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\JL; ...—5 VL-. L lL/AL 51.1}. .1.\_’ lo K k \L ‘ ‘I'Lt’LI'LJkI-L 'IJULI~. 1 (wk).
L1 C ; _‘, _ ‘I‘ L 7‘ . -_‘
‘U h ,‘L ......o...o..oaooonlooOOIOOOOOOOOOOOQOO. “Q

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4.--.u utr’li) Uplioiu.-.L;.s“.J..LC:u OJ.1 .‘J‘Li L.L'_LU.L.k/I‘¢J L/ULJTL-oT

In an earlier agricultural era, hey mes cured in the
field until dry enoth for safe neturel storage. Etch farmer
had his own peculiar rule to deterrine then the moisture

content of the hey had reached this safe value. Gained through
years of eXperience but probably not too eccurete, the personal
observation method was the only one available to the farmer.

Lre about 250 hey driers or finishers in the

(‘x‘t

Today there
stete of Michigan end over 5,000 in the United States.
Numerous reseerch projects have been conducted to deternine

1 V ' . .— r‘~-‘ ' .'\--~ 1‘ ‘“ . - n \ 1‘". ’.' r.
.roper hey reisture Contents at tne time Or steiube ior

ft
,5;
o

the verious systeus of driers. This information becones of
little value to the rerher if he must still rely on the old
methods or estin ting roisture content. Present practices
consist of storing the hey at various moisture contents
between 25 percent end 45 gercent depending on the type and
capacity or the system and the enount of hay already placed
on the drier. This condition contrasts with the situation
beiknxa'tie‘use oi Inn; drierS'theii'bie f-rner mes (rig; inter-
ested in one moisture content; that is, the moisture content

for safe storage with natural ventilation.

(f:
A:

LA.

In View or the need end demand for 0 device thich tould

eneble the ferLer to rapidly deterrine the moisture content

of hay before storege, the inveetiéetions described in this

thesis mere conducted.

Ii. FLVIEn CF LI

,
\ I

T‘-J-‘ -1 v , .-m. ,.‘.,..“.... .:.
y-'¢;b.-UCLS i CI (EL-Cell ”Hp-lug out,

r ‘ ' ‘ A " ’0‘" .1 " fix " r‘ ‘. . " (Zr-l! (‘2
con bthulgilf be clessiiied es

host present rethods ehgloy

.o—‘

on absolute drying or

R

The role is weighed

C‘ t
uL-.

moisture contert celculeted from

1 A

difference bettee the tmo heights.

Perks net od, dr in retnod, "

oven

method ere ell exaugles of t

content.

2e1.nuiirect netnod COQSlSLS

‘o Tl
‘4‘

produce chin

C
. -. L-
Lu

5

Q-L~--'n

with the ncis tele content of the s"

Loistu:
either

the direct retLod

LL.

he direct reesurenent of

of
detector which

...‘ILLT LG

()1

..-“.qu LILB

cor eht cf hey

*e *U

l

h. ‘Yu

direct oi irdirect.

which depends

sol

I 1“
JACIL‘

tion of

The Brown—DuVel Ketgod,

nd Dexter tractor oven

nois ture

7"ch

Juv' '
II

the ILC 'iE t to

IJSiJlV
cen be correlated

--ecitshce methods

0

(VV W a" r I "I“. i \ ' ‘3 “' ‘ ’J F. " 3:13, ‘ _.-'.' ‘ \ '»
I” ILSLQtL 'Ce I.C' -C" S L. 6 6-441 'V‘lC/S CI. .LllCLL. E-Ct 11;€L~SL11‘€LA€1‘ESO-
A. Dll‘*.Cl§ titties cf. 1;"-s‘ore1 ent
l. iron“~Dt"e i:t.cd. This excct l: o ret cry metxod

 

——--’-""-"\ a. u- ”....--

‘
.wr

 

 

dds been in use for tony yeers to determine tie IOiStIPG cor tent
l “11' _ ’ " ..- " c
i 1e corronly e.cce *tcd retooo lo; the calculetlon of
cisttre coiteut is on the net basis and is ;iven by

h-
the iollomi fllu orxgula:

Percent Lo‘sture equals {get

This equation is usaH<1't r01

\k‘)

hout txis w orli.

eci;ht)-(Dry

H EI-s ...;A4 I t):':lOO
C1 kt H61;

ht )

(lieu; t i on 1)

of all IOTLS or Lstcrisl. Tie tcSC consists of boiling a

b

weiéged dangle in 2 oil or other fluid Luvi1g a higher 1 oilinU
point teen aster thus ITIVIMQ oii
steam. Tdis stesr is then ccud eased and the condensed weter
1.e»i:11ed or tne 119111176 1. ea. 511 11cc. 3.11 Cl‘Ciél‘ to crslculate the
Loisture content of tLe sergle. Tgis Letnod is lirited to

.1“, - . I -. 1'1 " 1"

he reseerCu lliclutc f rod is not QrLcti

.1. A—‘»

('~ 1 - A - . f, ‘1’!“ Wu *1
(Al. ILJI but, Icrulbfo

‘0
y

w. 911:5 uctsod. In 1932 Duvies (14) nontioned ; method

 

- ’1. '1-‘~ 1- . -— "' ' w~ -' -L" “ V " ‘1' In ‘5 ‘9 r " ‘fi ‘ ‘1'": ‘2“ . 1
I" L L.rjd_C.CL11\K/' Ka‘./.L4,L'~_/’LLI L\Jr ‘1‘; L4.g"e OJ. C—~lC.LL/.I:l C”.:‘LJ‘:LC|~€.
,7 “ .- '7 1”; ' - A1 1‘. - .—. — fl .1. ' -\ -‘ 7-1. -' 7.x A . -—~ ‘ ‘ "1 - .— 1-x .. 1 . .‘ .“ r‘__ (.
Pt.I'L‘.S UN) 3.11 lit... LLbL/cl b.-.‘.S ‘.I'_L11C.L*wlk: (.111 L QC‘VK/lO;‘UCL E.‘.1A,.1...I‘dt118

'1-..1_.- 1 , .1-' ,1 3-“: 1,.r .1 . -..,,1..: ., .:. —,~' ”....~ .:
to Octolil 8. 11-cu--Oi.t I113 C111; (retailmha-(1.1.011 Oi 11.1,1ist1-se I11

0 z‘ n' — '3a 3“: 7.,- —- ~ -- 1"4L‘. ./. T‘1I—V‘. "( ~v~ , . u“. . 1. .‘ 1‘; ', ‘.
CI C-uLIClLIL uiuluc LIL“.- t;-b 1111‘; £1t131.__'.f.- tC OUL/L Ill 61. Function

..“'. I w " ~15 -" q ‘) "-Lw—r ~.‘-. 6" r7“ "' ““1 -51 . / I- 1',“ ' ‘l‘ V. ~ ' ‘ J—‘I’
VLIJ—CII DI‘OCLLICCCL ELLK/ LJ‘ 161-6 ‘ 1;: So J.-l ‘ CAL 191.1. 1C11. CELL. b40121 f0). LIJ-Je

fietls. CeCCLi)O plus C032
4; k'

plus 30,400 csl (heat) (Ecuation 2)

Parks found it 1orsible to measure Leisture in plant

L 7

- .fi< Is -. 4" ~. .- J—‘ r‘ - - . ,-~_-- I V- - 1' I 4- -a‘_ \
“SLkJ to nilhuu1 bhlkfl;njteraj3 Cl t-fi;c;‘tudl.1tsu:.re CV; ent

t

11
{’1

1 r: «... . D 4.,. or T, -14. ~~,~' ~~--.-~. '«m hr.“
OVcI‘ c. “re 0.1.. 10 be (.11) MTCKJHL: 111t113tt1lb 3-11 II‘C.-. 10 to 1.40

K4 ...

, ' .- .‘. ~ P‘x .- , _‘ -.., ’ ,‘ ,. --‘ ' ‘ ~.! _-l.“ '1 . —,r' ~ \nw 1—.(31 ».Jc-A. l‘ : .'.
LlMLtUS. A oeVlcc tsih_ this LLbAOQ is rsuulictuleu cou-
1' ‘° . I w Twy- —‘ ‘ m. ., *1 4:7 1‘: C‘ -" "1 ‘T‘ "1‘? m , ’21 fl 1“" "-
LI‘CLL-ijr Lu wilt; IDLE/L. 1.3 DO. lb 001. _.\2.11f , IC‘lb 1O, OHIO.
SPYH an era ~~'1nr:-vo t emvo ”1‘ a *va * r« 11»
ulnb v.1. {.1149 (JD U L, x, 401'...) 0 [2-1 .L .3 I..L1U.-C~‘\A. .‘_L~ V L U k: L21; _IJ._' U

small size or ssnple (so grers) LALCJ IlhltEQ tde Significance

(I!

The small size of sag. le l‘bq‘.‘.il"id sevgrél oct-_1:..1:i.t ons in
order to obtain an aver: e value for the field. Lit; fifteen
minutes required for :Lcn OLSQIVLthH, tLe onetnt of tiLe
Spent in testing its soon excessive.

'1 .1 1..-,” 3 ~- 1 “x “Uri-”7” -.
v. L:ocrctc J oven ordiig Letiod. rrctcoiJ tnc Lost

 

COLJtfllITO isttnw;<ict ‘llflitdlfllluLtJCQ uswiiixf rbSthTflll&OranS
investL etin; nay drying orcctices is tit. lebo o‘etory electric
oven. USUelly then"<: t Ll“‘ll” coz1trc cllec, thse ovens are
operatei Lt a tongurtture of about 130 degrees F. Ior a ncriod
.or 24 hours to CriVe ell noistore Eton the SLLple. Tonoera-
ture control is inortgnt in these ovuns since any cLarrinc
01 tne sepjle indicate 5 t t a Lenicgl reaction is toLin
pche LLich till result in no loss of scxe dry matter from
the semole in addition to the yoisttre loss. T13 e notwtr of
tne equipment in addition to tne ion; drying period liwits
the use of tLis method to tLo CLOTCtOTY.

4. Dexter tr ctor oven ygthod. Dexter (17) in 1947

 

Ot

develoged e LetLod r neosvring Loisture content by the use

of an oven attached to tile oi... ust pire of a tractor or any

‘

otner internal combustion en ine. The not exhaust gases were

\J

"I

allowed to oess through tne semgle 01 hey mLicL mos placed

in tn= sinwle, Loren: de oven. The texgeretnre of tne exhaust

gases and hence the heating of the sepjle was controlled by

tne soced f the 1&CtOT 0” ine.

t}

detcrnine hiv roisture contents anion vorien not LOTO than
three percent from the values CctLIMiHCd Ly tge electric
oven nlimel;for sgnples iiwmvifi1e seno pC[lJLiLUfl1. .Abott
six ninetes were required for the ecmta l cr“np process not

.1

including the tine rectired to select and wei;h the sergle
end the the necessary to calculate the percent noisture.
(A noisture content chart tould reduce this tire to about
muandnute)

The rain objections to this method appeared to be the
following: (a) haste on the o:rt oi the operator no] pro—
duce high tongerstures resulting in burning of the sanle
and inaccurate results, and (b) Since SCVerel tests would
oe necesszry to obtain a representptive valve of the moisture
co1tent of the entire field of nev, the time consuned would
be excessive and the t1€ cto r may be needed ror other work

14- 4. .- , —-‘ ~
84, tn£2 Scfin: tij e.

5. Other direct nethods. A .eri-cito1 tic Loisture

 

 

q

tester Lenuiectured by the 1r"*”rdcr tor tr tion, Rochelle

J.—

Perk, Illinois, is en ettexyt to reduce the amount of labor

in teichinv an] ohecginr sersles.. The notoritl to to tes'e

U U ..

(....

H

is placed in 31111 trevs CCthL on the circuniorence oi a

U

horizontal rotating disc. As the disc revolves, the material
is weighed in a coal zone and then passes into a hot zone

where it is heated and the moistrrc driven off. Gene'snt

ignt c; the Sir1le as Lessurei oy the 3e11Sitive balance

I

built into the rec he ilticioes tngt the drying is cox;lete.

This device is used hith excell nt "“C1lt to Lersure the
Loisture content of seeds, fruits, berries erd any other
Lateriol then th: size of soL le is small and the length of
11s tsenxhgg.period.turhrportont.

A moisture tester utilizing an infrared heat lenp es
the h~et source is L:nutecttred by the Anericon Grog-Dryinb
Equipment Con;:ny, C: Mys‘c l Lshe, Illinois. The percent
ucist11e is easily read ire; the cslibreted scale of a built-

n balance. Ho opera in; dsts are available on this device

P.

‘\“ 1 ‘.'\ I“ ~,’ ‘I . e.‘ . ~ ,-‘ 1" 'l - V V" 7 ‘ _ n A, ‘v 4!" ‘ A —. “ "\ 92‘ ‘4‘ 7- i. 4‘ 1
bet the 111hCiyle oi actions o,gedr to be the lbfluefl oi the
.1. ,- 4. ° . w , l .‘ 7 ,- .. .:-'., .- 1, I ,. - .' 4-, -"‘,i . ,7. 1 . . 4;- :
ULSlIiDQ T-‘-"_LCCL chC; Lhik; LLUCUifgibu‘r lle' r. _10..€;I‘ COI’LKL'VL Dion

Hakim“ it irprectiscl for gortsble field us ..

3. Indirect httxods of LCAelrblC t

Euu/ property Ci‘lxgrzngich varies tiiflirgcisttre co11tent
at e consiste t, predeterrined and Lc33tred rote corld be
”God es fl basis for the detorninittion of he? Lois‘rre con-
tne LifiiSUTEfiflfllt te11 n1olo"r;1 esenteo.1u; Lgnril
end Corson, (27) an analysis or theSe Lethods can be outlined
38 in TAIJLE I.

Altho1gh some research has been done, no one hes con-
structed a successful hey Loisture tester using an indirect

Lethod. In the developLent of such o device two grobleLs

are encountered: (s)T 1e dete ninetion of the rate at thich

 

 

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’lkl'llf’ll'llu‘lllL'iflllll'IlldLl

433.0114 . 9) @3233};

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fie: 1 an,» Sq
spflp§

LO

the physiccl affagt occurs axd (b) tgc dcsifn :gd coastrtcticn
of a device to LUHSUPC tn? Qttptt quantity.

‘- — ‘ - - v ‘ 7’ “-'~- - 4-1- ~ ,« «7 -~ r~ r -. *r‘. '33 -»-' ‘r - ' 4
lo PM.:S.LSt Wet; It tum-S. b4IlCU bi-L.L‘U 4-; c. ltivu C.L.'I'vl'(5HCC

 

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Lat-.Ufin b.1k; 1'; SLSng’le OJ. .L.L.ui‘("l.8 I‘ Ul‘a HELP? L t C'~-l‘lcls at
.8 _ - . ,. . ' ., ,. ~. 4, 1V. ' ' ~ .' .- ‘ " . ., - j , .t H ..1 .0:-
VC.I'_;_L‘L.S LOlStL IN; k»;:.l_:L.l;tS, "5111.5 1."‘T;-!C’C; '..O'-_]-CL L. “1*‘(3‘3111 t0 O.L.LLI‘
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tLJ'VJCICL quttul -l ,LGS an; L”: 3.1104.“ L“ Jfl t4. 1 t4..T,t_».-LC, C».._-_L,prL‘E.

The rcs;stancc bctutgu any two electrodes is acttail" conposcd

or turte TeSlSt&HCGS, he tvtr. ngsa are He registeuc‘s at

JJOVura; Ctrt'gma Viftue

5"!

"a

TC“ ‘68
‘7”, V‘ .' 4.‘ . .."LJ .1- - -.- ‘ ' ,.\-'-, ._ .. ‘ _, "V .. , é" .’ '~~“.~ 4-x .4.“
11gb 1L p'Elg, b; _1_ «,C L, 011 ' «,8: .1: =,-,..;1Ct:. A (LLl SCH (w) J ML...‘ g uni. b hue

3—1:.— L .' J- .- -3 - /. -..- .L.-' .. '1')“ --'.'-'- ‘A .‘- .2 ‘ ' -;_.
CC'-.L,C.CL, lLiS;Spl..:iCCS VLl‘f U_“.-":.l:_l_c;;n.-;.~ “1.9.- CHCH. (,8 .L)! T.ClSL,‘L..3_‘€

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k.’

«w+ y~-«:-rw L » y..er:-1 Iv ~~- L;c~-=1 {a 9‘4] 1<~ ow- 1M3 A
CU.';L.~L. -L, bulk‘fl but 1.JC~UV-_L~-~_. u-v-..‘ bunk/QC- ;..:. ~LC...o .‘A: vbl5C-LL‘AACC

‘ . .'.. - - - ‘_-'- ..t ".J r.-.“ ,.,.;_‘. . . .._.- -...9 ‘-_. , , ‘ ,‘

L 001.. 5.16 rub gt C‘J. (“LS Cull LL. pm my? 64-3%-» Jigmztfi t..‘cilt tue

(.31 : 4" ‘w: "‘59" 1 “v.2. C‘ ’~ (“J-r n ”a r 4* z “in, J‘f’.{"\ 'l 4‘ ”w ("1 qlzzt :, ‘ '3 ' 1. _ at? 17
LCL’.‘ -L\J~>-'. .. \anz_~b‘t"—\;-CC LJ'LLJOItbL. L)". L QCUJ_O'\L S - ‘.‘ CL'C) (,Ll_Kz\, _.J

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11] Cl 1:251:49 C; tsp-l]- OLI '1] 5C5. 1Lbblb wOL 541‘ Lliluy as 631 1L.LL_J_Cr-z,t_1_011

or Soil ncisttrc. L35 ccxcluSLGDS csn r190 he lO‘iCLllV

\J y

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C , :1 L“_,C1_ L) C‘ It.‘ ;’:i I.:J(,k- 81(4)..C‘r;(jrlt OJ. 1'.K.~1.L)t‘ T-‘LJ' 1-" l—I d7 .

't;m;r fi‘rCflleJmS, Eluémxdyttlwxl Lin 'th3 1w,sji:teruze ILBTLICQ. oi’
measrrin‘ LCiQtUIG ccu'cut are the chenqe in COuflUCtLVity

of watnr Lita di solver impuriths and the polarization effects
at tVe alcotrcdes. Killsri 2%) 9,:tus tiat jerfectly jute

, ... ‘ ‘ -_ f l_ .‘ —-. A”) ( An ‘... '\ _— . o
§;C 9pLLEtquc Oi UC,;\O,DOO CAFE uqale

. _ .x ‘_I ‘ V ‘I .”. o '. _o _‘__. ._\ ’ A _:_~. V ,~
1 Vita? was a S>LCLllC TpSLbLgHCi Om Qeruafis
§

n, nan ‘- ‘ *,»:J-:~‘ ‘_— A. .A‘ '.,. . ,: -»' 44—. 3 -«. ,
.../O , “_"‘.."‘l 0:. ].l___3 ._' O 'J -1. LI: J. CAI?” --.flcl"~{-~ : & _'- ‘ W. :1—.'.4 ‘1}3‘ 1.1.).L‘L 8, LI .;e I‘OSJ. p’jWELT-P CE

dccjmxwaas ragifijgf. TJC‘lffli 7f Elt.i"fiJVflLJ cuzmmryt lust. d
of fichct currclt cliwinfitcs th cffact cf waltrizuticn at
the cluctroécs.

A recent dcvclopxc t in an allied field of moist re

testing, that of soil rcisture, is tic rasult of the pork l

ouvcucos (7). Tic ”Eowycuccs ocl

U

EU

, - - 1 ‘ .- .-. . 1 ’1 - _' ‘ . 4., . - ‘ J- - - .. , ' .i. X -
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r. 4. . ~ - : -. ”.---1 q L." A 7— I l. ' ~ . f, .1 J: c . -. Z
leSbuf of £-¢:.s Cl M;LLL‘LzUJCuS h-vlnu tllxll a; clcctccdcs.
" '~ ' fix 1" r. ‘ . 5‘ 1 \ ‘ '. ‘ 'f ‘r‘ " 1, ‘ 5 " I ‘ ~ ‘ b" '. 3' -L' I'A“ ... . fiJ— .' -
LICSB iJlOCnS ul t, udl‘lcfl lll 114-6. SOll -115» I ..._Lvlt...l11 8. COle‘ «BM-t

ntcnt of the SOLl.

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results SLIKX3f don ct;n.xfi;tlcts...l Rib alocl: va ill# qu

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\ _ . ‘ I 1;“- ': '0 i. _O l I I j" 3‘ “:3 V‘ r ‘ - _‘ .' . . I . . 1‘ . ,1 J- - _. .' n ‘ .. .3- .
any “0:; 8.1.x) ..l -L I, ll“ ., T; S (.1. 1cm, Om 0.1. 133.2. 9 .l‘ .Lz’lu 1» cl ;—. u './._-‘<:. C OI J cm: ‘13
7‘ M ' -\ .(‘o ' - ‘ '7 ‘ ,V l. M .' [‘7 l.‘ - (7 1 "l .- ‘.‘ , , ‘j ,1" - -' .- __ A- ‘j 1

an t4: ll.l: s-acc a CGh;luu£ Dun lcnutg Cl lee “c--c we

required for ectllibriuu to be reacuct.
SthrPl instruucnts dQSLJHQQ lcr tcStinv the moisture
contemt of whect Oj€?ate on tic resistance principle. In a
stucv of tin electrical nctcrs for uccsxrln" the ucisturc
ccntexrt oi‘vfllcat, Effilnga, 1.0:tggms, antaglqdclwxXA i;

x.)

ttmzt tnc;'“ar 116;;Wfl13 alJ-1tcttx"wqixillgca.t.ccs TALE eilcctaxlccl

cen(UCtiv1tV or wheat Lith a golvanounter QLVp the LOSt

rigid and accurate results. Corrxgetec steel rollers Lgicn
cr11sh the brain colc,n.t are rscd as electrodes in this
a weretus. Of tne ten LCtUTS tested, two measured tne con-
ductance of the sarjle arfi M‘ t o grated on the cielectric

Irctnod..

wL—h...

fl”. w‘, ,. ‘1— -'~‘, ~ 3-. fi’«""fi,‘4_: "L
[i F' l 1 p314 CL-~.C.L"-J-L CLELCALCLJLVlLJ

r

n “jC turtl Engineering. Tfie oriicial rejort of the test
(3) states that the utter was used to tcst the moisture

content or 25 wrain senvles Jtn z:oisturc contents or tnree

4+ .J - "i
to fourteen percent. The maximum error of two percent was
incurred in tto Ftfljles. This error is quite lcrie COI"TLO
witiL fie scotntwg; or axufi: [er ;etei'itxntfectrimfilixr mic s21zie
.

coxpeny.. (Ste Capacitance hotnoos) Tue rejort states tnet

the meter was used to test the moisture content of milled

6I‘ief grass from a “Dedmutlc drier. -Tnis practice was con—
srfle ed oi‘c1u s‘icn ble \nfbie by the oiifixxu is since “it was

titn unwilled 5rass sno ll tne grass

('1‘

“Ct 6ractic-‘il to use

‘ -. ". . ,. .r : ,.. . . . ’. - ‘ .' .. ~.
mus o.iu11.;Llui successfully it is .li.... .immil to oe of

C‘ ‘ 1 ' 3 ’ "W "' vvr - 1 r \ 'I‘. ‘I 7:. ."' ‘ 4‘ ’ ‘l‘ "‘7‘
onllClcrtlf 10h moist 1e C1itew ior smi~ otogcbe."
Sevcial cth.r manufacturers prcorce raters ogerating

(T1 thcz‘v‘sisfixx;ce 4qslncj¢fbe tC>1neFSL1N5‘the1t‘rst 1%; contain;

Of sects, groin crd wood. DUNlQfl ano Bell (19) state that

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‘1'“ r~"‘1 '7 ". "w'q r‘ ' ‘. "" ~ ' " " '0’ 34"“ '0 ‘. ' y ‘ . _‘ ‘ , ‘, .
ELL‘ K. L't lguc £4.11... tAJU 4L) S_.L1- I,"--11.LL J.C.‘ bLi: C3335) J L\/VI I. ‘—~£‘.€r it]. 1 11. 4 its

5.

tnst 0 C1: te on eitner tl€ res ist:ncz, catccitcnce, or poucr
factor loss:gdxbwcijle. Accorfiin; to their iflVuStlQLthHS,
resis tonce-tyée Luthrg for tcod snc1ld have an sccti F a! of

13s 01~rybu1s one<.n,;: Céflt in'ttr.r11-oiottrtzcuritents cm? seven
an: tzCI ty-iiv ' parcent. They also fatnfi tntt tge ac urecy
.is ‘YTCLJELI‘1JEICflI tlx; iflisez‘534t1;xyticni dad; t (c31cri; 3C>;}eimnnit)
tnsn eoo1o it bec3tse cr'the grcattr char e in resisterce
.L'- J-

Li 1"“le Ll'l‘eo

a” -\~>1 Jp— \ \ ‘*‘ V, —- -. -- — r- -. -' ‘ .
tLCJ oi t.c results oi otntr iJVCstiU tors,

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and en criiursis of "ne taijttr; TcSlStEMCCS i volvcd, a con-
cltaion ms cut t.--t 1 (".sture I t is CI‘lC,;1'i-"'Q‘ tne

resisturce retnod mare spit ole for connect or easily con-
F3CtL51R£1biPi€lS sxun1zzs atom LflKirYThln out 141K;210t s ited
‘5 . T" (“ ’ | I l‘. _. . r‘ " ll)“

iC-l‘ Ci» (.IUliLJI11¢.tLIlC.l 1.1-be 116.30-

8. T »rn:l conit: ivitv PflLtflCdo Tne tuzl r.l conduc—

 

tiviflnr of cnlgnxic Lnixarisls snnji as trmxl, straw151m3 hey
inchSECs WitL moisture content dte to the denser moleCtlsr

.‘ , ~x -. .- , . ~ 3 - I‘" ~ - —. . ‘ ...- .
rem .iti elf. no en} rirenttl

t“
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VLlUCs of the «(istpre co tent--t;.rm;l cc Qctivity rel Tion-
sniw for hgv ggve 3,.1 ;tblisncd. ROthf and klgrcn (3c
Stetcd c tort;tive concltsion t;:C6 on enicrirtntsl evidence
that tii,ifllcrw51.cmrvhtctivfifl;r or nood.xn;rics etbstianL.lly

1“ 3 Strbig.t lino rctio nith ucistrrc cortont than the

latter is exyressed in terms of weign per voluLc of Mood.

Tie variLticn in k value for soft Lfijlt, one of 28 saccics

A

tests was fence to be 0.9 at Zero percent Loistnre to

Cu
v

1.05 at sixteen pzrceot Loistnre content then tgc density

3

r. ‘F‘ —‘ .v A v,-. C" . \s a. 1 '_\ Ix ~ ‘ . . ‘0 r‘ m: '- L \I' .~ - ‘
oi the scoo Les o7 quQQS yer CHL;C loot. imbSG seLe eutnors
" a — - ’ r‘. ' J—~ L- - i - ‘/."‘..‘ ~, ' ----T -'—-' ~-_. -' ‘, I: ‘ fir . . c 4- . - 3 -,~
:1011m1 til t t1C1HLcJ_ co:micc1;1vi1¢r v J'i:13 e xfirCMalli.bblwf 1.1 a

-'1“ 1 “n . ‘« u‘. ‘. 71 T J“‘ 1 ,"u a"; —~v‘ _r_ ‘r' ‘ ‘ i.-. r-- N -. -. ,1
.16 1.1.1161 ratio 1.11“; QCLtLi .2' lOi‘ (Sing prCll SWCClCS.

."1- ' -- , ..,.- .L. .—.. -'. .A-_.!-..\-J- - - 1. m. '. p. "n- -3” .. .1. '
4.14.13 J.';’.Ct ,‘l‘ub'tllos 1:111 JLI._,C’i‘oc..-lo i)l‘OLJlC;-. lfl 1;:.C;¢L'7L-_'l LILLlS

& ‘ L—o)

Hr "“1 -"" ... f,“ ' 4—11 1". M"""V 1" . f". ‘ “ 1 ; "':/' ~
Ifibt-AflA tC‘IJw4SLlXJIJ ttx;11cisttlx; C0fl1tllt oi gxgr; piTNLLLcQ,
r' w-, ‘7, v. -'- --- w '3 ‘~ :7 - ' n_ 'f‘ ' ~.- ‘-‘ f \ . '~" 1-, 4.". -~, ‘1 V.
OI cccrsc, tdet Lie meC reletlousois is trub icr Maj.
‘.— .. “ "r. '51? M1,-..— -‘ -2 L 14-:— n - .3 -1 7 ,—
SLJL‘ u ; 110. .L"); Vk'l‘ UK) 1.- QUL‘. 14114.5 .1“; L)‘¢C(.L 1T1 LUCA: 81211....17. tfle

moisture ccntent of scils by passing a current throw h two

- 3 .~ - - . -‘ L,‘ L .\ -' “4. .. A -', .7 .. ". ;- .3 ,J ,. L -‘ ,7 j -‘. .‘ ,1 .-
TCSLStuMCbS, eye in Loist soil one tie otiCr in elf soil.
.j’ 1313;; ix;sistfiL cos Liyvtukgzi 1:1;1, C0c1;LiCiC-j: Ol ELAflflgal

rcsistivitv, the investirators mtssured tne Loisture content
of tne soil as e function of tge resistance tiich varied with

m'

the thcrle ccniuctivit; oi tgc soil. ins following con—
clusions tere nude :

(s) Tue change in conguctivity of soils at various
moisture contents can be monsurc6.

(b) Tge tlcrLel conductivit; o: soils gave a reliable
index of the soil Loisttro content..

(c) Cnsnges in salt concentrction of tee soil eii not

materially affect tge heat conductivity.

r". w ’ ...- .' "m ‘ " ‘ '. ’ , ’. - 1:] '1‘ ‘ " 1 y, > "*3 :1 .1. ‘— . V' 4
”e oclx “note a. ll;.tion cl bulS LMbJOU to stv “-5

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3855lfl‘ a CUTTCLE EATCUQA i
tune 01 too c an;e in ICSLSEZNCc MLS Lccstyeo oy

circuit shcnn in Fi93re 1. Since resistsmce cleaqcs VLricd

I

4- - .~ r c x \ L ‘43- ~fl' ‘ . ' » xi" - f“. '1' ,5. r,~ '1“? « r _ 4—: .1 . » y, ~' C.
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brocnclscy (3) ccscriocs an CleCCTLCLl LUAShLT“ Leter
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Thernistor
WE 14 B

   

 

      
   
  

15

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

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BALANCING E v
METER %
BALANCE a) “ ’ '
READ

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L—watm
ovT

 

READ
We 8'1

 

 

 

 

Figure 1. Bridge circuit for measuring moisture content of
hay with a thermistor.

lb

—. . ‘ a P} fl ’1 ' r-- ‘1 . - - . 'L‘ '7'. "r" I-V . 3‘ .‘j' i r. ‘y \ . ., ‘-
DeSiEJuxi.Ior e LJJWJEU iCMMlJ. J‘ l1Q e of ehngt to I,£,iti~€loht
' " ‘ ' " ‘- . ‘1‘" ‘ 'O "" "‘t " “ "'\ 'L' 2 I“) J’" 3 V 1 ‘- C? .‘L‘ 1 " y f .1 r', “I - r- '1 1 \ u ‘9
gerCent LLlSoelb Content, tne rdauichuiers cieim e groweole

- — '4‘ >— ‘0 ‘. ... ~," ’ y‘ m ‘. "A J— T". w I A; .\- —: f .A .
ellWlQ Oi aJitus CZ‘IHLJJIS Cue; JLJ.CG-M, OVeir'eie <i1tiiwa re;,Q e.

~n ‘7 -' «. " mm ' . ' ' . "‘ f“. "1 "z ‘ ‘ f. ”- 1" 't’ 'Z' "x ‘ ‘ . ' "w r; - .... ‘ - r1: ’
REJCLCL 4.1 LO S 0.1. CCI-‘WEL C 1-135! 1 CK} CLI‘C inur- O b [3‘],- Q. ; -Lv'r 111k) Lo ..LC‘ 'II l‘L LLJ.

frequency vo teQe to e Quejdtd perellel alite C‘):cjtor Levieg

Rearrssen and Anderson developed another dielectric
meter for estimating the Icisture content of grain. (33)
Tsis meter eccoznodetes e 190 Qrsm ssrple unich iorms the

lectric of a condenser in the plate cirCLit of a triode
crystal oscillator. (See FiQure 2) Onenges in capacity due
to tne S:1:;_:)le ere cm ‘C‘IlSu-Lk/C‘ 101‘ by vc rjiunQ tne cutout of
a variable condenser. Botn tit: and without the sample in
the C‘”LCltLi, the vuiirbl condenser is slitsted so that
the capacitance of the tuned cii Ctit is oi’ tne correct value
ior os cille tL01s to oc our in tut triode section of the tube.
Tnis oscillatinQ state is indicated by tge cherQe in tne
Snedox; angle of the i1 dicdtln' eye ci tire BEES tube.- Tuis
neter mes cslibreted with 159 SQQLlGS of Cenedien herd red
Sprinr wheat and the stander error of estinete found to be
0.86 over the rthe 01 ten to seventeen percent moisture.

Gerdel and others at tie Central Sierra Snow Lebcr stch,
Sacrenento, California, (21) dcveloged raters to measure the
free meter content of snow using the dielectric principle.

He stated that the onenQe in dielectric constant is a logical

l7

 

 

 

 

 

635__d__
lye ,: [31E]

 

 

 

H]!

\I
ll

 

 

 

\L _ lB

 

 

W‘

Figure 2. Schematic diagram of dielectric type moisture
meter for wneat.

basis for the develoyrcnt of any Loisture neasnrinQ instrLJent
unless tnere ere excessive losses involved. witn snow,
cr3stsl size end density had a marked effect on peter factor
brt were dirficult to neesure..
A moisture test or for cattle foods, seeds, dc etcd
foods, straw, tobacco end ctner materials described by June
24 WLS developed by Herts;o*n st tne fictional Pnysicel

L bor.ator3, Eanand. A sixty-cycle voltsQe is applied to

tne capacitor cell and either tne conduction current or the
cenccitsnce urrent union is in que.di‘tture is nensured.

(See Figure 3) Tnerefore, tne circuit reSponds to either
casc- citence or e-c conductance cnenQes or to any co:..binstion
of he two. Since a rise in tenjerLture produces a decrease
in dielectric cor sten and an incrL£se in conductivity, the
celtined MbtiOd oi Iezsrienent enables over-all tenperetnre
variations to be mininized.

In 135;,p ails (4) Lecsirec tne moisture content of

baled cotton by Leesrrin5 tne chenQe in capecitence between
tne nine iron hoojs on the bale. TnlS net od enabled him

to be certain tnrt t-e noiiture content of beles coning from

4-‘ , . - . -..,. 1-,- - . .-,- ,t‘: . n ,.-.. , ., .- .,
Lula- 3l‘pr;€S ..‘CS ;J\.at1,\‘16fl Elpiit chats. 111.116 _:.LTCCI1t £18 r’bldil'b

4.4.,

by ill-t 'lelL-ti OM13]. “'1; lLCllt 3b t:l<..Lz bl.-- Xo BLllS also in-

that a ceoecit? b‘idQe netnod oi re; s rin5 c315 citence changes

in a buried condenser mes inp‘scticel on accornt oi power

 

   

Phase
Adjustment

 

 

 

 

 

0.5 meg

 

 

 

 

’\NV\/VV\/\r

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Figure 3.

Schematic diagram of dielectric type moisture
meter developed at the National Physical Lab-
oratory, England.

fr.)

(0

resoq: nce 1me 10d tne

93

losses to the eerth. By tLe use or
eiie ct of this loss was eveded.2

Fletcher (8C) rss another of the Lsny invLsti5etors
wno conducted tests of sci roisture content bssed on lie-
lectric methods. The results of 415 more seened to indicate
tnet the Letnod was a 1elie ble i11dicetion of soil moisture
and o1iered possibilities for soils "in situ". ”cesarenents
were Lede by a resonance LCLLCQ to avoid effects of power
factor hen5 cs. (See Figure 4)

T1e ngil cation Cd‘ihyc capacitance Lxfiixxl'to the problen1
o: kegrér1s IwacaiVLd.l_11;tc smatentiond Shiloenl ernnr ($7)
cendrct.d seze investiaeticns usin“ especitor glrtes six by
eignt inches. set Len me plates res a 5ly2ood box nitn a
ssace icr hay two inches tnicx, four inches tide and abet
tnirteen inches long. USin' e frepueocv of 5.5 megecycles,
he found tast moisture contents of forc5es up to 35 percent
gave re din5s of Leesureble differences. Senocnleber
ccrrentee.in; t it 115 Luite *cssible tnet ot er arr15n eLents

'o

and 1-1ntn ies ior a cepcci tence 1eter1 11151 t be a better

‘V I

iflulCLthfl of Leisture co onte1t.

Another use of tLis Letncd was Lade by Esrt in 1947.
3‘3 Using :1 frequenc; o1" o1.;e tl'1ousand cycle per second
and the <=.i1*..ple l1 ‘id5e circuit shown in Fit ore 5 to Lees re

R ‘ I" " ‘ .‘~ ‘ . - .~ —- . f. : ' . . 1“ 1 ‘ (1 -—“ .- - r . r: -., ~.- ‘ \ ’- ‘ ‘1 1' J—
C..«..-1. es :1 n or, 35.5113311105 118 cotelned res-41.1-11 S ELCCLLJ; be to
.L ’ L

live percent roistnre content. Sore 0111icnltics rere

 

 

()3
(0

mo
Oscillator

ll

MOJUUUU
11L.
\ L

 

 

 

Figure 4. Diagram of method used by Fletcher to measure
soil moisture content.

 

Portcrle oscillatcr
loco cycles

 

 

O

 

 

 

 

       
   

25 do
lcrtable
Amplifier

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Figure L. Bridge circuit used by Wart to measure capacitance.

"its drift r1ed-n s C“ c:1rcit:nc:. Jo 1rcwis’on 16s 1:6e
F) ..--.-~ ' a', ’. a“ ‘ . ‘ t“ "‘ I ”.1 1,1— ‘ ‘ " ' . ’1... \ . -‘ V *' ‘r- -
Ior COIQensrticw or Eu: v fuatlé r 511t1-cs Cl tic 11cl—ug

-, , -.. -1 ,1. ., .1.“ . .1 J .-
r11t. The LLLLAt o- Lc1-1xe1t g eufd to , stre c 1:c1t;xce

;rr.*”.rolr 5Mcfir ole. gutter one snxzson 01‘

use in con unctiofl rite réy rescflr11 tori, tie oéwsrCtus

U

,q

195311ot cevclxrgsl
1-. Ci sture

I
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I I
1’“
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: , .' ' w - A r- v n W - a: . ' : ‘ 4" " fl ‘\' ' ‘ i. ' ’L '
§1211c1_:lc, 10 .hlLkav thcu Lbl 51t§ln2 tL.1‘1 5, t:(, Ch:kJSleth€

4..Cther iriir ct rgtgois. Dexter (lo)

‘ "7 ~ .1 W fir~ ' ’ ‘1' ~' . 0" .. 1' J". "1 ~ 1 "‘1 ' '11" “ ‘7‘? ‘r ‘ \V 1‘ '?"r "1
Lxst..OC_ rclij <3nt1 C(111C1 6 L11. t Lgr,t.u r 11,3" or‘t51111n_1,o1.qi

Inlflk,

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11 1- ...-75 ° --..—-‘:. -2 4-1.- 1.-.' “ ' .-
35 fiLLCLlLL cslorice is LbcC as bgb DeCLQ Ior tlis test-

If the 1o;;ture content of

1‘. -- :.-—-‘. —. — sum - (‘7 -1- ~. '— 4‘. - , " 0 . -. '—
u CLTLvLD v lue (coco: so 1L1ce1t is“ 1—1 to; lo “Licent ior
'~ hw‘ . a .1—-- ~ ---1 1 » 1...“ J— r 4:

h t”) k“'sfl uu~S1tre “1-1 ;L eusor.ex b0 1:1 to the Sslt

-"* “\ m. '. ' fi'L— : ‘ '1’ 7 ‘ 1 ‘. ’L‘ a r.
, s ibis tube is or r ssltcolc

In 1929 Burton and Pitt (lL) devtloged a Loisture tester

for onest depending on tne cnen¢e in circuit inductance caused

by placing tne wheat in the core of a coil contained in the
of e vacuum tube. (See Figure 6) In

LA.

rcuit

P.

tuned plate C

e

corrented tLet the cnenges produced by the

o

1973 Davies (14)

insertion of the seed in the core or the coil could be caused

by Either of two reasons. (a) Tne onende in the effective,

inductance and resi

o
I

stance of the coil due to eddy currents

induced in the seeds, or (b) a onengo in the self-capacity

to e change in the dielectric constant of

of the coil due

port of the surroundings. he contended that Belz (5)

tnet tnis eddy current effect is negligible even at

I‘,CJ

snowed

redio frequencies for e highly conducting liquid such as
concentrated sulfuric acid. Davies tncrefore believed that

this netnod actually depended on the change in self-capacity

il or dielectric constant of the core. Before re-

0

of the C

Viewinq the analysis by Davies, this autnor conducted some
preflnuuineiif intwnsti;;iiions lNIting inle ctsur;e ill coil.:hi-

ductance titn mtieture content of hay. These results ere

presented in another section of tnis thesisp
Tnis review of literature revealed that no knonn porta-

ble instrument existed for tne rapid End accurate doterminstimi

oi nay moisture content. Although a great amount of work

”is been conducted in developing agoerutus to measure the

Loisture content of soil, wood, seeds and siriler materials,

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

/-r-»\

+Ir—4/W-J
[ll-Mlfi—fi

 

 

 

Fi
Fur
e 1
o
. Sc“
AGFBB
on 3 10 d’
cna La”
t‘ up” -r8
J8 coréb in 001? gr wheat
. n ( rm'
. ductancéV38ture t
«1th +. est
u uhe er 1'
sam Jased
.ple '
1n

little attention has buen paid to tge Lassureuent of the
Loisture contcnt of may. Tie fruscmt need for a solution

to tlis prob em suggested the TESCLTCJ to deterhine DbSiC

rel;tionsgiws and tie dc ivn of suitable affaratus.

a- '1.)

U)

III. TKECHI CF UAEBLITALCE LLTnGD

In order to aggl; the capacitance retnod to the measure-
ment of hay noisture content, the nature and behavior of
dielectric nitcriels rust be fully understood. Since the
develognent or the electrical poter and cornunicetion indus-
tries, a greet nunbcr or investiéstors have been concerned
titn the dielectric properties of insuliting rateriels.

Tne purpose of tnis section is to correlate this irfornstion

nitn tns problem or nessurin; noisturc content.

A. Dielectric Constant
Dielectric or insulstin; materials can be considered

of bound cieres or an assemblage of

(H
(I)
Q's
H
,4
Q)
U)
U)
(73
’1
U‘
i_J
L)
(‘V

\

charged particles which are bound together so that they

1

cannot drift from one electrode to enotner. Tnis condition
contrasts with that in conductors, unich contain free
electrons or ions. mnen a voltage is a plied to a dielectric,

the electric field causes a systematic disglecenent of tne

bound charges from their normal position of eotilibrium or

,u..

tL€:;NTSition.tf%§’ OCCUpy’YZMfll tne enfiflied voltch2:is zcro.

Tnis effect is terned dielectric golarizution. On TCHOVZl
Of the volta e the clerges return to tneir normal positions.
If two metal jlhtgc are sttscned to ogposite sides of the

dielectric to fern a capacitor, the cnsrge stored in the

m
to

”\Fufitr‘ w: 1- ~ ~ —L’ - e '
c-_-c1t11 1_ll 1e ¢M‘-U9L40_rl to t-n -.o :t or 1chrI'wion
01 1'; ~ 7’ - - 1 1‘1 n "r - armxc ' 1, I1 - L ~ - J

1 C (”LLlA.eI-.L,. i u L --~C;L.11C , Lg )' Ln 6 ’ -:u(lLtCM? l8
:4 ..,___,CI '1" i.” , 4-1: .1. .. ,7 v, . - 1 ~ .
oilectij {-03orti0ntl to I35 oner;e stored, Q, and inversely

prc101tiCnel to the volte'e, E, nroduciN' tne solarisetions

in the die ectric. Cr:

“7‘ I. '. r 6.4- 'l *1 . u,-‘ I. ‘ r --\ ' . :' ' 4- - ..- - ‘
rolur AngChS rt, be clotsiiieu l;eU tho QFCUTS accord-
-.. - 4.x —. , ,._J_ -. _' 1 ,. __ .° . ‘I w - w
inQ thJ no 1311 o1 Ol TLUH; rec JQWA 'to Icur-: (a) ldi1iolv
ICIHLP” or ids .-ntuneou and (b) slotly rorriu; or shsorotive.

1-; i.— J. .... _ _ _‘_ m _ _' ,, . fl ‘¢ _» ‘. _ .— . ...“ . ' _ . , a
Tne 1hn e it(-tll\(l 101‘;1 sol.;1‘i2' tio 0:1 tc>_Lorn C r dliél‘fltbl‘

('1 '.. «'1 J- j o r“ .fl'- I. fi‘L’x . o ,- ‘ '1" "' W. 0 f ’ “ ‘3’ ' " ‘
\-'.-‘-LJ.€3C bl‘lc o (2.. l L; L'; L 111. CI‘lC , (U) r. L.( '1-...'.C , KC) 12-01ELLLI1LL‘ I or
7‘ T W "'1 . c C T] ‘1 ’1 \ TY ff ‘u""‘. "- t ‘2 .1 "‘ T "-4 " 7—21 / ' W , 1-6 "

_ .LlC, ”at; 11/ _,_ L 1 mi. I- _. 0.- 1.02-- o ..1"-ttTpi J.C IIO Lli"

zations cowsist o? tge d swlscereut of «lectrows nit? TOSWGCt

.L. .‘ _ _' _;__ f A _ \ _' .i' -‘. ,1 0’“ J- , I‘ 7- h: \ ‘ ‘
[JO thug yo 1:; .. biVE; [WAC-18¢ (j,_'_' 'L y; ._; p011 t. it... O\ C ‘ .JJl 1-‘ JUL b --

’ _ . , _. ~ as“. (A .. " --. _‘ _ A. _' i 1 . , _° .11..,-I .1 -a . _
S-conds or elmoSt lflzecfltnmCOUglfo htOLlC DOLiTluuClOMS are

‘C - .-_ .... . .1 ,.J_. :
tne result 0f.TLm3CllSTl;CbLtflb 01

other in tin LOlQCIle :nd filso occur 3 most irstantint0”‘ly-

..'-.. ..I

‘ ’ -- I» - .-. “..-,‘Iz..-'1 4.A '1
D1 Wile 1cdrtrjzmticum:nge tne (111,1. 0: t.t;ft;_lieo 11mflri on

tha orie t tiou of molecules 1Lth” §erxenert Cljfle I Isneots

-1 a .‘D -' f - .1 o' -. . -> I . . ' 01
“KO?” 1‘!" ‘ . Int 621.; (7 .L: l “Cum- 311,111; 1. OHS «..re
.— ...-J —

c3u35d_1yf tnt.r1~ctLTJJTCiOfl or idmxs idns at t x::hrtcrr:ces
betwron raterisls rfl'in> differ en conductivities and die-

" . ~ - h --. I" —. [71‘ J— : «g -. r‘ 1‘ -“*' “Y
1:1"1; 1.1C COL-L2UK. I its 0 T1-J-S tyi’rfifiU Of A‘Gl’wrrLg'u L; LLJ]. is Lulu-Lad 5 51-0“

t“ O
N’ 9

mm ~ ‘1 ' w » . a; an: ~ «~. .1. - u- 4 1f: .-
ilib l-';;l(,C,l-T-..C CLglochflt 0.1. 0- AL1Q.~.LLI.L‘.4.'._.]_ .LS Qt;Ct;l‘I.;_llL-_gd

 

... .1- '3‘ _-‘ 4- ‘ LI \ fl ‘5 4— -: ‘- -, ~ : ~ | ‘. 1~A ... ,~ .‘ - I ~ —-.-~ - x- - :‘ 1 5
by tne sun or tic procucts Oi dhlllthub Cnu Cgsrge entewueu

‘ (_ .F' +11 A 1" " H ' .- .' .. _‘ "‘ _ .\ _ .. ‘V _‘_ .t .V: V_\ '1 0
ower all 01 Due norms cnnr es in tne nita‘isl. Tue die-

-» .L. _. —. s. r~ .1 J r . .-:—.- n ' n .. - ,1—‘--.'- '1 ., 4.7-, ,. '
lootrLc COflibLHt of e substince is ulso delinco us tne ritio

, , 1‘
rut suostance a

vacuum as the dielectric. The dielectric COUSRHQE or s1:
is l.CCCS€O end of e vscu1m is exactly one. For all practi-

“ ~ ‘ ~~ r“ ‘ ‘- s -. .- r'. 4-' ' -'~ --.}- ’0 s '. -I‘ " 1~ r- 1r -.
C11]. “711‘ "3:69- lliie diclmCul‘lC COH‘JL‘E‘T‘t 01 all.” L13; oe tunes. 8.5

0118 o

S 1-2-: c (1-1111,:‘o1-o;It t "1-1. e: s 221.313 rum". fired 101? t‘. 16: v.-_z r i on s
_. 1 ‘ _‘ 4.. , T \ r1 .. .'. F.‘ ‘3 J. 3 -.' N 1 1. — J— I ‘ f: .-‘ . t‘ 3: j .3 -L. ' A .. "O 1‘; ti 4_ ‘1
t;;—s oi 5olirisutloas to occur, tn neglieition or on lebr‘
‘ i". 'L ‘. - -a ~Q- J- .“ .-- 44 .m 7 '; -"» 1 ”- ,-,'L‘ "‘l 1‘:”. I: -" '- J. -
(Lupin!) vCl beagle LA; 3. dielectric will- 1.1]. w 0111:." @1088

' ‘1 ‘ .—. ‘ — -' - r a - -“-, ‘1‘ {‘5} ‘ ‘1 'I\ r. .1-‘.‘,_7 -
-Oierizutidns to occqr hrlci reoulre e tine less tnsn tJe

,- ', _ _.’, ‘0
period oi

d
(7)
(

’ J
,11
L'x
:1
<1
(V)
H
rt
(‘Q
( .
(D
0
F3
3.
U)
Fl

“not lecds to tie pne-

nonens of snorslous diggersion, or s decresse in dielectric

 

‘ \ ..-. ., -' 1 ‘ ' _, r ' '_ “ I‘o_ r ‘ _
constant ultm incruuSlAn ireguency-

n 19:9, Detye (15) stated tnst the relaxation tine

0 water divcles st ordinsrr ternerzture was 0.28 (l0)"lo

seconds. A iregueney of less then ten thousand neéscycles
per second would allow all oolsrizations to occur.. Lurany

EIK11[OFJZJ1 0&3) in SL7 sflrgted that tam::relexstitmxirnne of

utter didolsr roleculos (the n:;cr source of poltrigttion

if] " ’t" r '3 ”-1“ c 1/3 -lfl C‘ " . “WK—J C ‘1 ’2 ’\ “71’: 3 ‘1 ‘ 't' h “,ln-vrw ‘ -
Jul > who (D ‘ .Ifit CL“. 1.0.1,) CQl Tbs; "JV-Linc. ’0 U I“; 0'3-‘3131-01/1

.0 _ ,. fl__ \ - - . ~'__ ,1 ‘_ \ r -.. _.
il‘tCfiGQflC" or 1,000 I.1L1;;7;.Cv.’Cl€F,. pui‘ StVCOLLl. T116 V-;~-.I‘]_:-_..t_1,on

c0

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_ -..-z- 1,; n.4, . ”-9 -...a.- 1. ‘_ .- 1. 1. 21, - . _-
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« ~. . ~ ‘2 "Hm » - -... ~ . .J- ' -, ,1- --4— 1.1 .-

{J (Di/£111" £119. 1L4-.EJCC D ‘ -Vk; 1'61 ”iii. C11. L. ' V CC *17"C 'CC;;.3 g-«MT. L1 L114"

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qu1d vcrv toi11w.1 LC-Tb CCMLbNt. bhqu tgvSw are Var] LLQH.

16 acruicz:1t OI}

(‘1

frs;ucncics, tee ijLF frott< :cr linit is :orc
1A1c 61 5e 21v; :1: C11“ c;r 'Jf :iTKSUimggerfi;..

Ehu1 lCfl&jP lit it (at llmxjicnc&r::ov ixxpsuifiggg th£2<liel£xrtric
ccn1satcryt oi‘i1s3r ggicm11il in: ruivfii echni'fi s20 CDJLt ‘tL_c iiittariticixgl

c COIthQHt.

+3

13012: i'iZI-i-z'T on S 00 1"Ct C'Dli-ti‘llrute to 13316; c 1;]- ctr

m ’o q _ - -/' “S. ' ‘ "I ‘ o ‘ ._~ :‘ ’ _. .‘_" . /‘\"‘:: 71" 3‘
igis t.»: 01 flClcTLputLCN Coulo ts clotc so to v: -rv mitt

. . . _ _ ‘_°_;_ - u !.. ‘ ~.— “ ‘i
txe C.".€:I’-lC£rl and cr-llulzr CO‘:--_'CF;_- 12011 01. tm: 111-; am Hence

nay vary from svrglc to scxplc proiucin; erratic rcsrlts.

of One thtsxnd cyclas gar sccccd Lcy h;vc M inc to the
Viriution in tic nxcxnt of ifltariLCiEl golgrizstions uLich
occurred. T ocu-lsuv ( 9) resorted tnpt tye use of a low
rsoixi fractmwuxr clivfijn"tcfl t3» cn'ift :mxrlfi*fs onccttitcicd
«how an :cdio Irk-1kHC" was useo to LauSNrc the Lielcctric
coLstunt of whgst. nb~zrcqtly, the tsc o a irogucncy sigh
enovjh to eliminate crilt r: “.djngs cni low cnonh to pcrnit
csc and ac; Mirror of ‘ SIVCqut is Lss1nt i l to the suc-
cemisfhgl llcfi‘STZWfl,c1Vt (if 1m'r rmaisin‘rcz CCHltLfllt 11f tr.; c'islxgctxric

'1'.- 13-... a 9 . 3 |‘ . .. 4. I ‘ . ‘1 o ' ’_ 4‘ . -.. . _o_ It?" .1. (”11*
l. Liicct Oi tzéymritule on or Lectric COHEL mu. iAe

 

Ho

magor effect o: te ~mer'trre on Cielec tric constant 5 aro-

.o

‘1‘” P _ “ *r ' 1N” ‘— ..\ . .'.. .,'._ Z 1' _ ~, .,»< ..‘V- I ’ _ —' ‘_.,3 -' .. r .,- 5 'W‘
QLCcd oJ Emu CACLUQS in tie LLLLAt oi goliriiltion CiuSCQ

-1- --‘ —1-.-»-.-t.\- 1 7‘ -‘.'~~ —‘ . ,3,“ A 'n

by but orientiticn ct tue cigole Lcleciles. A licuio or

-‘ - 'L 3- ‘~ ~-I" -\~~ av "4 ‘ ' 3 " r‘ -. ~ A - 3 -, '\ w - ‘- r»-
:98 COfLuEliliS ljiciif l-.UJ.CC--.lk,3 auli C1L ere CL’Iltwlrl CL US f LECLT‘ OlllU

translgtiowel_ciul rotcti o 91 not; on. 1;x;eatrect or an ii-

.. . -i —: ,,., , “11.31.- . ‘ ‘ .x _- 1 ,1. _,_- 1. \.:_' .1, .74” .1.
Ci"\.~l.;~bC ill (szz...‘r’(—l‘U-L/jkli‘u l5 LL 4.1.1Cikguvbk‘} L/‘iis I.-CL1.LO17 (JILL L10

is subgecteC to an electric field, tee Cipole Lolecules tend
to be aliQHCd by the rielC. An iDCTLLSS in tcrgc'e Ire “ill
ogpose tgis teuCcrcy and, hence, result in a decrease in the
amount of DolinLEtiONS. A decrease ifi ter r tune will
produce a decrease in the m-rrel energy resulting in less

ranCcL crientetions of tee nulecxles and an increase in the

amount or poleriactions ar1C dielectric cozstent.. host
materiels nave, tnerefore, a negative coefficient oi dielectric
constant viii: Uajpcrsture..

2. ILVM_ c'tric c: Estflflt oi granular naturials. The

 

.3 .L.

C iclectric ccnster t oi soliC sheet materials is easily oc-

ternired by ccistr" ’cc 3 cafi) ci tor having the material for

_A-‘ -Q

a Cielect ric. if a Tranuiar KLBCrlfil sucu es wnect, aey or

L.)

ilour is plé ceC bctmeen tne plites of a cagecitcr, the
measured C3-CCitg”h will be the result of the dielectric

constant 0i tue Laterial enC the dielectric constent of the

air in the spaces betim en t1e j: rticles. Yevstigneyev

$34

h ‘I. 1" -_‘ ,. , .'_ 1...? . .‘0 r"‘\ l ,i .' ., ..-_. .._' n fi.‘_‘_.-
12.111111 t11e VCJ‘lchiOfl OJ. t-1e ses'lcte CULKJJQCbllc co1-st wt

0

,..1_
vb
of DlSCRiES, flour sue sugir CSihg tee relationship oresefited

b” Lieutenecler. (40) ‘ne Ccvcloprent cf tnis fo“ruls is as
l

e dielectric constant of e uiytnre i1 relate:
dielectric cestznt of £16 " 1 » t'

.
1, 1 _ . my
ifi: cg R118 IEL n2
where kl is tha dielectric constant or the mixture;
AH;
kl and hi ere tge dielectric coustsgts of the
LI;

two corfoncmt gsrts;

r .x- v . . 1") ~‘-, . -.J- . ‘ ‘4} -‘ fi ., r. n. ,— 1
3. c.1121 j ch tie sections oi vcimie occhie-C.

-:' A a ,r .~ ~° r . . r~ ‘. J.;.:, ‘1" /'-" ‘7 j ‘. " f‘.
Ii. Ll, 1'9 Till). t " 33 ..L'v-.l_ 15 3.1.]? , L4 - -‘C. T1 lxn €12 tip. .1. S 04/16 (“rid ,
£4

'

Ol" ‘7 ‘ _' Q, _JL
J.\. UCL'Lt-Ztl 5 1L

m l
or, log kn equals x log kl

and , log; 1‘21 Ct’filL‘ 18 log; K

'.
I"
.-

—.

 

.X

But, a
x equals Vd

 

‘ucigfit of tne substance

r‘
,’ .3
< T‘
"3
(n
p)
F4
0
(-0.
L

("x

V is the volume of the mixture
C liliflx; Specific ;fitifljx’ of the substsnce
The ‘ei‘c'e,
1 113:1. 101: 1-:
10” * equals a 1*
{Lgustion 5)

f a 4." '-~ .9 7‘ - —. .2- .1 '" 1 ' ‘1-‘ 3‘ "'- "N "I “L W‘.” '. -. fi -. “ ..1
’SI‘ Oi L-LlS cult. b-1011 ..-!-a-,-i Icupl'tuCe o0 11c..J! L1C‘__LC._-.Ltbs

.L‘, ._ _;_ o 4..- ‘~_ , '_ _ n “‘ ‘0 i .. ‘1', .L—r‘ 1-1 x 1 q - I‘ ‘~ .‘ -—. 1 “l 1" —q‘\
snbit ii tee lmfikx t oi tie Stimmlu1cc (cwj) timuinus‘vonge of

'2"?
Us.)

‘. _.‘.._.:_.‘.~ be u re "pa m e.“- 4.1 1- . .‘ 'L.».1‘ .. D . ..- .1, 3.3.
tne 1:1-Li'.LvL,L.L.U are “(if 1, CC-‘z 'Jqliijlt , tilt; (3-179.011- 11:11-05 i 5' C-cLQLBltOI‘
CO'Lu4C:'T‘.‘,‘)'.""'- Thai-Hr ~r3‘ll *r -1r 1,—17 1;"1-t“ 4~‘~=~ c; Gfi'i .t'oj r: -'-,-'-":.— O4"

,1- ’J-Lj‘k‘b lAL-U. 5-..J_—L. V1.-. u. 014 J “J... -1. {1.1.3 d-) b--.‘ .C (JILL-VLLIJ J.
if‘e ‘ n~ "”3‘3*”fir"2 +a~. c ~w=»t* 11 ':~ +urc c~wa 4v'= .1, ’tx

Li L10.Jo .LIlK/LCJ. k~..'i/, bile V2.4...“ ..LOii 1.11 biiw QJLCLLLC Ll“v‘L J

" ‘ '1 -.. ' ‘ " ”\ ‘ " ‘. ‘ ‘ '\ 3 1H I" '2‘ W. "" I“ "n . n‘ J— ‘T ‘3'. ' “ I“) . 1“ '\ ,i J .
OI met and C1111" 113 f otld oe en indie-i tion 0. t--e onenQe in

capacitance Lith moisture content.

-r~

o. Dielectric Losses

Di electric losses in practicsl inStls tors are due to
'botn eiis orati cniainl cinn111ti0n. 1d); oritixiillossrs 33x3 the
result of tnc dis l"b on or the enerQy of tut field as heat
because of the friction exgerienced by the bound enerQes or
1ipoles in tneir rotion in tne applied field when forming
pol“riidtions. Conduction or Joule he'; losses are cstw ed
by the presence of ii e ions in tlc d’electric end are
pro :orti Oil to tl1e direct curr ent conduc tivitz, of the 3118.-

- - a. - 0“. '._‘ ‘ .L— . 4-‘ 1 a ‘ x »‘ ‘ ‘ "“" ~'I ’, 'VL‘“ I" 1‘. ~ 1_‘ J'— " -- "‘ “A
tbflfil . i101”- LJU.’ 76,5 0.]. 1.0K”) :I-‘CS .L'LbL-tlt _LJ. p.314 11-03.. Lain 01. tile

T'Qe total current floxsinQ t‘11rouQ‘11 a cage. *3. or is com-

posed of a dissipstive end a non-dissiiative gert. Tne
motor factor of a cayecito“ regicsents t e fraction of th
inputv woltazg-x :5 test is dissiwsted in tne condenser»

UsinQ tne ecoive .lent series of

ir— O
t...)
O
H
(2'
H
,._J
(J
(—0
tr
i l
9
.3
U
i
f
l
:J
0
U)
(D

eane is tne anQ le bettccn the volteQe across tne ccgecitor

and the current flowinQ into he capscitor.

0 O _ ‘l - ' _L_". i . i ..
(See FiQure 7)“ In a geriect cejecitor, tne losses LOQld
be zero and the shese eane toxld be ninety chrecs or the

voltLQe across the capacitor would be ninety degrees out

 

4' ' ‘ . V ‘- ‘ ~’\ 1"”. ‘ " 1 ""t I. h w «-
oi Puase LitJ tnc cLicht. Tie loss i-ctcr o a n teriil
is tne arodtct oI t1e dielectric COMSL ant en: roger rector-

Dielectric power loss is p cportionLl to tne loss rector.

Anctncr indicetion of tne lossLs in a cepecitor is

, . . o L 1 Q,_. . , .._ - .
tne g or gptlity rector. pf oeiinition, Q is tne rLtio

 

"‘. ‘ ‘ "- r'\ ' w - ‘ . \ ~- ,A‘ 4' ‘- 1 ‘. '1 ‘ 1, I' 30'? - fl . ‘. ~ 4- '
oi ”e enciQJr :UCQUQ ir11nx; 04p — citor to t L,LALiL¢]<iissi»atcd

no ejglicd voltage. An engrossion for Q is

 

Any czyucito.r 0:: be refircscctcd es an equivalent
—1ics circ it or Ln ertivolewt pgrellel circuit.

Tne e uivrleLt gar; lel circuit and tn’ corresgonding
vecter TCJ‘E'ODSLL3 1r ' ” ‘ ‘
«stir l. c: it: it.i; E; L:.s Liceni oxyttiriirugo. i1 :
*c;i , tge eqvivilent :Lrellel CLpeci ence

1
elcglstcd frcL tgc iolloxin' eQULtion:

 

If Q is Qrcetcr tnLn lC, the two capacitances ere
alike to Litnin one percent.

..J

1 a ca;:;citc r are also LX1rcssed in

sixtion factor, D, Viiicli is tie
of Q.

.}_J.

O The los
tLrLs cd'
recj TI‘L. ‘« ‘

m (I)

C,
J.

H On (0

 

 

[I]

 

 

 

 

 

C R
_\ L3 ’\ A A, s_____’
(8)

R31

1 , I
, e
. ‘ .

“AR |

I \ i e zpnase angle
u>C
s .
‘L. _ N (I; =loss angle

Figure 7.

(a)
(b)

E

(13)

Equivalent series circuit of a capacitor
Vector relations for equiValent series circuit

 

 

 

 

Figure 5.

(8)
(b)

 

 

 

 

 

 

E
—-’\N\/\/\«—‘
R
P
a}
CP
(8)
—_..‘—- I
I
“.5 i
l
\9 ‘
A

 

(b)

Equivalent parallel circuit of a capacitor
Vector diagram of equivalent parallel circuit

F‘A
,-

v0

 

 

 

u CA _: ‘ I: '1 ‘F. ‘A J_v ‘ fl 4", r h~" .. ‘ ' . ‘ .
ootulneu ire” tue lollthlng TClLElOHSLlDS:
Q "r MC 1c ”" 5'1“? (‘4.-- ‘v
Ku' - .1 L; _C 7 Q ( ‘P l C "*1" ‘l ‘»-~.—'~r:~\ L
U 1‘ J- l L - A— K/ L ‘.'_L.._._ Q.‘__ ‘ ‘.' , ~ .f’ ‘5
7-111 ~T' _‘-r q\__. C _. ‘r -- ,_ 1 __ S R _ y L ‘ .CC C\_L1uls *“J;
4.1-- k“- ' Uig-QJ. ;,_ til-.10. 14035865 W U B

K.) 1/ __._

(Ect;tlon 4)

”(1 O .3‘, .x.' ,, 4".l-w-~»-L — 7
ILLS u 11' tlLMJ. olik; ll‘pk ubilC" 0.: 7317.6 9; Lied.

C ogugls the ca Ccitance
Rsoqugls the equivalent “tr es re sista :10e of the
czpuCLto
T‘ “Lia r‘\ ‘- ‘ "'0‘ a 1‘ 0‘ w ,7 4‘ - —\ s ‘ : 3 'q f ' ‘ .
0t ,0 tr IuCtCi emu C are Lceu to liLlCLte tie merit

1‘ 3-; 4__ ' J— .3 C‘ {- ...."‘ 1- .7 - ‘fi f J_ ,_ ’ __ n~ . -
Oi LwJuClbpla anu Ctuzr cirCult elegeuts. As Q lflCTeESCS,

tne reciprocal of Q awproacges the go tr factor, one for

CLQLC‘taflCCC '“Vl“' a g ”l -attr than ten, some: fatter is

J... g) LLgu J - A
V

‘ ' 7 -‘ 2'— 1 J" ‘ “' ‘. r“ “ , 3-.1- I.) K' v -. 4- .~ I" — ‘~- 0 r r- I « -A
L; u» to tit.lm~cl -mmuil o: kgkthg L11 errcr‘cn. loss txxul one

'1" 1;: .L V 4) t I. 3‘ . ' ' -
its uhk zucctl‘r"o;t«srt oi thlucotimx32-tttlul l 3:3 in-
’-\ ’ ...“ 'i 'l- :2 '. /' .1 ‘ .‘J‘ ' ‘ "‘f 1“! ‘ y A r‘ ' A ' '1'- J" " "7 .
LQLQZC,,.LlA,LHUwJVLb£lC loss 3 :llvluatco tJL 4c.er lictor will

”t ix: tge Llicltc xxl.rrictltu1 or timailoLVY
h usC~1+ama i; » 1e clielectric eo-

- ,-‘ ' a 1, ,, .21 . . .-.
4301:4133 IuOie"3;.lLS Oi ‘..L‘.LL.L lest-lumu a LO

.lrect Ctrrcut

(D
O
.3
J
("1‘
l
(7
*‘x
’J
F‘.
:3:
F
t—i.
:)
:2
R
C+
C1"
0
I l
0
FJ.
ix
._J
(J
U
(V
£
(a
C
(-
,4
(l,

oreaoncj of frze ions in meter. If

1” r-v - , . . ' " -° .L .~\ ’ w. -‘ - ’ y > 1 (,2 pr ,
do] “are to corg‘ris e tge olelcctllc m;te1lul 01 a o;‘ Lcltor,

 

‘4 If +oe lor"es in the c: Lcitor are represcmtto by
stence, the exgrescicn lor

Eiléfl lttlejt jkl l“ llel 1631

Q is s lolloxms

Q : 11"! Cm R7)

L.
V7

I—VVO .L‘JAJ. ill-1L..._JJ. .LJQLL 1- VLSI:G1-I.L 5::8

A. Cbgectives
Since the review of litergtrre fifll atuey of dielectric,
theory indicated tiet tge cefiacit1toce Let od offgrcd possi-

ili.ties ior tgc mete;

(”f
(L
D;
c“:
O
O;
(\
d
C\
i—J
:4
:J
0
d
I
(1
C3“
f")
U)
'1
O
*‘5
(D
I

in Lsti9LtiCLs Lch conch
lati onsiiis out. eeL hey mleEUTL, frequency, peter-factor
and CLchitercc. Tile soccific on L ct M',s of tnis stLdy
were as follows:

(a) ”o det;z PM no the value or capacitance and pOLer-

L-

factor of a CLchitor 13in; bay of vorying LoistLre content
as a dielectric;
(b)

and power i?ctor;

o GLterLire the ein ct or ire “DUIC” on CL L.citonce

F3

(C) To oetcrzAne tLe cu- be in th cLiLthexce - hay

KOiSture conteLt relLtioosiip Hitu ILtLod of ucLin the

1

18:] o .
An initiL.l co c'ivo of th grogran ULS to *ctornine

L‘W . _o ‘ ‘1 ‘ h 3.. “ 3. r‘ _‘ ~ .0 f ‘V ‘_' 7‘ 'i .‘ : r) ._‘
LAG IJILU;VW size cl :LLJle “Lieu LOLlQ Div- L true ibdi cation

.AA-

.0 - I“ _ ‘, . _ O 1- _‘ _ ,-‘ K , _.I._ f‘ _'_ —L- 0‘ ‘1 ‘ _ v -‘Q /~ _: N‘ ‘ w t v r-
oi a or we LeistLre cortent. ouoseguent QCSlUn gLrLLttod
J- t‘, .. ‘ '3 1,“ l - .— ... _,~‘ -' _ r u : ‘ \ r_ ‘ 1 . U - _ ~ , ,. .
the use or ; wL; LLL;LC lLrvcr tuun tLat us eo in Lost prLSLQt

mgtgods, ngrgieye, no tor; WLS undertegcn to meet this

objective.

59

Preliminary investigizioos were concucted to deterLine
the effect of moist hey on coil Q when the hey Les placed

-

in the core cf the coil. ho exheLetive tests Lere conducted

alteq'LJi lysis lvmhuaaLeL tLet t A: ares essentially a die-

lectric LetAcd.

B. Q-Leter MeLSLreLents

In the following tee ts all LcLSLr Lents of capacitance,
and Q Mere Lede ritL the Loonton-tyje loCA Q-Lcter shoun
in Fig are 9. The siL ‘rilict schemetic diagrer of this meter
is snorn in FIL ure 10. The Leter owerites on the resonant
circuit, resoncnt rise 1r lei le Lhich is based on the cht
that ‘1331 a lrumri radio iiwxguuicy volte¢x3.is intirfihumxi into
a resoxaut circuit, the ratio of tLis voltage to the vo tede

,.

egpeerin; across he capacitor is W‘TOX;1 tely tE 1e oissi-

pation factor of the circuit. TLe LLctn recio i_c.ue cy

-‘1

\Ioltegxe is letTC>C‘ 1c e :mnto time Cii‘mw it 13: pesmahy; e laiorn
Cerent through the 0.04 ohm risi,t'rce, R. Uepecitence
meesureLents are obtained by not A; tLe ozount t at the
stander” air capacitor, C, must be decreased in order to
reson mt toe Cil cuit 144 16:11 the 1,111an n ca)- citor, Cx, is
connected. (6)

The indUctence, L, is not an integral oert of the Q~
meter, bit is ette c;; extcr al-1y when ILLiA* meeerCLents

oi c.35cit1Lce. The size 0 ;o inchtence must be such

‘. - "‘4 ’x ""o “ ‘1. 1N '.‘.\r- 4- ' 'F‘ '1- r ,
“741.1. I‘CSOLJ': k; .._[_-Li1 tile COILLJJ. ic thZl OI. .1.lHO.h dlld

171th it

h
C)

 

annuasurenents

. Boontoq Type 163A Q-Lpttr uscd
or cugacitunce and Q. Czpacitor cell used in
Test 113 is attached to peter.

:1 1

 

*‘O‘QLUL/‘O 0

~@——
VTVN

To R—F Oscillator R iA— v —1

 

 

 

 

Figure 10. Simylified schematic diagram of Gcortcn Type
160A Q-meter.

s :r-~/ I " ." ";\ ‘ >7 -L-‘ ... 3‘ 7A 4. .. - . ,« - .. f. , _ .. A- ... ,7 V. “__ r - _|._
c.17.-.;;C..r- Cc_)‘..(3-- -..Lixje 3t c--n: (Fairfax ll‘ul‘ciLtJU-f Cu. Lt'i.S..L'CI.‘.'cD.LS.

. -., .q .. .1,‘A. ‘ . ~r -..-. A- ~— A~.v ~—. —. .-. .
,0118 vacc in imtfe chSurzltfiLS (re s own in Frfrrc ll.
.1

+‘.’ r~lat\nv-FL»‘ ~«:.n1v~ +~¢<fi. T’th . +,:. “4‘ n ~La»~ a ctl 'c :4
LIA—.tv L.‘ I" »\I\./'_ V‘- CI' LJLiL/ltJ -\ k. -. .x— UKIL It‘..(..l, L’n...“/ (C‘- ls; ‘J—.€

.,_ Vn‘.-

‘J.
P.
f:‘
(—1
.J
(I:
C'
O
u
’-
(..l
i
r.
L
Q
-1
(3
..l
r’
wk
*4
U
(x
{n
0
L~
,.,
I
r‘i'
{.
I-
l
(".1
.
r '1
LB
C .
I J
|F
,..-
;-
|.J
I J
J-
b
I
..J

C‘J‘ r3. I: '1 v7. :- 4 x " : a ‘7 - H -. , T. r at t 3-" ‘ I ".1", - 4‘ .1 f‘ _ '4"? ’34‘ I‘,‘ "* 3
s.» b ....le‘k‘vx 1 LA \n. .L]. »»- W(Ly/‘3 _L. \-).L| O IU..-V.-- A} L-L.‘ S1V'L].___-Vl (J1 (v! .1. \——- b () C\r L-J’ :U
f. _ 4-. a - ‘_V o ‘_ -. c b ‘ ~
2 w r A f‘ .fi r ' " "“ " ‘ C 7' C - ‘ C A
C 1( Cfltpgjfll'v‘z Cll L.- \_.~ 1% L g... , L)- \y Cl‘ CL it ¢._{ gt .LJ+ “t c .L L UV-

. _'._' '1 ,,- - 0 .7 - ' ._ 7 '-‘ .r .,_:-. "l . “ -' - . . -3 _
In Icfl ‘fi -‘ a .3231 Q c10flL any 10-5 igflxfisrfl : Lr C;;143;t0r.

3‘. “.r. .’. .9 1/ r-.- 2, .-....nr . .‘ .‘-‘.- ~A f" ,A J— “5:.- _ .~- 74. ._‘
I-L‘C.3-~Cr_LL_ b C'J. t..'_) C K. C-._tg.)i\ltg ;r__' L;_.‘(.' '1“ Vv—‘LL' luck/“-11“ L‘L.€‘b IJC

H '1 I u ‘1 fl , _- (x _ , ‘ ’ v- _'-r - ‘f, ‘F 4-17‘

(’N '- r~‘.\, . l N‘ f - \‘fl ... f. - |_‘ 7" I _ 7‘ C . I ‘ I f: ‘17- ‘ ‘ I , _

t ;.K:l g~l it; C. ‘ _; ‘.vE..I.. .I-k_ L'y/(v‘x L1 ..~-L'\,‘c ‘5'] , _ Kg WVVL‘VVJ-d O ;.L,4.t VL-V
.A—

. ' ' ‘ ' .‘ ‘ , 1 ° —— . . -' v 4- r: «4:5 1'.
7‘“rc"u czwficrtcr lS :ttcCJMC in “ur%4101 v0 C wh» tce

.4 .L‘--\.zb‘

‘

o _ _ . . J- . ‘A .. r . ' . " r‘ ‘: -'.‘ 6 _ “l- " “I “ £1?" 1
I 01‘ ”6.115 C2£_,CC~'3CE_ I'a“-SC:'1.‘-_“ t, gut (“Lug al C; ”(Men (1:84ng v.0. L ...“CL

Qav. If;c 1::;:n<rh:1 CLQTL~ j;t:g:cug, C;; ' S 1; tax «CELLCLLLLigch I‘ch; 1316

(3

Cl - CA LgULtLon 6)

C- : p

IK- - 51.;
‘ “-~ 0 .i-sL ' L~. w». x a «n ”3v *2 p m r+;r
Tu. iJ ‘;r“ (M. LrJ¢,<fi; cnc. ughic n_(;_x_c LL; J”, calcrlw.cel

LsJ

Cl ("31-(32) (3"3‘~’**tion 7)

’¢ fixc’"* woe cf tgp 0:3:thcr ls calcu-

R : 1.59 (10)8
S a n C Ecuation 8)

w r
‘3 4‘.

 

' h“ ’ ” "°** 5 7-; ter in m;
Fivure ll. IDdUCtaflCcS uscc ulcd Eue Q LC
U ca>1citancc Lccsurcrcnc

:53

uncre I Is the frecucLC? in Lilocvles.
C 55 t‘r ’\ 6‘ (W “‘ . " 1’? C .r‘ v t“ '. '4‘ ‘3 ‘~ fl
-_ .-L‘ «HA/“LEL- ESL/1-1.81) Cr. LCIoi-JJCG OI

1\ r -. r ' r‘ ~nr ’7 (a '~ - r - .
tue Cc; )L» Ci [CC/‘3- :.~J'."JL .1. .3 bulk l t 0 OK if Q«

J).

, Is grceter thfn lC

C. Test I: EILLCC OI IW15;1,in; LC; in Core of Coil
l. Aijerttus ahdkproccétre. In o:coer to determine the

effect of moist may on coil Q, thc figure of fibrit of the

. "(._" t.‘ y, . q—: m- r‘ ,2 Q -. J— '.- ‘ r- fi“ . ‘1. .-- - ’ ,n f“ _ - .-
COll 1.1”: ;;f.;c:.S-_,[‘LLL ‘HILJI' tilt: .L-,OOI)cOll-t;«_fiet l‘JOtL .t-Ifl; JKTJI‘.

LS' 125 gleced in the 1 7/8—inch liznetgr core of a coil
round on 0 31:9? form. The coil 11sec in Test IA had a Q

o: 349 at 2.5 Legacyclcs and an inductawcc of 2. 48 Lb LLcn
GLIWZ7. The Innfixar CI'IIDLI; on fix: coil ueci1:h1 Test 7‘

was rcfivced in C“QCT to “11cc 1* in e dcv cc ngich maintained

-. ,__ ,, ,. .-w- , «,1- f‘ 1 1* '1 '-'.-- ° a J. 4.1
a constant UTCFSLLC on me hey. n5 usco In LnlS test, tne

coil hLd a Q OI‘ Sol afid Lo ibductunce 01 1.48 Ln-

Mith 8 one -o: II by six-inch jlqstic bar. I
9tt¢fltion Lee 71girl to oLtaiWing eithvr constant pre SSUle

- k

on the serle or a coustc"nt weight of saxple. In T:st IB
a soging loaded QJPUQLP LES used to place toe hay under
Eul LLKI'M~J1 te—J :7 inmifccve DI%:SSQKre. (Séffi Fi*i7?9 153) 13’
fillflgyj Iii: celJ so tfnfit INN; cc: qw;ssed.lxai tn cfl?‘the

‘ a ,, ,.(.- 1.. .1."
syring 5:5 the Och for all fflStS, tne force e} —rte my toe

. . ~ 3 ‘ '1 "79‘ C'
plunger was also consteot. The coLpressIon f0Ice th 4o

 

Figure 12. Coil ce
‘- ' ‘ C,

sounds. The arcs of the “lui‘cr th 2.4 square inches re-

«L

.- —' ,,~ .. ‘ ... 'l , A . .- . ,- . a..- ,. . ’
Sultihg In a QLlMUbr wres~ose of 19 n21.

... .1— ~-, -. P ‘ v ~~—g‘ -I as 5“. I‘ -' '. ‘ V ‘ ‘ " "‘ W
I1 aJJ_ wests tgb wri/.Lqe Cut t5)c¢1capgrOXIm£im3IlenLtn

'1‘ x " 1 " 1 '. ~ " ‘. ' r“‘ '3 . ‘ m1“ — ,-.
o 1' e "Cglfiu oLSIer. ILe averove

or OLCLJ1L I :1 c1 ixi crocm bu II“. _I

--4 ’ ,“H ,‘l - r-r-
\ ei-‘=t CW s*~~ e ‘”?c ~y» ~ “w,c ,_. »-- ~ »~
' Ki“ «.- —\-J.I -A-.. IJ'IV‘.) \ L. L; |_~1.‘L-1 . I. \' 3.1.: ~U‘ t‘d’L—IU.

*3
m
l
r)
f)
H
L
('1
(v
('3
O
2
r‘
I
(I)
".3
O
J

lr'lIL.

U)
C 3
j}
l 4;)
0
L4
1—!
3

a test frocofiflre LL

(3) Sgyplc selectef and out to OLE ; 11f inch 1- ths.
(b) *“" ins rted in core of coil and teyged.. (lend

“—’~J

(c) Coil a“? coLLeCtefl to Q-Lctcr Loo cagzcitonce

I . (T I~I nj»fixftion.11suelJ£7 tcmfli

“CC thfl one Linute.)

«LgJLJ

'._J

(d) S: pie roched from coil 3L3 teig1~fl for moisture
(ieterndqution by'CNflfll dryifugwgetnod.

1‘

IA. The relationsgip m; tr; 5n. IMOlStUI'e

In
a
b
_+.

2. Resvltc

contant aLd coil Q for hand packing of tho ““WWle is presented

in GT‘Uh I. Over the I:r*e 0" LOISJKLC co tents LQLS‘ICd

V
t.
[—1
CD
"3
”D
_..J
D
D
U)
D
F)
J
(7’
r
c
C
C)
:3
cf
9
(7‘
O
1—“
U)
C:
)5.)
HS
(D

(Q to A8 vcrcent

Ol»nll out een LOisture

(‘3
o
’1
2
,_1
of
t ")
.3
.J
1.17.3
' )
d-
‘J
C I
0
F3
1,
3

“sure of 19 psi on the

O
O
H
’1‘
r.
ff
3
O
‘3
3
t
7‘1
I?
!-+_
(-
‘2’
f 3
b J
_J
:.__J
(
\T
*2
5
J
[.—
U

85-1.73533 is :wescntgd in G 5:911 II. Only three diffs-rent

4.x

‘terts mere includod in this test so tn;t the

QHIIICCLt. A trend to L-Td

 

 

 

 

.I I 4.1 1|11 lei-lull".- 1!-lo!|10|ll.!1 1!!!
4 _ L U
. . o N . .
- 1 ‘ . . .
. . . a _ 4 4 _ . _
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7U) paitfil_el.12itu tin (iietrfiluytel co.w;citx (if toe (mail as
shown in Figure 15. This distributed capacitance is the re-

sult of the electrostftic iield in the core noteriel and the

air near the coil prodrced by the voltage difference between
turns. Emittii (39) stzted that the presence of distri“ute
c-*ocit" thrcdrccs -oosrs in the coil Lcczusc so-c of tn
electrostatic stora'e invvlvcs solid dielectrics thich ere

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q

‘3 \ ' t. r' - /‘ f'\ . J- : ", "\ ' ' . \ f" 4'“! I‘ .H '. ... v , r':w n q - 1
tie series BuleLMWCu of t_c octall Coil. Slace an QQQCQ

series resistance will lower tie Q of the coil, the insertion
of the imperfect dielectric, moiS' hey, will cause a decrease
in the Q-iactor..

Hev moist re dCtC‘L nation by the coil m tnol is es-

sentially therefore, 2 measurercot of the hey poter factor.
Tnis retuod was not iDVCStiQEtOC further for the following
reasons:

(3) Later tests tit; cedecitors indicated no con-
Sistcnt relotionsgifi betxeeo hav mower Lo tor an: moisture
content.

3 m1“ - "'r- .- (“I “-"n ' " "1': w ‘1 "'. ‘~ ' ‘ z- ~v-
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ngensive instruments for field usem

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Actual Coil Resistance of Coil

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Distributed Capacitance

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Cl
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2. Results. Graph III presents tub 1cl tion-nii lrt-Cen
especitence and celculeted Q of the capacitor and frecuency.
Values of capacitance have not bben corrected ior edge effect
or stray cajecitences. The value of lead capacitance was

not considered nut MES KEQt ewwrolinitclv coastent eecn tine

by KEEJLU; the leads in shoot the sane dosition £01 ea ch

3. _H; W7 sis. Tnis test indicated tnet tiere has very
little clenée iL ceoaci tchC between frequencies of 130 &-d
700 120., “using; 11:23; at 53 y-rcent 1' mist-”ire content. Con-

siC‘ crin tnat tne relegation fretueucy of tne mstCr polar

molecules i shout 1,600 LC;EC"cles, enonelous diCWC“C1on

U)

due to these nolccrlcs st tnese frequencies 1c “ ld uOt le
expected nor mes it encountered.. Any enorelous disgersion

t

O

in this frequency range would vroc .oly be due to the effe

(‘Q

vari tions in ionic or interrLc iel pole: is :tions.. since

1‘“;

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cagtcitgnce dig not d(CrQ&SJ mitn ireguency, the effect of

tnese polei izations in tnis ire-tenor range 1% be con-
sidered constant. Evidentelly this frequency ran 5e is n t
near the releXetion frequency of interieciel mioL r1 zetions.
Therefore, the capacitance die to these polarizations snould
remain ceistent and not e11 ct the 1-tc1o s oi a moisture
peter based or. the die lectric ret Iod. Altich-n this hy-
pothesis jf€1fllocd on only'cnns‘t st, ledngr tests showed no

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. .4 . 4 . . .. . 4 L . . . - .4 -..-34--....L-l3 . 3 4 4. “Ln-M. . . -. - R.- .-.-461.41- . 4 ..
. . . 4. ... 4 .-. -. aim-f.- .. _. 4 4 1.1.... .. a. m». 4E _ ._ .45..-.
4..-.114-1111- Ln-irur i-libfil... . .14: ii... 0 . 4 _ 4 4 . a 4 1.5.4 . . 4 - .4.. I .. ...4 .4- .. - r. . .. . . . . >41 ..
4 - 4 4 4 -. 4 _. 4 “bl-tuli41161MlI air-TI‘Q‘I4I'IPI- 4'4? L 4 4 4 4/..11 - 44Vo11uw’ :4. I» 1.4 s-i If. 4 4 . ...
. 4. 1 .4. .. 4--.- -4-1 4. . 4 _ .N . 4 4 4 .. 4 +1 r o 4 ---....-..-.-4-».4 .
..-i- ...-J. _ 4 - .m .4 4 ..-. .-4- 4-31-9.1- . .4. _ - wt .. . .... .
4 4 . 1 4 . t 111 111 11.1.1.1. 4 . 4 . . . . 4 - fiv--. a . -, --.. . - .- .. 4 .
. .4 .4. 4. -.. .4 .. A 4 . 4 1 ...-l-..- 4 1 -1-4 . . L . . . . -.--.-.. .....- -.fi -... . -..-.- ---
.4 4 4- -..V..:.- -4. -4.-:14... . 4 4 4 4 . 4 4 4 i 1 tilt L. 4.. . 1. 4 “1 P -
. .1 1+ - 4 . 1 . . . 4 4- 4-4 ...- . 4... 4 -... . . . 1 4 4 .l i}
. . . . 1 1!- J-ll 4 . e . . . . 4 -. .. . . - --.-.-. 4.1-4.-.. . . . .. . .
4- .. 4 .. 4 . . 4 . 1 F - J:- t 4 4 4 . .4.. 4 4 4 . .1- 93%... 7 .- --4 ... -4.- . . 4
4 |4 o .. . -. .mu 4..- ..wl- . 4. - 4. m _ m 4 0 JI‘ h J“, . Iw|| . . .- Q. 4 4 ~l0 1‘14 . 9|.- 0%-io .I4
.---.4-:- . .. . . _ ,. .m .-.-.... m H ..i... .1 m. .4 .
. -4.--.. 14-1-4--. 4 -_ H . ... . _ 4 .. .- - ...... .2... .. m --....Lt- . L 4 -. .. 4
.4 ...-....- .-.. . 4. 4 .4 .. .- L 4 L I.»- 4 pry. .4 4 ..- .... i ...-4..- 4 I.-. ...-34--...- i 4
4 4 . 4 -.--4 4 .- 4 4 . . 4. 4 4 q I. A 1‘17 4- . 4 . 4! 14.....-
. . 4 . . -4 - .4.-.-.- 4- . . 4 4 . hU. p-D b . - . .
--...--..--.r--.-4- -.- - . . . . -4.-.- .. ....- ., ...H4C4e<u4 .. w . 4
- . _ L . . 1.1.1.31. 4 -. ..-L . .. 4 4 . .. --.---.4 5-. SEE-...}. .- ..--.. - .-. ; ... .
-1.. .4 i4- .. :4. 1 -.. . . :1 ii} .1 T 4 .- 4 4 ... 4 .. . 4..-...14-1-1-t... .-.-
-:-. . . . . .. -. .4. . .. .. - 4 . .. e .4 4 . 1 .
4“ ¢ L l.[ r 4 . 4 . u -..vif .l.-I.1 .IIPI.-..¢ I . . 4.] Ill . ir ‘IPI
4 4 4 4 A. . U .rJVlu 4 4 4 4 4 4 . .4 - 4. - .I- H- - 9 4--- .. . 4 . 4 4. 4 . I...
- 4 . . .. {-4 r . r - q . ... --.. ---- : .... . .
. . 4 - -- . 4 4 _ . . . - -. r, .4 H 4 . .... 4.-
.---. -.. .1 . . -..-:7... 4. ... ....J- -...1. I.
.. 4 .4 . 4 . -..-J . . ..l..- . . . . w . 4. .-- -4... . 4--.--..-- .. 4 1 ... . 4.. ... 4 45L. 4- i
4 --.4- -4- . 4 . . 4 . iii-pl 4 4. . 4 4 - . 4 h . . 14.-....- . ..t . . . T .
4 _ 4 . 4 14-- - 4- ..- - _. 4 4 1 .-F- 11 .-IT-lrI-ttnl4-.l.-|-4lt.-.I1-4I - - . .4--$.4- .-.-.4 -..-3.-.]..- 4
. - 4 |4fl-V 4.. 4 4 .4 . . 3.4- - v :4. I-4l r m . . 4. . . 4 {Jr-341’. . 14. 441. L m .4 4
t 4+ .r- N .. ........... . ..--34:1.- :4 ... . 4 . 4 iii-17.4.1.1!
r . . . . F ._ 4. 11.0 v.15‘- .- .u ...-1.... ¢ '11 ..--..- 4. . .w
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percent Les pieced Let oer tne alotes of tne c.;ecitor unit
used in tnis test, only a sli¢nt or, in tie case of higher
moisture content ney, zero deflection of tne Q volt meter
Les observed at the point of resonance. Tiis effect in-
dicated tnet tne conductivity of the nay toaetner with tne
dielectric absorption nos so great tnat toe cepscitor Q has
reduced to en unmeosureblc value. Attorgts to insulate tne

plates with en insulztiov varnisr did not grove successful

p.

for the radio Ireouency voltages being u5eo.

Tue primary reason for using a cspethor Mitn plates
in direct contact with the hey n31 been to elirinete tne
criect of enotncr unencwn and gerhaps verging dielectric
material between the jlrtes. Since tnc conductivity of the
gay graveqtcd tgis Effr‘iph, all otnor c gacitors used in
tne work here of e trje used by Lert end Sonocnleber (:5)
(57) in their prelirinsry tors. Tnc capacitors need by toese
investigctors hid the rctsl plates ettccned to toe outside
of a plywood box union Served es toe issunctind medium.

(See Figure 9)

In order to deterrine tne general properties or tpis
t/ge of device, a number of rundon tensorerents at vcriczs
noisture contents, fretuencies,.end conditions of poCning
were nede. Toese eXperi ants comprise Test 113 of the in-

vestigetions.

[’- I ' w I". I" 4- ‘ n' Q ~ - Q C ~ I A ' -.— r -« ‘- ' ‘.‘ I '7 ‘1 ‘
do A'? ‘w: Tat/LLB L 1‘3 .‘i‘OCcCl‘I‘eo I?) taii‘C’SU chLb, Ali»! ‘..-.E‘-

 

placer in e varnished glytood biz Levin; inner dimensions

9 ‘ «'7' '2 4 v r; ~ i .r r
or a A 7 o/e A lo l/2 incnes. Tao SJLCt steel giates, l/lo i
6 X 10 inches, gore held in gltcc on the ortside of toe box

1 \ '7 'a' " '93 - -r< .- '-,, —.—.- -.. ,r-|'\ " " A‘.’,"
of Leone oi tLo Loouen strips on ego“ side 1 lte; togetner.

Q
{J
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F 1
b
<
C3
8‘
H
(D

One end of tge box was open. The other end a:
‘3ete to elIOW'tLL:IL;r'to'be 3‘sned tnrough and out oi‘txma
box when a test Lad been corgleted. Loisture contents mere
determined lgr‘tic oven I;/ t od inxedietely eiter the readings
were taken.

The nfiv Les pooled by bend with e one pound neruer as
it has pieced in tne capacitor unit. Tnis groceot~e was
not interded to give reproducible results altnougo some
tests were repeated by rerely reLovin; tne ney and replacing
to note tge onenge in Cx and QK.

6. Resrlts. Tue resrlts of tne test :re t; bilft ed in
insLib II eLd III. Cor rectiois n:Vo not been Ltde for edge
effects, Efimxjr capacitEmess, or lead cafxxiit-iccs Since

‘V ,n, , A _ N‘J. _ ,1 ,. V. - ,7 _, - A) i, Sir. J- 4.1‘ .e .
'L-ese rectors iwwi:uuui ejjroiiLetely otg_‘_cno, wee VglflCo

' A

4..

eive e rel tive indication oi tLe ei

F43

ect of moisture content,
lengtn and enount of hey on c; ecit: noes and cover factor.

A variation of coproitence from 34 to 76 uuf in toe
moisture renge of about 19 to 70 percent mes indicated. The

val ues oi Q tore betveen 4.79 and 12.76 over tne some range

of moisture contents.

s7

TABLE I I

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u " Cid}: p-113) 7C 03 72' T
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(flit to tireewaniurtc inch lxx24tus end tfitfiiifiiflithflpés notedJ
In Lo case did toe chenqe in length or tae heye wi_:e t e 'e-
osciteuces to VLrv rore tHLr one uui

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causes inc eLsed los:es due to both incrvhsed direct c::"ent
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tLe uLit es LU lo be eigsc.ed. Sizm ce CQll or CCthuScT Q

is defined as energy stored per cycle of the “‘l‘LQ vo lte e

k.»

1 I '. .‘ " [‘1 ‘ ‘ v' - .r- 1— r— ‘V v 1 ~ ' . L" 4- - . ~ - " fl. 4" Q "4 “ “ - ‘. .-
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voltetxe, Q will :hicrLLsL:1;iL1 inCTLLSIIw'(lL3&CIttRC€
"its the Loist LLtLerl instlLt;o froL the czjacitcr plLth,
the CLch cithce incrL :sts Lt L raster iLte tLLn rLs
\‘Iiti‘; incsz.S‘1_r._; :cisturs content to result in an actual ir-

“ , l \ -. ~ m‘ -. - - ‘1‘ ~~ -_' . 1‘, ‘ . -. --\ r I ' ,- .J-
crease in Q. Inls Liicct LLs owserved in all tests

tgis type of CLchitor CCLstruction.

Test III: Tue Diechtric Proserties

[T1

of CLchitor Lateriels

In order to iLVLSLiQLTC the cicchtric preperttcs of
hay, Lt cmtion mus given to toe LL31 n of L low loss
CL.L ltor uiit LitL xiLeLsioLs in accordsnce vith sthder
fractice in testifi; Cielcctric LLteri;ls. To Sglect
mLteriLls for tgis Unit, the cielec'r;c wrojcrties of coLLon,
cneLp EL lxjr'r:LLteriLls mere investi;Ltcd.

l- A wuretus Lni,fircceiure. The dielectric constht
Lni voter factor of the Iollowin; Lat-rigls were dctcrLincd
in this test: (a) 1/2 inch l y’ocd; (b) 1/4 ilxca plywood;
(c) 1/4 iucn LLsonite “-Ilbo’rd; (d) l/3 inch Lzsonite
wellboex re; (e) l/a inch plastic.

Tests were Lede by constructing L CLchitor hLving the
material as the d’electric Lnd LLLSLrlng tge CLJLci Luce and
Qo. iiCtULIJQ , thLiwafore, tin; CLI tflfi ted ;mxm¢r chtcufiis the.
pcter rLctor of the CLchitor and not of the Laterisl. The
Foucr factor of the LLtLriLl is consiCL red as the power

chtcr of L condep er ccdt““ci:“ the flielectric and having

bl

th Legnitude of the Leglied volt: e-

The cmguzcitcr c:nfiL:luu1f the o'(lcct1ul,txmls st ed of
tno aluminum sheets hch in close contact tith the Cislectric
by means of Vaseline. LcLls :cre attached to tie Q Deter
and tie CEIE cthI gltcei Letteen the leeds after th initial
resogenc: setting had b--n ILde. Sgrin; action in the leLds
held then in contact tits the foil plates.

ifixz<iimepsions of tie cachitcrs confirued to the
tentet i4: TKCOH.CUDLUJOHS oi tge American Society for Testing
Latcritls for t<:s ts of pone? rector enC lielcctric constant
of electrical insulatinv noteriels. (l) The S?ECifiC&tiOLS
for LCbSLTCREHtS Llcre a guard Tit; cannot be teed are

(a) For most accurate measurements, one elect; ode
shall be ngrcoiebly sraller tL Ln toe otncr. (The layggr
ElGTtTOdC snLll eJCend Lt least five tines the tJiCkRGSS of
tee Ci m] ctlic bc ;ronC tle edge of the Steller electrode.)

03) PttlolLtum (Vosc lire) snLll be used as the ad-
hesive for foil electrodes. The ClQCtIOOBS s1Lll be agglied
so as to eliminate all wrinkles-

(C) The widtn of tee sneller electrode shall be at lesst

ten tixes tie tnicgncss of the Specimen.

(a

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TABLE IV ,

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(Lerge Cleatrode lt"x12" - Smgll Electr Ce 7"x7" f : 4’0 Kc)

 

 

Effuctive
Ketcrisl Dielectric Peter Series
CCLStLflt K) FLctcr (5) Resistance
(Cams)

 

1/2" 4anggcd S.“1 3.14 199
1/41“ Ely: .‘ ood {L . Ll L . 230 CC

‘ ~ .I ‘ ' (‘2 'I. 3‘ ‘ ' ‘_4 '7 ‘ h
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suitzble. Tue lnCT;LSbi losses in 3iy1coo ere grobotly
tne lesolt oi ti— :lte ind other c L coeds wgicn cothin
innr co:;lx3{ eni.EflgsorvtiVC,inLeCLles..

lme Cieicctric cons.a t of tué cogecitcr ygteriti Motld
Only resglt in ; nLgner c:chitL1ce voloe if r tle LLtCriLl.
As long as there is a :tbrtlnti l Cificrerce bctxein tie
WlClC““VlC constht or tle 19l?t hey Lni tse CL; citor
ritchI‘i: ls, tie Distortion. of tin; lot-.3? till _._;1'cd'nce EL liifige
ChthE in CLchitLuce. TLC actual Vthe of the oielec ti ic
constant is not too i: ortant Ls lonr as it is Stell. 7““

"‘. I /‘\ 3' ' r‘ -. o . ‘
OJ. Div; 193;. t CI‘lC»._L

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F. Test IV: 31% “islectric COLStZLt of Dr? Hay
If the ‘11.)t..C‘C. Of PLCLLT‘ILL" C113" i1;- jf if} a CL tip ltflT' unit
ceuscs tut cepecitence to "4L3 e, tbc cachitLLce would be
CXpectCC to CQLRQE tith the Lit 06 of gocging moist hey..

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l. h " "5'41".”CHS 17:11:. “ELECCCT ie. Ill this bub'fi, ct CongoClECJI‘

ins ccx;st11thCC_\fi ickL<301i‘cnfl co :;itc_ti:c lWLCOLififllC;L_JMIS cu?

fine itericgu Socity ior TLLtln; Late Hi ls ior testing in-
sulztind Latcrials. In order to keep the diLLDSlODS or ‘he
"1‘“‘5 r‘ c I— 0“ r C t) ;C.‘" ‘1? 711'“,- 1'\F-LH H14: filtd‘I-"Q
L-l-J—t Li.) SIACiLl [,5. DOS E") LC' '16:, C4. t 1:10:11. 2 —’ C/ $iL“J ULb-nken ‘1 kn-lew

of l.zb imcgos WQS Sglpctéd. Even With this thicnness, the

cell an so lLrge tLtt OMB-biQLth imch I":uits tis us”d

A , ‘, . ...L-1 ._ , ..,1. L1, _r,._ - _
as the insaiLt11b nLtCrLcl CCLLCCL tnC »r

uLJ L¢m_v;iLtCs 111
ordCr to rCiuce cc sts. TLC outsidC diLCwsions mere 1 1/2

"1'1 '2 -- ~-' .- .- 1 L 3:, “-2. r1 a. L '- ‘- .-
3-: ‘60 X ul 111151.118 171110. LLC 1.1151146. C’_.CI;.‘<:-I'LIEJLL»1‘.S or 8,3116 1011 may

mere 1 1/4 x 26 3/8 I :9 l/Z incLLs. mg, €1.11tz‘
Ssoun in Fi :18 15. AluLimLL rcil ElCCtIOC‘S zr" ”mi“

'1 “ "u ‘. '. "‘. 4““ 'I" "'. ‘. ‘.-‘ y :1 ' I '3‘ 7-“ - ’. ""7“". '1 ‘3 "'1“ “
;)lw.L~D .--J-b11. \I". SLLJ--1C. .LLl Ol‘(-‘.\.,I L10 Out-..- .LD. SwiiAC-LCLI‘CJ].

Cst fIOC‘dIQWE consistCfi.cnf;riCLing P’WAD“ 81K”WV‘
air dry nay (eith pCrCCut Lcistan contCnt) into thfi unit
sLKZILCcsxirirgg ELK; c:;x1cit.'. 1106: 131d (2. L x>su1wx CUT?
made in a a1QC of fquanciCs ircm 75 to 7“0 tc..

2. thpl£§.1 SiLCC tucre yes he EjviCciLble Phsn‘C in
CvgiwzitéducC:‘w'i 1 1tew'u», 10:7, ‘vsiiucs 1T1" C x?.Ciim:1ce £11d " at.
Only one fquuency, 170 he., arC ShGMfl in TAEL" V. DU” to

tLC low SpCcific gravi‘y of hay, tnC CLCtnt of may in tdu

Iit L not VLTy considCraLlj Lit; tnC snount of packin;.
V“l“1s fru~(y - thjqcb 2-1x1‘cm10tiqzll” coxitr1w11Hmf1qurL¢Cd
63.3 vwf. TLC 0131c1t1 p; 01 tLC THJt Lith1t any Lay DCtM
731;“ DLLtKQS “LL, LL)“; Cliff.

1, w- p ‘ -. "71' ~ r 1:“. r ‘ ‘, L" "L“ ~ '1‘ '1‘ \ J" ‘1 ‘ t“ J" - c‘
w o :1: 1r: 1“! .1)-‘L-S . _L;.' ".L --.: ’v'l‘x C b; J.C 001.5,. LI»: 1‘. b 0.1. 011C: I.L11L1‘1_-__1

-- u 1 .1 ‘r‘ ,‘1- v a" ~v- _\ r‘ ‘ ,.
C111-” 175? quJC. 119308 ILLU. b6 CELLCCl1T1tL'C-i

‘s 1 oilxmrs: Tim: Ct 1LCfifi‘sr Ilsaél in_111is imsst Ij“: iae

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VALUES "F (“32203-3 02 3.1.4.) L“ CLTr.;Q;L will; 'Vmplth ALLLLES

OF DISC -..AY LI 134m; bg'Li3z4.C TCR (f : 17C?- KC)

 

 

Density of Bay Cagacitance
Sample NUanpI‘ (lbs. / ftoo ) OX (1111:?) Q};

 

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E CLNJZIr'Yt .irLLtj:.1 . Oil; 1, 01 a” - Lg, ftl'UEkJi.

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3370 EiLfr.inLun iw‘il (alt :trCWUss YAJTB Lu;li. La -flUJCL.(N1 6; on
Scnge. Thu large elcctrcde MLS
9 X 15 'b 7 2c :Ad he 9L;Ll eLcctrcde kLS 7 X 12 incdas.

1‘ 1W :1? 1‘}; 1:1 1’: S O I. l OI" ;

1-6;VQ'.;;;ts:x :91L r.vc.x‘ 'VF-11 t trk gcnl.e;LactTmmues as
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that, curcu Llffilffi ;;y

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actut thLVU LuUQS to Elie- tic LOLC “Tb b0 u” LbSOJUQd by
J‘“\ 'L " ' ’2 " .4 ‘ ‘\ m - ‘,.\ - . -‘-j- - - g. ,- . «‘— 27~k ':'. J—‘-‘ 1‘. - "v34
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(ictcifi;iimxi Lgr ELK? OVIfl] rij (K! iiwm: in.c *242vca» Cur;5Jé;s tcnren.

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from Efwfil 30x. first scr'dxazu s t .cm at t-x:1mfi;lnulng

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01 caca civcrinent Unilc tuc saconu s;:=lc LLS sclcctcu at

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tVMD'VVJJb;S iii crdci"to CCLlua'sctn: IOl‘Ede CII7lNQ Yu-lCfl

occurred during the testing gcricd cf abcut tncuty Linutcs.

In ccucu*tin; each test 'cndou axcunts of day acre

1 ‘ (

selectcd trek thc box of tre tea guy and pacgcd into tnc

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TABLE VI. Tnc linccr rc regs on anes UL tcgiCitince lefl

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WClbnt 0L scpgie are wlottcc in Graph IV. brow t 6 ii 5,

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have bcen obtained and glottcd in Graphs V ENG Vi, re-

Sjcctivcly..

75

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Ioisture Centcnt Wcight of 5;-918 Capzcitance
Pcrcent Pounds Ux--uuf Qv

 

 

Cell :;gty 20 50-9

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11.4.: Ooh-£10 ("3 0090

11.4 Av. 11.4 0.955 51 :.¢4

5.5 AV. 15.4 xo5

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T1313 v1 (cc TigCLD)

 

 

 

 

.. ..‘f‘——T———————‘
L;}101tunce

Keisture Content heigut or Saygle

Percent

Pounds

CX-‘UUf

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$5.0
$0.0 AV.

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42.4

40.7 AV.

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1.330

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75

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7.10

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Loisture Content
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Moight of 8:21;."

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1.000
1.110
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lhrge ntLUaT o: Cat;les. c 7d Lave to be tested under actual

field conditions and a crrv; plott cot bv dryiu; the s t:les

' 7. 4—‘ r - . . x . , \_ 4,- .‘ ;. '_ _ . f , T, '. .:_ .f H .‘..‘I n _. _ ‘1
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Three cormom Letnwos of LélSUTLMQ cagocitance using
radio frtqueicy voltoqcs are: (l) resononce notood; (2)
heterodyne tone Metnod- CDQ (3) bridge method. The reso-
nance MLtuOd Les selected for the following reasons:

(1) LQUiQMUMt needed for tLLs method is relctsvely

incxgensivc. Cost vas ccz1sich d in the ce51;n of this

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(EQULtion 15)

.crlficnt of csjtcitor

’

116 KCJL;CQ

1-‘—.
\‘4‘-..

V2: 011 tUL

g .. .‘- 4. ‘. ,— .
OL.CJ O. L¢_C: ].O_
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.— C 1.~ ,- - L , :- CC
C; I]. L-) C3 t C. :1". \ (CC C C

<\I’r\j'
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circuit must be

The ancunt of c

a mC28tjm_ or t:
CCHCJXIbfl? of 3C

fievelcpCd ECIOS

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at VCQUQC

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h
TESLS 1.1.1106 Of T,

E‘LC‘JC tC 1'

t. Céfll

f the Iollomin;

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unit

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A.

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_ _ '1 - -
flycathd

G OS I11-CCI

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CCS in the WJVJTCCLHC“ and cz‘u.cit0”.) ?y
C’guwa“d VLIi,%CC cvaCLCCI, C, the CWTCUCt
: on.nne. ugru tAC CCpCCitor unit c n-
SCI LC is “onlCctCC in garallcl ”jth C, the

of C.

.- '—{-~4— , 4-
cdbllp CICCl/l L;
-;L.{1LJ€ 1.11 01;“.

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C- 3.20 CtCC'LCC OI. bllk‘ tCs C 0.- 3CCCLCC-I‘. TLC

sonance is 11,615 ath by Ca.CICI voltage
8 th conbiuction of capacitors. Actually,

d<Cs fiCt angcr at rC OHCWCC, but ratner
&)CCLTCJC€ Em C? from ICsonance CCtCrClnCC

(xnxdtion:
CT, ,, : l - ~
>.(_;.J-,_ fin.— ""-... .q . a
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‘LC_CLCts CC‘WMCC indjxxytino Cite TCJ;.CCCu£3L s

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JfKJLuOL 1:, CIA-C 11“]. VI I"; “L“L) (I. LAC

itLRC' oitai;cd from tLC SCttin; of variable
iLl Gr~r~C, tACTQlCTC, to SOLO czteat on the

be circuit

a

Containing .Cral relation-

.5

C ..-C .~ r -4 fl ‘ -». . ~ WV .I‘ N'\ ' "~ ~IH. ya p-v— ,3 '
Cl“ iCCLOI‘ C410. T..C.'lStCCIC cult/CUTS 5.2.8 Nut/Cu 1L

 

 

 

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Figure 17
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atic dlagram of method of m
.easurement

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