0- .~‘. v-XJ...“ -0” 1 - ”1‘ J, UKRAINIANS IN LANSING, MICHIGAHs THE AMUSEMENT OF A SMALL fTHNIC GROU! 1750555 for flu Dan. 6f M. A. MIWIGAN STAT! COLLEGE Rob"? Lennard tannin-k W49. 'i“ N- I2 1293 106 2-2" F 2 _ V- _ Thisistoeerttfgthatthe thesis entitled ulcrairlians in Iansing, Michigan: The Adjustment of a Small Ethnic Groop nted by prese Robert Leonard Ignasiak has been accepted towards ftilfillment of the requirements for Mills—degree infinitiolagl and mthropology Major professor '——‘—W'QWWV .‘J-'w Xfi‘;‘_'“'. ’1'? '.". K L.“ A L" -'.'2;l"'— .'_—... -..— UTE" ‘ ILIIALS IN Lil-BIIG , I-LICLIGAl-I: THE LLJUSTEELT QM A EEATT ETSLIC GLOUP ROBERT EOIIARD IGIQASLIJC "1*__"‘.”‘C"T A ll.“ OJ— Submitted to the School of Graduate Studies of Hichigan 'State College of Agriculture and Applied Science in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of "'.‘ (1r "'7'“, int»; Jil- Oh. MIPS Department of Sociology and Anthropology 1949 -~L‘-» 40410”: -LLC-ILlL i. LS his ‘“*ICC;atlon to (7‘) U? (0 Tue author wishes to exgr- crejeretion of tin F4 p (D all those wllo have assistet in thesis. He is idebted to Dr. Charles P. Lcomis, Ecad of the Le;urtgcrt of Scciclcgy era AnthrOQClogy, and to .- r‘ ‘ (n 1". - V _ . I: - ‘J2' . J. "‘3 ‘J‘.‘ .R‘ t’ .‘o ‘ ("‘v' J‘LEC‘uel LL. -.;.L-f;:,CI-, hf .1: boyish LrClLif;LCl‘ C_L UCC_LCJlCUV.I Dr. _.2~ -Ll‘- LL ~ ,-.-- L1 L, ,1 , L. ° “,2 . 4.1. ‘ 2 4.1 4 . chLgLuqucgcioUQ, LUiiH.lulO£6 DuicLurxs cLis cncsie has written. 3&61?W8 ‘L’J fT‘TT- imLLv w COLDLZ-Ziql‘S Chatter I The nistory of Ukraine................. II F] he Higration to the Lew world......... III rganizution (f the Lansing Ukrainians. C) IV The Religious Lilemma.................. V'- JSLCCI/IlturatiCl’IOOIOOOOOOOOOOOIOOOOOOOOOO. VI Culture, Orgunizetion, aid Sentimente.. sz IF- 1 F: H m .L C," o II. ~V‘ Location — w m —. r n u U1 L...‘.L W H ogreirien Territory........................... 3 - *‘, .- .2. ,.-. x“? ., .'.L:, L r; CI .LJC.I.S.:-L1.‘Cb UJL'LIullchlliooooooooooooooooéu‘ T 371- ,- . gr . ,r- /~ -7, "W (‘7‘ . 4- 7' . Sh 'v . "‘,fV‘ - I _'v '.v ""1‘ ‘- were-.1 1.1;...1L Lore S ceie b3 , Imus 11-9, Liningsn. . . . “(L9 Vigiting W '1 , J. _'_ 3-- j- ' ... ‘ _‘ -._J.. -,. - 4 "'.4.A.r~_‘ ... I. .',_J- i.C-A—\.- Ll .LC J.-S.Ll.l-;:£I .LJC} LIT." 6v 1: .LL4JAV.JLSI‘L¢A; LI .b‘érlilj.li€E-ooooo000.000.000.000coco-0000000000041 A rrlr;:icavl U-Ili'C—Lte ClllurCLLooooooo OCOOOOOOOOOOOOO. LXexrlea --‘w r- "'1“ , (‘ .L-nJ{ Gout .Aij l C 0. 13116 AIR-LCL‘LI‘ Ul‘C‘UI‘ (19:1; ooooooocoocooocoooooooéb Galician (31 H CI Ujfrélwil’licl'l ClCti/ljigoooooooo0000000062 CI. Ul--;I‘L.j.2“ ow» EGHM 2......1883 63:! 151.... I 8 a 813‘! (a. O O 358......9 3:93! I Ito-29.813 IC.o-J¢¢ .rlgouulotn C 0 Is... (I! 9 21.03... knit-I‘ll H3 (O in the'Uhrainian Workingmenls Associati01. The sentiments of these three clioues are common in that they vish to see a free Ukrainian stete.1o satisfy these desires, most of u. these people subscribe to 1aro ha Wola (The People‘s Will), the publication of the Ukraini nWork1n5men 's Association. This newspaper (printed in Ukrainian) supports the Ukrainian Eational hovement, and strives for further participation in it to its readers. Whenever these nationalistic individuals attend the meetings or the Ukrainian heme Society, they bring this newspaper with them and discuss the news items pertain- ing to the national ideal. The minority or Ualician Ukrainians who are pro-Russian in reeling form another group of interactin5 individuals. We- 5roup feeling runs hi5n as in the nationalistic group. Even though familial relationships are lacking, this clique is well integrated and has much interaction. They visit in each other's homes and attend social afiairs within their own group. There is no formal or5anization, probably a consequence of small size. They hold conmon sentiments inte: cely. They definitely dis- apgrove of the Uhrainian Latioial hovenent and consider Soviet Uhra inc as the Iulfillnent of the national ideal. They rein- force their convictions by suosori oin5 to the U511lllQ§ baily lews, the publication.01 the pro-Soviet Ukrainian American League. The contents of.this paper are discussed as avidly as the nation- alists discuss theirs. The cleavage on the iss sue of nationalism is complete. fThe pro-Russian clique avoids all contacts with the nationalists. 1 gs ()1 The nationalists in turn refer to this clique as "those God- damn R ssians" and "three tu1ncce ts." They lzave celiorratcl attempted to drive out all painful remenhrance of then. host of the members of the nationalistic 5roup have succeeded so well that they have some dif ' iculty, pa1le intentional, in [Ft-.2 remembering the names of the pro-hussians. There is no interaction ancn5 the 1ha151ants from hussian Ukraine. They are not connected with each other by family ties. her are they united by conncn sentiments. They re5ard themselves as Russians and interact with.Russian inni5ran s. lone of them know azy of the Galician Ukrainians. The writer heard scout them thr ou5h a Galician who had made 1“ ,4. 5.1 an inte sive search for years for more members for the Ukif ian Home Society. Ukrainia rs who married into other ethnic 5roups are socially isolated from any of the Ukrainians. They do not constitute a clique in that interaction anon5 them.does not exist. Those who married Polish persons have lost their Uk- rainian identity. Rather than interacting with others of their own ethnic back5round, they have sou5ht integration within the Polish group. (There are over lOUQ Boles in the city.) They belong to Polish or5anizations, have acquired Polish American sentiments, and use Polish in their homes. The nationalistic group at first re5arded these persons as outcasts since their behavior indicated1olonization, sene- thing which was resisted in the Jew World as well as in the q" Old. Sentiments against them were “'“LCloll hi:h during 44 J. Poland's Pacificaticn Campaign against the Ukrainians in 1938. Yowever, time has healed these antagonistic feelings. When they are encountered casually or when they return for a Uk- rainian funeral, hey are treated cordially. One individual married a Russian an; has severed k- rainian ties. The sentiments of this individual lie en- tirely with the Russian group. (ihere are over 200 nussians in_Lansing,) Interaction is with the Russian group, Russian is the language Spoken in the home, and the children are recogiized by the parents as Russian.Americans. One Ukrainian married a Lithuanian immigrant. But in this case, the dissimilar person.was brought under the in- fluence of the nationalistic clique. This Lithuanian.became well integrated in this group and is active in the Ukrainian home Society. Interaction is entirely within the nationalistic group, the children were reared as Ukrainian.Americans, and the individual as well as the children learned to speak Ukrainian. Relations With Other GrOUps. The Galician Ukrainians in.Lansing have some relationships with other Ukrainians in the United States. These are largely with Ukrainian friends and relatives in Jackson and Detroit, hichigan, and in v“ - ious large cities in Pennsylvania. Visiting occurs during holidays and vacations. Until the second World War, the im- migrants correSponded with and gave aid to friends and relatives in the Old World. During the war and since, there has been no \ communication with Ukraine. hoping that aid will reach them, Lansing Ukrainians are contributing funds from their local H“) C 51 organizations to national Ukrainian aid societies.. Galician Ukrainians have maintained certain historic antagonisrls toward other ethnic groups. ILte*action with the Pclish segment of the pepulation tends to be avoided. } There are no relationships with the kussians in Lansing. Beceus e oi their early cultural cohaitioning, salician Uk- rainians are ar ;ti- emitic. This prejudice is evident in all social strata of Ukrainian.Anericans. host of the im- I ‘ migrants regard the nercnsnts in the city as Jews, whether they are or not. "Just like in Ukraine, all the bus'ness in Leis irg is handled by Jews. It's like that all over. They se -to get everythinc. The Ukrainians feel themselves to be residents and members of the Lansing community, aLd they have relations with all kinds or Lansing people. As indicated before, these relations are largely confined to persons of same social status, a pattern that everbody fellows. They take part in the activities of the city and comply with their civic duties and obligations about as nuch as anyone does. In all reSpects hey regard themselves as Americans. host of them have become American citizens and take part in elections. 3ecause 01 vs ricus circumstances, the innigran have forsaken all thot;hts cf returni;g to their homeland. Acculturation has occurred and they have become integrated within American.culture. tins-"nit IV THE RZLIGIOUS 11111411.}. The first part of this section deals with the historical develOpment of religion in Ulraine. The importance of the Var- ious historical everts will be an an in th's chapter as relig- ious crises to the Ukrainian peeple. mhe Introduction.p; Chgistianity. Until the tenth cen- tury, the people were pagans. There was no organized religion as in oontenpc1ary Western.Europe. Somewhat prejudiced histor- ians dismiss paganism as adoration of nature and ancestor wor- m hip; and point to the absence of a priestly hierarchy and im- posing temples. (Of course, there was religion.) The Ukrainian people became Christians in 986 through the efforts of Velodimir the Great, prince of Kiev. he cut- lawed paganism and made Christianity the official religion. Since he married the sister of the Greek Emperor of Constan- tinople, it was quite natural that he should seek help from the priests of the Imperial City in regard to Spreading the Gospel to his countrymen. Thus, it came about that the By- zantine rite was introsuced to the Ukrainians. This rite was somewhat m diIied by the fact that the Slavonic language was used in ceremony and prayers as translated from the Creek by the Saints Cyril and nethedius. The Schism of 1054. Shortly after the Ukrainian Church had been organized with a iierarchy dependent upon the Patri- arch CI Constaitinople, the iamous-schism.of 105% arose to split the East and West. Political, theological, and socio- logical differences led to this split. The Universal Church brokeinto two. separate churches: -thekEflfiieiflwQLEEQdOX and Apostolic Church. and the Western or. homanmgathclic Church. The Eastern Church uses the Biéfiméfie‘CSJ-EXQBEQ-3'3“! whereas the Roman Catholic. Church follows the Latin rite. At first it had no effect upon the Ukrainians. and they remained in union with the Patriarch of Constantinople. The Compromise of 1595. The Polish-lithuanian state incorporated a large part of Ukrainian lands, including Galicia, Volhynia, and large sections of, Eastern Ukraine. during the fourteenth century. With this transfer of ter- ritom the bulk of mamas PQQPIGPPBPEHER€141¢_E_E,_9_91?F§°t wdithpRomanuCatholicism, the prevailing religion of the Western Slave. As a consequence, a struggle ensued between the Western and Eastern Churches in Ukraine, in which the . former was on the offensive. Roman Catholicism, having suf- fered severe losses as a result of the Protestant Reform-_ ation during the sixteenth century, was particularly inter: ested in the Ukrainians controlled by Poland. Moreover, the Orthodox Church of, the Ukrainians. had been weakened by the -. ’ loss of_Ukrainian lands to the ‘l‘artars during the sameperiod. . Rome was desirous of bringing, theUkrainians into its fold, and Poland, for politi‘calreasons, wasequally anxious to have them converted to its state religion. Religion was the barrier between the Poles and Ukrainians. Poland. was determined to destroy this barrier since it retarded, the assimilation of the Ukrainian masses and the creation of a \cohesive state. In addition, itwould mean the complete fibres]: of Ukrainians with the Moscovite state, which had be- ~,_—___._...-__‘ , ,\ é " -1' *" come Poland's most dangerous enemy. The Ukrainians resisted the efforts of beth Rome and Poland. They realized that converzion to Roman Catholic sm would mean conversion to Poland, and becoming Poles would be a national catastrophe for them. The memory of the Kievian state still persisted in their minds, and hopes ior independ- erce were still strong among the people. The Jesuits of the homan Catholic Church, who recognized this persisterce of religious adherence because of political reasons, devised a compromise in the iorm o: the "Uniate Church" Ior Poland's eastern provinces. The point at issue was the liturgy. The Ukrainians wished to retain their Byzantine- Slavonic liturgy, whereas Rome and Poland desired to Lat-nize the rite, that is, conversion to the Latin liturgy of the Roman Catholic Church. The compromise provided for the mainten- ance of the Byzantine-Slavonic liturgy and the preservation or their customs and eccles’astioal discipline. Otherwise, their faith in all particulars was the same as that oi the Roman Catholic Church. The Orthodox Church dignitaries and Ukrainian society could hardly refrain from accepting this compromise. In 1595, a number of Ukrainian bishops and priests, together with large groups or laity, entered into a pact Cl union with the Roman Catholic Church. Allegiance was transferred from d he Patriarch of Constantinople to the Pope or Home. In Spite 01 this, the Poles still sought to Latinize the Ukrainians. Poland gerceived the political aspirations of the Ukrainians who used their Uniate Church as the polit~ ical symbol for independence. Polish attempts to destroy the Uniate Church never relaxed while the Ukrainians were under their control. ‘_ . _ I“ geligious Splits. As already indicated in chap.i, most \of the Ukrainians were under Polish control from.the fourteenth Etc the seventeenth.century.I After the short-life of the Uk- rainiaanozak republic, Poland and.Russia partitioned Ukraine by the Treaty of Andrussovo in 1667.. As a result, a large number of Ukrainians again came under Russian central. It was during this period that there opened up between ithe Galician and Russian Ukrainians a breach which threatened Etc sever completely the ties binding them together. Polandw‘u still. held Galicia, Volhynia, and. Podolia, and the Ukrainians . in these provinces succeeded in preserving their Uniate Church, Those Ukrainians coming under Russia werleorcibly reconverted -,~.~-4——.-q...w,. ‘__ naufin’“ ~——-—~'-. tougrthodoryyhthehgussian statewreligion. The Ukrainians were finally and definitely divided by religious differences. ”_ A.further change took place when.Poland was partitioned. in the latter part of the eighteenth century. iRussia acquired Vblhynia and Podolia. The Ukrainians in these provinces under- went the same religious reconversion and became Orthodox Cath- olics. By the middleof the nineteenth century, all the Uk- (rainianswunderupzaristmBussiahad become members of ghejfiussian fggthodox Church, since it was impossible to be otherwise. It i fwas forbidden for any subject to withdraw from.the Orthodox Kg Church. The Ukrainian peOple were divided in this manner from the end of the eighteenth century to the first World war. The Cal- icianend CarpathianUkrainianS .Were_.UniaFe§2_£31.13.531? PF? _._Uk" Fainians under .-sz~ri.st Russia. were. .Or*217%.9929223s2s9li9S - Austria-Hungary gained Galioia and a good share of Poland. As previously mentioned, the Poles still held considerable con- trol over the Ukrainians in Galicia even though both the Poles and Ukrainians were under Austria-Hungary. The Poles still attempted to Polonize the ukrainians through Latinization of the Church. However, the Ukrainians continued to resist all these efforts. The GalicianUkrainians, not being able to realize their "terrestial" life freely, sought a refuge in religion. Church and nationality were_reallyunited in the sentiments of the. yGalician Ukrainians. Whoever was a member of the Uniate Church 'regarded himself as a member oi the Galician Ukrainian_nation. The Uniate Church and the religious institutions became power- ful means for defense both as organizations and symbols of unity. Ukrainians in.America. Since the Galician and Carpathian Ukrainian immigrants constituted about 90 per cent of the tot- A’fl al Ukrainian immigration, about 90 per cent of the Ukrainians in this country were ofthe Uniate Church, commonly called the KGreek Catholic Church. To the Galician Ukrainians, the church served as a social as well as religious ard political institution. When.the Gal- ician Ukrainians cans to America, they had a feeling of help- FIGURE 5. A TYPICAL UNIATE CHURCH (fl 1‘? lessness natural to the problems of adaptation in a new country. The church served not only their religious needs, but also served as a social necessity, a means to effective struggle for existence. Since there were also larger numbers of Poles in the ‘ United States during the same period of immigration, the Poles naturally attempted to Polcnize the Galician Ukrainians here in.America. jEven though the Poles have outnumbered them, the Galician Ukrainians have resisted their Latinization efforts. To the Ukrainian Americans, the homan Catholic Church remains _ ”5m..-“ -v still” a symbol ofPolonization. Ukrainians feel that Latin- ization means contact with Poles, aLd ultimately, Polonizs ation, even in.America._ Wherever the Ukrainians settled in largenumbers, thy commenced to build their Uniate churches, ' n \ g . and through them were able to retaintheir Ukrainian identit However, wherever the Galician Ukrainians were too small in numbers to reconstruct their Uniate churches, they either .gf: had to convert to Roman Catholicism.or else take another course. Thgggeligious Dilemma in Lansing. The Galician Ukrain- ians constitute 80 per cent of the Ukrainian population in Lansing, Michigan. Since they are Galician Ukrainians, they are naturally Uniates. Circumstances, however, are not very favorable for the continuance of their religious life. The solution available in larger communities was not open to them. Their numbers aretoo small to support a church, ard as the years pass by, their numbers are decreasing because of deaths occurring within the group. But even if this small group could support a parish, it would have some difficulty in . obtaining a Uniate priest because of their scarcity in the United States. - SeverallchoisssrnsrsinoseElsie}; the solution of; this religious problem. They were: membership in one, of the Uniate churches in Detroit, conversion to Orthodoxy, coin-7 ‘ version to Roman‘Catholi‘cism, acceptance of Protestantism, j or no religious preference at all. Membership in one of the Uniate churches in Detroit ' was a possible way of satisfying the religious needs of the people, however, they could not cope with the distance nec- essary tot'avel there. A choice could have been conversions to the Orthodox yew 'uuam Church: since .1398, liturgy-isfines?is¢:81ax9.ni.er..which is the same as their Uniate liturgy. However, at the timeof 15—... -Mau-UIW‘" fifi‘a'l-D - their settlement in Lansing, there was no Orthodox Church ,_ in existence. There was a Russian Orthodox Church in Albion, Michigan, but this seemed too feeble an attempt to solve their problem. An Orthodox Church was established later, but the parish was. strictly Greek, the priest was Greek, 8“? the. 139:8va 3811mm Dwifllazflsmnig-.,§9_,Wick? “, theyyeremaggustomed. Since they would. not beable to under- stand the content __ of the mass, they have not turned to this Orthodox Church for their religious needs. Religionto theLansing Galician Ukrainians was the most notable compensatory form of defense against their enemies. In the Uniate Church in Galicia, they were able (:1 #5 to pray for Ukraine and listen to the hopeful sermons of their priests. However, the Orthodox Church in.Lansing ~3 could not provide any satisfactions for their religious,§ political, and social needs. Another choice, of course, was Roman.Catholicism. .In the early twenties, these Galician Ukrainians came to the attention of a Roman Catholic priest of Polish descent.‘ He knew that they were not attending the masses of the Roman. Catholic Church serving the Catholics in his section ofthe city. He visited each Galician Ukrainian homeand told each fandly that he noticed that they were not attending religious_ services. He explained that this was not correct; even though the liturgy was different from that of the Uniate Church, they were still under the Pope of Rome, and that it was up to him, as a servant of the Church, to see to it that they were not neglecting their religious duties. _ , I rThe efforts of this priest were in vain. “Thereople _ kindly told him to leave their homes and never to come around again. One of the Galician Ukrainians, however, resented , this intrusion so much that he expelled the priest from his home with great vigor. ’ A.few years later, another_koman Catholic priest ate tempted to bring the Galician.Ukrainians into his confidence. Since this priest was of Irish descent, and since the imp migrantsknew little English, communication'was very limited. He also failed to convert the Galician.Ukrainians. Now here is a group of people who recognize the Pope at: v.) of Rome as the head of their church. Why should they refuse Tito become members of the church whose supreme authority they erecognize? There are several factors that contribute to this situation. They are: A l. The simple inertia to change. These people were. brought up in a culture requiring that they become Uniates. Since it was imposed upon them.during the formative period of their lives, they accepted it as the form of religion which was distinctly theirs. They simply did not want to make a change from.something to which they were accustomed.. 2. Difference of liturgy. The peOple could understand the Byzantine-Slavonic liturgy,_while the Latin rite of the Roman Catholic Church was strange, and the language of the Iiiyisxxaaam nicelligible to them. 3. Fear of Polonizaticn. There arewover‘lOOO Poles in L‘“.__._ , hahsihg; these Polish immigrants are members of the Roman Catholic Church. The Galician Ukrainians feel that attending religious services of the Roman Catholic Church would mean. contact with these Poles who represent their historical op- pressors. And contact with the numerically superior Poles-“ woudd be conducive to Polonization, something which they have resisted for centuries. ‘ Acceptance of Protestantism was another solutionto the religious problem.of the Galician Ukrainians. _The people of Lansing are predominantly Protestants. Mbst of the larger Protestant denominations are found in the city. However, the Galician Ukrainians have not turned toward any of these (f. C} denominations sirce they feelpthet.they donot represent , the true form of Christianity. Only one family in the en, tire group accepted Protestantism, During the early thirties there was a good lumber of hussian.Baptists in the northe eastern section of the city. Because this family received some financial assistance from.the Russian Baptist minister during the depression years, they became members of the Russian Baptist Church. This church is no longer Russian in char- acter, and it is now part of the South Baptist Church. How- ever, this family has remained as.Baptists.l The Galician Ukrainians have detested this Baptist family because the Rus- sian Baptists helped in the defeat of the Ukrainian republic that was established during the first WOrld War. As a result of these various circumstances, the Galician Ukrainians in.Lansing do not have any religious institution to serve theme Orthodoxy, Catholicism, and Protestantism have failed to supplement their religious needs. The people are.. truly in a religious dilemma. They feel themselves as Christ? ians, and yet they have no religious affiliations, no religious functionary, and no religious rituals which they can accept as their own. Their solution to the problem was no_religious preferenee patinell. _ . , The Rituals ofgife Crises. Birth, marriage, and death, the crises of life, are vital events in all societies. A group of people have an established set of relaticnships which are more or less in a state of equilibrium. When a life crisis occurs, this equilibrium is disturbed. It is the role of re- ligion to reeestablish this equilibrium or to make certain modifications accordingly. Clearly, it is in these life crises that the dilemma bears hardest on the Galician Ukrainians in.Lansing. They feel they must do something. .What do they do? When a baby is born, the parents, as Christians, believe that it should be baptised. Their main desire is to have it baptised in a Uniatechurch. Since this is somewhat difficult due to the absence of a Uniate church in.Lansing, about half I —-——.‘u‘" E the babies have been taken to Uniate churches in Detroit, 2 ,. p .. _ . ,, . V w a Michigan, and there baptised by a Uniate priest._ Because. g-of unsatisfactory circumstances, the remainder of the babies. ’were baptised by Roman Catholic priests. Of course, the par- ents did not like this alternative, but it was the next best thing to do. . . . Host of the marriages took place in the Uniate churches in Detroit. .Arrangements were made in advanee with the Uniate priests, and all individuals invtlved returned to Lansing for the ceremonies following the weddirg. Just a few weddings ,. took place in RomanCatholic churches in.Lansing when circump stances prevented their being otherwise. When death is expected in the family, arrangements are 5 made in advance with the Uniate priests in Detroit. When it occurs, the Uniate priest comes to the funeral and performs the Byzantine-Slavonic rite. 'However, when death occurs sud- denly, time is too short for funeral arrangements, so the people resort to the Roman Catholic Church as a last resort. Cl C) However, some individuals still detest the presence of Catholicism, and at times Protestant ministers, acting as non-denominational functionaries, administer the fun- eral rites. All burials take place in the Roman Catholic fifmv --_.—f , .,_.'. “H- .fim~- wm-w ._ , .. g..- _ cemetery, which seems ironical. Only in de ath has the ‘w‘ ‘W I... ”W V——- ”M “" Roman Catholic Church been able to bring the Galician Uk- rainians into its fold with any certainty. The Russian Ukrainians. Russian Ukrainians have had no troubles of this sort. .As previously pointed out,in_ Russia they were of the Orthodox Church. When they settled in.Lansing, they naturally wished to continue under the same religious institutional system. Sincemthere wae nm Russian Orthodox church in.Lansing, they have become members of the Russian Orthodox Church in.Albion,.hichigan. This is near .. .7 “awn." Wr r-e-M‘ "" _,o- enough so that they attend the Orthodox services almost every , Sunday and observe most of the religious holidays of the Ortho- dox Church. The life crises are officiated by the Russian Orthodox Church. . , H 229 Second Generation. .As a result of the religious. dilemma of the Galician Ukrainians, the children.were reared without adherence to any religious institution. By the time‘? thesechildren.married, they were still without any religious! preference. . _ _ . . Since they chose mates who were mostly of English descent, they were influenced by their Protestant background. Also, a good number of the second-generation have married persons of German background. As a result, more than half of the second- [*3 (.3 generation.have become Protestants, particularly Methodists, Baptists, and Lutherans. About onegquarter of the secondggeneration stillhave no religious adherence. Their mates are partly resporsible for this since they also do not have any preference. Hence, there are no influencing factors present. A very few have married persons who wereCatholics, and here the Roman Catholic Church scored again. These.. persons were converted to Catholicism through the persuasion of their marriage partners. , , . _ The Future. The last Uniate will probably vanish from from Lansing when the last Galician Ukrainian immigrant dies off. And thereare no second-generation Uniates to carry on‘w‘ _ this religious dilemma.” The Uniate church never was established, and in all probability never will make its appearance in Lan¢ sing. The second-generation has been influenced by otherree ligious institutions through marriage. The second-generation is being absorbed by Protestantism. Since they have no in-w _ tention of establishing the Uniate church, ”Uniate" will prob- ably become another word in the dictionary. ,. ‘ 3' " TE '" Lil‘s";— .L...l'. V “C 0111101433101.“ The proceas cf acculturation has g no far with the Ukrainian immigrants in Lansing. Practically all phases cf living were affected. There the considerable substitu- tion of Ancrican ways for Ukrainian ways. - Eirst adjustments. The Ukrainian iirigrants were aware of the fact that their manner cf dress was diricrcnt from that of the people in the larger society. Since they did not want to be conspicuous and to be laughed at, they wanted to resem- ble the native-Anericans. This was done by accepting and wearing hfiCTicbnp§lgthes. This act was their first step in becoming superficially Americanized. The immigrarts were confronted with an entirely dif- ferent OCCUEePiEF?l fattcrn.when they settled in the United States. In the Old World they were engaged in farming. But here in this country, they lad to adjust to the prevailing conditions. They were handicapped in their adjustment since they had little or no training in other fields. But they over- came their shortcomings by learning new occupati.zal technigues, particularly in industry. As the years passed by, contacts with the native-Ameri- cans increased. The immigrants recognized the necessity of learning the Tanguage of the larger society in order to satisfv basic needs and wants. Since the need fcr‘Tnglish was so press- irg, the people acquired a knowledge cf it. Social and Recreational Activities. In addition to their 61 IorLal organizaticrs, the saliCian U1 rairisns rcrnod some _ ._.—_—_._..«-.___ q. .n -....._..— groups tnio d5n \thh they ex;reseed their culturalfidistinc- tiveness. In 1916, twelve of the immigrants established 1... a dramatic group which they named égatcrshiw Lr;sh n (Anateur Group}. They rresented about three nlays ann‘al- ly; the last slay took place in 1923. These were popular Uh“ainian plays, aid the glayers spoke Unra in an and more Ukrainian costumes. Singing also held an imfiortant glace in tie lives or the Galician Ukrainian innigrants. They organized a Uh- rainian chorus, and in 1916 and 1917, they presented sever- al public cercerts in Lansing. These cencorts were vocal T.‘ with no instrumental accc i niment. okrainian costumes were worn, and Ukrainian songs were sung. During the ea ly twenties, the calician Ukrainian inni- graits had nvuerous Picnic" among tnxnselvcs 1 They had their own szociallv IlL“chQ Iced dishes, and sons of their number V nlayed Ukrainian.music at these gicnics. fi 4. I Th~se activities, hovever, are now c11.ly nemories with the Galician Ucriinians. They no longer ex'st to exhibit the affarent Ieaturos CI their original culture. The second— :generaticn is not rerrctutting the Ukrainian culture in Lansing. The in‘nigraz ts still hold on to certain visible Iorms or the culture they once possessed. They have kept their Ukrainian costumes in storage only to bring them out 1. See Figure 10. Lots tie apl earance of the Ier:ons wear- ing their UZIra inian costumes. \._,-\,‘ a—s A , *\/\_~-\,,_ —\ \__ r——\rl a ,. FIGURE 6. EXAMPIES OF UKRAINIAN CLOTHING ELAIJEPIES 0F UKRAINIAN CLOTHING FIGURE '7. EXAMPEES OF UKRAINIAN EMBROIDERY FIGURE 8. Ammmflv Some massed H; .m ammo; , . I ‘ \ 1v "' r'b )\ - . . ' O . _ ’, ¢\. ‘, 4— r. . ». i . -~ . . “pl. " 5';- 4"’ 1-: -gi~-.y “ . . n v FIGURE IO. oxircmn minimums, LAIEING ' (1924) YPICAL Ul‘Z—JIHLAN CHOIXUS ('71 4'"; J. L 11. FIGUT " -.—-— C for exhibitien gurgesee. These costunes are like she Is in- a closet :11ich Lake noises new and then. They are among the last symbols of the culttre thich tley biotght trith then 1 q 'to the Jew Jorlt, ear 'fi1is syzoolisn1ii,'du3 only purpose they serve. having undergone acculturation, their culture is no longer evident. Their social and recreational activities lie within the larger society. The innigrarts belong to Various social CIUUL anii atoc-d.rn.11e tins ares a1n.£n:ortirr‘ervents. Fanil: Pattern. Elven more re111arl-zs-ble than the ac- culturation so far mentioned are the profound Chan; e: in the family anl marriage. Just rhy the nediiication has been so comjleto is not clear. Clothing differences are obvious. The need for.hnolisn is pressing. American ways of enter- tainment are corstantly available. But in family elations, O ‘<'. 1 i 1 H 3...: . ,1 q f‘ t d (“1 observation of American'behavior is not —as and domestic matter. Perhaps notjust a question of observation and imitation, but a resnonse to some of the sane uroan indus— trial forces that have made hnerican families what they are. how great tie change has been can be ajgreciotcd if a little .Uhrainian.bacl ::rou1d is given. In.Lastern Galicia, the oh ainians 1:ere predominantly rural, and they 1e1e e1 gated in agriculture. During the early b part of this century, the father in.Eas ter11 Galieia was consid- s.’ "”’ ered the head of the whole family. He had the final decision 4' in all nu tters The father oi1h1tered all trcrcrtr acq1-ired by himself and his oiildren. All the members of the family were treated as Liners, ;' J- 21 0.1. U110 ~~. ‘ rr c— JIL-Jll 1” (1cm. wonan cued him obedience and voice in hatter: thieri a lilfél children. did not concern her, he such as "Lind r e 1111” As brought out in Galicia was very acute. 30 ns x-sere we (3 or. Ciliml cally CLO: "" ”or 3-1-1] r-q. 2 0956‘», who ic.bll€r trudged the 11.1‘1"iL—1d-sonr_ were not beoone tradesmen or to live on the land or \ 4. , ,1 4.x , . , ' 4.1,, 4-1., ‘° :3 Dances , U116 E C 1.8 ‘3' 1 Di]. b.1613? the dc CLinarce of the father, LLQ 1.11 : .,.,,.. .,,_‘ ,.: .1, - . 7 “. -- ._ to the aet1o1-.~.. c 1 1 L1,111.,imc1 by one all *.~ ithi n t.‘.1e heus 16133221. mu "o, '1 .t ' 1 1.116 LTLo4LCl£4n this strong 1110 CVJCCL the ir him a}: C L" 1C '...C'. a A. O 1} 110 craftsmer. 711* a ': wr- -. r ~- . U_.,.I“v .Lli..ng’-‘.S.’ Vwife_va: 1: 1' e L. 1:; 1e (1 ‘defirite tr master of c ther than cooking to she was usually your can busine ii, ,. 1. in the city, in ". . 1914.: Because of CLCCIt on able to fotiier o wives 1“: Lu r ., I, 11C¢.O. 0.1. e111: ld c c: 117:1" ib Lit Ltd patriarchal family patterx. #2.le?) J“ 1‘ oltlte obedience. é§ferior-te,tha 4“! Li the household, and the The wife Lad little and the rearing; or the .- .-4.. ,L .0 ,L .' , n.9,- ° *1, lhb'eri ere 1n 111.19.113.8- 1311c. silenced with strong sL” or "shut up." 4.3. '1, .. " rob11u in.Eastcrn this problem, tho .L keg-‘1‘ own the father. In nest riageo of his sons. Lihce get laLd at their own or they were forced Under these circum- children, were under' and ll these people responded the household. 51d 4. .4.“ 1 .4- UC 1.»;le Ci operation were brouyht up under .ne couine nt role of the rather and the inferior position of the wife and the child- ren and the grand-children.were certainly well understood. Through the process of acculturation, the dominant pater ‘vOr families pattern soon Lalising. ioappeared among husband and wife are on more equal the immig‘ants in t€r113.lf does not hold a dominant role over his wife. She has more freedom in.matters concerning the welfare of the family. husband and wife consult each other before making decisions. The wife is given a large degree of individuality. he children oi these iriri Hr nts were not brought up under the strong discipline which their parents had experienced. They were given a greater amount of freedom. ho work was ex- pected of them aLd they were allowed some voice in family arrairs. Since their parents adopted the Anerican family pattern, the children were given training and social con- ditioning from this viewpoint. This being the case, the ‘l '1 Echildren d1 d not have the cultural conflicts confronting Ethem as did most native-born children of foreign- oorn par ents. Family_Size. host of the Galician Uhrainia ns in Lansing, Lichigan, came from.lan§;families. The average liumber of child- ren in these families was between seven and ten. In Lansing, 'however, these peoyle did not continue to follow this custom of having large families, as evidenced by the Iollovire table: .v/fl— \ A\\ T'CBIL I. 1513511: 01:“ Ch 11111-3311 1'11 Ci'iLIClnl; Lil-411132145 IIILLIGIQJT Humber 01 Children in Family humber of Families Po Children 1 One Child 3 Two Children 4 i‘rree C1 ildren 12 Hour Children 6 \‘1’ 5.: The le1;c::t Ira quency of children 1C-1lician Uh1oin1an 1:21grant families is three. The greatest number of children per family is five, and there are only ti rce families having this number. Why should the family, one of the basic institutions, undergo such a drastic change? The data collected_reveal one reason for this decrease in family size. The marriages among the Galician ULraiL1ian 1nn1bra1 took place when the mates were between the ages of IE and 27. host of the women'bore their first child soon after marriage. The 1&t5 LPG 9f marriage would help reduce the nunber of child- rcn.bcrn in that th 1e1al”'° child-bearing period has 510 rte1ed. TABLE II. LLLATICL :LiuLLL LLLLLL CF CZILLLLL'LCLL LLL 51L C1 ' -_. - 3.1.1.1. .. . , V ,| ’ (“.1 ,.' .L;U-}-.L.L.§.L:. UJU—u’ LILLL-LJ. 0..) .‘_" Lida. (lint-ILL}. ———-—-—.-.------—‘ - — {vhf j", ,3 raj ~1~~~ ?'—~ ~ " " ‘ f- "-"‘l.~~ v ." ' ' .';1‘."vf~ ,(w 7 r .‘ 'r “"v ' ALL; 011’- 1 1U .L 1 .1111. p.150... 11.11.131.111 U1" 1 10 1'. 1111.0 14—1 $1-13- an“ m, l -.--. mm ,1.” r~vv m“.-"r 70“? '7:~'~r° ~. --‘- - .LJ-LLL-L-LJ- 01‘ J. £1.01. CaaII-ID 0.1.“ J.“ L-..“ £L1V+i .L'J- J‘J LifilLULQL. _~”<~- - A 19 l r~ z P1 an by r“ Pl \2 cu (n p (.1 m l—4 n F4 H H N m e N H m H F‘ 01 to H H T3 (‘0 The coefficient of correlation between the age of the mother upon.birth of her first child and iumber of children born (is -.7, which is very significant. T11s shows that the older the Galician Ukrainian female was when sh married, the lesser Inunber or children she bore. Another Iactor 121y oe Ires or t b1 t it is surely hysothet- ical. There was no relation between religion axd birth con- trel. As indicated in chaI..iv., the imaigrait: did not a1- 1111; te t11e11111elves with the Renal; Catholic Church. Therefore, there was no restriction on the Iractice oi “treoe‘tion. There was no religious objection to the tee cf birth control singly because it did not exist. however, this reason appears u11certe in in it would be dirrioult for a group of people to accept ahother people‘s custom c1 Ianily sis so rapidly. Also, these people did not have such a high rate or interaction with the native Iqulatien that they would be influelced to any great degree by this measure. 1othing defiz1ite can be said or the 1ami v size among the second-generation. Present data indicate a rurther decrease in number of children Ier family. nwo children Ier 1111113 occurs mos t iretue1tlv This, hcwever, can be nisleadirg. The married segment is still in the Irocess of having children. In addition to this, ore-quarter c1 tme second-gereration rena'ns unmarried; these inoiviauals are mostly the younger xehbers and have plans of arriQ ge. Perriece. host 01 the Galician Uhrairians chose Galician Ukrainians as their marriage partners. There was no marriage with the native-American population ard very little marriage outside the groun. At the tire 01 their settlement, the Galician Ukrain- W \i'ns interacted exclusively among themselves, because of 93 )their language similarity and common sentiments. This interaction :aturally strengthened the bonds between these individuals, and consequently they chose their hates from these primary relationships. There was a change in parental attitude regarding marriage or their children. The parents allowed their children Ireedom in the choice or marriage mates. There were no prearrangirgs or marriages by the parents. Prac- tically all marriages were out o: the group sizoe there Ewas no desire on the part or the second-generation to per- fpetuate in—group unions. In addition to this, the second- ‘generation had high rates CI interaction with the native- jhherican repulation; hence they were not limited in selection of marriage mates. There were only three in-grOUp narriages from a total OI 86seccrd-generationwgalician Ukrainians. CLAPTLR VI cULTta's, OliGAlsIZATIOl-Z, in) ssriiairs Studies of other Ukrainian settlements indicate that the immigrants in those places have been rather slow in acculturation and assimilation. In Lansing, however, these processes appear to have gone further. This is probably a function of the small size of the settlement. Services and social satisfactions, that in larger Ukrainian communities could be obtained from other Ukrainians, had to be sought in the general Lansing community - thus increasing inter- action.with all kinds of people. A special consequence of the small size of the settlemeLt was the inability of Lansing Ukrainians to establish a Uniate or Greek ‘athclic onurcn. The absence of this religious and social center of bkrainianp ism was an important additional factor in hastening accultur- -- _‘_ dation_and assimilation. Examples of cultural changes are found in the change of dress, the acceptance of English, integration within the industrial system involving the adop- tion of different occupations, and even in such matters as family. In addition to this, the Lansing Ukrainians were faced with a religious dilemma. Rather than doing something about their religious needs, they preferred to remain indif- ferent as a satisfactory solution to their problem. Notwithstanding the very considerable substitution of American.ways for Ukrainian ways, the organization of the group reflects faithfully the major cleavages among Ukrain- ”I... ians and between Ukrainians and other peeples in the Old K? ()1 World. Ukrainians who emigrated from Czarist Russia have no contact whatever with those 1rom.iastern Galicia. They are ignorant of each other's presence in the city. w en members of either segmert are reminded of the other, heir treactiors tend to be hostile. Galicians, who compose the majority of Lansing Ukrain- ians, are themselves split by an ancient and deep political issue. This involves the national ideal. In Eastern Galicia, Ukrainians were divided among themselves. There were some who desired alliance with Russia since it was the traditional enemy of the Poles and the Austrians. The majority or dalic- ian'Ukrainiars, however, wanted complete independence. In Lansing, this division has continued practically along the same lines. The nationalists, who are greater in number, desire to see the creation of an independent Ukrainian nation with all the Ukrainians within its boundaries. The proéRuss‘an group considers the present status of Soviet Ukraine as the fulfillment of the ratioral ideal. These groups Oppose each other with much hostility and there has been no interaction between them. The out-groups toward whom Galician Ukrainians mani- fest the strongest antagonisms are their traditional Old World out-groups - Poles and Jews. The Poles in Lansing represent their historic Oppressors, and the Galician Uk- rainians detest their presence. Interaction with these Poles has been systematically avoided. The Galician Ukrain- ians still continue in their anti-Semitic feelings. 7 ‘x ‘i K“ i \7 C) In another aspect of organization, however, the Ukrain- ians have completely abandoned the pattern of their homeland. In the Old World, there was very little class distinction among them. In Lansing, however, they are differentiated in accordance with the American class system and accept quite fully the attitudes and behavior that go with that system. It is with reference to national sentiments that Uk- rainians, Galician Ukrainians specifically, are least as- similated. At any rate, their feelings point in two direc~ tions, the United States and Ukraine. In Europe, through centuries cf hectic history, the hope of a free Ukraine persisted. The immigrants brought the hope with them to the New World, and it has continued to flourish. The power of the sentiment was revealed in.the Galician political split mentioned above. nor more than two decades, a small minority that expressed opposition to the idea of independence for the homeland and the nationalist majority have consistently avoided each other. There is no friendship across the line. Those who occupy higher social status are not affected by these sentiments. They do not exhibit any feelings in the state ideal; their interests lie in further integration within the larger society. The Galician majority maintains the only strictly Ukrainian organization. It has few functions today. Still, there are celebrations of important Ukrainian national holi- days. In October, 1948, the Galician Ukrainians celebrated the three-hundredth anniversary 01 the krainian independence *3 K? which the Kozaks had achieved. .honey is still raised to help Ukraine. The immigrarts tell each other that inde- pendence must com- someday. The following statements are character'stic: "The Ukrainian people can not always be held down. We will again rise to the glory that was once ours. I'm gettirg along in years, and I probably won't live to see the day, but we will be free, even if it takes a hundred years." "Won't we ever be free? This can't last forever. how I wish we were free." Perhaps a free Ukraine is a more vivid dream in Lansing than it is in Gal- icia now. The people are on the remote sidelines, not in the game itself. The symbols they respond to are the ones they learned many years ago. Far away from the realities of the homeland, the symbols have been thought about, worked over, and intensified. These hopes of a free Ukraine are .probably best interpreted as a compensatory phantasy that :relieves the tensions produced by a large amount of accult- uration and assimilation. This emphasis of the interest in Ukrainian freedom should not obscure the fact of attachment to the United States. Life here, in any case, would have created some conditioning favo*able to this country. But the work of two men helped the Ukrainians reorganize their feelings. These two men were Kiroslav Sichinsky and Professor Hryhoryiw. Hiroslav Sichinsky was a student at the University of Vienna in 1908; at this time there was a student movement which wanted more schools and more rights for Ukrainian \7 (‘1) students. However, Sichinsky found no satisfaction. he thought that retaliation for this problem.would be in the assassination of the Polish official responsible for the massacre of 1902.1 Sichinsky was immediately arrested after tne assassination of the official. He was found guilty and sentenced to twenty years imprisonment. After four years of imprisonment, he escaped with the aid of friends and fled to Sweden. In 1914, he came to the United States. After the immi ration officials discovered that he was a patriot, and not a murderer as was supposed, he was allowed entrance into the United States. He attended Col- umbia University, and afterwards became president of the Ukrainian Workingmen's Association. Later, he traveled throughout the northeastern states and gave lectures to various Ukrainian groups. Sichinsky came to Lansing in 1927 to speak to the Ukrainians. The presence of Sichinsky was a moment of great importance in the knericsnization of :the Galician Ukrainians. he explained to the group that he iknew it was natural for tnem.to persist in Old world sent- iments but that it did not aid them in becoming American citizens. "You are no longer in Ukraine; you are in.America. 1. In 1902, the Polish officials had much trouble with the Ukrainians ierastern Galicia. The Galician Ukrain- ians staged a small revolt, and in order to stop this re- volt from.spreading, Polish troops burned three Ukrainian villages and killed a large number or peasants. This act by the Poles echoed all over Galicia, and it made the Uk- rainians hate the Poles even more, if this were possible. 79 This is the land of your adoption. Pocono Americans, re- ceive American citizenship. Vote in elections, learnjhng- lish, think of Anerica. This is a wonderful country. here you are free. Love your new land, Lake it preoperous. be- cone Americans in every right, but never forgot the land of your birth.” In 1926, Professor Lryhoryiw, a patriot who had just escaped from Soviet Ukraine, told the dalician Ukrainians in Lansing of the su;g:re:.sire 1;-easures: of the Bolsheviks. he told them how wonderful it was to be in a democracy like the United States. he further told the; that Communism had destroyed all hopes for Ukrainian independeroe. These two men helped to remove the fears of knericani- zation on the part of the ualician Ukrainians and supplied the necessary impulses in the direction of acculturation and assimilation. how do the U rainians stand with reference to their sentiments? Perhaps it can be epitomized by saying that they are attached to a dream Ukraine and to a real United ‘tates. -. .. u" “-. r.fi( 1. ‘ IL;- .Lu—JL'LLJ‘ ...._‘ ',- . _—~- 1A .... -— \ ‘»--' ~—.-. 7'7" {71'_‘~':§ l,’ 3"" 17 U&L~a 4.4....1. .LJU TLLL.’ Ix: L111.“ UJLUJJl One e: the as gyects of this study hes to do witn.tne g. technique 01 eon3ilir ata. In such a study as this, it is indeed diiiicult to observe what aeoo._l” goes on in the innigrart world unl es one has an entrance into it. Ens writer has the aa.c1ta e or a kir17103~ c1 Slavic languages. being or U11ain'an descent has e1‘1ao led him to move freely a erg the Uirainian innigrants in Lansiig, hichigan. The writer did not know or the presence or Ukrainians in Lansing until he saw the Uicrainian home Society at 921 West Mount Hope Avenue. He then inguireu yerscns in the vicinity 'as to the whereabouts of the peoPle associated with the Home. After some preliminary questioning, it has learned that there was a small settlement of avinia ns in the city. Close acguaintance with the leaders among the Ukrainian immigrants was very hel31ul in undertakirg thi‘ ( 0 r ‘3 c+ C Q; (,4 ‘0 0 El ,_J (D 1 1elaed the yriter in nesting some oi the immisrants. In .aaition 4.1;.?, 4.11,. . .-..£. ' V - 1.7. :, ,., 1 - ,1 f: i -- - .._.¢. ' .1»- , -3 4-1. to U _s, the noneion 1 their nan s 3rot1ded easJ relatitns mien lnich.i::;igrtg t itinilgr1nis eeifmieteo Line in 1:11i.e.mo Shich nae Lgikeo i1';et {new ci';n.f eta I'tflfiflflihielfi; in Inn32ing. In this manner, the vri or was able to rind ali the birainiens 1th were known- to these {Gil-LC. If any Ukrainians were IlliSL‘ed, it Las due to the lack of infornation. Ehe yriter believes he hntis more Ukrainians in Lanejr; than anyone else. Some (iii cuel’y "as enoculiitcnreel 1~shen the 1'rite1‘ intcr‘rion‘od one or the. eli aues This was oecaus e o1 their s1n 3icions and fear of any goveinnoital i; :-tigation into their political as3irati11s. ’14 I") W’- (Fl C“: "J. .., , .-.._v H—Tf‘ f" . C013: out: 1411 surgeon... LLLJJ I1. 1110 ei‘UD’i‘ , 2-1- 1 - ,1 , 1 :1 Is elk; s11 xJLe elrsrgeo: 1.113;? use g&l€ '.‘I 1. w c: (4A.-Ldle it's be kgrourd E ovr ‘.,‘ ',L,-, :."I J. "-. r RIB-uek; k, ...F hubJ..E--L ‘_—A_CJ. 3% cu ifla-‘ref (‘3 [J *F‘ l ii: CI}? l‘;;ey11;frqo 3: Ct 1' .Lv l e I‘ C 2‘ :a l e uh? did you leave Eu103e? 1 in you come to the United States? ‘1" ‘ -. «3 ~--. —' 4.71- ‘ .' ,1 F! ' _ J-- . 1e;r 1 niiital in the united states. 1. Port of entry 'Vale .. enzale enezt elsewhere in the United States 1: I;ariis,i.11; fi 1- i 9‘ H H: (o (7‘ (P d- H (W I (*7 d— *4. Where did you first settle in La1 sing? [I ‘Jl . hm . L5. :0. Present location Age at marriage liale Female Where did the marriage take place? What religious affiliation: did you have in.Eur03e? ILal e 14‘ 61113.1 e What religious affiliatione do you have now? 1a]. 6: Fonale Vhat do vou co in the event of a birth of a child? What do you do in the event or a death in the family? 'Nhat do you thinl of the Roman Catholic Church? how much education did you have in Eur03e? Kale b‘emale Lid you know how to road Ltd write when you cane to the United States? ' Ziale . Female how much educ;tion die you receive in this country? lie-.16: b‘GIZ'g'cule What langzages do you read, write, one epeak? Lalo Female What languages are Spoken in the home? What newepa3ers do you get? Occu;etion in.Europe Kale Female Occupation during early settlement hale Female Present occupation Kale Female '71 b O '7’"; Lab-v. m r 1 [F5 c 9.} . ('31 0" 0 ()3 C‘: o C '1 ‘3 (Q CC 0 C!) U“ 0 r~—~ ,5; l-‘ O O ,1 . ., 1.1 41—1”: ° *Wa-p : «,— «'-’4- r' : «no among the L1111n1are 1n haneiig do you tieit uitn most Ireuuently? What other Ukrainian 3eo3le do you vi..tit outside CI 1 .‘ ,. .9 ”hat relation: do you ha"e Wiztil other i: :‘i Vi‘laLt :T-&.O:?l€? the 1:111d or reorle do gou ‘v 1t 1.1;;o113 the gazerican peolzle? Where do you place youreel: ecOzonic ll y aid socially 'C-JLCI'Ig; the Ukrainien people in am Big? how do you Ieol about this? Who do you cozeider the mos t successful among the ot- rairian reogle in Laneirg? 4"," What do you think about then? What orgerizatiore do you belong to? What do you do Ior recreation? Are you new a citizen 01 this country? hale female What are your Ieelinge toward a Irce Ukrainian nation? Do you have any cerrcicoicerce \ith Irie: de or relatives :1-r~ -c‘ 1-1nuroge: Children. I "' A. SEX Bo Age C. Azount 01 education D. Occuration 2. Religious efiilietion E. lthnic backuround 0: marriage mate G. fieligioue background 01 marriage mete r. humber 01 children (1} Sex (2) Age II - Etc. 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