwoo no Szm mo oopzom.

 

H obome zH meezmmem onmzmexm quz< mo moz<Hm<> mo mHmMH<z<

Hxxx mqmoe

83

.6onoooom mo; mHmoznooH: HHz: o:n aopooononn mn:moHoH:wHw on on 6:zoo no: mo; OHnm: m ose
z0.0H u HO. no o N H _

 

 

mm.: H mo. n.m m .OH H M6 6cm u H6 L0H m oHnme Scam
mOH:.om OH mmm:.zom masons :Haqu emoe.mm m>Hpo< mmmH
.m.z mzmzH.
mwmm.w H mwmm.w moSOQU :oo3nom mmmo.:m o>Hno<
oo:mo OHnom monozem EO6oo:o monmzem .oo:oHpm> :ooz ozone
uHoH:me zo: :ooz mo moopwoo mo Ezm no oopzom

 

H obome zH meezmmem ZOmeqm MZDme mo moz<Hm<> mo mHmMH¢z<

>Hxxx mqmee

.6onoooom mm: mHmosnooxc HHz: o:n aomomopocn mn:m0HmH:mHm on on 6:zoo no: mo: OHno: m o:e

 

 

no.0H u.Ho. pm a m H
.Om.z u mo. pm a .OH u me was H u no co: m mHnma scam
mem.mH OH mHmm.mmH masone :Hnqu ,oHMH.mm m>Huo< mmmH
.m.z mmmmm.
omnm.mm H omoe.mm masons cmmzsmm emhm.wm .m>Hpo«
oo:mo OHnmm mopozem EO6oo:o monmzdw oo:oHLo> :ooz ozone
IHHH:me =m= :ooz no moomwoo mo Ezm mo oonzom

 

H obome 2H meezmmem onxmum meHDOmm m0 moz¢Hm¢> mo mHmMH<Z<

HHHxxx mqm<e

8A

.6onooooo mo: .non m6oo,n:oo noo :H.mozonw o:n :ooznoo woo:o

InonnH6,n:moHnH:me mo: ononn nmnn memoznooz: onm:nonHm one .6onoowon mos mHmonnooH:

HHz: o:n .ononononn .6:m oo:o6Hn:oo no Ho>oH HO. osn no oo:MoHnH:me 6ozo:m OHnmn o o:e
ON.Hm u HO. no m

 

 

He.~ n mO._no o .a u mn6 6:6 H u.Hn6 non o oHooe.EOnm
. meom.H : mmmw.: mozone :HnnHB mmmw.Hm o>Hno< nmooH
HO. O::MO.Hm .
ooom.em H ,Ooom.em mozone :ooznom mmme.em o>Hno¢ nmoz
oo:oo OHnmm monmzem EO6oono monmzem oo:oHno> :ooz ozone
anH:me zo: :ooz no moonwoo no Ezm no oonzom

 

HH obome zH eom woom ezmo mmo mo moz<Hm¢> mo mHmeH<z<

H>xxx mqmoe

.6onooooo mo: .cnw:onnm :onconxo x:znn :H,mozonw o:n :ooznon moo:o

InonnH6 n:ooHnH:me mo: onocn no:n mmHmonnoom: ono:nonHo one .6onoonon mos meonnoox:

HHz: o:n .ononononn n65m oo:o6Hn:oo no Ho>oH HO. onn no oo:ooHnH:me 6o30:m oHnmn o o:e
. . 30.0H u HO. no o m H

 

 

mm.: H mO. n.mw m .OH H H6 6:6 H u M6 now m oHnme Eonm
mmHm.mm OH mwwH.mmm mozone :HQnH3 mwm:.HN o>Hno¢ mmod
HO. Ozeee.em
Heam.:m:H H Hezm.:m:H mozone :ooznom mwwh.m: o>Hno<
oo:oo OHnmm monmzem EO6oono monozdm oo:oHno> :moz ozone
IHnH:me :o: :moz mo moonwoo no Ezm no oonzom

 

H obome zH meezmmem ZOHmzmexm xZDme mo moz<Hm<> mo mHmMH<z<

>xxx mqm<e

85

.6onoooom mm: nmEmnMOHHx
InonnH6 n:ooHnH:me mm: onocn nocn

:H nanoz >6oo oonnlnon :H mozonw ozn :ooznon moo:o
mmomo:noom: onm:nonHo one
HHz: o:n .onononocn a6:.o oo:o6Hn:oo no Ho>oH HO.

.6onoonon mm3.mHmo:nooz:
o:n no oo:ooHnH:me 6ozonm oHnmn m oce

 

 

ON.HN n HO. no o N H
He.» u mO. no m .2 u n6 6:o H u. n6 non m oHooe Eonn
meee.m z. mee0.0H manna cHnnHz OOOO.mm m>Hno< ummmo
HO. OOOO0.0:
eeee.omH H OOO0.0MH mozone :ooznom OOO0.0: o>Hno< nmoz
oo:@o OHnmm monozem EO6oono monozdm oo:oHno> :moz ozone
InH:me =n: :ooz no moonwoo no.Ezm no oonzom

 

HH mDOme zH mzomeOHHx zH emeHmB emom mmmmie<m mo moz<Hm<> mo mHmeH¢z<

HHH>xxx mqm¢e

.6onoooom mm: .mEmnwOHHx :H ncwHoz >609 :H mozonw ocn :ooznon moo:o

inonnH6 n:m0HnH:mHm mm: ononn nmcn memocnoom: onm:nonHo one
HHz: o:n .ononono:n n6:m oo:o6Hn:oo no Ho>oH HO.

.6onoomon mw3 mHmoznoonc
onn no oo:ooHnH:me 6ozonm.0Hnmn o one

 

 

ON.HN n HO. nHw o N H
He.» u mO. no o .3 u n6 6:o H n n6 non o oHnoe Bonn
eeeH.e : OOOH.:N mozone :HnnHz OOO0.0m o>Hno<.nmmoq
Ho. mOHmO.HO
OOOH.OO2 H OOOH.OO2 mozone :ooznom OOOe.ee o>Hno< nmoz
oo:mo OHnmm monozem 806oono monmzdm oocoHnm> :moz ozone
IHnH:me zmz :ooz no moonwoo .no Ezm no oonzom

 

 

HH obome zH mz<meOHHx zH emeHmz Maom mo moz<Hm¢> mo.mHmeH<z<

HH>xxx mqm¢e

6 .
no _ .6onoooom mos axo6:H Hono6:oo :H mozonw onn :ooznoo moo:o
InonnHe n:moHnH:me mo: onozn nmnn mmHmonnoom: ono:nonHm oze .6onoonon mo3 mHmocnoom:
HHz: o:n .onononocn .6:o oo:o6Hn:oo no Ho>oH mo. o:n no oo:ooHnH:me 6ozo:m oHnmn m o:e

ON.HN u HO. no m

 

 

 

Hn.n u mo. oo o .H u mno ooo H u Hno non n oHoon Soon
:NOH. . a moon. mozone :chH3 eem:.MH o>Hno< nmmoq
mO. OONOm.MH
ONmm.H H ONmm.H mozone :ooznom mmm:.NH o>Hno< nmoz
oo:oo oHnmm onmzem EO6oono monmzem oo:anm> :moz ozone
IHnH:me =o= :moz no moonwoo no Ezm no oonzom

 

HH mDOme.ZH xmozH H<mmmzom mo moz<Hm¢> mo mHmeH<z<

Hx mqm<e

.6onooooo mm: meosnoom: HHz: o:n nononono:n_mn:moHnH:wHw on on 6:zon no: mo: OHnmn m oze
ON.HN u HO. no m N H

 

 

.He.e u mO. no o .z n n6 6:o u n6 non m oHooe Bonn
mmmz.OH : mmmm.H:. mozone :HnnHz eeee.=eH o>Hno< nmwoq
.m.z Oomem.H
omH:.:H H omHz.:H mozone :oo3nom eeee.eeH o>Hno¢ nmoz
oo:oo oHnom onmzem EO6oonn monozem oooonnm> :ooE ozone
IHnH:mHm :o: :moz no moonwoo no Ezm no oonzom

 

HH obome zH HemmemzHezme ZHV emeHmm ezHQz<em m0 moz¢Hm¢> mo mHmMH<z¢

xHxxx mqmde

87

.6onooooo mo: .onz:HE noo mnonHH :H oxmnoz :owmxo HoEonE :H mozonw o:n :ooznon moo:o

unonnH6 n:ooHnH:me mm; onozn nmcn mmHmoznoom: onm:nonHo one

 

 

 

 

.6onoonon mm: mHmo:noo%:
HHz: o:n fionononocn .6:o oo:o6Hn:Oo no Ho>oH HO. o:n no oo:o0HnH:wHw 6ozonm OHnmn m o:e
ON.HN u HO. no n N H ._
He.e u mO. no n .z n n6 6:w H n n6 non n oHooe Eono
memo. : .eeOH. mozone :HnnHz O:O~.H o>Hno< nmooq
HO. m:n:m.mm
mmmO.H H mmmm.H mozone :ooznom ONOO.N o>Hno¢ nmoz
oo:mo OHnwm onozem oEO6oonn monmzem oo:oHno> :moz ozone
IHnH:me zm: :moz no moonwoo no Ezm no oonzom
,HH oeome 2H meszz mun

mmmeHH 2H mx<eob zmeexo H¢2Hx<2 mo moz<Hm¢> mo mHmeH<z¢

HHHx mamne

.6onooooo moz .Aowono>o no6 o:ov onan6:ooxo OHnOHoo :H mozonw onn :ooznon moo:o

InonnH6.n:m0HnH:me mos ono:n nm:n mmHmocnoom: ono:nonHm o:e

.6onoonon no: mHmonnoon:

 

 

HHz: ocn «ononononn .6:m oo:o6Hn:oo no Ho>oH HO. o:n no oo:ooHnH:me 6ozocm OHnon n one
ON.HN u HO. no n N H
He.~ u mO. no n .a u n6 6:o H u n6 non n oHnoe Bonn
mmmm.OHOHN : VNmmm.e~O:O mozone :H:nH3 mmmm.mmm o>Hno¢ nmmoH
HO. mmown.mem ,
OOOH.O:mNeNe H OOOH.O=mNeee mozone :ooznom eeee.HHON o>Hno< nmoz
oo:oo OHnom onmzem n806oonn monozem oo:mHnm> :ooz ozone
tHnH:me =n= :ooz no moonwoo no Ezm no oonzom

 

HH obome zH Amedmm>< M<Q MZOV mmDeHszmxm DHmOH<O mo WUZ¢Hm¢> mo WHWMH¢Z¢

HHx mqm<e

6onooooo moz onz:He noo mnonHH :H
nngoz >609 oonnunmn no EmnonHx noo oxonoz :ownxo HoEmeE :H mozonw o:n :oo3noo moo:o

MW [nonnHe n:m0HnH:me mm: ono:n noon mmHmonnooH: onocnonHw one .6onoonon mm; mHmoznoom:
HHz: ocn .ononononnn6:o o0:o6Hn:oo n0 Ho>oH mO. o:n no o0:m0HnH:me 6ozocw 0Hnmn o one
ON.HN u HO. no m

 

 

Hn.n u mO. oo o .H u mno oco H u Hno non n oHoon goon
OOOO. : HOOO. mozone :Hanz omzo. o>Hno< nmooq
mO. emHON.HH
mOOO. H mOOO. mozone :ooznom Homo. o>Hno¢ nmoz
oo:Mo 0Hnmm onmzem :EO6oonn monozem oo:oHno> :ooz ozone
IHnH:me znz :moz no moonmoo no Ezm no oonzom

 

HH obome ZH meDzHS mmm mmmeHH zH emeHmz
Hoom mmmml enm mo Z<meOHHx mmm mx<eob zmeexo H¢2Hx¢z mo mez<Hm¢> mo mHmeH<z<

>qu mHm<e

_

.6onoooom mm: mHmoLnooz: HHz: onn .onononocn mn:moHnH:mHm on on 6:zon no: mwz 0Hnmn n one
ON.HN u HO. no n

 

 

He.n u mo. no n. .z n Nn6 6:o u Hn6 non n oHome Eono
OOOO. : OOOO. mozone :chHz NmmO. o>Hno< nmooq
.m.z OONOO.m .
OOOO. H OOOO. mozone :ooznom HNHO. o>Hno< nmoz
o0:M0 0Hnwm onmzem .EO6oonn monmzem oo:mHnm> :ooz ozone
IHnH:me :n: :moz no moonwoo no Ezm no oonzom

 

HH obome ZH mmeDsz mmo mmmeHH zH emeHmz
emom.mo zomeOHHx mmo mx<eob zmeexo H<2Hx<z mo mez<Hm<> mo mHmeH¢z<

HHHHx mqmne

89

J6onooooo mo: mHmonnooos HHz: o:n .onononocn.mn:moHnH:mHm on on 6:z0n no: mo: 0Hnmn n oze

ON.HN u HO. nM n

 

 

4
H5.» u mO. no n .z u Nn6 6:o H u rn6 non o oHome Eono
OOOH.:OH : eeee.eme mozone :H:nH3 mmmm.mmH o>Hno< nmmoH
.m.z amazo.
OOOH.O H OOOH.O mozone :ooznom OOOO.HOH o>Hno¢ nmoz
o0:M0 oHnmm onozem 806oonn monozem oo:oHnm> :ooz ozone
IHnH:me zn: :moz no moonwoo no Ezm no oonzom

 

HH obome zH ezmzzH<ee¢

mx<eob zmexxo HdZHx<2 meHB WDOMZ¢eHDSHm me<m em<mm mme mo moz<Hm<> mo mHmeH<z¢

H>Hx mqm<e

.6onoooom mo: mHmo:n0ox: HHz: o:n .ononono:n_mn:moHnH:mHm on on 6:z0n no: mo: oHnon n one

ON.HN HO. n.o m

 

 

 

Hm.» u no. no n .2 n Nn6 6:m H u Hn6 non o oHnme Eonn
mmmO.m : mmmm.mH mozone :Hanz mmmm.:H o>Hno< nmooq
.m.z memme. -
eeee.N H eeee.N mozone :ooznom eeee.mH o>Hn0< nmoz
o0:do 0Hnom onmzem a806oono monmzem o0:mHno> _:mo2 ozone
anH:mHm zoo :ooz n0 moonmoo no Ezm n0 oonzom

 

HH obome zH ezm22H<ee<
mxoeob zmeexo H<sz<z mo AmmeDsz ZHV mzHe no MUZ¢Hm<> mo mmeH¢z<

>Hx mqm<e

9O

.0onoooom mm: mHmonnoon: HHz: o:n nonononozn mn:moHnH:me on on 6:z0n no: mo: 0Hnmn o oze

ON.HN

HO. n.o m

 

 

Hn.n u mo. oo o .H u mno ooo H u Hno non n oHoon Bonn
mmOO.m H mmmm.mH monono oHoon mmmm.HH ooHoo< omooH
.m.z HHmmo.H
O2HO.m H OHHO.m mononO coozoom OOOH.OH o>Hooa omoz
oo:mo oHnmm onozem :E06oonn monozem oo:oHno> :ooz ozone
IHnH:me zm: :ooz no moonwoo n0 Ezm no oonzom

 

HH obome zH Ammeszz zHV mzHe

HHHzodmme H<eoe mme mo moz<Hm¢> no mHmeH<z<

HHH>Hx mqm<e

.6onoooom mos mHmognooH: HHz: ocn aononononn mn:ooHnH:me on on 6:zon no: mo: 0Hnmn o.o:e

 

 

ON.HN u HO. no n N H
He.e n mO. no n .2 u n6 6:o H u n6 non o oHnme Eonn
eeee.mHH 2 meme.2m2 mozone :HnnHz OOO0.00H o>Hno< nmooq
.m.z nmmnm. .
OOOO.N2 H OOOO.N2 mozone :ooznom mmmm.NmH o>Hn0¢ nmoz
oo:m0 0Hnom onmzem 806oonn monozem o0:MHnm> :ooz ozone
IHnH:me =n: :ooz no moonwoo no Ezm no oonzom

 

 

HH

mme zo meDzHS emdq mme mo

obome 2H HHHEQ<mme
me<m em¢mm mme mo mo2¢Hm<> mo mHmeH¢z<

HH>Hx mHm¢e

91

.6onooooo mm: .nnwnonnm.:onoHn oHn :H mozonw.onn.:oo3non.moo:o

InonnH6 n:moHnH:me.mo3 ononn nmnn mmHmonnoonn ononnonHo one .6onoomonmm3.mHmonnoonn

HHz: onn «ononononn .6nm oo:o6Hn:0o n0 Ho>oH mO..onn no oo:MOHnH:me 6o30nm 0Hnwn n one
ON.HN u HO. no n . N - _ . H . .

 

 

Hn.n u mO. no n , .2 u no.ooo H u no non n oHoon-sonm
m2ON.HmN 2 meeH.mNm mozone :HnnHz mm2m.N2 o>Hno< nmooH
mO. m2H2e.e . . .
nmmm.OONH H nmmm.OONH mozone :ooznom .mmm2.nn o>Hno< noo:
oocoo 0Hndmi.. onozvm 506oonn monozdm oo:mHnm> noo: ozone
anH:me . :n: :moz no moonwoo no Ezm ‘ no oonzom

 

A

HH obome zH meezmmem ZOHxMHm on mo moanm¢> m0 mHmMH<Z<

H mHmne

.6onoo00m mm: .nnw:onnm Honon,:H mozonw onn :oosnon moono
InonnH6 nanHanme mm: ononn nonn mmHmonnoomn onmnnonHo one .6onoonon mm: mHmonnoozn
HHz: onn «ononononn .6:o oo:o6Hn:00 no Ho>oH mO. onn no oo:ooHnH:me 6o30nm oHnmn n one
ON.HN n HO. no n .N H

 

 

.HN.» u mO. no n .2 u n6 6:m H.u. n6 non n oHnwe eonn
OOOO.NOOH H OOOO.OOHOH mosono :Hoonz OOOO.HHm o>Hoo< noooH
mO. mNeNm.OH .
OOOO.eNmN2 H OOOO.eNme2 wozone :ooznom OOO0.002 . o>Hno< noo:
oonmo 0Hnmm onmzvm eo6oonn monmzem - oonoHnm> . :moz . ozone
anszHm =n= :moz n0 moonwoo no ezw n0 oonzOm

 

HH obome zH meezmmem H<eoe mo moz<Hmd> mO_mHWMH<z<

xHHx mHm<e

92

.6onooooo mm: mnnwnonnm :0Hmnonxo oonx :H mozonw onn :ooznon moono

unonnH6 nnonnH:me won ononn nmnn memonnoonn ononnonHm one .6onooOon mm: mHmonnoonn

.HHz: onn aononononn..6:.m oo:o6Hn:oo no Ho>oH_HO. onn no oo:MoHnH:me 6o30nm 0Hnmn n one
ON.HN u HO. no n N H

 

 

 

Hn.m u mo. no n .2 u n6 6nd H u n6 non n oHnoe Bonn
emww.mmH 2 2mmm.mNe mozone :HnnH3 eeem.22 o>Hno< nmmon
mO. NNNmm.mH
OeOO.MHom H meme.mHom mozone :ooznom . OOON.OO o>Hno< noo:
o0:@0 0Hnwm onmzem “B06oonn monozem oo:MHnm> :moz ozone
IHnH:me =n= noo: no moonwoo no Bzm no oonzom

 

 

HH nDome zH meezmmem ZOHmzmexm mmzx no moanm<> no mHmeqnzn

HHH mHmne

.6onooooo mo: .nnwnonnm :0Hmnonxo oHn :H wozonw onn :ooanon mo0:ono
InonnH6 nnmoHanme mo: ononn nonn mmeonnoonn ononnonHo one .6onoofion mo: mHmonnoonn
HHz: onn .ononononn .6nm oono6Hn:oo no Ho>oH mo. onn no oo:ooHnH:me 6ozonm 0Hnon n one

 

 

ON.HN n HO. no n N H ,
Hn.n u me. no n .2 u n6 6nd H u n6 non n oHnwe Bonn
2200.mm 2 mumm.O2H mozne :HnnHz MM20.nm .o>Hno< nmoon.
mO. FNomH.O . . .
He2N.mON H HO2N.mON mozone :ooznom mmmw.om o>Hno< noo:
o0:oo 0Hnmm onozem uB06oonn monozem o0:MHno> :ooz ozone
InH:me zn: noo: no.moonmoo no Bzm .no oonzom

 

HH noome 2H,meezmmem onmzmexm Afifln no moz<Hm<> no mHmeann

HH mqm<e

93

.6onooooo mm: nnnwnonnm :on:onxo zonHo :H wozonw onn :ooznon moono

InonnH6 n:w0HnH:me mm: ononn nmnn mmHmonnoonn ono:nonHo one

HHz: onn .ononononn a6:m oono6Hnnoo

no Ho>oH mo.

.6onoonon mo: mHmonnoonn

onn no o0:onnH:me 6o30nm oHnmn n one

 

 

ON.HN n HO. no n N . H
He.» u mo. no n .2 u n6 6:m H u n6 non n oHnme Bonn
mNem.m 2 OomN.NN mozone :HnnHz .Oome.2H o>Hno< nmoon
mO. eNmmm.HH .
omem.me H omem.me mozone :ooznom OOmN.HN o>Hno< nmoz
oonoo 0Hnon onmzem B06oonn monozem ooannm> noo: ozone
IHanme =n: :moz no moonwoo no Bzm n0 oonzom

 

 

HH noone zH meezmnem ZOHmzmexm zomHm no Moz¢Hm¢> no mHmeqnzn

>HH mnmne

 

 

 

.6onoooom mm; mHmonnoonn HHz: onn .ononononn mn:MoHnH:me on on 6:zon no: mo: 0Hnon n one
ON.HN u HO. no n. N H
Hm.n u mO. no n. .2 u n6 6:o H u n6 non n oHnme Bonn
OO2m.2m . 2 eNem.emN mozone :HnnH3 OOM@.2N o>Hn0¢ nmmon
.m.z eM2eO.
NHOO.H> H NHme.Hn mozone :ooznom MM2m.Hm o>Hno< nmoz
oo:M0 0Hnmn onmzem qBoooonn monmzem oonoHno> :ooz ozone
IHnH:me =n= :moz no moonmoo no Bzm n0 oonzom

 

HH nDome 2H meezmnem onmzmexm nmodoomm no moz<Hn¢> no mHmeH¢z<

HHHH mqm<e

9A

.6onooooo mo: mHmonnoonn HHz: onn .ononononn nn:.ooHnH:me on on 6:zon no: man 0Hnon n one

ON.HN u HO. n.o n

 

 

Hn.e n mO._no n .2 n Nn6 6no H u Hn6 non n oHnme Bonn
Om2e.mH 2 mmem.wm mozone :HnnHz mmeo.HN o>Hno¢ nmoon
.m.z Omnmmn . . ,
eH20.NHH H OH20.NHH mozone :ooznom eeHm.mN o>Hno< noo:
oo:mo 0Hnom onozem B06oonn monmzem oo:oHnm> noo: ozone
IHanme =n= :moz no moonwoo no Bzm no oonzom

 

HH noone zH meezmnem onmzmexm quz< no moz<Hn<>.no,mmeH¢z<

H>H mqmne

.6onooooo mo: mHmonnoonn HHz: onn .ononononn mnnooHanme on on 6:zon no: mo: 0Hnmn n one

. u . m
ON HN HO n n N H

 

 

Hn.n u mO. no n .2 u n6 6no H u n6 non n oHnoe Bonn
O2NH.O2N 2 Neme.emm mozone :HnnHz ooe2.M2 o>Hno¢ nmoon
.m.z ommem. ,
. OOOM.O2H H OOOm.O2H mozone :ooznom MMMH.mm o>Hno¢ noo:
oo:¢o 0Hnmm onozem .B06oonn monozdm oo:mHno> noo: ozone
anHanm =n= noo: no moonwoo no Bzm no oonzom

 

.HH noomo 2H meezmnem onmen BomHm no moann¢> no mHmMH<Z<

>H mqmne

95

InonnH6 nnoOHnH:me mos ononn nonn mmHmonnoonn ononnonHo one
HHz: onn nononononn .6:o oo:o6Hnnoo no Ho>oH mO.

.6onoo00o mo: annw:onnm :OonHn no6Hzonm :H mozonw onn :ooznon woo:o

.6onoowon mos mHmonnoonn

onn no oonooHanmHm 6o30nm 0Hnon n one

 

 

ON.HN u HO. no n N H .
Hn.n u mO. no n .2 u n6 6:o H u n6 non n oHnoe Bonn
mm22.mm 2 mnme.MMH mozone :HnnHz eeem.NN o>Hn0¢ nmoon
mO. mmOO2.O ,
MNHH.NHm H MNHH.NHm mozone :ooZnom eeNH.nm o>Hno< nmoz
oonoo 0Hnom onozem B06oonn monozem oo:oHno> noo: ozone
IHanmHm =n= :ooz n0 moonwoo no Bzm no oonzom

 

HH noone.zH meezmmem ZOHxMHn mmoqoomm no moann<> no mmeann

HHH>H mnmne

.6onooooo mo: mHmonnoonn HHz: onn nononononn .nnooHanme on on 6:z0n no: mo: 0Hnon n one

 

 

 

 

ON.HN u HO. no n N H
Hn.n n mO. no n .2 u n6 6:o H u n6 non n oHnoe Bonn
meHH.mH 2 Nee2.0e mozone :HnnHz mmmn.mH o>Hno< nmoon
.m.z mwmme.N
ONOO.N2 H ONOO.N2 mozone :oo3nom oomO.HN o>Hno¢ nmoz
oonoo 0Hnom onozem 1B06oonn monozem oonoHno> :ooz ozone
anH:me =n= :ooz no moonmoo no Bzm no oonzom.
HH noome 2H meezmmem onxmnn HnezoNHmon mmoneomm no meannn> no mHmnnnzn

HH>H mqmde

96

.6onooooo mo: .nnwnonnw :0Hmnonxo xnznn SH mozonw onn :ooznon moo:o
nnonnH6 nnoOHanme mo: ononn nonn MmHmonnoonn ononnonHo one .6onoomon mo: mHmonnoonn
HHz: onn ononononn .6no oonoeHn:oo no Ho>oH HO. onn no oonooHnH:me.6o30nm 0Hnon n one

ON.HN u HO. no n .

 

 

Hn.n u me. no n .2 u Nn6 6:o H u Hn6 non n oHnoe Bonn
mmem.wm 2 emnw.mmH mozone :HnnH3 OOmn.mH o>Hno< nmoon
HO. ONOeO.mN
mmeN.NOOH H mOON.NOOH mozone :ooznom eoem.m2 o>Hno< noo:
oonoo 0Hnom .onozem “B06oonn monozem oonoHno> :ooz ozone
IanmHm :n: :ooz . no moonmoo no Bzm no oonzom

 

HH noone 2H meezmmem ZOHmzmexm xzone no moz<Hn<> no mHmNH<z<

xq mqmne

.6onooooo mo: mHmonnoonn HHz: onn .ononononn .nnooHanme on on 6:z0n no: mo: 0Hnon n one
ON.HN u.dO. no n N H

 

 

_Hn.n n mO. no n. .2 u n6 6:o H u n6 non n oHnoe Bonn
emNn.mm, 2 mOH0.0mH mozone :HnnH3 mmmn.mN o>Hno< nmoon
.m.z nnwmm.
OOOe.mm H wome.mm mozone nooznom memm.om o>Hnon nmoz
oonoo 0Hnom onozem 2B06oonn monozem oonoHno> :ooz- ozone
yHanme :n: :ooz no moonmoo no Bzm no oonzow

 

HH noone zH meezmmem ZOmenn xzome no moanm<> no mHmMH<Z¢

xHH mqmne

97

.6onooooo mo: .mBononHn.:H nanoz n6on :H mozonw onn :ooznon moonononnH6

.nnooHanme mo: ononn nonn mmHmonnoonn ononnonHo one

.6onoofion mo: mHmonnoonn HHz:

onn ononononn n6:o oono6Hn:oo no HonoH.mO._onn no oonooHanme-6ozonm 0Hnon n one

 

 

Nm.n u HO. no n N H
NN.2 u mO. no n .eN u n6 6:o u n6 non n oHnoe Bonn
OHom.mm Om oOOO.HmO monono cHonnz m2o2.mm onoHoEIooz
.m.z m202m.2
02mm.2mH H m2mm.2mH mozone :ooznom mNmm.Oe mnOOoE
oo:oo 0Hnon onozem mB06oonn monozem oonoHno>. noo: ozone
anHanm =n= noo: no moonwoo n0 Bzm no oonzom

 

HHH nbome zH mz<nequx

ZH emeHmz Moon no noz<Hn¢> no mHmeH¢z<

HHxH mqm<e

.6onooooo mo: mHmonnoonn HHz: onn .ononononn mn:ooHnH:me on on 6:z0n no: mo; 0Hnon n one

 

 

Nn.n u HO. no n N H
NN.2 u mO. no n .mN u n6 6:o H u n6 non n oHnoe Bonn
eHem.O eN ONO2.NHN mozone :HnnH3 eNN2.2N mnoOoBl:0z
.m.z eOOHH.
mmmm. H mmmm. mozone :ooznom eemw.2N mnowoz
oonoo oHnom onozem mB06oonn monozew oonoHno> :ooz ozone
anHanm =n= noo: n0 moonwoo no Bzm no oonzom

 

HHH noone 2H e<n Moon ezmo nmn no moann¢> no meNH<Z<

HxH mnmne

98

.6onooooo mo: mHmonnoonn HHz: onn aononononn mnnooHanmHm on on 6:z0n no: mo: oHnon n one
Nn.e u HO. no n

 

 

NN.2 u mo. no n .ON n Nn6 6:o H n Hn6 non n oHnoe Bonn
mHmw.Hm eN mw2H.ONO mozone :HnnHz HwHO.HeH mnOOoBlnoz
.m.z Hmmm2.m
H2mm.mOH H H200.00H mozone :oo3nom 2mne.meH mnofioz
oonoo oHnon onozem «B06oonn monozem oonoHno> :ooz ozone
IHanme :n: noo: n0 moonwoo no Bzm no oonzom

 

HHH noome zH AmnmemzHezmo sz emeHmm ezHoznem no moz<Hn<> no mHmMH<z¢

>HxH mnmne

.6onooooo mo: nmBonmoHHn :H.nano3 n6on.oonn|nonV:H.moz0nw onnrnooZnon.moono

unonnH6 nnoOHnH:me mo: ononn nonn mmeonnoonn ononnonHo one .6onoonon mo: mHmonnoonn

HHz: onn nononononn a6:o oono6Hnnoo no Ho>oH mo. onn no oonooHanmHm 6o30nm 0Hnon n one
Nn.m u HO. no n N H

 

 

NN.2 u mO. no n .eN u n6 6:o H u n6 non n oHnoe Bonn
mmmn.NH em Hmme.Nmm mozone :HnnH3 HOHO.H2 mnomoBlnoz
mO. nm2mO.e
mmmm.nn H mmOO.nn mononO ooozoom mmmm.m2 onoHoz
oonoo 0Hnom onozem .B06oonn monozem oonoHno> :ooz ozone
IHanme :n: :ooz n0 moonmoo no Bzm no oonzom

 

HHH noome zH mznneOHHx zH emeHmz Moom mmnnlenn no moann¢> no mHmeqnzn

HHHxH mqmne

99

.6onooooo won aAowono>o no6 onov onan6nooxo oHn0Hoo :H mozonw onn :ooznon woono

InonnH6 n:ooHnH:me mo: ononn nonn umHmonnoonn ononnonHo one .6onoomon mo: mHmonnoonn

HHz: onn nononononn .6:o oono6Hn:oo no Ho>oH HO. onn no oonooHanme 6ozonm 0Hnon n one
N5.» n HO. no n N H

NN.2 mO. no n .eN u n6 6:o H u n6 non n oHnoe Bonn

 

HmOO.mmOmmm ON ownm.NN20©em mozone :HnnH3 wHwH.mHHH wnoOoEIcoz
HO. 2mmmN.NH

 

OONm.MOmHOOH H ommm.mOmHOOH mooono oooznom HHHO.OOOH onoOoz
oonoo oHnon onozem .B06oonn monozom oonoHno> noo: ozone
IHnH:me =n: :ooz n0 moonmoo no Bzm no oonzom

 

HHH noone ZH Amenmm>< eno mzov mnDeHozmnxm OHmoqno no moann<> no mHmeH<z¢

H>xH mnm<e

.6onooooo mo: mHmonnoonn HHz: onn .ononononn mn:ooHnH:me on on 6:z0n no: mo: 0Hnon n one
mp.» u HO. no n

 

 

NN.2 u mO. no n .mN u Nn6 6:o H u Hn6 non n oHnoe Bonn
meom. eN 2emm.e mozne :HnnHz meNm.NH mnoOoBl:oz
.m.z 22NNe.
2HOH. H 2HOH. mozone :ooznom onmn.NH mnonoz
oonoo 0Hnom onozem B06oonn monozem oo:oHno> :ooz ozone
IHanmHm =n: :ooz n0 moonwoo n0 Bzm no oonzom

 

_HHH noone zH xmozH H<nmozon no moz<Hm<> no mHmMH<Z<

>xH nqmne

lOO

.6onooooo mo; mHmonnoonn HHz: onn .ononononn mnnooHanme on on 6:zon.n0: mo: 0Hnon n one

Nn.u u HO. no n

 

 

NN.2 n mO. no n .om u mno coo u Hno non n oHoon soon
OOOO. ON mOOO. monono ononn; mmMO. onoOoEIBoz
.m.z HOOmm.m
OOOO. H OOOO. mooonO ooozoom OHMO. onoOoz
oonoo oHnon onozom oB06oonn monozem oo:oHno> :ooz ozone
:HnH:mHm :n: :ooz no moonwoo no Bzm no oonzom

 

HHH noome ZH meozHE nmn mnneHH zH emeHmz
woom no z<neoon mmn mxneoo zmewxo H<2Hx<z no moz<Hn<> no mHWNan<

HHH>xH nnmne

.6onooooo mo: «onanB noo mnonHH :H ononoz :ownxo HoBonB :H wozonw onn :oo3non moono

unonnH6 nnooHanmHm mo: ononn nonn MmHmonnoonn ononnonHo one .6on0ohon mo: mHmonnoonn

HHz: onn .ononononn .eno oono6Hnnoo no Ho>oH HO. onn no oonooHnH:me 6ozonm oHnon n one
mn.n u HO. no n

 

 

mm.: u mO. oo o .Om u mno ooo H u Hno non n oHoon soon
eNmO. eN eOO2.N mozne :HnnHz 20mm.H mnOOoBlnoz
HO. Hmnmm.NH
~22H.H H >22H.H wozone :oo3nom 2mmm.N mnOOoz
oonoo oHnom onozem .B06oonn monozem oonoHno> :ooz ozone
IHanme :n= :ooz no moonmoo n0 Bzm no oonzom

 

HHH noome 2H meDzHS
nmn mnmeHH 2H mxnenb zmewxo H<2Hx<2 no moanm<> no mHme<z<

HH>xH mqmne

lOl

.6onooooo mo; mHmonnoonn HHz: onn .ononononn mnnooHanme on on 6:z0n no: mo: oHnon n one
Nn.n u HO. no n N H

 

 

NN.2 u mO. no n .Om u no ooo u no non n oHoon Sonn
Hwnm.m om oOHm.Om monono onoan mnmn.2H onoHoSusoz
.m.z HHHOO.
mOOO. H mOOO. monono cooznom n2o~.2H onoHo:
oo:o0 0Hnon onozem ”B06oonn monozem oonoHno> noo: ozone
IHnH:me :n: :ooz no moonwoo n0 Bzm no oonzom

 

HHH noome ZH ezm22H<ee< mx<eno
zmenxo H<2Hx<2 no AmmeDzHS zHV nEHe no moann<> no mHqunzn

xxH mqm<e

.6onooooo mos .onz:HB noo mnonHH :H
nanoz n6on oonnunon no BonwOHHx noo ononoz :ownxo HoBonB :H mozonw onn :ooznon moono
InonnH6 nnooHanme mo: ononn nonn Mmeonnoonn on:ononHo one .6onoonon mo: mHmonnoonn

HHz: onn .ononononn a6:o oonooHnnoo no Ho>oH HO. onn no oonoOHnH:me 6o30nm 0Hnon n one
No.5 u HO. no n N H

 

 

NN.2 u mO. no n .eN u n6 6:o H u n6 non n oHnoe Bonn
OOOO. eN OOOO. mozone :HnnHB ee20. mnonoBu:oz
mo. H20mm.m
HOOO. H HOOO. monono soozoom OHmO. onoHoz
oo:o0 oHnon onozem LB06oonn monozem oonoHno> :ooz ozone
IHanme :n: :ooz no moonwoo n0 Bzm n0 oonzom

 

(ll

HHH noone zH meDsz nmn mmmeHH zH emeHmz noon
mmnnuedn no SnneOHHx nmn mx<eno zmewxo H<2Hx<z no moz<Hn<> no mHmeqnzn

xHxH mqmde

102

.6onooooo mo: mHmonnoonn HHz: onn .ononononn mnnoOHanme on on 6:z0n no: mo: 0Hnon n one

 

 

mn.n u HO. no n m H
mm.: H mO. no n .Om n no oco H u no oon n oHoon Soon
oHnn.HO om H2@O.HOOH mooooo oHonHz nonm.HmH mooOoS-ooz
.m.z mmOHn.H
wmmH.HHH H mmmH.HHH mooooo Soonnon Ommm.mOH mooHos
oonoo 0Hnon onozem -B06oonn monozem oo:oHno> :ooz ozone
IHnficwHw :n: Goo: no moonwoo no 83m no mondom

 

HHH nbome no HHHzonmne mme zo
mebZHz emnq mme no neon ennm: mme no moz<Hm<> no mHmnnnzn

HHxxH mnmne

.6onooooo moz mHmonnoonn HHz: onn aononononn mnnooHanme on on 6:z0n no: moz 0Hnon n one

 

 

mn.n u HO. no n m H
NN.2 u mO. no n .Om u no ooo H u no oon n oHoon Soon
OOOH.OO om wnOH.HOmm mooooo cHnoon 2m:m.nOH mooOoSuooz
.m.z anOH.
nOmm.o: H nOmm.O2 mooooO Soonnom HonH.OOH moonon
oonoo oHnon onozem _B06oonn monozom oonoHno> noo: ozone
anHanm :n: :ooz no moonmoo no Bzm n0 oonzom

 

HHH noome zH ezmzaneen mxneno zmewxo anHxnz
one meHz mbomz<enosz neon em<mn mme no moanm<> no mennnzn

HxxH mqmne

103

.oonooooo mm: .:nw:onnm Honon :H masonw o:n :ooznoo moo:o

Inonnoo n:moonfi:mfim,mm3 onocn nm:n ”mamo:nomz: onm:honao one .oonoomou mm; mfimo:noqn:
HHz: o:n .ononopocn .o:m mo:oofin:oo no Ho>oa mo. ocn no oo:doHnH:wfim oozonm oonmn n o:e
me.n u Ho. no n

 

 

mm.: u mo. no n .om.u Nno ooo H u Hno non n oHoon sonn
. . nnom.=omm om OHo:.momomH masono oHonHz meH.mHm oncooEIooz
mo ooooz : mmom.anmm H mmom.anmm masono soozoom oNHH.no: onoooz
oo:do nonnom ohmsvm Eoooonn moLMSUm oo:monm> :moz ozonc
IHnH:me =n: :ooz no moonmoo no Ezm no oopsom

 

HHH nbomo zH meozmmem Q¢eoe no MOZ¢Hn<> no mHmeq<z<

>Hqu mqm¢e

.oonoooom mm: mamocnoam: Has: o:n nonononocn mn:MoHnH:me on on o:son no: mo: ownmn n one
mn.n u Ho. no n

 

 

mm.= u mo. no n .om u Nno ooo H u Hno non n oHooa sonn
:mem.m om e:mm.mm masonc :Hnnoz oooo.ma mn0nmau:oz
.m.z mmooo.
ammo. H ammo. mononw :ooznom wnaa.ma mLOnm:
oo:oo oHnom ohmsvm Eoooonn monmdom oo:oohw> :ooz _ ozonm
IHnH:me =n= :ooz no moonwom no Esm no monsom

 

HHH nDomo 2H AmmeDzHE sz_mzHe AdHEQdmme A¢eoe mne no moz<Hn<> no mHqu¢z¢

HHHNXA mqm<e

104

.oonnooom mo: .:nw:onnm :oom:onxo on: :H masonw o:n :ooZnon moo:o
inonnflo n:moHnH:me mm: ononn nocn .momm:noqm: ono:nonam one .oonoofion mos memo:noon:
HHS: o:n nononono:n .o:o mo:ooHn:oo no Ho>oa mo. o:n no oo:moHnH:me oozocm onnmn n o:e

 

 

me.o u How no n m H
mm.: H mo. no n .mm u no o:o u no non n oHome Eonn
mwnm.mm om mmmo.mmzm moono ononn; om:m.mm onenoe-ooz
mo. monnm.: ‘
nmmm.mo: H nomw.wo: masono oooznom onoH.n: oncooz
mo:mo onnmm ohmsom Eoooonn monmoom oo:mnno> :moz moons
IHnH:me :n: :ooz no moonwoa no Sow no oonzom

 

HHH nDomo zH newzmmem onmzmexm new no moanm<> no mHm%Q<z<

H>qu mqm<e

.oonoooom mm: mnmocnoon: Has: o:n .ononono:n mn:monnn:mnm on on o:son no: mo; onnmn n o:e

me.~ n Ho. nHw n

 

 

mm.o u mo. no n .om u Nno ooo H u Hno non n oHooe Eonn
mmom.mmH om mmmm.Hoom moono oHonHz ooom.m: oncooEIooz
.m.z mOMHn.m .
nm::.H:n H nmoo.=Hn mooono oooznom mmom.oo mnemoz
oo:do oonmm onosom Eoooonn monmovm oo:mflno> :moz moons
IHnH:me =n: :ooz no moonwoa no 85m no monoom

 

 

HHH nbomw 2H mewzmmem ZOmeqn nHm no noz<Hm<> no mHmMQ<z¢

>qu mqm<e

105

.oonoooom mm: mHmo:noom: HHz: o:n .ononono:n mn:MoHnH:me on on o::on no: mo: OHno: n o:e

 

 

 

mn.n u Ho. no n m H
mm.: H mo. no n .mm u no o:o H u no non.n oHome Eonn
mmmH.mm om :mmm.eHOH masonw :H:nH3 em:m.mm mLOnoEI:oz
.m.z enmmm.H
HmmH.on H HmmH.oe monono :ooZnom Homm.mm mLOnoz
oo:oo OHnmm onmoom Eoooonn monozom oo:mHnm> :ooz ozone
IHnH:me =n= :moz no moonwom no 83m no oonsom

 

HHH noono zH meozmmem onmzmexm nmodbomm no moz<Hm<> no mHmMQ<z<

HHH>qu mqm<e

.oonqoooo mm: mHmo:noo>: HHz: o:n .onononoon mn:o0HnH:me on on o::on no: mo: OHnmn n oce

 

 

mw.n u Ho. no n m H
mm.: H mo. no n .mm u no oco H u no non n mHnoe Eonn
ammw.mmm mm eoom.wemm mnzno :chH3 mom:.em mLOnoElcoz
.m.z mm0H0.m
mmHm.mmm H mmHm.mmm madno :omznom mmww.mm mnohoz
oo:oo OHnmm onmzom Eoooonn monmoom oo:anm> :ooz ozonu
anH:me an: :moz no moonwoo no 53m no monsom

 

HHH nbomo 2H meozmmem ZOHmzmexm mmzm no moz<Hn¢> no mHqu<z<

HH>NNA mqmde

106

.oonaoooo mos mHmo:noan: HHz: o:n .onononocn mn:ooHnH:me on on o::on no: mo: OHnon n oce
mm.> u Ho. no n N H
No.3 u mo. no n .mm u no o:o H u no non n oHnme Eonn

 

 

 

mmmm.me om womm.m:n= moono :HonHz omow.mz oncoos-ooz
.m.z momHH. .
nomo.om H nomo.om masono oooznom mmmO.HH mnoHo:
oo:oo oHnom ohmsom Eoooonn monosom oo:oHno> :moz moons
InwaHm :n: :ooz no moonmoo no Esm no monsow

 

 

HHH nbomo ZH meozmmem ZOHmzmexm quz< no moz<Hn<> no WHWNH<Z<

xqu mqm¢e

.oonqoooo mm: mHmonnoon: HHS: won nononononn mn:moHnH:wHw on on o::on no: mo: OHnon n oce
mm.w u Ho. no n

 

 

 

No.2 u mo. no n .mm H Nno o:o H u Hno non n oHnoe Eonn
mmoo.wH om mnzH.mo: mononu :chHz memo.mH mLOnmEI:oz
.m.z Hozoo.H .
mmow.wH H mmom.wH mononu :ooznom mmme.NH mAOHoz
oo:oo oHnmm onosom Eoooonn monmsom oo:mHno> :ooz ozonw
anH:me =n= :moz no moonwom no Sow no oonsom

 

HHH nbomo zH meozmnem ZOHmzmexm 3omqm no noz<Hm<> no WHWMH<Z<

XHXKH mqmne

107

.oonooooo mo3 mHmo:noon: HHS: o:n aononononn mn:ooHnH:me on On o:=on no: mo: oHnon n oce
Nw.> u Ho. no n

 

 

 

mm.o u mo. no n .om u Nno oco H u Hno non n oHooa aonn
NQHm.:H om mmno.mwm masono :HnnHz nmom.mH mLOnoEI:oz
.m.z mmmwo.m
esz.om H eHzm.om masono :ooznom e::n.uH mucous
oo:Mo OHnom onosom Eoooonn monosom oo:loo> :moz Q5096
IHnH:mHm =n: :moz no moomwoo no 83m no oonsom

 

HHH noomo 2H meozmmem ZOmeqn HerONHmom nmoqbomm no moz<Hn¢> no mHmNH<z<

HHNNXH mqmne

.oonooooo mo: mHmo:noon: HHz: oon .ononononn mn:ooHnH:me on on o:=on no: mo: OHnmn n one
mu.» u Ho. no;n N H
mm.: H mo. no n .mm u no oco H u no non n oHaoe ononn

 

 

mmnm.Hm om womz.mom masonc :H:nH3 nm:w.:m prnmEI:oz
.m.z Hammw.H
nzmm.o: H :zwm.o: masonw :ooznom NHom.nm mLme:
oo:oo. oHnom onosom Eoooonn monooom oo:oHpo> :ooz ozonu
IHnH:me =n= :moz no moonwom no Sow no monsom

 

 

HHH nDomU ZH meozmnem ZOmeqn Bomqm no moz<Hm¢> no mHmMH<Z<

Hxqu mqm<e

108

.oonoooom mmz mHmonnoon: HHz: o:n «onononoon mn:ooHnH:me on on o:zon no: mo; OHnmn n o:e
me.e u Ho. no n m H

 

 

NN.2 u mo. no n .mm u no o:o H u no non n oHnoe Eonn
nomm.mHH om ommo.OOHm mooono oHonnz nmmn.mm onoHoEuooz
.m.z HNHHo.
:mmm.H H :mmm.H mozone :ooznom OOHm.om mnOnoz
oo:oo OHnmm onmzom Eoooonn monozom oo:oHno> :ooz ozone
[HnH:me :n: :moz no moonmoo no Ezm no oonzom

 

HHH noone 2H.meezmmem onxmqn mzone no moz<Hn¢> no mHWMQ<Z¢

>Hxqu mqm<e

.oonooooo mo: mHmoonoon: HHz: won .onononoon mn:moHnH:mHm on on o:zon no: was OHnmn n o:e
me.e u Ho. no n m H

 

 

 

NN.2 n mo. no n .om u no o:o H u no non n oHnme Eonn
ommw.mo om mwez.HmHH mozone :HonHz moom.:m mnOnoEI:oz
.m.z Heozm.m -
omeH.OMH H meeH.omH mozone :ooznom mmem.mm mnOnmE
mo:mo oHnom onozom Eoooonn monozom oo:oHno> :ooz ozone
InH:me =n= :moz no moonwoo no Ezm no oonzom

 

 

HHH nbome 2H meezmnem onxmqn mmoqbomm no moonn<> no mHmNH<z<

HHHNNXH mam<e

109

.oonoooom mmz .nnw:onnm :OHm:onNo x:znn :H mozonw o:n :ooznon moo:o

unonnHo n:moHnH:me mm: ono:n noon

mmHmoonoon: ono:nonHo oce
HHz: won aonononocn .o:o oo:ooHn:oo no Ho>oH Ho.

J.oonoowon mo: mHmonnoonn

o:n no oo:ooHnH:wHw oozo:w OHnmn n one

 

 

me.e u Ho. no n m H H
mm.: H mo. nHw n .mm u no o:o H u no non n oHnme Eonn
mmmH.mOH om :mmm.emwm mozone :HonHz omom.=m mnonosl:oz
Ho. emmmH.OH .
momm.mHHH H mzwm.mHHH mozone :ooznom mmHz.em nOon
oo:oo OHnom onmzom Eoooonn monozom oo:oHno> :ooz ozone
IHnH:me :n: :moz no moonwoo no Ezm no oonzom

 

HHH nDome 2H meezmnem

ZOHmzmeNm MZDne no MU24Hm<> no mHWMH¢Z<

>NNXH mqmfie

CHAPTER V

SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Summary

This study was designed with the intent of determining

the relationship of physical activity, strength, and body

composition to the maximal work capacity of young women.

In order to realize this purpose four main objectives

were selected:

1.

to determine maximal oxygen capacity of young
women,

to determine the effect of body composition on
maximal oxygen consumption,

to determine the relationship of strength and
maximal oxygen consumption, and

to determine the differences between active and
less active individuals in relation to maXimal

oxygen consumption.

Data on twenty-eight college women was obtained in the

following areas:

a.

Body Composition: The body fat and fat—free

body weight was calculated from predicted

specific gravity.

Physical Activity: Habitual physical activity was

measured by an activity history recall questionnaire.

lll

Strength: Cable tension strength was assessed
in eleven sites throughout the body.

Maximal Work Capacity: Maximal oxygen consump-'
tion was determined while performing strenuous
work which consisted of running at a constant
speed of 6 mph on a motor driven treadmill with
a grade increase of one per cent each minute 6
until the subject was unable to continue. The
run was preceded by a ten minute warm up walk

at 3.5 mph on zero grade.

Conclusions

 

From the statistical analysis of data the following

conclusions were drawn:

Pearson Product-Moment Correlation

 

l.

The two body composition measures indicating the
highest relationship with maximal oxygen consump-
tion were body weight (r = .64) and fat-free

body weight (r = .64).

Body weight and fat-free body weight indicated a
higher relationship with daily caloric expenditure
than other body composition parameters. The cor-
relations were r = .69 and r = .62 respectively.
Maximal oxygen consumption and trunk extension

strength indicated a higher relationship with daily

caloric expenditure than other metabolic and

- 112

strength parameters. Maximal oxygen consumption
and trunk extension strength each correlated
with daily caloric expenditure r = .59.

H. The two strength measurements indicating the
highest relationship with maximal oxygen con-
sumption were hip flexion (r = .51) and knee
extension (r = .50).

5. The best indicators of total strength were hip
flexion (r = .88), knee extension (r = .84), and

elbow flexion (r = .83).

Elementary linkage analysis. The results of the

 

Elementary Linkage Analysis indicated:

1. inherent relationships in strength and metabolic
responses,

2. that the subjects who possessed more body fat and
a greater fat-free body weight were more active
and were stronger in trunk extension strength, and

3. that the subjects who possessed a greater fat-free
body weight were able to consume more oxygen and
were able to run for a longer period of time before

becoming exhausted.

Analysis of Variance

One way analysis of variance using unequal subclasses
was applied to determine if there were significant differ—
ences between the sub-groups. The groups.as classified into

sub—groups were:

113

Group I: the upper 20 per cent or "active subjects as com—

pared to the lower 20 per cent or "less active"
subjects determined by a one day average of

caloric expenditure,

Group II: the upper 10 per cent or "most active" subjects

as compared to the lower 10 per cent or "least
active" subjects determined by a one day average

of caloric expenditure, and

Group III: physical education majors as compared to non-

physical education majors.

Results of analysis of variance for the upper 20 per

cent or "active" subjects as compared to the lower 20 per

cent or "less active” subjects. The significant differences

 

were:

Body composition. The "active" subjects were heavier

 

and possessed a greater fat-free body weight than the
"less active" subjects. (Significance = .01)

Physical Activity. The "active" subjects expended

 

more energy per day than the "less active" subjects.
(Significance = .01)

Maximal Work Capacit . The "active" subjects possessed

 

a greater maximal oxygen consumption in liters per
minute than the "less active" subjects. (Significance
= .05)

Strength. The "active" subjects were stronger in
trunk flexion strength than the "less active" subjects.

(Significance = .01)

114

Results of analysis of variance for the upper 10 per

 

cent or "most active" subjects as compared to the lower 10

 

per cent or "least active" subjects. The significant differ—

 

ences were:

Body composition. The "most active" subjects

 

possessed more body fat, were heavier, and possessed
a greater fat—free body weight than the "least active"
subjects. (Significance = .01) 6
The "most active" subjects had a lower ponderal index
than the "least active" subjects. (Significance = .05)

Physical activity. The "most active" subjects expended

 

more energy per day than the "least active" subjects.
(Significance = .01)

Maximal work capacity. The "most active" subjects

 

possessed a greater maximal oxygen consumption in
liters per minute than the'least active" subjects.
(Significance = .01)

The "most active" subjects possessed a greater maximal
oxygen consumption per kilogram of fat-free body
weight in liters per minute than the "least active"
subjects. (Significance = .05)

Strength. The "most active" subjects possessed a

 

greater total strength and were stronger in hip
flexion strength, hip extension strength, knee exten-
Sion strength, elbow extension strength, and shoulder
flexion strength than the "least active" subjects.

(Significance = .05)

115

The ”most active" subjects were stronger in trunk
extension strength than the "least active" subjects.

(Significance = .01)

Results of analysis of variance for the physical

 

education majors as compared to the non:physical education

 

majors. The significant differences were:

Body composition. The physical education majors were

 

heavier and possessed a greater fat-free body weight than the

non-physical education majors. (Significance = :05).:

 

Physical activity. The physical education majors
expended more energy per day than the non-physical
education majors. (Significance = .01)

Maximal work capacity. The physical education majors

 

possessed a greater maximal oxygen consumption in
liters per minute than the non—physical education
majors. (Significance = .01)

The physical education majors possessed a greater
maximal oxygen consumption per kilogram of fat—free
body weight in liters per minute than the non-
physical education majors. (Significance = .05)
Strength. The physical education majors possessed a
greater total strength and were stronger in hip
extension strength than the non—physical education
majors. (Significance s .05)

The physical education majors were stronger in trunk
extension strength than the non-physical education majors.

(Significance = .01)

116

In general then it was found that:

l. The"active"subjects (upper 20 per cent), "most active"
subjects (upper 10 per cent), and the physical education
majors:

a. possessed more fat-free body weight,

b. were more active,

0. possessed a greater oxygen consumption, and

d. were stronger

than the "less active" subjects (lower 20 per cent),
"least active" subjects (lower 10 per cent), and the
non-physical education majors respectively.

2. The physical education majors were most like the
"most active" subjects (upper 10 per cent) except that
the "most active" subjects displayed greater strength in
more areas of the body as compared to the "least active"
subjects (lower 10 per cent) than the physical education

majors as compared to the non—physical education majors.

Recommendations

 

l. A valid method to assess habitual physical activity
which would classify subjects into activity groups
is vitally needed.

2. A larger number of randomly selected subjects are
necessary to establish norms and to determine inter-
relationships of body composition, metabolic, and

functional characteristics of women of various ages.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Books

American Medical Association. Handbook of Nutrition.
Second edition. New York: Country Life Press
Corporation, 1951. .

 

Astrand, P. Experimental Studies of Physical Working
Capacity in Relation to Sex and Age. Copenhagen:
Munksgaard, 1952.

 

 

Bard, Phillip (ed.). Medical Physiology. St. Louis:
The C. V. Mosby Company, 1961.

 

Brozek, Josef (ed.). Body Measurements and Human Nutrition.
Committee on National Anthropometry of the Food and
Nutrition Board, National Research Council. -Detroit:
Wayne University Press, 1956.

 

Clarke, H. Harrison. A Manual: Cable Tension Strength Tests.
Chic0pee: Brown-Murphy Company, 1953.

Consolazio, C. F., R. E. Johnson, and L. J. Pecora.
Physiological Measurements of Metabolic Functions in
Man. New York: McGraw—Hill Book Company, 1963.

Johnson, Warren R. (ed.). Science and Medicine of Exercise
and Sports. New York: Harper and Brothers Puinshers,'
1960. .

 

 

Society of Actuaries. Build and Blood Pressure Study.
Chicago: Society of Actuaries, 1959.

Periodicals

 

Astrand, Irma. ,"Aerobic Work Capacity in Men and Women With
Special Reference to Age," Acta Physiologica Scandinav-
ica, Vol. 49, Supplementum 169:1—90, 1960.

Astrand, P. 0. "Human Physical Fitness With Special
Reference to Sex and Age, " Physiological ReViews, 36:

307- 335, July, 1956.

Astrand, P. O. and I. Rhyming. "A Nonogram for Calculation
of Aerobic Capacity (Physical Fitness) from Pulse Rate
During Submaximal Work," Journal of ApplieduPhysiology,
7:218-221, July, 195N-May, 1955.

119

Billings, C. E., J. F. Tomashefski, E. T. Carter, and W. F.
Ashe. ”Measurement of Human Capacity for Aerobic
Muscular Work," Journal of Applied Physiology, 15:1001—
1006, January-November, 1960.

 

Buskirk, E. and H. Taylor. "Relationships Between Maximal
Oxygen Intake and Components of Body Composition,"
Federation Proceedings, 13:21, March -December, 1954.

 

Darling, Robert C. "The Significance of Physical Fitness,"
Archives. of Physical Medicine, 28:140-145, 1947.

 

Henderson, Y. and A. L. Prince. "The Oxygen Pulse and the
Systolic Discharge," American Journal of Physiology,
35:106—115, 1914.

 

Holger, Wahlund. "Determination of the Physical Working
Capacity," Acta Medica Scandinavica, Supplementum
215:5-74, 194B. ‘

 

Johnson, R. E., L. Brouha, and R. C. Darling. "A Test of
Physical Fitness for Strenuous Exertion," Revue
Canadianne De Biologie, 1:491-503, June, 1942.

Knehr, C. A., D. B. D111, and N. Neufield. "Training and
Its Effects on Man at Rest and at Work," American
Journal of Physiology, 136:148—155, March-July, 1942.

LeBlanc, J. A. "Use of Heart Rate as an Index of Work Output,"
Journal of Applied Physiology, 10:275-280, January-
March, 1957.

Mahadeva, K., R. Passmore, and B. Woolf. "Individual Varia-
tions in the Metabolic Cost of Standardized Exercises:
The Effects of Food, Age, Sex, and Race," American
Journal of Physiology, 121:225—231, July-September,

1953-

McQuitty, Louis L. ”Elementary Linkage Analysis for Isolating
Orthogonal and Oblique Types and Typal Revelancies,"
Journal of Educational and Psychological Measurement,
Vol. 17, No. 2, Summer, 1957.

 

Metheny, E., L. Brouha, R. E. Johnson, and W. H. Forbes.
"Some Physiologic Responses of Women and Men to
Moderate and Strenuous Exercise: A Comparative Study,"
American Journal of Physiology, 137:318-326, August-
November, 1942.

Mitchell, J. H., B. J. Sproule, and C. B. Chapman. "The
Physiological Meaning of the Maximal Oxy en Intake Test,"
Journal of Clinical Investigation, 37:53 —547, 1958.

120

and N. Pace. "Studies on Body Composition I:

Rathbun, E. W.
The Determination of Total Body Fat by Means of the
Body Specific Gravity," Journal of Biological Chemistry,

158:667—691, 1945.
Robinson, Sid. "Experimental Studies of Physical Fitness in
Relation to Age," Arbeitsphysiologie, 10:251—321, July,

1938.
"A Study of Responses to Work on a Bicycle

Schneider, E. C.
Ergometer," American Journal of Physiology, 97:353—364,

April-July, 1931.
Seltzer, Carl. "Body Build and Oxygen Metabolism at Rest
and During Exercise," American Journal of Physiology,

129:1-13, April, 1940.
Taylor, Craig. "Some Properties of Maximal and Submaximal
Exercise With Reference to Physiological Variation

and the Measurement of Exercise Tolerance," American
Journal of Physiologyy_142:200—212, August—December,

1944.

 

. "Studies in Exercise Physiology," American Journal
of Physiology, 135:27-42, December 1941, February, 1942.

Taylor, H. L., E. Buskirk, and A. Henschel. "Maximal Oxygen
Intake as an Objective Measure of Cardio-Respiratory
Performance," Journal of Applied Physiology, 8:73-80,

July, 1955, May, 1956-

Von Dobeln, Wilhelm. "Human Standard and Maximal Metabolic
Rate in Relation to Fat-free Body‘Mass," Acta
Physiologica Scandinavica, Vol. 37, Supplementum 126:

1—70, 1956.

. "Maximal Oxygen Intake, Body Size, and Total
Hemoglobin in Normal Man," Acta Physiologica Scan-

dinavica, 38:193—199, September, 1957.

 

Isenstein.

Welch, B. E., R. P. Riendeau, C. E. Crisp, and R. S.
"Relationship of Maximal Oxygen Consumption to Various
Components of Body Composition." Journal of Applied

Physiology, 12:395—398, May, 1958.

Wyndham, C. H., N. B. Strydom, J. S. Maritz, J. E. Morrison,
U. Potgieter. "Maximum Oxygen Intake

J. Peter, and Z.
and Maximum Heart Rate During Strenuous Work," Journal
of Applied Physiologyyl4z927—936, 1959.

121

Young, C. M., M. E. Martin, M. McCarthy, M. J. Marniello,
E. Harmuth, and Feyer, J. "Body Composition of
Young Women," Journal of the American Dietetic
Association, 38:332—340, April, 1961.

 

 

Young, 0., M. E. Martin, R. Tensuan, and J. Blondin.
"Predicting Specific Gravity and Body Fatness in Young
Women," Journal of the American Dietetic Association,
40:102-107, February, 1962.

 

APPENDICES

APPENDIX A

RAW DATA ON PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF SUBJECTS,
BODY COMPOSITION, PHYSICAL ACTIVITY, MAXIMAL
WORK CAPACITY, AND STRENGTH

124

 

 

.cofipmosum HMOfimmzmucoz n .m.mu.z mQOHpmosom ducammcm u .m.m "QOnmza
A.Ao m.m:H w.oma HA.HS cauma .m.mu.z mm
:.mm m.HmH m.mma mm.wm oa-ma .m.mu.z am
m.mm m.m=H m.m~a mm.mm w -ma .m.mu.z mm
m.m: olooa m.mma o:.mm_ .m -ma .m.m-.z mm
o.mm A.maa m.mma mm.am : -ma .m.mu.z am
m.mm m.mHH m.mma az.zm Ha-ma .m.mu.z mm
m.m: :.moa m.m©H :m.mo A -mH .m.mu.z mm
o.m: m.~oa m.omH ma.mm m uma .m.m-.z Hm
0.0m H.0HH o.mmH oo.mm 0 -ma .m.m om
m.am m.=ma m.mmH om.mm m uwH .m.mu.z ma
m.wm 3.:ma o.omH ,mo.mm m -mH .m.m-.z ma
0.2m .o.o:H m.AmH ao.mm m «om .m.m AH
m.mm m.:mH o.mma AA.mm oa-wa .m.m ma
H.0m H.0HH w.mma mm.mm A -mH .m.mu.z ma
o.Hw H.3MH o.mma Amm.:m 0 -ma .m.m :H
m.mm 3.AMH m.mAH Hm.~m : -mH .m.m ma
3.5m m.m:a m.mma AH.mw m -mH .m.m NH
m.mm H.HmH 0.0AH mm.©o 0 .ma .m.m HH
0.0m H.NMH m.mma mm.mm : -mH .m.m OH
:.mm w.mza m.ASH om.mo o -om .m.m a
m.mm m.mma o.moa mm.mo a -mm .m.m m
m.o© w.mma o.wwa mm.mm m -mH .m.m A
:.:m m.mHH m.HmH mm.mm 0 .mn .m.m m
0.0m w.mmH m.m©H mo.mm 0 1cm .m.m m
m.m© m.osa m.mma mm.am m uma .m.m :
o.mm w.wma m.omH mo.mm m -ma .m.a m
m.mm .m.mHH m.mmH wA.mo : -ma .m.m m
o.mw N.mMH m.moH om.mm m -mH .m.m H
mEmeOHHM mUCSOm mflwpmfiflpcmo mMCOCH mnpcoz 62w *cHO hm: mpomfipsm
en sgwfioz CH semfimz an scwflmm 2H sgmflmm spam» an mma

 

mBomhmbm mo WQHEmHmmBo<m<mo A<0Hmwmm zo ¢B<Q Bdm

H>xqu mqm¢8

125

TABLE LXXXVII

RAW DATA ON PUBIC SKINFOLD, PER CENT BODY FAT,
FAT-FREE BODY WEIGHT, AND RELATIVE WEIGHT

 

 

'UU)
~+m %
on) U
CH4.) CH 0 9—4
ca) 0 m o
wiE S w
x.4 +>p G)H E +>U
Subject Vic ecu m cu C54
c 01m :4» a 61m.»
0 m C) EMS &) CJTSQ
-HL> % IbDO ctm
,Q S-c'd pHH Law-H
:52 (DO CUCD'H (DJ—>0)
Q—I'r-l mm [1.33:4 Dar/)3
1 5.7 24 o 47.1 166.6
2 4.0 21 5 41.2 93.1
3 17.0 28.5 45.1 111.7
4 6.3 27.0 46.6 120.9
5 5.7 23.0 45.4 99.8
6 6.0 22.5 42.1 95.7
7 14.3 25.0 45.2 101.9
8 15.3 24.5 42.5 95.1
9 14.0 26.5 48.1 108.9
10 10.7 24.0 45.7 98.5
11 18.7 28.0 49.4 112.7
12 9.3 26.0 49.9 114.0
13 5.0 23.0 48.1 99.6
14 8.0 26.5 46.0 105.6
15 7.0 23.5 39.9 84.7
16 36.0 25.0 39.8 99.4
17 5.0 23.5 48.9 103.4
18 11.0 28.0 40.7 121.9
19 9.0 27.0 44.7 119.1
20 5.0 21.5 39.3 91.7
21 9.7 22.5 38.0 93.0
22 5.0 20.5 39.2 85.3
23 5.0 22.5 41.8 98.8
24 16.7 26.5 39.0 107.0
25 12.0 23.5 36.9 93.8
26 11.0 25.0 50.0 105.6
27 3.0 21.5 43.5 95.9
28 21.6 31.7 46.3 128.4

 

RAW DATA ON PREDICTED SPECIFIC GRAVITY,
PONDERAL INDEX. AND DAILY CALORIC

TABLE LXXXVIII

126

 

 

EXPENDITURE
Predicted Specific Ponderal Daily Calorid
Subjects Gravity Index Expenditure
1 1.052 12.69 1649
2 1.055 13.12 2010
3 1.043 12.22 1429
4 1.044 11.80 2261
5 1.052 12.88 2095
6 1.053 12.94 1682
7 1.047 12.84 1960
8 1.049 13:15 1377
9 1.045 12.58 2975
10 1.050 13.29 2208
11 1.042 12.58 2772
12 1.046 12.32- 2688
13 1.052 13.17 1591
14 1.049 12.69 992
15 1.057 13.62 1196
16 1.039 12.81 1252
17 1.051 12.72 1735
18 1.042 11.86 733
19 1.044 12.17 2150
20 1.055 13.07 1572
21 1.053 13.30 614
22 1.057 13.94 371
23 1.053 13.13 621
24 1.045 12.57 651
25 1.051 13.22 1381
26 1.048 13.22 2201
27 1.055 13.50 1273
28 1.035 11.66 1076

 

 

 

 

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128

 

 

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129

TABLE XCI

RAW DATA ON RETEST METABOLIC RESPONSES

 

mmp3:02
e: 000500609
so 0809 0Mpoe

pumEC0mpp< :mwmxo
0050xmz\3 msomcmp

[0:500 6000 00660

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msom0psm

 

 

16.0

183
202
216
193

16.0

.04825
.05746
.04570
.05560
.05372
.05007
.04643
.05110

.03684
.04106
.03450
.04058
.04234
.03649
.03548
.03677

2.268
2.586
2.148
2.669
2.149
2.053
1.811
1.993

16.5

0

17.
13.0

14.0

18.5

18.0

17.5

188
189
187
192

18.0

15
18
2O
24

14.0

14.0

15.0

15.0

15.0

15.0

 

APPENDIX B
DATA SHEETS USED TO RECORD AND CALCULATE MAXIMAL WORK
CAPACITY, BODY COMPOSITION, AND STRENGTH

131

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

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HF4

132

BODY COMPOSITION--STRENGTH DATA SHEET

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Name Age (years—months)
Address Weight Kg _ lbs.
Phone Weight , Build and Blood Pres-
Major Height sure Study
Ponderal Index
1 2 3 Average

Pubic Skinfold (mm)

Relative Weight = Actual weight =
Standard weight

Specific Gravity (Young) S.G. 1.0084 - .0004231 - .0003401

 

 

 

S.G = 1.008u — .ooou231XI —.0003u01Xl3
S.G. = 1.008u - ( ) ( )
S.G. =

Per Cent Fat of Body Weight (Rathbun—Pace)

Per Cent Fat = 100 ( 5.5u8- - 5.04M)

 

Specific Gravity
Per Cent Fat =

N
ll

Kilograms fat =

 

 

per cent fat body weight

Kilograms of fat-free body weight = —

 

 

body weight kilograms fat

Kg. fat free body weight =

Strength (cm) Average

 

 

Shoulder Extension
Elbow Extension
Ankle-Extension
Elbow Flexion
Shoulder horizontal
Flexion

Hip Flexion

Hip Extension
Shoulder Flexion
Trunk Flexion
Trunk Extension
Knee Extension

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

i—JO\O(IJ\]O\ UltUUNF’

 

lllllll
lllllll
lllllll

 

Total Strength

 

APPENDIX C

FORMULAS USED TO COMPUTE SPECIFIC GRAVITY, PER CENT

FAT, FAT-FREE BODY WEIGHT, AND PONDERAL INDEX

(l)

(2)

(3)

(A)

*E.

13“

FORMULAS USED FOR PER CENT OF FAT OF BODY WEIGHT,
KILOGRAMS OF FAT OF BODY WEIGHT, PER CENT OF FAT-

FREE BODY WEIGHT, AND PONDERAL INDEX

PER CENT FAT OF BODY WEIGHT*

_ 5.548
Per cent fat — lOO (specific gravity - 5.ouu )

 

KILOGRAMS OF FAT OF BODY WEIGHT

 

 

Kilograms fat = per cent fat x body weight

KILOGRAMS OF FAT—FREE BODY WEIGHT

 

 

Kg fat—free body wt.

 

 

body weight - kg fat
PONDERAL INDEX
Height
Ponderal Index 3 Weight

Rathbun and N. Pace, "Studies on Body Composition I,"

Journal of Biological Chemistry, 158:674, 1945.

 

135

PREDICTIONS FORMULA FOR SPECIFIC GRAVITY*

(1) Specific gravity = 1.008u — .0004231Xl — .0003u01Xl3

when X1 = skinfold on mid-abdominal line halfway
between the umbilicus and the pubis (in mm)
X13 = percentage "standard" weight (average

weight per height and age)**

actual weight

Per cent standard weight = standard weight

*C. Young, at al., "Predicting Specific Gravity and Body
Fatness in Young Women," Journal of the American Dietetic
Association, 402105, February, 1962.

 

**Percentage standard weight used in this formula was
calculated on the basis of the predicted weight determined
by the Society of Actuaries, Build and Blood Pressure Study,

Volume I, 1959.

ROOM USE ONLY

     

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