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STRATIGRAPHIC SIGNIFICANCE OF FOSSIL POLLEN
AND SPORES OF THE CHUCKANUT FORMATION,
NORTHWEST WASHINGTON

Thosis far the Degree of. M. S.
MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSI'I’Y
Peter H. Griggs
1965

 

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ABSTRACT

STRATIGRAPHIC SIGNIFICANCE OF FOSSIL POLLEN
AND SPORES OF THE CHUCKANUT FORMATION,
NORTHWEST WASHINGTON

by Peter H. Griggs

The Chuckanut Formation, a series of strongly folded,
terrestrial sandstones and shales, outcrops in northwestern
Washington. The rocks have been previously assigned an
age of Upper Cretaceous to lower Eocene based upon plant
megafossils.

The microfossil flora of the standard section along
the east shore of Samish Bay was examined in order to
determine the relationship of the Chuckanut to the Burrard
(middle Eocene) of British Columbia. A zonation and envir-
onmental interpretation of the standard section was desired
for further refinement of the geological history of
Tertiary rocks in the Pacific Northwest.

Twenty—two samples, representing 9,H8u feet of section,
were examined for palynomorphs. Data were collected for
both relative frequency and stratigraphic analysis. Seventy—
nine palynomorphs are described.

The Samish Bay section is divided into three zones.

The zonation is based on changes in the relative frequency

f

and the stratigraphic range of the palynomorphs. These

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changes were brought about by changing environmental and
climatic conditions during the deposition of the rocks.
An age of Paleocene to lower Eocene is assigned to

the Samish Bay section.

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STRATIGRAPHIC SIGNIFICANCE OF FOSSIL POLLEN
AND SPORES OF THE CHUCKANUT FORMATION,

NORTHWEST WASHINGTON

By

Peter H. Griggs

A THESIS

Submitted to
Michigan State University
in partial fulfillment of the requirements
for the degree of

MASTER OF SCIENCE
Department of Geology

1965

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The writer expresses his gratitude to Dr. Aureal T.
Cross, Professor of Geology and Professor of Botany and
Plant Pathology, Michigan State University, who directed
this thesis.

Appreciation is extended Dr. C. E. Prouty, Chairman,
Department of Geology, Michigan State University, and
Dr. James H. Fisher, Associate Professor of Geology,
Michigan State University, for constructive criticism
in reading the manuscript.

Appreciation is also extended Dr. J. F. Grayson,
Pan American Petroleum Corp., Research Center, Tulsa,
Oklahoma, for the use of a Leitz Orthomat camera for

photography.

ii

TABLE OF CONTENTS

LIST OF TABLES . . . . . . . . . . . . .
LIST OF FIGURES. . . . . . . . . . . .
LIST OF PLATES . . . . . . . . . . . . .
INTRODUCTION. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
General Statement . . . . . . . . . . .

Previous Work. . . . . . . . . . . . .
GEOLOGY OF THE CHUCKANUT FORMATION . . . . . .

Regional Setting. . . . . . . . . . . .
Chuckanut Formation. . . . . . . . . . .

DESCRIPTION OF FIELD INVESTIGATION AND SAMPLING
PROCEDURE . . . . . . . . . . .

RESULTS OF PALYNOLOGICAL INVESTIGATION . . . .
Introduction . . . . . . . . . .

Palynology Applied to Stratigraphy . . . . .

Evolution. . . . . . . . . . . . .
Migration. . . . . . . . . . . . .
System of Reference Used for Plant Microfossils
Differentiated in This Study . . . . . . .
Preparation Methods. . . . . . . . . . .
Maceration . . . . . . . . . . . .
Slide Preparation. . . . . . . . . . .
Analytical Procedure. . . . . . . . . .
Photography. . . . . . . . . . . . .
Slide Depository . . . . . . . . . . .

Zonation of Lower Chuckanut Section Along the East
Shore of Samish Bay . . . . . . . . .

111

Page

vi
vii

on: t: FJFJ i4

10
12
l2
l2

13
13

1A
15

15
18
18
20

20

Page

Zonal Divisions. . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Zone A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Zone B . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Zone C . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . 2“

DISCUSSION. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

Depositional Environment . . . . . . . . . 25
Composition of the Flora . . . . . . . . . 27
Age and Correlation . . . . . . . . . . . 42

CONCLUSION. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . AS
SYSTEMATIC PALYNOLOGY . . . . . . . . . . . A7

Inaperature. . . . . . . . . . . . . . A7
Monolete. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A8
Trilete . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
Monosulcate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . S8
Polycolpate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
Tricolporate . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
Triporate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7A
Polyporate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8l
Vesiculate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83

PLATESf. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
BIBLIOGRAPHY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101

APPENDIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105

iv

Table

1.

LIST OF TABLES

Pollen and spore formulae.
Key to sculpturing elements . . . . . .
Shorthand designations. . . . . . . . .

Stratigraphic location of samples used in
zonation. . . . . . . . . . . . .

Chuckanut palynomorphs and corresponding
Burrard species . .

Chuckanut megaflora (Pabst, 1962) and possible
spore and pollen affiliations. . . . . .

Page
1”
l6
17

21
28-

31
33

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure
1. Northwest Washington-southwest British
Columbia Upper Cretaceous and lower
Tertiary outcrop map. . . . . . .

2. Stratigraphic relationship of Comox, Nanaimo,
and Bellingham Basins . . . . . . .

3. Stratigraphic range of Chuckanut palynomorphs

A. Chuckanut zonation--Samish Bay section .

vi

Page

. 7
. l9
. 22

LIST OF PLATES

Inaperturate, Monolete, Trilete.
Trilete

Monosulcate, Tricolpate

Tricolpate, Polycolpate . . .
Polycolpate, Tricolporate, Triporate
Triporate . . . . . . . .

Triporate, Multiporate, Vesiculate.

vii

Page
88
90
92
914
96
98

100

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INTRODUCTION

General Statement

 

This report is concerned with an investigation of the
stratigraphic significance of fossil pollen and Spores of
the Chuckanut Formation in northwestern Washington. Little
previous work has been done on the palynology of the
Chuckanut and associated sedimentary rocks in this area.

A complete taxonomy of the fossils is not presented at
this time because the primary purpose of this report is a
stratigraphic study. Illustrations and descriptions of
the fossil forms present are given to clarify their use

for the zonation and interpretation of the standard section.

Previous Work

 

Plant fossils from the Chuckanut were first studied
by Newberry and listed in the "Report of the Wilkes
Exploring Expedition"_published in 1855. Newberry decided
that the fossil plants were Upper Cretaceous in age. In
later work by Lesquereux (1859) and Knowlton (1902) the
strata containing these fossil plants were placed in the
Eocene Puget Group. Chaney and La Motte (La Motte, 1938)
collected and identified some fossil plants from the
Chuckanut. Pabst (1962, doctoral dissertation) reported
on the Equistales, Filicales, and Coniferales of the

l

Chuckanut Formation. This was the first attempt to systema—
tically collect from different zones in the formation and
place the floral assemblages in chronological order and
compare them with other Pacific Coast Tertiary floras.
Pabst, on the basis of these studies, concluded that the
Chuckanut Formation is late Cretaceous and Paleocene in
age. Berry (1926), after examination of the plant fossils
from the Burrard Formation, which underlies the City of
Vancouver, British Columbia, equated its megaflora with
the Eocene Puget Group.

Previous to this report there has been no systematic
or stratigraphic study of the microfossil flora of the
Chuckanut Formation, but several studies have recently
appeared in which the microfossil floras have given some
basis for stratigraphic identification of comparable
series in the general area. Rouse (1962) suggests that
both Upper Cretaceous and middle Eocene age rocks are
represented in the microfossil flora of the Burrard Forma—
tion. Crickmay and Pocock (1963) present evidence for an
Upper Cretaceous microfossil flora in a sample collected
from the Chuckanut Formation south of Deming, Washington,
on the Nooksack River. Miller and Misch (1963) correlate
the lower part of the Chuckanut Formation with the upper
part of the Nanaimo Group, based on the fossil pollen and
spore evidence from samples studied by John Fisher of

Union Oil Co. of California. The Huntingdon Formation,

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which overlies the Chuckanut, is interpreted as being
middle Eocene by Miller and Misch (1963). Rouse (personal
communication) believes that the microfossil flora of the

Huntingdon may be as young as late Eocene—Oligocene (?).

GEOLOGY OF THE CHUCKANUT FORMATION

Regional Setting

 

In the area of northwest Washington and southwest
British Columbia, rocks of two groups of formations are
found; a basement complex of pre- Cretaceous metasedimen-
taries, metamorphics, and igneous intrusives and extru—
sives, and a series of unaltered sedimentary rocks of
Upper Cretaceous to Eocene- Oligocene (?) age. The
sedimentary rocks were deposited in a large structural
basin the axis of which was northwest-southeast, essen-
tially parallel to the Strait of Georgia. During the
Cascade Range orogeny, which affected all these deposits
except the late Eocene-Oligocene, the rocks were uplifted
and folded. They now crop out along the mountain flanks
on either side of the Strait of Georgia (Figure l).

The Cretaceous-Cenozoic basin has become structur—
ally divided to form the several basins and outliers
identified in the area at the present time. Two of these
"modern” basins are found on Vancouver Island, the Comox
and Nanaimo Basins. The rock in these two basins consist
of partly marine, coal—bearing beds which are dated as
Campanian on the basis of molluscan faunas (Chrickmay and
Pocock, 1963). On the mainland side of the Strait of

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Georgia there is one large basin. Miller and Misch (1963)
have named this the Bellingham Basin. The rocks of the
Bellingham Basin are of continental origin. They crop out
along the north side of the Fraser River and in the
coastal mountains of northwestern Washington. Their age
is in dispute. They have been assigned ages from Upper
Cretaceous to upper Eocene-Oligocene (?) on the basis of
both microfossil floras and larger plant fossils. Small
outliers are also found on the mainland side of Malaspina
Strait and on the American and Canadian San Juan Islands.
The stratigraphic relationships of the rocks of the several

basins is illustrated in Figure 2.

Chuckanut Formation

 

Pre- Cretaceous strata in northwest Washington are
overlain by continental sandstones, shales, and conglo-
merates. White (1888) assigned these rocks to the Eocene
Puget Group. Later, Willis (1898), Sheed (1903), and
Jenkins (1923, 192A) mapped these rocks as part of the
Puget Group, but referred to them as the Chuckanut Bay
Sandstone. McLellan (1927) named the coal—bearing sand-
stones and conglomerates occurring in the northern part of
Lummi Island and in the vicinity of Bellingham Bay the
Chuckanut Formation. He believed these rocks formed the
lower part of the Puget Group. Glover (1935) retained the
name Chuckanut Formation in his investigation of the coal-

bearing beds in Whatcom County.

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Both Glover (1935) and Weaver (1937) gave detailed
stratigraphic descriptions for standard Chuckanut sections.
They reported 9,A8A and 11,272 feet, respectively, for
the section on the east shore of Samish Bay along Chuckanut
Drive and 8,800 feet along the southwest shoreline of
Lake Whatcom. Miller and Misch (1963) report that 15,000
feet and possibly as much as 20,000 feet of section may be
present in the area east of American Sumas Mountain.

The Chuckanut Formation outcrops in an area that
trends northeast—southwest from Samish Bay, on the west,
to the town of Glacier, on the east. It rests unconform-
ably on pre—Cretaceous rocks to the south; is overlain
unconformably by the Huntingdon Formation on the northwest;
and is in fault contact with pre—Cretaceous rocks in the
north and northeast along the Boulder Creek Fault.

The rocks of the Chuckanut Formation are strongly
folded into a series of anticlines and synclines, the
axes of which trend northwest-southeast in the area south
of Bellingham and Lake Whatcom. Northeast of Lake Whatcom
the axes of the folds trend northeast-southwest. The
structure of the rocks between the North Fork and the
Middle Fork of the Nooksack River is not completely known.
Dips within the Chuckanut range from a few degrees to
vertical and locally the rocks are overturned. There is

some evidence of minor reverse faulting and overthrusting.

The Chuckanut Formation consists, for the most part,
of massive crossbedded to evenly stratified, medium- to
coarse-grained sandstones and subordinate amounts of sandy
shales. The shales vary from pure claystones to sandy
and sometimes carbonaceous varieties. The shales are
often quite fossiliferous with abundant fragments of plant
leaves and stems. The coal seams range from a few inches
up to 8 feet in thickness. The coal and shale sequences
contain abundant pollen and spores, whereas, the sandstones
and their associated shales were found to be practically
barren. Intercalated within the sandstones and in some
places at the base of the formation are thick lenses of
conglomerate.

Good outcrops of the Chuckanut are hard to find in
heavily forested regions. The standard section along the
east shore of Samish Bay is exposed in roadcuts along
Chuckanut Drive (Alternate U. S. 99). Good exposures are
also found along the north shore of Lake Samish (Inter-
state 5) and in the roadcuts along the south shore of

Lake Whatcom.

DESCRIPTION OF FIELD INVESTIGATION AND

SAMPLING PROCEDURE

During the winter of 1963, a number of samples were
collected from the Chuckanut Formation to evaluate its
potential for a study of the microfossil flora. During
the month of September, 196“, seventy-five samples were
collected from the standard section, as described by Glover
(1935), along the east shore of Samish Bay (Appendix A)°
The section measures 9,A8A feet along the western limb of
the Chuckanut syncline whose axes trends northwesterly and
lies along the slope of Chuckanut Mountain. Much of the
lower 5,100 feet of the section is in continuous outcrop
but there are some concealed zones as much as 250 feet in
thickness. Most of the upper part of the section is con-
cealed, except for an outcrop of conglomerate at 7,700
feet above the base and a shale unit at the top of the
section. A reversal in the dip across the axes of the
syncline occurs at this point. The samples were collected
from gray shales, carbonaceous shales, and coals. Care
was taken to obtain unweathered samples, where possible,
by collecting in deep road cuts and by digging deep enough
to be beyond the effects of recent weathering. A maximum
sample interval of 50 feet was maintained where outcrops

permitted.
10

II

The base of the section is located along Chuckanut
Drive in the SW, SW, Sec. 9, T36N-R3E and the top of the
section, to the north along Chuckanut Drive, in the NE,

SE, Sec. 25, T37N-R3E.

RESULTS OF PALYNOLOGICAL INVESTIGATION

Introduction

 

Palynology Applied to Stratigraphy

 

Plant microfossils are useful for providing detailed
stratigraphic and ecologic information in many instances.
Their use in stratigraphy and the zonation of sedimentary
rocks, especially as applied to oil exploration, is
clearly indicated in the recently published S.E.P.M.
symposium; "Palynology in Oil Exploration," Aureal T.
Cross, Editor (196A).

The application of palynological methods to certain
correlation problems is most effective if the palynomorphs
in the rocks through the complete type section or standard
section of the formation are studied first. The relative
stratigraphic position is usually well known in such
sections. After examination of the residues the differ—
ences found in the floras may be sufficient to allow the
formulation of stratigraphic-palynological zones. Kuyl,
Muller, and Waterbolk (1955) list the criteria used to
characterize these zones:

a. "types which occur only in one particular zone,

or whose stratigraphic highest or lowest

12

13

occurrence is to be found at the boundaries of
that zone”;

b. "types which occur most numerously in one parti—
cular zone, or whose main distribution ends or
begins at the boundaries of that zone";

c. "a fairly constant association of types, the
lowest and highest occurrence of which are
usually to be found elsewhere in the strati-
'graphic column."

Two main factors control the differentiation of the

pollen flora in the successive layers of a formation, i.e.,

evolution and migration.

Evolution.—-The development of pollen and spores

 

runs parallel to that of the major units in the plant
kingdom. Evolution expresses itself in the appearance
of new types, the modification of existing types, grada—

tion between types, and the extinction of types.

Migration.-—Climatic and edaphic changes in environ-

 

ment result in distinctive changes in the living flora.

These changes are often sharply delineated from one strati-
graphic layer to another and are often useful in the zona—
tion and environmental interpretation of the deposition of
successive layers of the formation. The factors that control.
the changes in environment are generally a reflection of

geologic events which occur in or near the basin of

1A

deposition. Floristic changes due to migration usually
provide a more detailed picture of geologic events than
do those changes produced by evolution. Some events may
produce temporary effects on the flora of an area,
whereas, others may cause major and lasting changes.
System of Reference Used for Plant
Microfossils Differentiated in
This Study

The temporary classification system used in this
study is modeled after the "formulae" proposed by
Tschudy (1957). Each morphological type is assigned a

code designation as illustrated in Table 1.

TABLE I

POLLEN AND SPORE FORMULAE
(after Tschudy, 1957)

 

Inaperturate 0 Porate Pl
Sulcate. Sl P2
83 P3
Colpate. . . . . . Cl Pm
C2 Trilete . . . . . . T1
03 Monolete. . . . . . M
Cm Vesiculate. . . . . V
Colporate. . . . . CP2
CP3

 

15

Further subdivision is effected by an inspection of
the sculpturing elements of the pollen grain or spore.
Faegri and Iversen (196A, p. 26) present a key to the
sculpturing elements as shown in Table 2.

Each of the twelve sculpturing descriptions have
been grouped into seven shorthand designations as shown
in Table 3.

Using these "formulae” a tricolpate pollen grain
with reticulate sculpturing would be designated C3r,
plus a number indicating a tentative species designation
as C3r-5. The first species of smooth trilete spores

would be assigned the "formula," Tlsm-l, the second

T1sm-2, etc.

Preparation Methods

 

Maceration

 

Several different procedures are used in maceration
depending upon the lithology of the sample. Two procedures
were used in this investigation; one for coal maceration
and one for shale maceration. The coals were first crushed
to l/A-inch size. After thorough mixing, a 5 gram portion
from each sample was placed in a beaker and covered with
52% hydrofluoric acid for 2“ hours. After washing several
times with distilled water to remove the acid, the residue
was mixed with an equal amount (by volume) of dry potassium

chlorate and covered with concentrated nitric acid. This

16

TABLE 2

KEY TO SCULPTURING ELEMENTS
Faegri and Iversen (196A)

 

AA.

AAA.

Sculpturing elements s.s. absent

B. Surface even or diameter of pits < 1 u . psilate
BB. Surface pitted, diameter of pits ? l U:foveolate
BBB. Surface with grooves . . . . . . . . . fossulate
Radial projections of sculpturing elements :
isodiametric

B. No dimension T 1 u . . . . . . . . . scabrate

BB. At least one dimension > 1 u
C. Sculpturing elements not pointed

D. Greatest diameter of radial projections
greater than height of elements

E. Lower part of element not
constricted . . . . . . . verrucate

EE. Lower part of element
constricted . . . . . . . gemmate

DD. Height of element greater than
greatest diameter of projection

E. Upper end of element not

thicker than base . . . . baculate
EE. Upper end of element
thicker than base . . . . clavate
CC. Sculpturing elements pointed . . . echinate

Radial projections elongated (length at
least twice breadth)

B. Elements irregularly distributed . . . rugulate
BB. Elements parallel. . . . . . . . . . . striate

BBB. Elements forming a reticulum . . . . reticulate

 

17

TABLE 3

SHORTHAND DESIGNATIONS
(after Tschudy, 1957)

 

Psilate (smooth) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . sm
Foveolate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . f
Scabrate

Verrucate

Gemmate (projections) . . . . . . . . p
Baculate

Clavate

Echinate (spiny) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sp
Fossulate

Rugulate (striate) . . . . . . . . . . st
Striate

Reticulate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . r
Cicatricose. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .cic

 

mixture (Schulze Solution) was allowed to stand from 30
minutes to 12 hours. The residues were again washed in
distilled water to remove the acid, then treated with a 5%
solution of potassium hydroxide for 5 to 30 minutes.
Washings were made with distilled water until the residue
was neutral. The shales were macerated in more or less
the same manner with usually more time in the hydrofluoric
acid and less time in the Schulze Solution. All residues

were stained with Safranin 0. Preparations were stored

18

in an aqueous solution containing a few drOps of acetic

acid as a preservative.

Slide Preparation

 

The residues were mounted in Clearcol on cover
slips and allowed to dry. The cover slips were then in—
verted and mounted on the slide with HSR (Harleco Synthetic

Resin). Five slides were made from each residue.

Analytical Procedure

 

0f the seventy—five samples collected only twenty—
six had good preservation of the pollen and spores.
Twenty-two of the twenty-six were selected for examination.
The other four good samples were not used because of the
close spacing of some of the samples in the coal units.

Slides from each sample were examined in two ways.
First, each slide was examined to see what forms were
present regardless of relative frequency. From results of
this qualitative analysis, a stratigraphic range chart
could be constructed for the section (Figure 3 L Next,
relative frequency counts were made from each sample. A
minimum of five hundred spores and pollen grains were
counted for each sample, approximately one hundred grains
per slide and five slides per sample. These data were

used to plot relative frequency diagrams for the section.

l9

 

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20

Photography

 

Photographs were taken with a Leitz Ortholux micro—-
scope and a Leitz Orthomat camera using a Fluorite 95/1,
54/1, or AO/l objective and no filter. The photographic

film used was Kodak Panatomic—X.

Slide Depository

 

All slides have been deposited with the paleontology
collection of the Geology Department, Michigan State

University.

Zonation of Lower Chuckanut Section AlOng
the East Shore of Samish Bay

Zonal Divisions

 

Three zones based on plant microfossils have been
established for the lower Chuckanut section. The zonation
is based on an analysis of the stratigraphic range and
relative frequency of nineteen selected forms. The stratih
graphic location of the twenty-two samples used is shown
in Table A. The data on which the zonation is based is

shown in Figure 4.

Zone A.——Triporate pollen are less abundant than
form #7 in Zone A (compare graphs D and E). Form #7 is
found in high abundance in most of the samples throughout
the section, reaching a high of 62% in sample #6. Although

three species of triporate pollen, #1, #2, and #3 range

21

TABLE A

STRATIGRAPHIC LOCATION OF SAMPLES
USED IN ZONATION

 

Sample No. Maceration No. Collection No. Strat. Location*

 

22 Pb 3791 PG 9/9/6A-1A 5170'

21 Pb 3799 PG 9/9/64—6 3870'
20 Pb 520A PG 9/8/6u-11 3160'
19 Pb 5203 PG 9/8/64—10 3135'
18 Pb 5212 PG 9/8/6u-8 3095'
17 Pb 5207 PG 9/8/6u-3 2955'
16 Pb 5205 PG 9/8/6u—1 2925'
15 Pb 522A PG 9/u/6u—8 2820'
1A Pb 3771 PG 1/3/6u—A 2795'
13 Pb 5221 PG 9/u/6u—5 2380'
12 Pb 5218 PG 9/u/6u—2 2285'
11 Pb 5217 PG 9/u/6u-1 2265'
10 Pb 523A PG 9/3/6u—17 22u5'
9 Pb 5233 PG 9/3/6u—16 2228'
8 Pb 5230 PG 9/3/6u—13 2145'
7 Pb 5229 PG 9/3/6u—12 2112'
6 Pb 52u1 PG 9/3/6u_7 2000'
5 Pb 52u0 PG 9/3/6ue6 1925'
u Pb 5237 PG 9/3/6u—3 1690'
3 Pb 3786 PG 9/11/64—3 625'
2 Pb 3777 PG 1/2/64-2 uu3'
1 Pb 3781 PG 1/2/6u—6 377'

 

*feet above base of section

22

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23

throughout Zone A they are rarely abundant enough to be
encountered when counting 500 grains (graph A, B, and C).
Form #3 reaches a peak at the boundary between Zones A

and B. Tricolporate pollen are abundant enough to account
for up to 3.5% of the total microfossil flora in Zone A
(graph F).

Only one significant form has a stratigraphic range
that is restricted to Zone A. This is the triporate grain,
#11. Two types first appear near the top of Zone A, #12
and #13. These two were found only at the boundary between

Zones A and B.

Zone B.-—The flora of Zone B is markedly different
than that found in Zones A and C. Triporate pollen become
more abundant in this zone (graph D), especially the two
forms, #1 and #2 (graphs A and B). In the upper part of
Zone A and throughout the lower third of Zone B, #7
(graph E) attains high percentages in several samples.

The percentages of all tricolporate pollen (graph F) drop
to very low levels in the lower part of Zone B. However,
they show a peak at the upper boundary of Zone B.

The lower part of Zone B is marked by the first
occurrence of a number of new forms. Besides the two pre—
viously mentioned, which occur first at the top of Zone A,
four distinctive forms first occur in the lower part of

Zone B. Two of these, #15 and #16, occur only in Zone B

24

and appear to be good marker Species for this zone. The
other forms that first occur in the lower part of Zone B
are, #14 and #17.

The boundary between Zones B and C is marked, in this
section, by the disappearance of thirteen types. Form #3
and #14 have their top in sample #20. Forms #4, #5, #6
and #18 have their tops in sample #18. Forms #8, #9, #10,

#15, #16, and #19 have their tops in sample #17.

Zone C.—-The spores and pollen and their percentages
of occurrence in Zone C is more nearly similar to Zone A
than Zone B. The upper limit of the zone has not been
established because sample material was not available from
the upper part of the section. The triporate pollen drop
off in abundance from that found in Zone B, although they
are more abundant than in Zone A (graph D). The triporate
and tricolporate pollen and form #7 all show increasing
abundance in the top two samples (graphs D, E, and F).
There are no good stratigraphic forms that are restricted

to Zone C.

DISCUSSION

Depositional Environment

 

The major characteristic changes in the microfossil
flora which differentiate Zone B from Zones A and C are
interpreted as being due to environmental and climatic
conditionscontrolling the flora rather than to evolution-
ary changes.

The sediments of the Chuckanut Formation were de—
posited subaerially on a wide alluvial plain close to sea
level. The nearest highlands were to the north and north-
east, beyond the present Cascades. Large streams flowing
from the highlands to the sea deposited sediment in the
Bellingham Basin from perhaps as early as Upper Cretaceous
time, continuing on into the late Eocene or early
Oligocene.

The sequence is characterized by thick sandstone and
thinner shale units that show great lateral variation.
Most of the gray shales, carbonaceous shales, and minor
coal seams are richly fossiliferous. In some places the
fossil leaves are so densely matted on the bedding surfaces
that it is very difficult to distinguish the outlines of
single leaves in the mass. Casts of large logs are often
found embedded in many of the sandstones. Some of these

stand vertically, in situ, with their roots still

25

26

discernable in position in the thin coal seams or shales in
which they grew. Nowhere in the Chuckanut Formation have
there been found any marine fossils that would indicate
marine deposition.

The sediments exhibit a great variety of sedimentary
structures. Crossbedding, ripple marks and mud cracks are
common. Armored mudballs and flute casts can also be found
in many outcrops.

All physical evidence indicates that the sediments
were deposited in forested coastal swamps and backwater
areas near river mouths where rates of sedimentation were
quite varied. Both brackish and fresh water swamps werei
often buried by irregular sheets and great lenses of sand
which were deposited during high water inundations. Con—
tinuous subsidence in the depositional basins was balanced
by deposition. The surface of the area was thus maintained
at or near sea level.

Thick sandstone units are characteristic of Zones A
and C. These sandstone units are usually associated with
thinly-bedded shales and, in some instances, conglomerates.
In Zone B the massive sandstones are not as prominent and
are split by interbedded carbonaceous shales and thin coal
seams. The shales and coals in Zone B contain abundant

pollen and spores throughout this interval (Figure 3 )..

27

Zone B represents a time when the east shore of
Samish Bay was occupied by fresh water swamps and brackish
lagoons. The swamps and backwater areas were at some dis-
tance from the large streams that carried coarse sediment
into the area during deposition of Zone A sediments and

those that followed in Zone C.

Composition of the Flora

 

The microfossil flora of the Chuckanut Formation
indicates that a warmer and more humid climate than that
of today existed in this area of the Pacific coast during
early Tertiary time. This is in line with the evidence
presented by Pabst (1962) from the megaflora of the
Chuckanut and by Rouse (1962) from the microfossil flora
of the Burrard.

The seventy-nine palynomorphs described in this
paper are listed by coded designations in Table 5, along
with their corresponding generic names. Those genera and
species that also occur in the Burrard are indicated as
well as other pertinent occurences.

Although Pabst limited herself to the study of non—
flowering plants in her thesis on the Chuckanut megaflora,
she was able to present considerable evidence for recon-
struction of the climatic and environmental conditions due
to the large number of species present. Her paper includes

twenty-two species. These are assigned to one genus of

8
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32

scouring rush, fourteen genera of ferns in seven families
and two orders, and five genera of conifers in two families.
The megaflora and possible spore and pollen affiliations

are listed in Table 6.

Of the twenty types of Spores described in this paper,
eight are assigned possible affiliations with the Chuckanut
megaflora. The monolete spore, Mp-l, may possibly be
assigned to the genus Danaea. Pabst describes a new

species, Danaea borealis, and notes that it is the first

 

time Danaea has been described from the Tertiary. The
living genus Danaea is terrestial in habit and is res-
tricted to the Neotropics.

Four spores are assigned to the family Schizaeaceae.
Two of these, Tlcic—l and Tlcic—3 are placed in the form—

genus Cicatricosisporites. The other two, Tlst-l and Tlst-2,

 

are possibly affiliated with the genus Anemia. Pabst des-

cribes two genera from this family, Lygodium kaulfussii

 

and Anemia elongata. Both of these genera are represented

 

by modern species in tropical and subtropical regions in
both hemispheres.
The three spores, Msm-2, Msm-3, Msm—4, are identical

to Laevigatosporites albertensis,_L; discordatus, and L.

 

 

ovatus, respectively. These three spores also occur in the
Burrard and Rouse states that they are probably related to

Dryopteris and Asplenites. Three species of Dryopteris

 

 

are described from the Chuckanut megaflora. Dryopteris is

 

33

TABLE 6

CHUCKANUT MEGAFLORA (PABST, 1962)
AND POSSIBLE SPORE AND POLLEN AFFILIATIONS

 

Tracheophyta

Sphenopsida
Equisetales
Equisetaceae
Equisetum newberryi Knowlton
& Cockerell
PterOpsida
Filicineae
Marattiaceae
Danaea borealis Pabst Mp-2 (?)
Filicales
Schizaeaceae Tlcic—l, —3
Lygodium kaulfussii Heer
Anemia elongafa (Newberry) Knowlton Tlst—l, —2 (?)
Pteridaceae .
Pteris whatcomensis Pahst
Dennstaedtia delicata Pabst
Cyatheceae
Cyathea pinnata (MacGinitie) La Motte
Aspidiaceae Msm—2, -3, -4
Rumohra bartona Pabst
Dryopteris cfifickanutensis Pabst
Dryopteris gIbbsi Pa5§t
Dryopteris whatcomensis Pabst
Athyrium gracillium Pabst
AllantodiOpsis erosa Knowlton & Maxon
Blechnaceae
Salpichlaena serrata Pabst
Woodwardia clarus Pabst
Lorinseria aurora Pabst
Polypodiaceae
Polypodium alternatum Pabst

 

 

Gymnospermae
Coniferales
Taxodiaceae
Matasequoia occidentalis (Newberry)
Chaney S
Taxodium dubium (Sternberg) Heer S
Glyptostrobus dakotensis (Heer) Brown S
Cupressaceae
Libocedrus interrupta (Newberry)
Pabst
Juniperus washingtonensis Pabst Opvl (?)

 

34

probably the most frequently recognized genus of ferns in
the North American Tertiary. The present distribution of
the modern genus is temperate in both the New World and
Old. Pabst states that "the Chuckanut species find their
closest modern relatives in Mexican and Central American
species."

Three spores, Osp—l, Tlp—l, and Tlp-3, appear to be
related to the genus Osmunda and are placed in the fossil

genus, Osmundacidites. Although Osmunda spores occur in

 

the Burrard, Osp-l is the only Chuckanut spore that re-

sembles Rouse's Osmundacidites (Designate Tl), Tlp-l and

 

Tlp—3 appear to have no counterpart in the Burrard micro-
fossil flora. Osmunda is a temperate and tropical fern

found in moist woodlands and swamps in the northern hemi»
sphere. .

The large nondescript spore, Msm-l, appears to be

identical to Magnosporites staplinii, a new genus and

 

species described by Rouse from the Burrard. Although
Rouse offers no suggestion in regards to botanical affinity
he suggests that it is probably associated with fresh water
plants, as these spores are found only in fresh water de-
posits.

Two Spores, Tlsm-6 and T1sm-8, are apparently of the
genus Sphagnum. No affiliation below the generic level is
offered for T1sm-6. Tlsm—8 appears to be conspecific with

Sphagnum antiquasporites Wilson and Webster which Rouse

 

35

reports from the Burrard. Sphagnum is usually indicative
of acid peat bogs. Another spore that indicates moist

Woods or peat bog environments is Lycopodium fastigioides

 

Couper (Tlr-l). This genus has not yet been reported in
the Burrard flora.
The monolete spore, Mp-l, appears as though it might

be similiar to Verrucatosporites (Polypodiisporites) favus

 

Pflug and Thompson. Rouse believes that this spore, which
is present in the Burrard, represents the perispore from a

specimen of Laevigatosporites albertensis or L. ovatus.

 

The trilete Spore, Tlsm-7, has been assigned to
Gleichenia concavisporites Rouse. This spore occures in
the Burrard and is also reported from the Upper Cretaceous
Oldman Formation (Rouse, 1957). In his discussion of g:

concavisporites from the Oldman, Rouse comments that the

 

descriptions given by Selling (1946) for g. emarginata and

 

g. linearis from the Hawaiian Islands are very similar to

that of g. concavisporites.

 

Tentative generic names are assigned to three other
Chuckanut Spores. Specimens of Tlsm-l, appear to be

similar to Microlepia. Rouse illustrates a spore from the

 

Burrard which he has tentatively assigned to this genus.
Two other spores, Tlsm—9 and Tlsm-lO, are questionably

assigned to the genus anthidites.

 

0f the five genera of conifers that Pabst describes

from the Chuckanut four may possibly be represented in the

36
microfossil flora. The form, Slsm—l, has been broadly de—

fined to include the pollen of Metasequoia, Taxodium, and

 

Glyptostrobus. The pollen grains of these three genera are

 

so similar that for practical purposes it is impossible to
separate them in fossil form. Pabst states that Taxodium

and Glyptostrobus are the most abundant conifers in the

 

megafossil flora. Both grow in moist areas in warm temper-
ate and subtropical regions. Rouse reports Taxodium

hiatipites Wodehouse and describes a new species of

 

Metasequoia, M. papillapollenites, from the Burrard. The

 

 

Taxodium specimens from the Burrard are identical with those
from the Green River Formation (Wodehouse, 1933). No macro-

fossils of Metasequoia have been reported from the Burrard

 

and because of this Rouse indicates that the trees were
probably some distance from the swamps. In the Chuckanut

megaflora, Metasequoia, is the least abundant of the

 

conifers.

The inaperturate grain, Op-l, appears to be identical
to Inaperturopollenites jgniperoides which Rouse describes
from the Burrard. He states that there is little doubt that

this is a Species of Juniperus pollen. However, because of

 

the difficulty in separating Juniperus pollen from other

 

genera of the Cupressaceae he has placed it in the form—

genus Inaperturopollenites. Two genera are reported from

 

the Cupressaceae in the Chuckanut megaflora, Libocedrus and

 

Juniperus. This type of fossil pollen, Op—l, may be

 

 

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37

representative Of both these genera. Juniperus was
probably closely associated with the cypress swamps,

whereas, Libocedrus may have had a greater range, extending

 

into the highlands to the north and northeast. Both of
these conifers are found today in habitats where there is
adequate soil moisture and rainfall.

In addition to the conifers mentioned above, the
pollen flora includes at least five, and perhaps six, other
conifers. Five of these are Tiggg (V-l), Podocarpus (V-3),

Elggg (V-S), and Picea-Abies (V-8). All of these grains

 

are rare and are usually badly corroded. This condition of
preservation, along with their absence from the megafossil
flora, might indicate that these trees grew in the highlands
to the north and northeast and their pollen was carried to
the site of deposition particularly by the streams flowing
down from the highlands. Rouse reports two species of
nggg, one of Pigga, two of Piggg, and one of Podocarpus
from the Burrard. No attempt is made to relate the
Chuckanut forms at the species level to those of the Burrard.
Another possible conifer is Slsm-4 which is assigned to
Ginkgo. Although this grain occurs throughout the section
its botanical affinity to Ginkgo is in question.

The order Gnetales is represented by two palynomorphs.
Both are believed to be pollen of the genus Ephedra.

Ephedripites-l is very similar to Ephedra notensis des—

 

cribed by Cookson (1957) from the Eocene of Australia. No

38

specific epithet is offered for Ephedripites-2. There are

 

fifteen modern species of Ephedra in North America. They
are found most abundantly in California, Arizonia, and New
Mexico. No Ephedra pollen has yet been identified from the
Burrard.

Of the seventy—nine palynomorphs described from the
Chuckanut microfossil flora forty-nine are believed to be
from angiosperms. Twenty—three of these have been assigned
generic names based upon their morphologic affinities to
pollen of extent genera. Ten have been placed in form—"
genera. Two are equated at the family level and fourteen
are listed as ”affiliation unknown."

The family Palmaceae is represented by two genera

in the Chuckanut, Liliacidites (Slr—l) and Sabal (Slr-2).

 

Although Liliacidites is a form-genus created by Couper

 

(1953) for pollen of apparent liliaceous affinity, the
general morphology of the grain plus its high abundance in
samples which are known to come from zones containing
numerous palm fronds, warrants placing it in this family.

Sabal granopollenites (S r-2) is described by Rouse from

 

l
the Burrard. He remarks that it is similar to modern pollen

of Sabal palmetto. Today the palms have their northern

 

limits between 30° and 40° N. in the northern hemisphere
and are considered to be principally tropical. The present
distribution of Sgbg; is along the coast of North Carolina
into Florida and west along the coastal plain on the Gulf

states into southeastern Texas.

39

 

The pollen of Corylus, Quercus, and Carya suggest

upland habitats. Corylus tripollenites Rouse (PBSm-lO)

 

occurs in the Burrard. Rouse suggests that this species

may be conspecific with Momipites coryloides described by

 

Wodehouse (1933) from the Green River Formation. Corylus
is found in woodland thickets in the temperate regions

of the northern hemisphere. Five palynomorphs are ten-
tatively assigned to the genus Quercus. They are C3sm-4,

C sm—7, C sm-l3, C f—2, and C r-5. Although Rouse has

3 3 3 3
described three new species of Quercus from the Burrard, no
attempt is made to equate the Chuckanut forms with those
in the Burrard, since in most cases the identification,
even at the generic level, is in question. Quercus is found
in a great variety of habitats in the northern hemisphere.
Three palynomorphs are assigned to the genus Cgryg. Qggyg

juxtaporites (Wodehouse) Rouse (P sm~3) is reported from

 

3
the Burrard. The other two forms, PBSm-7 and Pusm-2, are
tentatively assigned to Carya. P3sm-7 differs from P3sm—3
in the shape of the pores. Pusm—2 is a rare four-pored

Qgryg that was found only in Zone B. Today Qgryg is found
in temperate climates in eastern Asia and eastern North
America. Its habitats are varied.

The genus Nygga may be represented by two forms,
C3sm—1 and CP3sm-3. The latter is definitely Nyggg; the

former is questionable. Rouse has one form from the

4O

Burrard, Tricolporopollenites sp. (U27), that resembles

 

Nyssa. This was a single specimen and he only mentions
that it resembles Nyssa. Nyssa is indigenous to eastern
North America and Asia. Its habitats range from dry

or moist woods to wet coastal swamps.

 

Nymphoides tripollenites Rouse (C3sm—10) is present
in both the Chuckanut and the Burrard. Rouse states that

this species is almost identical with the modern Nymphoides

 

glabra; the latter has a slightly more conspicuous

granulation. There are twenty species of Nymphoides in the

 

United States and their greatest distribution is in the
temperate regions.
r-2 and C r—4, are referable to

3 3
the genus Salix. Although they have been seperated on the

Two palynormorphs, C

difference in their reticulation; they should probably both

be lumped together and referred to as Salix discoloripites

 

 

Wodehouse. This species is present in the Burrard. Sglig
is almost world-wide in distribution, with present centers
of distribution in the north temperate and subarctic regions.

The form, CP r—l, appears to be referable to the

3
genus Cupaniedites. Cookson and Pike (1954) illustrate a

 

species of Cupaniedites, g. reticularis, which appears to

 

 

be very similiar to CP3r—l. They refer this species to the

pollen grains of the genus Lepiderema and of the genus

 

SarCOpteryx. The family Sapindaceae, of which these are

 

members, is primarly pantropical in distribution and

abundant in Asia and America.

41

The family Proteaceae is represented by two palyno—

morphs, P3p—2 and P3f—l. The form designated as P3p-2

appears to be the same as Proteacidites marginus, a new

 

Species described by Rouse from the Burrard. Although
there appears to be no question that the other form,
P3fvl, is affiliated with the Proteaecae, no attempt is
made to classify it beyond the generic level. This family
is found only in the southern Hemisphere today. It is
typically found in drier habitats suggesting that it may
have been an upland plant during early Tertiary time in
the Northwest.

Two species of Alnus are represented in the

Chuckanut, Alnus quadrapollenites (Pusm—l) and A.

 

quinquepollenites (PSSm—l). These two species were first
described by Rouse from the Burrard. He suggests that

both might fall within Alnus speciipites Wodehouse“

 

(1933). Wodehouse gave an all-encompassing diagnosis for

his species and Rouse feels that he is justified in sepa-

rating these two distinct types. Alngg is found mostly in
wet habitats in north-temperate regions of North America :
and in the Andes Mountains in South America.

Questionable assignment is given to GP sm-3 (Ulmus ?),

3

CP r—2 (Viburnum ?), and P sm-2, P sm-9 (Betulaceae-

3 3 3
Myricaceae).

The following palynomorphs are assigned to form-

 

genera; Tricolpopollenites_granulosus Rouse (C3sm—5),

42

described from the Burrard, Tricolpites sp. Cookson ex

 

Couper (C3p—l and C r—3), Tricolpites interangulus Newman

 

 

3
(C3r-6), Tricolpites anguloluminosus Anderson (C3r—8),
Tricolporopollenites Thompson and Pflug (CP sm-l),

 

3

Tricolporopollenites confossus Newman (CP f—l), Triorites

 

3

minor Couper (P sm—l4), and Triatriopollenites Thompson

 

3
and Pflug (P33m—20). The only botanical affiliation

offered for this group is for Triorites minor which

 

resembles pollen of the Betulaceae.

The presence of a rich fern flora with good develop—
ment of angiosperms plus warm temperate and subtropical
conifers indicates a flora which developed on a large
coastal plain that was exposed to moist winds and received
a large amount of precipitation. The development of such
a flora as this would have been possible here only if the
boundary between subtrOpical and temperate zones would
have been much farther north than it is today. There is
also evidence of more mixing of species from these two

zones than is found today.

Age and Correlation

 

Although the microfossil flora of the Chuckanut
Formation is very similar to that of the Burrard (Table 5),
there are enough pertinent differences to conclude that the

Chuckanut flora is somewhat older than that of the Burrard.

43

Pabst presents tentative age determinations for the
Chuckanut megaflora based upon comparisons with described
Tertiary ferns and conifers from other formations. She
notes that plants collected from Oyster Creek (base of
Samish Bay section) have their closest relationship with
species from Upper Cretaceous and lower Paleocene formae
tions such as the Denver, Vermejo, Mesa Verde, and Nanaimo,
whereas, localities along the middle and upper part of the
Samish Bay section (Chuckanut Drive and Pleasant Bay)
contain floras that show their closest affinities with
plants from the Fort Union, Paskapoo, Raton, and Wilcox
group. These formations are middle and upper Paleocene
and lower Eocene in age.

The age of the lower Chuckanut based upon the spore
and pollen flora is younger than that given by Pabst. Two
palynological reports by Rouse offer comparison for the
Chuckanut microfossil flora. One is the Burrard paper,
which has already been referred to extensively, and the
other is the Comox microfossil flora (Rouse,’l957), Upper
Cretaceous of Vancouver Island. Both the Burrard and the
Comox lie within the framework of the Cretaceous-Cenozoic
basin of which the Chuckanut is a part.

The Chuckanut microfossil flora has only two genera
in common with the Comox, whereas, there are about thirty
genera in the Burrard which are also found in the Chuckanut.

Many of the species are also conspecific. The similarity

44

of the Chuckanut with the Burrard microfossil heavily favors
placing the lower part of the Samish Bay section at or near
equivalence with the Burrard.

In comparing the Chuckanut microfossil flora with
those floras reported by other authors, it is noted that

both Liliacidites sp. (Slr—l) and Tricolporites

 

 

anguloluminosus (C3r-8), described by Anderson (1960),
occur in rocks of Upper Cretaceous to Paleocene age in New
Mexico. Two other forms described by Newman (1965),

Tricolpites interangulus and Tricolporgpollenites confossus,

 

are guide fossils to the Upper Cretaceous in Colorado.
Although the evidence indicates that the age of the
lower Chuckanut is Paleocene to lower Eocene it should be
noted that the section studied may represent only the lower
one—half to one-third of the total thickness of the form-
ation. If the Chuckanut is 15-20,000 feet thick as_sug+
gested by Miller and Misch (1963) then the upper part may
extend into the middle Eocene and represent sediments that

are equivalant to the Burrard.

CONCLUSION

The Chuckanut Formation was deposited subaerially
on a wide alluvial plain close to sea level. The source
of the sediments was to the north and northeast. Streams
flowing into the Bellingham Basin deposited thick sands in
shallow fresh water lakes and swamps. The resulting se—
quence is characterized by thick sandstone and thinner
shale and coal units that show great lateral variation.

Both the mega- and microfossil floras indicate that
the area was covered with a rich tropical to subtropical
vegetation. The climate was warmer and more humid than '
that existing in the area today. The flora indicates that
there was considerably more mixing of tropical and temper-
ate elements in the early Tertiary. The Chuckanut species
find their closest modern trOpical relatives among species
living in Mexico and Central America.

A comparison of the Chuckanut palynomorphs from the
Samish Bay section with those described from the Burrard
and Comox Formations of British Columbia indicates that
the age of this section is Paleocene to lower Eocene.
Pabst gives an age of Upper Cretaceous to Paleocene for
this section based on the megafossil flora. The close
similarity of the microfossil flora to the Burrard and its

almost complete dissimilarity with the Comox is offered

45

46

as evidence for assignment of a Paleocene to lower Eocene
age for this section. It is possible, however, that Upper
Cretaceous rocks exist between the lowest sample studied and
the base of the section (377 ft.) or that they are present
elsewhere in the formation but have been removed by erosion

from this particular section.

SYSTEMATIC PALYNOLOGY

The taxonomic portion of this report contains the
illustrations and descriptions of the coded species which
were recovered and analyzed from the Chuckanut Formation.
Seventy—nine palynomorphs are described and for most forms
botanical affinities are included.

Reference specimen locations are given by coordinates
of a Leitz Ortholux microscope equipped with standard

mechanical stage.

 

 

 

 

 

Inaperature
Op-l
Plate 1, Figure 1

Class: Inaperturate.
Shape: Rounded;.irregular.
Sculpture: Scabrate to finely granulate, no di—

mension greater than 1 micron.
Construction: Exine ca. 1 micron thick.
Dimensions: . 25 microns,
Reference Specimen: Pb 3799-B; 44.9 x 123.9.
Remarks: This pollen is identical to

Inaperturopollenites juniperoides,
a species of Juniperus (?), which
Rouse describes from the Burrard.
Pabst describes two genera of the
Cupressaceae from the Chuckanut;
Libocedrus interruptus (Newberry)
and Juniperus washingtonensis.

 

 

47

Class:
Shape:

Sculpture:

 

Construction:

 

Dimensions:

 

Reference Specimen:

 

Remarks:

Class:
Shape:
Sculpture:

 

Construction:

Aperture:

 

Dimensions:

 

Reference Specimen:

 

Remarks:

48

Osp-l

Plate 1, Figure 3

Inaperturate, (Trilete ?).
Rounded; irregular.

Echinata spines 0.5-1.5 microns
high.

Exine equal to or less than 1'
micron thick.

46 microns.
Pb 3777-A; 41.5 x 112.7.

This form is similar to the
Osmundacidites that Rouse reports
from the Burrard. This fossil
genus was created by Couper (1953)
for spores of osmundaceous af—
finities.

 

Monolete

Msm—l

Plate 1, Figure 2

Monolete, (inaperturate ?).
Rounded to elliptical.

Psilate.
Exine 2-2.5 microns thick.

Laesurae extend more than 3/4 the
length of spore; lips thickened and
folded.

100 microns.
Pb 3771-B; 38.6 x 127.9.

This nondescript spore is identical
to Magnosporites staplinii des-
cribed by Rouse from the Burrard.
Rouse offers no clues as to its
botanical affiliation. However, he
believes it to be associated with

 

 

Class:
Shape:

Sculpture:

 

Construction:

Aperture:

 

Dimensions:

 

Reference Specimen:

 

Remarks:

Class:

Shape:
Sculpture:

 

Construction:

Aperture:

 

Dimensions:

 

49

fresh-water plants, as the spores
are found only in fresh water de-
posits. This form is restricted to
Zone B.

Msm-2

Plate 1, Figure 4

Monolete.
Reniform.
Psilate.
Exine 0.5—1.0 micron thick.

Laesurae approximately 3/4 length
of proximal side; lips simple to
slightly thickened.

25 microns.
Pb 5237-A; 31.9 x 117.1.

Specimens of this form are identi-
cal with Laevigatogporites
albertensis described by Rouse
(1957) from the Oldman Formation

of southern Alberta. This species,
which is also found in the Burrard,
is probably related to Dryppteris,
three species of which are reported
by Pabst from the Chuckanut.

 

 

 

Msm—3

Plate 1, Figure 5

Monolete.

Reniform.

Psilate.

Exine 2.5-5.0 microns thick.

Laesurae approximately 3/4 length
of proximal side; lips thickened
and folded.

Range: 51-68 microns, 6 specimens.

‘7‘ -‘~ ... ,. r A n .--. O \ rm
nelerence Specimen

 

Remarks:

Class:

Shape:
Sculpture:

Aperture:

 

Dimensions:

 

Plate

Reference Specimen:

 

Remarks:

Class:
Shape:

Sculpture:

 

Construction:

 

Aperture:

 

Dimensions:

 

Plate

Reference Specimen:

 

Remarks:

50

Pb 5230—A; 40.8 X 121.2.

This form is similar to
Laevigatosporites discordatus
Thompson and Pflug. It is re—
ported by Rouse in both the .
Burrard and Oldman Formations.
Its closest affiliation appears
to be to Drygpteris.

 

 

Msm-4
1, Figure 6

Monolete.
Reniform.
Exine 2.5—5 microns thick.

Laesurae approximately 3/4 length-
of proximal side; lips thickened
and folded.

Echinate; spines 0.5-1.5 microns
Pb 5203-C; 41.0 x 115.3.

This species is identical to
Laevigatosporites ovatus Wilson
and Webster. It is reported from
the Burrard and Oldman Formations
by Rouse.

Mp—l
1, Figure 7

Monolete.

Reniform.

Verrucate; wart-like projections.
2 microns thick.

Laesurae approximately 2/3 length
of proximal side; lips simple, no
thickening.

58 microns.
Pb 5207-0; 37.8 x 123.9.

This spore may be the same as
Verrucatosporites (Polypodiisporites)
favus (R. Potonie) Pflug and
Thompson that Rouse illustrates

Exine ca.

Reference Specimen

 

 

Class:

 

Shape:

Sculpture:

 

Construction:

 

Aperture:

Dimensions:

 

Plate

Rpference Specimen:

 

Remarks:

51

Pb 5207—0; 37.8 x 123.9.

This spore may be the same as
Verrucatosporites (Polypodii-
sporites) favus (R. Potonie) Pflug
and Thompson that Rouse illustrates
from the Burrard. It occurred in
every sample between # 4 and # 20.

Mp—2

1, Figure 8

Monolete.

Reniform.

Clavate; club-shaped projections,
1-l.5 microns long.

Exine l-l.5 microns thick.

Laesurae approximately 3/4 length
of proximal side; lips simple,wr3
thickening.

45 microns.
Pb 5212-0; 44.6 x 112.9.

This spore closely resembles those
of the fern genus Danaea. Pabst
has described one species of Danaea
from the Chuckanut megaflora. A
single specimen of this spore was
found in sample # l8.

Trilete

Tlsm-l

Plate 1, Figure 9

Class:

Shape:
Sculpture:

 

Construction:

Aperture:

 

Trilete.

Subtriangular.

Psilate.

Exine 1-2 microns thick.

Laesurae narrow, approximately 3/4
radius of spore; lips thickened.

imensions:

 

Reference Specimen:

 

Remarks:

Plate

Class:

 

Shape:

Sculpture:

 

Construction:

 

Aperture:

Dimensions:

 

Reference Specimen:

 

Remarks:

Plate

Class:

Shape:

Sculpture:

 

Construction:

Aperture:

 

52

Range: 39-48 microns, 10 specimens.
Pb 5224—B5 39.5 x 114.1.

This spore is very similar to
those of the modern genus,
Microlepia. Rouse illustrates

a spore from the Burrard which he
calls Microlepia (?) sp. They may
very well be the same.

 

 

Tlsm-4

1, Figure 10

Trilete.
Subtriangular; zonate.
Psilate.

Massive; thickness of exine not
determined.

Laesurae extend to equator; simple
thickening of lips.

84 microns.
Pb 5234-A; 34.0 x 114.3.

A single specimen was found in
sample # 10. Its botanical affilip
ation is unknown. This spore may
be a contaminant.

Tlsm—6

1, Figure 12

Trilete.

Subtriangular; strongly convex
sides.

Psilate to slightly foveolate.
Exine 2-3 microns thick.

Laesurae simple, from 1/2 to 2/3
radius of spore.

Dimensions:

 

Reference Specimen:

 

Remarks:

53

30 microns.
Pb 3781-E; 38.2 x 121.8.

The botanical affinity of this
spore is not known, although it
may be related to Sphagnum. It
was found only in samples # l and
# 2 in the lower part of the
section.

Tlsm-7

Plate 1, Figure 11

Class:

Shape:

Sculpture:

 

Construction:

 

Aperture:

Dimensions:

 

Reference Specimen:

 

Remarks:

Trilete.

Subtriangular; sides straight to
concave, kyrtome distinct.

Psilate.
Exine l—l.5 microns thick.

Laesurae simple, reaching the
equator.

25 microns.
Pb 5237-D; 42.6 x 118.6.

This spore of the genus Gleichenia
may be the same as Gleichenia
concavisporites Rouse that was
reported from the Oldman and the
Burrard Formations by Rouse.

 

 

 

Tlsm—8

Plate 2, Figure 4

Class:

Shape:

Sculpture:

 

Construction:

Aperture:

 

Dimensions:

 

Trilete.

Subtriangular; strongly convex
sides.

Psilate.
Exine 1 micron thick.

Laesurae simple 1/2 to 2/3 radius
of spore.

23 microns.

Reference Specimen:

 

Remarks:

Class:

 

Shape:
Sculpture:

 

Construction:

 

Aperture:

Dimensions:

 

Reference Specimen:

 

Remarks:

Class:

Shape:
Sculpture:

 

Construction:

 

Aperture:

Dimensions:

 

Reference Specimen:

Remarks:

54

Pb 5218-0; 30.4 x 113.7.

A single specimen of this spore
was found in sample # 10. This
spore is probably of the genus

Sphagnum.

Tlsm—9

Plate 2, Figure l

Trilete.

Subtriangular to rounded.
Psilate to finely foveolate.
Exine 3 microns thick.

Laesurae simple, from 2/3 to 3/4
radius of spore; lips simple,
slightly thickened.

116 microns.
Pb 5218-D; 44.5 x 123.7.

This spore is placed in the genus
Cyathidites_Couper. It is possible
that this form and Tlsm—lO are the
same, although the wall is thicker

in Tlsm—lO. Pabst illustrates one
species of Cyathea from the Chuckanut
megaflora.

 

Tlsm—lo
Plate 2, Figure 2

Trilete.
Subtriangular to rounded.
Psilate.
Exine 3—4 microns thick.

Laesurae simple, 3/4 radius of
spore.

104 microns.
Pb 5233—B; 32.0 X 119.8.

This form is placed in the genus
anthidites Couper.

 

55

Tlp-l

Plate 2, Figure 3

 

 

 

 

Class: Trilete.

Shape: Subtriangular to rounded.

Spulpture: Baculate; rod shaped projections
ca. 1 micron long.

Construction: Exine 0.5—1 micron thick.

Aperture: I Laesurae simple, 2/3 radius of
Spore, no thickening of lips.

Dimensions: 31 microns.

Reference Specimen: Pb 5233-0; 32.0 x 111.6.

Remarks: This form is placed in the genus

Osmundacidites Couper.

 

Tlp—3

Plate 2, Figure 7

 

 

 

 

Class: Trilete.

Shape: Subtriangular to rounded.

Sculpture: Clavate; club shaped projections,
1.5—2 microns long.

Construction: Exine l-l.5 microns thick.

Aperture: Laesurae simple, lips slightly
thickened.

Dimensions: 35 microns.

Reference Specimen: Pb 5218—D; 37.0 x 112.0.

Remarks: This form is placed in the genus

Osmundacidites Couper.

 

Tlr-l

Plate 2, Figure 5

Class: Trilete.
Shape: Subtriangular to rounded.
Sculpture: Reticulate on distal face, muri

 

1.5—2 microns high, ca. 1 micron
wide, lumen 8—10 microns wide.

56

 

 

 

Construction: Exine 1-2 microns thick.

Aperture: Laesurae reaching equator, lips
simple.

Dimensions: 43 microns.

Reference Specimen: Pb 5237-A; 34.9 x 127.9.

Remarks: This spore appears to be identical

to Lycopodium fastigioides described
by Couper (1953) from the Upper
Cretaceous on New Zealand.

 

Tlst-l

Plate 2, Figure 6

 

Class: Trilete.
Shape: Subtriangular.
Sculpture: Rugulate; rugae 4-5 microns wide,

 

2 microns high, laterally connected
and spaced about 2 microns apart;
rugae extend into proximal face
only at tips of laesurae.

 

 

 

Construction: Exine ca. 2 microns thick.
Aperture: Laesurae approximately 3/4 radius
‘ of spore, lips thickened.
Dimensions: 44 microns.

Reference Specimen: Pb 5224-D; 34.8 x 114.8.

Remarks: This spore appears to be of the

genus Anemia. Pabst reports one
species of Anemia from the Chuckanut
megaflora.

Tlst—2

Plate 2, Figure 8

 

Class: Trilete.
Shape: Subtriangular.
Sculpture: Rugulate; rugae 6-8 microns wide,

 

2 microns high, laterally con-
nected and spaced ca. 1 micron
apart; rugae only on distal
surface.

Construction:

 

Aperture:

Dimensions:

 

Reference Specimen:

 

Remarks:

Class:

 

Shape:
Sculpture:

 

Construction:

 

Aperture:

Dimensions:

 

57

Exine ca. 2 microns thick.

Laesurae approximately 3/4 radius
of Spore, lips thickened.

55 microns.
Pb 5218-0; 46.u x 121.4.

This spore appears to be of the
genus Anemia.

Tlcic-l

Plate 2, Figure 9

Reference Specimen:

 

Remarks:

Class:

 

Shape:
Sculpture:

 

Plate

Trilete.
Subtriangular to circular.

Striate; ridges 1.5-2 microns wide,
bifurcating, tops rounded to conical,
1 micron high at equator, more or

less at right—angles to equator;
grooves less than 1 micron wide.

Exine l—1.5 microns thick.

Laesurae extend approximately 3/4
radius of spore, lips thickened.

40 microns.
Pb 5233-E; 33.1 X 114.7.

This spore is placed in the form—
genus Cicatricosisporites Potonie
and Gelletich. This form—genus
shows close similarity with the
genus Mohria and the genus Anemia.

 

Tlcic—3
2, Figure 10

Trilete.
Subtriangular to circular.

Striate; ridges crenulated, mostly
continuous; 1—l.5 microns wide, in
some cases bifurcating, top rounded
to conical, 1 micron high at
equator, crossing equator at various
angles; groves less than 1 micron
wide.

Construction:

 

Apgrture:

Dimensions:

Reference Specimen:

 

Remarks:

Class:

 

Shape:

Sculpture:

 

Construction:

 

Aperture:

Dimensions:

 

Reference Specimen:

58

Exine 1 micron thick.

Laesurae narrow, approximately 3/4
radius of spore, lips simple.

46 microns.
Pb 5233-0; 46.6 X 111.4.

This spore appears to be similar
to Cicatricosisporites intersectus
that Rouse describes from the
Burrard.

 

Monosulcate

 

 

Remarks:

Slsm—l

Plate 3, Figure l

Inaperaturate (code assigned as
sulcate).

Circular.

Granulate; granules 0.5 micron or
less, scattered.

Exine thin, less than 0.5 micron,
usually folded or wrinkled.

No apparent aperture.
34 microns.
Pb 5203—A; 41.4 x 123.5.

This form represents one or more of
the three genera of Taxodiaceae that
Pabst illustrates from the Chuckanut
megaflora; Metasequoia, Taxodium,
and Glyptostrobus. It is very
difficult to separate the pollen

of these three genera. The form
illustrated is a typical split grain
and exhibits no particular charac-
teristics that would place it in

any particular one of the three
genera.

 

 

Class:
Shape:

Sculpture:

 

Construction:

 

Aperture:

Dimensions:

 

Reference Specimen:

 

Remarks:

Class:

 

Shape:

Sculpture:

 

Construction:

 

Aperture:

Dimensions:

 

Reference Specimen:

 

Remarks:

Class:

Shape:

59

Slsm-3

Plate 3, Figure 2

Monosulcate (inaperaturate ?).
Circular.

Granulate; granules 0.5 micron or
less.

Exine 1 micron thick.

Sulcus simple, may be just a split
in the grain.

17 microns.
Pb 5230-D3 39.3 x 121.1.

The botanical affiliation of this
grain is unknown.

Slsm-4

Plate 3, Figure 3

Monosulcate.

Oval to elliptical.
Psilate.

Exine 1 micron thick.
Sulcus simple, full length of grain.
30 microns.

Pb 5218-D; 43.0 x 124.0.

This grain is placed in the form—
genus Monosulcites (Cookson)

Couper 1953 as defined by Anderson
(1960). Its botanical affiliation
is unknown, however Couper suggests
that it is morphologically com-
parable to the pollen of Ginkgo.

 

Slr-l

Plate 3, Figure 4

Monosulcate.

Oval to rounded.

Sculpture:

 

Construction:

Aperture:

 

Dimensions:

 

Reference Specimen:

 

Remarks:

Class:
Shape:

Sculpture:

 

Construction:

 

Aperture:

Dimensions:

 

Reference Specimen:

 

Remarks:

60

Reticulate; lumina irregularly
rounded, 1—3 microns wide; muri
0.5—1 micron wide, rounded.

Not determined.

Sulcus simple, usually slightly
open, extends nearly whole length
of grain.

35 microns.
Pb 5230-A; 32.2 x 127.0.

This grain is placed in the genus
Liliacidites Couper, 1953. The
exact botanical affiliation of this
grain is not known. The grain
occurs in high abundance in those
samples from layers with large
numbers of palm fronds. It is
probable that this pollen grain is
from the same plant as that of the
palm fronds.

 

Slr—2

Plate 3, Figure 5

Monosulcate.
Elliptical.

Reticulate; lumina angular, 1-2
microns wide; muri 0.5-l micron
wide.

Not determined.

Sulcus simple, extends length of
grain.

28 microns.
Pb 3782-A; 45.1 x 120.0

This grain is identical to the palm,
Sabal granopollenites that Rouse
describes from the Burrard.

 

Slr—3

Plate 3, Figure 6

Monosulcate (?).

Circular.

Sculpture:

 

Construction:

Aperture:

 

Dimensions:

 

Reference Specimen:

 

Remarks:

Class:

Shape:
Sculpture:

 

Construction:
Aperturg:

 

Qimensions:

 

Reference Specimen:

Remarks:

Class:

Shape:
Sculpture:

Construction:

Aperture:

 

 

61

Reticulate; lumina angular, 1—3
wide; muri 0.5—l micron wide,
1.5—2.5 microns high.

Not determined.

Sulcus simple, extends length of
grain, margins slightly thickened.

20 microns.
Pb 5234—A; 39.5 x 126.4.

The botanical affinity of this
grain is unknown.

Tricolpate

 

C3sm-l

Plate 3, Figure 8

Tricolpate.

Oblate, circular in outline.
Psilate.

Exine ca. 1 micron thick.

Colpi simple, extend over 3/4
distance to poles, margins
thickened.

50 microns.
Pb 3799-C; 33.3 x 115.7-

This grain is believed to be that
of Nyssa.

C3sm-4

Plate 3, Figure 7

Tricolpate.

Oblate, circular in outline.
Psilate.

Exine ca. 1 micron.

Colpi Simple, extend over 3/4
distance to poles, margins irregular.

Dimensions:

 

Reference Specimen:

 

Remarks:

Class:

Shape:
Sulpture:

Construction:

Aperture:

 

Dimensions:

 

Reference Specimen:

 

Remarks:

Class:

Shape:
Sculpture:

 

 

Construction:

Aperture:

 

Dimensions:

 

Reference Specimen:

 

Remarks:

0“
R)

26 microns.
Pb 3782-A5 33.2 X 108.5.

This grain is probably referable to
the genus Quercus.

03sm—5

Plate 3, Figure 9

Tricolpate.

Prolate; circular in polar view.
Psilate; microgranulate.

Not determined.

Colpi simple, extend over 3/4
distance to poles.

Range 15-22 microns, 10 specimens.
Pb 3782-A; 33.5 x 121.0.

This grain appears to be the same
as Tricolpgpollenites granulosus
that Rouse describes from the .
Burrard. The botanical affiliation
of this grain is not known.

 

 

C3sm-7

3, Figure 10

Tricolpate.
Oblate; circular in outline.

Foveolate; diameter of pits ca. 1
micron.

Exine 1 micron thick.

Colpi simple, margins irregular,
extend over 3/4 distance to poles.

35 microns.
Pb 5230—D; 32.3 x 113.0.

This grain is referable to the genus
Quercus.

Plate

Class:

Shape:
Sculpture:

 

 

Construction:

Aperture:

 

Dimensions:

 

Reference Specimen:

 

Remarks:

Plate

Class:

Shape:
Sculpture:

 

Construction:

Aperture:

 

Dimensions:

 

Reference Specimen:

 

Remarks:

63
C sm—10

3
3, Figure 11

Tricolpate (syncolpate ?).
Subtriangular.

Psilate to scabrate (microgranulate).
Exine 1 micron thick.

Colpi fuse at poles to form tri-
angle (syncolpate), pole area de-
pressed.

30 microns.
Pb 5229-A; 45.5 x 118.3.

This grain is identical to
Nymphoides tripollenites that
Rouse describes from the Burrard.

 

C3sm—l3

3, Figure 12

Tricolpate.

Prolate; circular in polar View.
Scabrate to finely granulate.
Exine 1.5 microns thick.

Colpi simple, extends over 3/4
distance to poles, margins simple.

20 microns.
Pb 5221-B; 34.6 x 101.4.

This grain is referable to the
genus Quercus.

C3p—l

Plate 4, Figure 2

Class:

Shape:
Sculpture:

 

Tricolpate (tricolporate ?)
Rounded.

Clavate; club shape projections 5—6
microns high.

Construction:

 

Aperture:

Dimensions:

 

Reference Spepimen:

Remarks:

Class:

Shape:

Sculpture:

 

Construction:

 

Aperture:

Dimensions:

 

Reference Specimen:

 

Remarks:

Class:
Rhape:

Sculpture:

 

Construction:

 

Aperture:

Plate

Plate

64

Not determined.

Colpi simple, extend over 3/4
distance to poles, margins not
thickened.

50 microns.
Pb 5230—D; 32.2 x 121.5.

The botanical affiliation of this
grain is unknown. It is placed in
the form—genus Tricolpites

Cookson ex Couper.

 

C3p‘3
4, Figure l

Tricolpate (tricolporate ?).
Circular.

Verrucate; rounded projections
1 micron high, 1 micron wide.

Not determined.

Colpi short (brevicolpate),
thickening of colpi margins form
interconnecting "arcs" between
colpi.

Range 22-33 microns, 5 specimens.
Pb 5203—A; 37.6 x 123.5.

The botanical affiliation of this
grain is unknown.

C3p_5
4, Figure 3

Tricolpate.

Circular; prolate.

Scabrate/microreticulate; lumina
uniform, less that 0.5 micron
in diameter.

Exine 1 micron thick.

Colpi simple, extend over 3/4
distance to poles, margins not
thickened.

U‘:

Dimensions: 18 microns.
Reference Specimen: Pb 522l-B; 45.1 x 110.2.

Remarks: The botanical affiliation of this
grain is unknown.

 

 

 

 

 

 

03f-2
Plate 4, Figure 4
Class: Tricolpate.
Shape: Prolate; circular in polar view.
Sculpture: Scabrate to finely granulate;
granules ca. 0.5 micron.
Construction: Not determined.
Aperture: Colpi simple, extend over 3/4 dis-
tance to poles.
Dimensions: 28 microns.
Reference Specimen: Pb 3786-D; 43.6 x 113.9.
Remarks: This grain may be related to the

genus Quercus.

C r-2
3
Plate 4, Figure 5
Class: Tricolpate.
Shape: Circular; prolate.
Sculpture: ’ Reticulate; reticulum coarse

 

between colpi; lumina 1-2 microns
with muri 0.5 micron wide and 0.5~l
micron high.

 

 

 

Construction: Exine l-1.5 microns thick.

Aperture: Colpi simple, extend length of
grain.

Dimensions: 13 microns.

Reference Specimen: Pb 3782—A; 43.4 x 125.8.

Remarks: This grain resembles C r-4 except

for its coarser reticu um. It
probably should be included with
C r-4 under Salix discolorites
W8dehouse.

 

Class:
Shape:

Sculpture:

 

Construction:

 

Aperture:

 

Dimensions:

 

Reference Specimen:

 

Remargs:

Class:

Shape:
Sculpture:

 

Construction:

Aperture:

 

Dimensions:

 

Reference Specimen:

 

Remarks:

Plate

Plate

66
03r—3
4, Figure 6

Tricolpate.
Rounded; prolate.

Reticulate; evenly reticulate with
wide lumina and narrow, delicate
muri; lumina angular, diameter 2-3
microns, muri 0.5 micron wide,

2-3 microns high.

Not determined.

Colpi simple, rims slightly
thickened, extend 2/3 to 3/4
length of grain, colpi usually
closed.

Rapge 22—42 microns, 4 specimens.
Pb 5230-A; 38.4 x 122.9.

The botanical affiliation of this
grain is unknown. It is placed in
the form-genus Tricolpites Cookson
ex Couper.

 

C3r—4

4, Figure 7

Tricolpate.
Circular; prolate.

Reticulate; finely reticulate,
lumina 1 micron, muri 0.5 micron
wide.

Not determined.

Colpi simple, extend 3/4 length
of grain, slight thickening of
margin.

15 microns.
Pb 5207-E; 43.2 x 120.4.

This grain is identical to Salix
discolorites Wodehouse. Rouse re-
ports its presence in the Burrard.

 

Class:
Shape:
Sculpture:

 

Construction:

 

Aperture:

Dimension:

 

Reference Specimen:

 

Remarks:

Class:

Shape:
Sculpture:

 

Construction:

 

Aperture:

Dimensions:

 

Referencep§pecimenz

 

Remarks:

Class:
Shape:

Plate

Plate

Plate

67

03r—5

4, Figure 8

Tricolpate.
Prolate; elliptical.

Reticulate; lumina less than 1
miCron wide, ornamention uniform.

Exine 1 micron thick.

Colpi simple, more than 3/4
length of grain.

30 microns.
Pb 5207—E; 42.0 x 115.4.

This grain is probably that of
Quercus.

C3r-6

4, Figure 9

Tricolpate.
Circular; oblate.

Reticulate; lumina 1 micron wide,
muri 0.5 micron wide, 0.5 micron
high.

Not determined.

Colpi simple, 2/3 to 3/4 length of
grain, colpi usually open.

28 microns.
Pb 5230-D; 35.0 X 122.5.

This grain resembles Tricolpites
interapgulus that Newman (1965)
described from the Upper
Cretaceous of Colorado. The
lumina of this grain are slightly
larger than that shown by Newman.

 

 

03r—8

4, Figure 10

Tricolpate.

Circular; oblate.

Sculpture:

 

 

 

68

Reticulate; lumina 2—3 microns
wide; muri 0.5 micron wide, 0.5—l
micron high.

Construction: Not determined.

Aperture: Colpi simple 2/3 to 3/4 length of
grain, colpi usually open.

Dimensions: 28 microns.

 

_Reference Specimen:

 

 

 

Reference Specimen:

 

Pb 5230-D; 44.4 x 112.8

 

 

Remarks: This grain is identical to .
Tricolpites angulolumiqosus des-
cribed by'Anderson (I960) from the
Paleocene of New Mexico.

C —1
3st
4, Figure 11

Class: Tricolpate (tricolporate ?).

Shape: Circular.

Sculpture: Baculate; rod shaped projections,
1-2 microns long, closely spaced
over entire surface of grain.

Construction: Not determined.

Aperture: Colpi simple, brevicolpate.

Dimensions: 30 microns.

Pb 3771-D; 41.9 x 113.8.

 

 

 

Remarks: The botanical affiliation of this
grain is unknown.
Polycolpate
Ephedripites-l
Plate 4, Figure 12

Class: - Polycolpate.

Shape: Elliptical.

Sculpture: Numerous alternating ridges and
furrows (colpi ?) converging at
polar ends of grain.

Construction: Exine ca. 1 micron thick.

 

69

Apertupe; Numerous furrows lying between
ridges, ca. 1.5—2 microns wide,
extending length of grain.
Aperture usually a Split along
one furrow.

 

 

Dimensions; 38 microns.
Reference Specimen: Pb 3799—C; 30.8 x 124.3.
Remarks: This Ephedra grain is very similar

to Ephedra notensis described by
Cookson (1957) from the Eocene of
Australia.

 

Ephedripites-2

 

Plate 5, Figure 1

Class: Polycolpate (?).
Shape: Circular; oblate.
Sculpture: Numerous alternating ridges and

 

furrows (colpi ?) converging at
polar end of grain, with a slight
spiral toward the poles of the
major axis, ridges semi-circular
in cross-section, l-2 microns wide.

 

 

 

Construction: Exine 1 micron thick.
Aperture: Not determined.

Dimensions: 27 microns.

Reference Specimen: Pb 5229—B; 30.2 x 116.8.
Remarks: This grain is related to the

genus Ephedra.

Tricolporate

 

CP -1
3sm

Plate 5, Figure 2

Class: Tricolporate.

Shape: Elliptical; prolate.

o ' . .
Sculpturt:

 

Construction:

 

Aperture:

Dimensions:

 

Reference Specimen:

 

Remarks:

Class:

Shape:
Sculpture:

 

Construction:

 

Aperture:

Dimensions:

 

Reference Specimen:

 

Remarks:

Class:

Shape:
Sculpture:

 

Construction:

 

Psilate.
Not determined.

Colpi long, 3/4 length of grain;
margins thickened; ora distinct.

Range 17-24 microns, 5 specimens.
Pb 5218-A; 36.7 X 122.1.

The botanical affinity of this
grain is not known. It can be
referred to the form—genus '
Tricolporopollenites Thompson and
Pflug.

CP sm-3

3

Plate 5, Figure 3

Tricolporate.
Circular.
Granulate.

Exine ca. 2 microns thick, thickening
around ora.

Colpi simple (brevicolporate); ora
equatorial, circular.

20 microns.
Pb 522l-B; 29.0 x 111.7.

This grain appears to be related
to the genus Ulmus.

CP sm-5

3

Plate 5, Figure 4

Tricolporate.
Rounded to triaspidate.

Scabrate/microreticulate; lumina
uniform, less than 0.5 micron in
diameter.

Exine thickest (1—2 microns) at
center of sides, thickening
Slightly in apertural area to
form "lips."

Aterture:
w—o.._—-_—

Dimensions:

 

Reference Specimen:

 

Remarks:

Class:

Shape:
Sculpture:

 

Construction:

 

Aperture:

Dimensions:

 

Reference Specimen:

 

Remarks:

Class:

Shape:
Sculpture:

 

Construction:

Aperture:

 

Dimensions:

 

Reference Specimen:

 

Remarks:

Colpi slit—like; tapering, 2/3
to 3/4 length of grain; ora cir—,
cular, slightly protruding.

Range 31-48 microns, 5 specimens.
Pb 5230-A; 48.7 x 115.2.

This type of grain is identical to
those of the genus Nyssa.

CP sm—6

3

Plate 5, Figure 6

Tricolporate.
Elliptical; prolate.
Psilate/scabrate.
Not determined.

. Colpi long, 3/4 length of grain;

colpi margins thickened; ora in—
distinct.

35 microns.
Pb 5229—A3 39.5 x 121.0.

The botanical affinity of this
grain is unknown.

CP f—l

3

Plate 5, Figure 5

Tricolporate.
Prolate; oval in equatorial view.

Reticulate; lumina rounded, up to
1 micron in diameter; muri approxi-
mately as wide as lumina.

Not determined.
Colpi broad, long, extending nearly

,length of grain, thickened along

edges; ora distinct, large,
rounded.

Range 42-52 microns, 4 Specimens.
Pb 5229—B; 40.5 x 111.5.

This pollen type appears to be iden-
tical to Tricolporopollenites
confossus described’by’Newman (1965)
from the Upper Cretaceous of
Colorado.

 

 

Class:

Shape:
Sculpture:

 

Construction:

Aperture:

 

Dimensions:

 

Reference Specimen:

 

Remarks:

Class:

Shape:

Sculpture:

 

Construction:

Aperture:

 

Dimensions:

 

Reference Specimen:

 

Remarks:

\]
I‘O

CP f—2

3

Plate 5, Figure 7

Tricolporate.
Circular.

Reticulate; lumina rounded, 1
micron wide; muri 1 micron wide,
0.5 micron high.

Not determined.

Colpi simple, thickened along
margins, extending 3/4 length of
grain; ora distinct, large
rounded.

21 microns.
Pb 5237—B; 36.8 x 122.7

The botanical affinity of this
grain is unknown.

CP r—1

3

Plate 5, Figure 8

Tricolporate (syncolporate).
Subtriangular.

Reticulate/scabrate; lumina less
than 1 micron wide; scabrate along
colpi margins.

Exine ca. 0.5-l micron thick.

Colpi simple, anastomosing at poles;
ora equatoral, indistinct.

18 microns.
Pb 5234-A; 33.7 x 122.1.

This grain appears to be similar

to Cupanieidites reticularis
described by Cooxson and Pike (1954)
from the Eocene of Australia.

 

 

Class:

Shape:
Sculpture:

 

Construction:

 

Aperture:

Dimensions:

 

Reference Specimen:

 

Remarks:

Class:

Shape:
Sculpture:

 

Construction:

 

Aperture:

Dimensions:

 

Reference Specimen:

 

Remarks:

CP —2
3r

Plate 5, Figure 9

Tricolporate.
Circular.

Reticulate/scabrate; reticulate
in intercolpi areas, lumina
angular, 1-2 microns wide, muri
1 micron high; scabrate along
colpi margins.

Not determined.

Colpi simple, extend nearly length
of grain, margins slightly thickened
ora distinct, large, circular.

31 microns.
Pb 3782-A; 40.3 x 120.8.

This grain may be related to the
genus Viburnum.

CP3r—3

Plate 5, Figure 10

Tricolporate.
Prolate.

Reticulate; lumina angular, 1
micron wide; muri 0.5 micron wide,
0.5 micron high.

Not determined.

Colpi simple, extend 3/4 length of
grain, indistinct; ora small, in-
distinct.

23 microns.
Pb 5207—D; 42.3 x 119.0.

The botanical affinity of this
grain is unknown.

Class:

 

Shape:

Sculpture:

 

Construction:

 

Aperture:

 

Dimensions:

 

Reference Specimen:

74

Triporate

 

 

Remarks:

Class:

Shape:
Sculpture:

 

Construction:

 

Aperture:

Dimensions:

 

Reference Specimen:

 

Remarks:

PBSm-l

Plate 5, Figure ll

Triporate.
Triangular to subtriangular.
Psilate to slightly foveolate.

Exine 1—2 microns thick; exine
folded parallel to sides.

Pores simple, circular.

35 microns.

Pb 3799—A; 38.3 x 125.2.

The botanical affinity of this

grain is unknown.

P3sm-2

Plate 5, Figure 12

Triporate.
Triaspidate to rounded.
Psilate/scabrate.

Exine relatively thin; sexine (?)
thickened slightly at pores.

Pores equatorial, slightly pro-
truding, round, slightly annulate,
either atriate or bearing torsus
pattern.

34 microns.
Pb 3799—C; 39.2 x 119.5.

This pollen type is similar to that
found in the Betulaceae and
Myricaceae.

Class:

Shape:

Sculpture:

 

Construction:
Aperture:

 

Dimensions:

 

Reference Specimen:

 

4
Remarks:

Class:

Shape:

Sculpture:

 

Construction:

 

Aperture:

Dimensions:

 

Reference Specimen:

 

Remarks:

75!

P3sm—3

Plate 6, Figure l

Triporate.

TriaSpidate; corners broadly
rounded.

Psilate; circular, wrinkle or thin
spot in polar areas common.

Not determined.

Pores sub-equatoral, all in one
hemisphere, simple, circular, 2-4
microns in diameter.

32 microns.
Pb 5207-E; 36.5 x 110.7.

This grain is identical with Carya
Juxtaporites (Wodehouse) Rouse.
This grain is also found in the
Burrard.

 

P3sm-7

Plate 6, Figure 2

Triporate.

TriaSpidate; corners broadly
rounded.

Psilate.
Not determined.

Pores subequatorial, all in one
hemisphere, simple, elongate, 3—4
microns long, close to equator.

34 microns.
Pb 5203—03 47.9 x 118.5.

This grain appears to be related to
Carya.

Class:

 

Shape:

 

Sculpture:
'Construction:

 

Aperture:

'~Dimensions:

 

Reference Specimen:

 

Remarks:

 

 

Sculpture:

 

Construction:

Aperture:

‘ Dimensions:

 

'“Reference Specimen:

 

Remarks:

 

76

P3sm—9

Plate 6, Figure 3

Triporate.
Triaspidate to trangular.
Psilate.

Sexine thickened at pores, forming
annuli; nexine absent from pores,
leaving atrium at each pore; arci
formed in nexine:(?), about 1.5-2
microns wide, usually extending
straight from pore to pore.

Pores equatorial, rounded (?),
annulate, atriate.

27 microns.
Pb 5230—C; 41.2 x 124.0.

This grain may be related to the
Betulaceae or the Myricaceae.

P3sm-10

Plate 6, Figure 4

Triporate.

Triaspidate; corners broadly rounded;
pores distinctly notched at corners.

Psilate.

Exine thin; slightly thickened at
pores to form annulus; polar area
occasionally thin or wrinkled.

Pores equatorial, simple, elongate,
slightly annulate, distinctly cut
into corners.

27 microns.
Pb 5207-E; 39.2 x 115.6.

This grain is identical to Corylus
tripollenites described by Rouse
from the Burrard.

Class:
Shape:

Sculpture:

 

Construction:

 

Aperture:

Dimensions:

 

Reference Specimen:

 

Remarks:

Class:

,-

Shape:
Sculpture:

 

 

Construction:

 

Aperture:

Dimensions:

 

Reference Specimen:

 

Remarks:

Class:

Shape:
Sculpture:

 

Construction:

 

77

PBSm-ll

Plate 6, Figure 5

Triporate (?).

Subtriangular; sides concave, exine
folded parallel to sides.

Psilate/scabrate.

'Not determined.

Pores equatoral, simple, in-
distinct. -

26 microns.
Pb 5207—D; 35.0 x 119.7.

The botanical affiliation of this
grain is unknown. '

P3sm-12

Plate 6, Figure 6

Triporate.
Subtriangular.

Psilate; exine folded to form "Y"
between pores and pole.

Not determined.

Pores equatorial, simple, cut into
sides of grain.

20 microns.
Pb 5207-D; 37.9 x 123.5.

The botanical affinity of this
grain is unknown.

P sm—l3

3

Plate 6, Figure 7

.Triporate..

Rounded.
Scabrate; exine usually folded.
Not determined.

78

 

 

Aperture: Pores equatorial, large, rounded,
3-4 microns wide, annulate (?).

Dimensions: 24 microns.

Reference Specimen: Pb 3782-A; 31.7 x 126.4.

Remarks: The botanical affinity of this grain

is unknown.

 

P3sm—14
Plate 6, Figure 8
Class: Triporate.
Shape: Subtriangular.
Sculpture: Psilate.
Construction: Sexine thickened at pores, forming

 

annuli; arci formed in nexine (?),
extending straight from pore to

 

 

pore.
Aperturg: Pores equatorial, rounded, 2—5
microns wide, annulate.
Dimensions: 21 microns.
Reference Specimen: Pb 5233-C; 42.7 x 111.9.
Remarks: This grain resembles Triorites

 

minor described by Couper (1953)
from the Upper Cretaceous of New
Zealand. This type of pollen grain
resembles those of the Betulaceae.

P3sm—15

Plate 6, Figure 9

Class: Triporate.
Shape: Rounded.

Sculpture:

 

Construction:

 

Aperture:

Dimensions:

 

Reference Specimen:

 

Remarks:

Class:

 

Shape:

Sculpture:

 

Construction:

 

Aperture:

Dimensions:

 

Reference Specimen:

 

Remarks:

Class:
Shape:

79

Psilate to scabrate/very finely
granulate; triradiate polar fold
common.

Not determined.

Pores equatorial, elongate, atriate,
slightly protruding, interangular.

18 microns.

Pb 5217-E; 31.8 x 122.8

The botanical affinity of this grain
is unknown.

P3sm-16

Plate 6, Figure 10

Triporate.
Triaspidate.
Psilate/scabrate.
Exine 1 micron thick.

Pores equatorial, circular, 2-4
microns, proturding.

21 microns.
Pb 522l-B; 44.0 x 126.1.

The botanical affinity of this
grain is unknown.

P3sm-2O

Plate 6, Figure ll

Triporate.
Triangular/triaspidate; corners
broadly rounded.

Sculpture:

 

Construction:

 

Aperture:

Dimensions:

 

Reference Specimen:

 

Remarks:

Shape:

Cpnstruction:

 

Aperture:

Dimensions:

 

Reference Specimen:

 

Remarks:

80

Scabrate; microgranulate, with
granules 0.5 micron high.

Exine thin at each pole in tri—
angular or circular area, nexine
absent from poles, leaving broad
atrium at each pore.

Pores equatorial, simple, elongate,
atriate, distinctly notched into
equatorial margin.

21 microns.
Pb 3786-D; 39.8 x 116.7.

The botanical affinity of this grain
is unknown. It is placed in the
form-genus Triatriopollenites
Thompson and Pflug.

 

P3p-2

Plate 6, Figure 12

Triporate.

Triangular; sides straight to
slightly concave.

Reticulate; lumina circular to
irregularly rounded, usually 1—2
microns wide; muri low and of vari—
able width; reticulum often finer
at poles than at equator.

Reticulum developed in sexine;
nexine thickens at pores to form
annuli.

Pores equatorial, simple, circular,
annulate, slightly protruding.

30 microns.

Pb 3799-B; 43.5 X 119.9.

This grain represents the genus
Proteacidites. It closely re-
sembles Proteaciditngmargdnus
described by Rouse fer the
Burrard.

 

 

Class:

-—n———-———

Shape:

Sculpture:

 

Construction:

 

Aperture:

Dimensions:

Reference Specimen:

 

Remarks:

Class:

_-——u——-

Shape:
Sculpture:

 

Construction:

 

Aperture:

Dimensions:

 

Reference Specimen:

81

P3f—l

Plate 7, Figure l

Triporate.

Triangular; sides straight to slightly
convex or slightly concave.

Reticulate (microgranulate); granules
0.5-1 micron high.

Reticulum developed in sexine, nexine
forms narrow annulus at pores.

Pores equatorial, simple, annulate,
5-7 microns wide, cut into corners.

32 microns.
Pb 3782—A; 46.0 x 123.3.

This grain represents the genus
Proteacidites.

 

Polyporate

 

 

Remarks:

Pusm—l

Plate 7, Figure 2

Tetraporate.
Tetragonal.
Psilate to scabrate; arci distinct.

Arci appear to be nexinous thickenings,
concave between pores in polar View,
sexine thickened at pores forming
annulus, pores vestibulate.

Pores equatorial, circular to ovoid,
2—3 microns in diameter, protrude
slightly, annulate, vestibulate.

25 microns.
Pb 5234—A; 34.6 x 113.6.

This grain is identical to Alnug'
quadrapollenites described by Rouse
from the Burrard.

 

 

Class:

Shape:
Sculpture:

 

gpnstruction:

Aperture:

 

Dimensions:

 

Reference Specimen:

Remarks:

Class:

Shape:
Sculpture:

 

Construction:

 

Aperture:

Dimensions:

 

Reference Specimen:

 

Remarks:

0:.
FC-

Plate 7, Figure 3

Tetraporate.
Tetragonal.

Psilate to scabrate.
Not determined.

Pores equatorial to subequatorial,
simple, circular, atriate (?).

28 microns.
Pb 5230—E; 32.1 x 118.7.

This grain appears to be a four—
pored Carya. It is restricted to
Zone B.

Pssm-l

Plate 7, Figure 4

Pentaporate.
Pentagonal.

Psilate to scabrate; arci dis-
tinct.

Arci appear to be nexinous
thickenings concave‘between pores
in polar view, sexine thickened at
pores forming annulus, pores
vestibulate.

Pores equatorial, circular to ovoid,
1—2 microns in diameter, protrude
slightly, annulate, vestibulate.

30 microns.
Pb 5207—E; 34.9 x 114.3.

This grain appears to be identical
to Alnus quinquepollenites Rouse
although the Burrard species is
smaller than that found in the
Chuckanut.

 

83

P6sm—l

Plate 6, Figure 5

 

Qlagp: Hexiporate.

Shape: Hexagonal.

Sculpture: Psilate to scabrate; arci distinct.
Construction: Arci appear to be nexinous

 

thickenings, concave between pores
in polar View, sexine thickened at
pores forming annulus, pores
vestibulate.

 

 

Dimensions: 25 microns.
Reference Specimen: Pb 522l—A; 33.2 x 119.8.
Remarkg‘: The botanical affinity of this

grain is unknown, although it
resembles Alnus.

Vesiculate

 

V-l

Plate 7, Figure 6

Clapp: Vesiculate.
Shapg: Circular in polar View.
Sculpture: Central body enclosed by a well

 

developed marginal fringe of small
bladders (?) or protrusions.

 

 

 

Construction: Fringe of bladders made up of
sexine. Bladders absent on distal
surface.

Aperture: None apparent.

Dimensions: 57 microns.

Reference Specimen: Pb 3771—E; 39.5 x 115.0.

Remarkp: This grain represents the genus

Tsuga. It is restricted to
Zone B.

11‘ lll‘ {1 DI,
" ..
ll.
I l“

.l 1!.
.[lu ‘1".- ‘\
a."

. {

all-'1 .1".

I

Class:

‘

Shape:

 

Sculpture:

 

Construction:

 

Aperturg:

Dimensions:

 

Reference Specimen:

 

Remarkp:

Class:

Shape:

 

Sculpture:

 

Construction:

Aperture:
Dimensions:

 

 

Reference Specimen:

 

Remarks:

xy_3

Plate 7, Figure 8

Vesiculate.

Bilaterally symmetrical, two
bladders; body circular in polar
view.

Scabrate; bladders reticulate with
thickened strip running across
their base.

Not determined.

None apparent.

42 microns.

Pb 5234-A; 38.5 x 117.0.

This grain represents the genus
Podocarpus.

 

V-S

Plate 7, Figure 9

Vesiculate.

Bilaterally symmetrical, two
bladders. Body circular in
polar view.

Sexine granulate to reticulate,
reticulate bladders.

Not determined.

.None apparent.

Total 70-87 microns; body 40-55
microns.

Pb 5221—A; 31.8 x 126.8.

This grain represents the genus
Pinus.

(x:
\J I

V-8

Plate 7, Figure 7

 

 

 

 

Clasp: Vesiculate.

Shape: Bilaterally symmetrical, two
bladders, bladders broadest at
base.

Sculpture: Granulate to reticulate.

Construction: Not determined.

Aperture: None apparent.

Dimensions: Total 100 microns; body 68
microns.

Reference Specimen: Pb 5224-8; 31.8 x 110.3.

Remarks: This grain may be a representative

of either the genus Picea or Abies.

PLATES

86

87

Plate 1
Figure l. Op—lz‘ x950; Pb 3799-B: 44.9 x 123.
Figure 2. Msm—l: _ _ x540; Pb 3771—B: 38.6 x 127.
Figure 3. Osp-l: x540; Pb 3777—A: 41.5 x 122.
Figure 4. Msm-2: x950; Pb 5237—A: 31.9 x 117.
Figure 5. Msm-3: x540; Pb 5230—A: 40.8 x 121.
Figure 6. Msm-4: x950; Pb 5203—C: 41.0 x 115.
Figure 7. Mp-l: x540; Pb 5207-D: 37.8 x 123.
Figure 8. Mp-2: x950; Pb 5212-D: 44.6 x 112.
Figure 9. Tlsm-l: x950; Pb 5224-8: 39.5 x 114.
Figure 10. Tlsm-4: x540; Pb 5234-A: 34.0 x 114.
Figure 11. T1sm—7: x950; Pb 5237—D: 42.6 x 118.
Figure 12. T1sm-6: x950; Pb 3781-E: 38.2 x 121.

i—‘NKOKO

N

HKOXOLA)

comm

 

PLATE

03
\{L

Plate 2
Figure l. Tlsm-9: x400; Pb 5218-D: 44.5 x 123.
Figure 2. Tlsm-lO: x540; Pb 5233-B: 32.0 x 119.
Figure 3. Tlp—l: x950; Pb 5233—c: 32.0 x 111.
Figure 4. Tlsm-8: x950; Pb 52l8—C: 30.4 x 113.
Figure 5. Tlr-l: x950; Pb 5237—A: 34.9 x 127.
Figure 6. Tlst—1: x400; Pb 5224—D: 34.8 x 114.
Figure 7. Tip—3: x950; Pb 5218—D: 37.0 x 112.0
Figure 8. T1st—2: x540; Pb 5218-D: 46.4 x 121.
Figure 9. Tlcic-l: x950; Pb 5233-E: 33.1 x 114.

Figure 10. Tlcic-3: x950; Pb 5233—C: 46.6 x 111.

mwflmmfl

.1:

' J: \l

9O

 

PLATE 2

Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure

1

*in

Li. I'1

GD
0)

I 1;]
H»

W
I.
*3
(U

S sm—l:
S sm-3:

S sm—4:

Plate 3

X950;
X950;
x950;
X950;
X950;
X9503
X9503
X950;
X950;
X950;
X950;
X950;

5203—A:
5230—D:
5218—D:
5230—A:
3782—A:
5234—A:
3782-A:
3799-C:
3782-A:

5230—D:

\ n
m
m
H
I
L.)

41.
39.
43.
32.
45.
39.
33.
33.
33.
32.
45.
34.

ONKNUJUWUU

123.5.
121.1.
124.0.
127.0.
120.0.
126.4.
108.5.
115.7.
121.0.
113.0.
118.3.

101.4.

 

212.21
Figure l. C3p-3: X950; Pb 5204-A: 37.5 X 123.
Figure 2. C3p—1: x950; Pb 5230—D: 32.2 x 121.
Figure 3. C3p-5: x950; Pb 5221—B: 45.1 x 110.
Figure 4. C3f—2: x950; Pb 3786—D: 43.6 x 113.
Figure 5. C3r-2: x950; Pb 3782—A: 43.4 x 125.
Figure 6. C3r—3: x950; Pb 5230=Az 38.4 x 122.
Figure 7. C3r-4: x950; Pb 5207—E: 43.2 x 120.
Figure 8° C3r—5: x950; Pb 5207—E: 42.0 x 115.
Figure 9. C3P—6: X950; Pb 5230-D: 35.0 x 122.
Figure 10. C3r-8: x950; Pb 5230-D: 44.4 x 112.
Figure 11. C3st—l: x950; Pb 3771—D: 41.9 x 113.
Figure 12. Ephedripites-l: x950; Pb 3799—C: 30.8 x 124.

 

 

PLATE 4

Figure
Figure

Figure

Figure 4

Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure

Figure

Ephedripites—2:

 

CP sm-l:

CP
CP
CP f-l:
CP
CP f-2:

CP

WWWUOLAJUUUU

CP -2:
3r

CP r—3:

3

P3sm 1:
P sm—2:

3

sm—3:

sm-5:

sm—6:

r—1:

Plate 5

x950
x950
X950
x950
x950
x950
x950
x950
x950
x950
X950
X950

95

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

Pb

Pb

Pb

Pb

Pb

Pb

Pb

Pb

Pb

Pb

Pb

Pb

5229—B:
5218-A:
5221-B:
5230dA:
5229—B:
5229—A:
5237—31
5234-A:
3782—A:
5207—D:
3799-A:
3799-C:

30.

36.7

29.
48.
40.
39.
36.
33.
40.
42.
38.
39.

O

WWWNCDU'IUWN

l\)

116.
122.
111.
115.
111.
121.
122.

122.

O

H

120.8

119.
125.

119.

 

PLATE 5

97

Plate 6
Figure 1. P3sm—3: x950; Pb 5207-E: 36.5 X 110.
Figure 2. P3sm-7: X950; Pb 5203-C: 47.9 X 118.
Figure 3. P3sm—9: x950; Pb 5230—C: 41.2 x 124.
Figure 4. P3sm-10: X950; Pb 5207-E: 39.2 x 115.
Figure 5. P3sm-11: x950; Pb 5207-D: 35.0 x 119.
Figure 6. P3sm-12: X950; Pb 5207-D: 37.9 x 123.
Figure 7. P3sm—13 X950; Pb 3782-A: 31.7 X 125.
Figure 8. P3sm-14: x950; Pb 5233—C: 42.7 x 111.
Figure 9. P3sm—l5: X950; Pb 5217—E: 31.8 x 122.
Figure 10. PBSm-16: x950; Pb 5221—B: 44.0 x 126.
Figure 11. P3sm—20: X950; Pb 3786—D: 39.8 x 116.
Figure 12. P —2: X950; Pb 3799—B: 43.5 X 119.

O\OU‘I\1

tU’lN

\O

 

   

   

1 \_
/ ‘~
\I
' - i
\s : ~ p
‘- —~- IO

PLATE 6

Figure
Figure

Figure

Figure 4

Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure

Figure

\OCDNChKfl

Pusm—lz
Pusm-2:
P sm-l:

P6sm—l:

V-l:
V—8:
V—3:

V—5:

Plate 7

X950;
X9503
X950;
X950}
X950;
x540;
X540;
x540;

X540;

Pb

Pb

Pb

Pb

Pb

Pb

Pb

Pb

3782-A:
5234-A:
5230—E:
5207—E:
522l-A:
3771-E:
5224—B:
5234—A:

5221—A:

46.
34.
32.

34.9

33.
39.
31.
38.
31.

[U

(IDU'ICDUT

123.3

113.
118.
114.
119.
115.
110.
117.

126.

ON

(IDLNN

100

  

PLATE 7

BIBLIOGRAPHY

101

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Anderson, R. Y. 1960 Cretaceous-Tertiary palynology,
eastern side of the San Juan Basin, New Mexico:
New Mexico Bur. Mines and Min. Res. Mem. 6, 59 pp.

Crickmay, C. H. and Pocock, S. A. T. 1963 Cretaceous of
Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada: A.A.P.G. Bull.
47, no. 11, p. 1925-1942.

Cookson, I. C., and Pike, K. M. 1954 Some dicotyledonous
pollen types from Cainozoic deposits in the Australian
Region: Australian Jour. Bot. vol. 2, no. 2, p. 197-
219.

Cookson, I. C. 1957 On some Australian Tertiary spores
and pollen grains that extend the geological and
geographical distribution of living gerera: Proc.
Roy. Soc. Victoria, vol. 69, p. 41-53.

Couper, R. A. 1953 Upper Mesozoic and Cainozoic spores
and pollen grains from New Zealand: New Zealand
Geol. Surv., Paleont. Bull. 22, 77 pp°

Cross, Aureal T., Ed. 1964 Palynology in Oil Exploration:
A Symposium: Soc. Econ. Paleontologists and Min-
eralogists, Spec. Pub. no. 11, 200 pp.

Faegri, D., and Iversen, J. 1964 Textbook of pollen
analysis: New York: Hafner Publishing Co., 237 pp.

 

Glover, S. L. 1935 Oil and gas possibilities of western
Whatcom County, Wash.: Washington, Div. Geol.,
Rept. lnv. no. 2, p. 1—69.

Jenkins, 0. P. 1923 Geologic investigation of the coal
fields of western Whatcom County, Washington:
Washington Dept. Conserv., Div. Geol., Bull. 28,

135 pp-
1924 Geological investigation of the coal fields

of Skagit County, Washington: Washington Dept.
Conserv., Div. Geol., Bull. 29, 63 pp.

102

103

in album, F. H. 1902 Preliminary report of fossil plants
from the State of Washington, collected by Henry
Landes, 1901: Washington Geol. Surv., Ann. Rept.,
1901, vol. 1, p. 32—33.

Kuyl, 0. S., Muller, J., and Waterbolk, H. T. 1955 The
application of palynology to oil geology, with
Special reference to western Venezuela: Geologie
En Mijnbouw, nr. 3, New Series vol. 17, pp. 49-76.

La Motte, R. S. 1938 An upper Cretaceous florule from
northwestern Washington: (Abst.) Geol. Soc. Amer.
Proc. 1937, p. 283.

Lesquereux, L. 1859 On fossil plants collected by Dr.
John Evans at Vancouver Island and Bellingham Bay,
Washington Territory: Amer. Jour. Sci., ser. 2,
vol. 27, pp. 360-363.

Mc Lellen, R. D. 1927 The geology of the San Juan Islands:
Washington Univ., Publ. Geol., vol. 2, 185 pp.

Miller, G. M., and Misch, P. 1963 Early Eocene angular
unconformity at western front of northern Cascades,
Whatcom County, Washington: A.A.P.G. Bu11., vol.
47, no. 1, pp. 163-174.

Newman, K. R. 1965 Upper Cretaceous-Paleocene guide

palynomorphs from northwestern Colorado: Univ.
of Colorado Studies, Series in Earth Science, no. 2,
21 pp.

Pabst, M. B. 1962 The flora of the Chuckanut Formation of
northwestern Washington. The Equistales, Filicales,
and Coniferales: unpublished Ph.D. dissertation,
University of California, Berkeley.

Rouse, G. E. 1957 The application of a new nomenclatural
approach to upper Cretaceous plant microfossils
from western Canada: Canadian Jour. Bot., vol. 35,
pp- 349—375.

1962 Plant microfossils from the Burrard Forma—
tion of western British Columbia: MicrOpaleontology,
vol. 8, no. 2, p. 187-218.

Selling, 0. H. 1946 Studies in Hawaiian pollen statistics;
Pt. 1 — The spores of the Hawaiian pteridophytes:
Bernice P. Bishop Museum, Spec. Publ. no. 37, 87 pp.

104

SL-wx, -. 1953 Building and ornamental stones of Wash—
ington: Washington Geol. Surv., Ann. Rept., vol. 2,
pp. 62—65.

Tschudy, R. H. 1957 Pollen and spore formulae - a
suggestion: Micropaleontology, vol. 3, no. 3,

pp. 277-280.

Weaver, C. E. 1937 Tertiary stratigraphy of western
Washington and northwestern Oregon: Univ.
Washington Publ. Geol., vol. 4, 266 pp.

White, C. A. 1888 On the Puget Group of Washington
Territory: Amer. Jour. Sci., 3rd ser., vol. 36,

pp. 443-450.

Willis, B. 1898 Some coal fields of Puget Sound: U. S.
Geol. Survey, 18th Ann. Rept., pt. 3, pp 393-436.

Wodehouse, R. P. 1933 Tertiary pollen; II - The oil
shales of the Eocene Green River Formation:
Torrey Bot. Club Bu11., vol. 60, pp. 497—524.

APPENDIX

105

APPENDIX A

STANDARD SECTION OF THE CHUCKANUT FORMATION
ALONG THE EAST SHORE OF SAMISH BAY

After Glover (1935)

 

 

 

Lithologic description Thickness Sample No. Mac. No.
Sandstones, interbedded 1750' PG-9/9/64-l6 Pb 3793
shaly sandstones, and (tOp of unit)
sandy shales, mostly
concealed.
Conglomerate, coarse, 25'

rounded pebbles and
cobbles, with grit and
sandstone interbeds.
Base and top concealed.

Sandstones with interbedded 2550' PG-9/9/64-15 Pb 3792
shaly sandstones and PG—9/9/64—14 Pb 3791
sandy shales, mostly (bottom 100')
concealed.

Concealed 180'

Sandstone, coarse, cross- 25' PG-9/9/64ul3 Pb 3790
bedded.

Concealed 240'

Sandstone, massive 60'

Concealed 130'

Sandstone and shale 15' PG—9/9/64-12 Pb 3789

Sandstone, crossbedded. 12'

Shale, sandy 80' PG-9/9/64-11 Pb 3788

(middle)

106

Sandstone, massive, jointed
Sandstone, interbedded shale

Sandstone, coarse, leaf
horizon at top.

Shale, sandy
Sandstone, crossbedded
Concealed

Sandstone, coarse

Sandstone, shaly

Shale, sandy
Sandstone, well bedded
Shale, carbonaceous
Sandstone

Shale, carbonaceous

Sandstone, massive, thin
layer carbonaceous shale

Shale

Sandstone
Sandstone, shaly
Sandstone
Concealed

Sandstone, massive. Some
shale interbeds.

Sandstone, massive, and
shale containing leaves.

Shale, fossil leaves

Sandstone, massive

125'
4'

40'

u:
8'
135'
60'

85'

20'
20'
1'
8'
1'

20'

5'
6!
3'
51
85'

105'

105'

6'

25'

PG-9/9/64-10

PG-9/9/64-9

PG-9/9/64—8
(tOp)

PG-9/9/64-6

PG-9/9/64-6

PG-9/9/64-5

Pb 3787

Pb 5202

Pb 5201

Pb 3800

Pb 3799

Pb 3798

Sandstone and interbedded
sha1e

Concealed
Sandstone, crossbedded

Sandstone. Small amount of
shale, partly concealed.

Sandstone, interbedded
carbonaceous shale

Sandstone, massive. Tree

trunk imprints.
Shale, carbonaceous

Sandstone, massive, cross-
bedded.

Shale, carbonaceous
Sandstone
Shale, carbonaceous

Sandstone with some shale.

Shale, carbonaceous. Some
interbedded massive

sandstones.

Sandstone, crossbedded

Shale, carbonaceous, with
sandstone lenses.

108

60'
30'

75'

60'

86'

6|

2!
2:
5:

105'

65'

15'

34'

PG-9/9/64—5
(tOp)

PG-9/9/64-3

PG—1/3/64-8
(top)
PG-9/9/64-2
(35')
PG-9/9/64-1
(bottom)

PG-9/8/64-11

PG—9/8/64—10

PG-9/8/64-9

PG-9/8/64—8
(75')
PG—9/8/64-7
(30')

PG-9/8/64-6
(50')
PG-9/8/64-5
(35')
PG-9/8/64—4
(10')
PG-9/8/64—3
(bottom)

PG—9/8/64-2
(top)
PG—9/8/64-1
(15')

Pb

Pb

Pb

Pb

Pb

Pb

Pb

Pb

Pb

Pb

Pb

Pb

Pb

Pb

3796

3774
3795
3794

5204

5203

....a

.pucér

(if.

0f...

109

Sandstone, crossbedded, with
interbedded shale. Palm
horizon at top.

Sandstone, shaly partings.
Contains tree imprints

Shale, coaly

Sandstone

Shale, coaly

Sandstone

Shale, carbonaceous, with
sandstone lenses contain—

ing carbonized stump.
Palm horizon at t0p.

Sandstone, massive, pebbly
at base.

Sandstone, massive, thin
shale layer at top.

Sandstone, massive, with
shale showing mud cracks

Sandstone, crossbedded, some
sandy shale.

Sandstone, massive
Concealed
Sandstone, poorly exposed

Concealed

43'

50'

l!

l!

0.5'

u!

26'

43'

10'

8:

20'
175'
50'

50'

PG-9/4/64—12
(tOp)
PG—9/4/64—11
(20')
PG-9/4/64—10
(top)
PG-9/4/64-9
(45)

PG—9/4/64-8

PG-l/3/64—7
(tep)
PG-1/3/64—6
(16')
PG—1/3/64-5
(ll')
PG-l/3/64-4
(6')
PG-l/3/64—3
(4')
PG—1/3/64—2
(2')
PG-1/3/64-1
(bottom)

PG-9/4/64-7

PG-9/4/64-6

Pb

Pb

Pb

Pb

Pb

Pb

Pb

Pb

Pb

Pb

Pb

Pb

3774
3773
3772
3771
3770
3769
3768

m
R)
h)
I.)

Sandstone, massive

Sandstone, shaly, and
carbonaceous shale

Sandstone, massive
Sandstone, poorly bedded.

Contains leaf imprints
and probable ripple marks.

Sandstone, irregularly bedded.

Shale partings.

Shale, palm horizon.
Sandstone, crossbedded.
Shale

Sandstone, massive.

Shale, partly carbonaceous.

Sandstone, crossbedded,
shale parting.

Shale and bony coal.

Sandstone, crossbedded.

Shale and bony coal.

Sandstone with pebbly layer,
numerous tree trunk
impressions.-

Shale, massive

Sandstone, shaly partings

Shale, leaf imprints

Sandstone, crossbedded

Sandstone, thin bedded,
shaly. Palm horizon at

base and leaf imprints
at tOp.

30'

12'

20'

20'

50“

21
8!
2!
61
6!

14'

5!
15'
21

55'

4'

6'
1'
31
10'

PG—9/4/64—5

PG—9/4/64—4

(top)
PG-9/4/64—3

PG—9/4/64-1

PG-9/3/64-l7

PG—9/3/64—16

PG-9/3/64—15

PG-9/3/64-14

Pb

Pb

Pb

Pb

Pb

Pb

Pb

Pb

5221

5220

5219

5217

5234

5233

5232

5231

111

Sandstone, massive

Shale, carbonaceous, and
thin bedded sandstone.

Sandstone
Shale
Sandstone

Sandstone, shaly, thin
bedded.

Sandstone, crossbedded, leaf
imprints at top, coal at
bottom.

Sandstone, very irregular
bedding

Shale, carbonaceous, with
bony coal

Sandstone, with shaly partings,

coaly layer at t0p.

Shale, sandstone, and coaly
shale, palm horizon at tOp.

Sandstone, crossbedded

Shale, carbonaceous with
bony coal.

Sandstone, crossbedded, shaly
parting

Shale, carbonaceous, palm
horizon.

Sandstone, massive

Sandstone and interbedded
massive shale.

Bony coal, palm horizon

Sandstone, crossbedded, very
lenticular.

2!

5!

5:
1:
5:

10'

10'

8c

12'

61
7t

12'

)4!

6:

15'

2!
61

PG-9/3/54-l3

PG-9/3/64-12

PG—9/3/64—11
(top)

PG—9/3/64-10

PG-9/3/64-9

PG—9/3/64—8

Pb 5230

Pb 5229

Pb 5228

Pb 5227

Pb 5226

Pb 5242

"

..ar...

.7

..p. x-

$07!},

.I 15$”.J..'

“‘

112

Shale with carbonaceous
layers.

Sandstone, crossbedded, shaly

parting.
Shale, coaly, palm horizon.
Sandstone
Coaly seam
Shale, massive
Coaly, seam

Sandstone, crossbedded, tree
imprints.

Shale and bony coal
Sandstone, crossbedded
Shale

Sandstone, crossbedded

Sandstone and shale, leaf
horizon at top.

Sandstone

Shale with coaly seam and
sandstone lenses.

Shale and interbedded
sandstone.

Concealed
Shale

Sandstone, well defined
crossbedding.

Concealed
Shale and shaly sandstone

Shale, sandy

Ll!

11'

0.3'
2!
0.2'
3'
0.5'
47'

2.
5.
1.
5.
6.

8!
8:

10'

115'
5!
12'

10'
7t
10'

PG—9/3/64-7

PG—9/3/64—6

PG-9/3/64—5

PG—9/3/64—4

PG-9/3/64-3a

Pb 5241

Pb 5240

Pb 5239

Pb 5238

Pb 5273

113

Sandstone, shaly,
concretionary.

Sandstone, shaly, compact.
Conchoidal fracture.

Sandstone, massive, cross-
bedded.

Coal, bony

Shale and interbedded sand-
stone.

Shale and coaly layer.

Sandstone, fine grained,
crossbedded.

Sandstone, shaly

Concealed

Sandstone, massive

Shale, palm horizon at top.
Sandstone, shaly partings
Shale, sandy

Sandstone, massive, slightly
faulted.

Sandstone and interbedded
coaly seam.

Shale, very cArbonaceous,

interbedded with sandstone.

Shale and fine grained sand—
stone.

Sandstone, massive, cross-
bedded.

Conglomerate, pebbles up to
2 inches in diameter,
composed of subangular
quartz and schist.

8t

12'

12'

2'

10'

12'
8'

6'
10'
5:
7:
8'
5!
60'

110'

25'

25'

30'

15'

PG-9/3/64-3

PG—9/3/64-2

PG-9/3/64-l

Pb 5237

Pb 5236

Pb 5235

44)

114

Concealed
Sandstone, massive
Concealed

Sandstone, massive,
exposed.

poorly

Concealed

Sandstone

Concealed

Sandstone, massive
carbonaceous

Shale, sandy,
at top.

Sandstone, massive, medium
grained, contains some
intraformational conglom-
erate of clay pebbles.
Numerous imprints of wood
at several horizons.

Shale, carbonaceous,
sandstone.

and shaly

Sandstone
Sandstone, shaly

Sandstone,
bedded

massive, cross-

Shale, carbonaceous. Good

leaf imprints.

Sandstone, contains imprints

of wood.

Shale

Sandstone, massive, medium
grained.

Shale, carbonaceous. Contains

well defined leaves and thin
coaly layers.

290'
110‘
75'
20'

90'
10'
140'
10'

40'

115'

2!

)4:
61

12'

2!

3!

0.5'

30'

3!

PG-9/ll/64-3
(tOp)

PG-1/2/64—1

PG—1/2/64-2

PG—1/2/64—3

PG—l/2/64-4
(bottom)

Pb3786

Pb 3776

Pb

Pb

Pb

3777

3778

U)
«a
\C)

3‘

‘0‘.

115

Shale, sandy with interbedded
fine grained sandstone.

Shale, partings.

Sandstone, crossbedded

Shale

Sandstone, shaly, crossbedded
Shale

Shale, carbonaceous
Sandstone, shaly

Shaly, peaty

11'

2.5'

1.5'

1:

1.25'

2' PG—1/2/64—5 Pb 3780
6!

7:

1.5' PG—1/2/64-6 Pb 3781

Sandstone, coarse, with pebble 10'

layers and lens of sandy
shale.

Shale, bluish—gray, interbedded 4'

sandy shale.

Concealed. Probably mostly
shale.

Sandstone, massive, buff
colored.

Shale, sandy, with ferns and
stem imprints.

Shale, carbonaceous
Sandstone, shaly, gray

Sandstone, massive, buff
colored.

Shale, well bedded, fragments
of carbonized wood.

Shale, compact, sandy,
conchoidal.

Sandstone, shaly. Contains
fossil leaves.

100'

81

61

0.3'.
L1!
6:

2' PG—9/11/64-2 Pb 3785

12' PG—9/11/64—1 Pb 3784

Shale, sandy
Sandstone, massive

Concealed

Unconformity

Pre—Tertiary rocks

116

141
12'

200'

 

9,484'

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