t:~ MARITAL ADJUSTMENT OF 212 STUDENT COUPLES TO THE PREGNANCY EXPERIENCE Thesis for the Degree of M. A. MICHIGAN STATE COLLEGE Thomas MiIlard Poffenbe-rger I949 ill!lllllllllzllljlfllllLllljlfllllllll Willi l1” fill ‘ This is to certifg that the thesis entitled Marital Adjustment of 212 Student Couples to the Pregnancy Experience presented In] Thomas Millard Poffenberger has been accepted towards fulfillment of the requirements for Master of Arts degree in Sociology and Anthropology l} 4/ . Major prolesmr [late 0-169 MARITAL ADJUSTMENT OF 212 STUDENT COUPLES TO _ .THE PREGNANCY EXPERIENCE By THOMAS MILLARD EQFFENBERGER A THESIS Submitted to the School of Graduate Studies of Michigan State College of Agriculture and Applied Science in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree or MASTER OF ARTS Department of Sociology and Anthropology 1949 Preface The author is indebted to many persons for their help on completing this study. Particularly to Dr. Judson T. Landis who conceived the idea of the study and gave invaluable counsel throughout. Also to Mrs. Mary G. Landis who gave generously of her time in the develOpment of the questionnaire which was used in the study. Grateful acknowledgment is made to Dr. Charles R. Heffer for his invaluable suggestions and crit- icism.of the manuscript in the absence of Dr. Landis. Special mention should be made of Dr. Duane Gibson.who gave many hours of his time in Bonsul- tation about statistical treatment of the material and general analysis and presentation of the information gathered in the questionnaires. Gratitude is also expressed to Dr. Asael T. Hansen.who made valuable suggestions regarding the final revision of the questionnaire and letter of introduction. Thanks also goes to Miss EsmerAnson who supplied the names and addresses of the couples who participated in the study, and to my wife Shirley Briggs Poffenberger who painstakingly read and corrected the entire manuscript and who also acted as research associate. n r. A; ,r"-\ I". “c ,—-" f ,r C's “.5 ) I . . . I ' Not enough can be said about the excellent cooperation that was given by the couples who participated in the study by filling out the questionnaires. Their understanding of the neces- sity for such a study and their interest in it were always appreciated.‘We thank them.sincerely. iii Table of Contents PrefaOGOOIOOOOO0.00....OO.OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOCOOCOOCOO Chapter I. IntrOdUCtionoooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo. II. methOdOIOEyOOOOOOOOOOOIOO0.00.0.0...0.0.0.... limits 0f the Sample........o............. Finding the Sample........................ The QMeStionnaireoocooocoooooooooococoa... The MBthOd Of InveStigationooeo00000000000 Proportion of Refusals.................... Construction of the Questionnaire......... mathOd 0f Stat131cal Analy81Sooooooooooooo III. Char30ter18tics of the Sample................ 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Length Of Time Married-COCO.......0........ A83 at Tina Of marriage................... Education of the Wives.................... ChildhOOd Residenceoo00.000000000000000... Religious Background...................... A898 0f the Children...................... Average Yearly Incameoccoocooo000000000000 In summarYooooooooooooooo00000000000.coco. IV. The Husbands and the Pregnancy............... Number of Children‘Wanted................. Desire for Children After the Pregnancy... Occurrence of Conception.................. AVOidance Of Pregnancy.................... Schooling Plans and Part Time Jobs........ Rea°tion to PrGEDEHCYeo0000000000000...coo Wbrry abOUt the Child................o.... ‘Was'Wlfe "Babylng" harselt?ooooooooooooooo Annoyances During Pregnancyoooooeeoocooooo 104W1Ves' EmOtional Upsetooooooooooeoooono... ”lloAttitUde Of Spouseoooooocc0000.00.00.00... 12.Recreational Activities................... 130Areas of Disagreementoooooo00000000000000. ‘14gflappin983 Rat1n880000000000000000000000... iv Page ii '2 VII. :4 (a l. J, '°' I «3'. l 7531 A E ”WM; .1“‘.I. .I.‘ 0‘ I Q'.‘Q..§.O§Q§O§§..Otfiooo..-oado--.- .‘..\...§§.O§Q§ Q.‘.--..‘...... Q§.~..‘-.§..-O. QQQQQQ§QQs~§scs QQQQQQQQQQQQ-.- §~~~~~§.§.-Q-.Q -s.~§.§§-§.~s~c .shfififififisfi .~...‘--§--Q- .. Q§Qs§----s---.- Q.‘-§Q§§§§Os--n -~-‘.‘---\fi..-‘ ‘~‘..~---.-§§‘~ \§§§~.§§-~-§-sn O...~..-.§-§--- .‘Q‘..-.§§§QQQQ§ .----. ~~§~§§§Q§Q§Q~Q§sg sos .~‘ “.‘~\§§-.§§..~--.-§.O ‘--§‘.~~§~~-§~~ .Q-.§~‘-§~s§~---s o ‘ v - - s5. - - — - § ~~§~s~~s~s-s----s--~-- s~fi§~§§~~§§§h‘--Q‘~Q --.-‘§-§ —~ ‘Qs-§§~~§-§s-~-~--§-§ “~“‘-~~-§S~~--~-‘~~ ‘~“““. ~-‘-‘- ~--“““‘~§--~ ~~s‘~\-§~~‘-s‘-..fis- - ~§~~--~“S“ -‘”~‘~----~ , ._ 3Q ~~~~-‘~§-\‘s“§“‘~~ ~s~~~~~~§§§§~§~§s~s§~ ‘~‘\“--‘-~“‘-“--S-§~~§ .Q. I '9’. Areas of Disagreement..................... 41 l. Disagreement and Overall Happiness... 42 2. Disagreements and Happire es Duringthe Pregnancy............................ 46 3. Incom............................... 4'7 4. In-laws.............................. 49 50 Rel-18101100000000...oeoooooooocooooooo 49 6.‘ Social Activities and Choice of Fri-6mg.00000000000000.0000.000000000 50 VI. {ml-19 Periods Of Pregnancy................... 51 1. Happiness in the Four Periods........ 51 _ -——, . Effect of the Child on Marital Happi- MSSOOQOOQOOOOOOOOOOQO00000000000000. 54 50 Influence Of Fr1011dSoeooeoeeooeoooooe 56 40 Taking a JOboooeo00000000000000.0000. 57 5. Annoyance at‘Wife's Aetions.......... 60 6o Worry about m9 BEbYeeooeooooeoooeoce 61 7. Recreational Acfiivitiea.............. 61 8. Emotional Upset 0f the Wife.......... 63 VII. Pregmncy and Intimate Adjus‘lment......... 6'7 1. Avoidance Of Pregnancy... 0000000000.. 68 2. Why Sexual Intercourse Ceased Durim Pregnancy".......................... 73 3. When Sexual Intercourse Ceased During PregnancyOCOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO 74 ~4. When Inter course Began After Birth. . . 78 -—5. Sexual Adjustment During Pregnancy... 78 reo. Sexual Desire During Pregnancy....... 83 7. Health and Sexual Adiustmenteeoeo .000 89 8. Fear of Childbirth and Sexual Adjust- mentOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOeo000.000.000.000. 90 HIICCODOlmionOOOOOOOOOOCOOO0.000000000000000C 91 10 When Children Occm‘................... 92 *2. Factors Related to Happiness During PregnanCYQOOOOQQOQOCOOO00.000.000.000. 92 3. 338111125 Of Pregnancy.................. 95 ‘4. Effect of the Child Upon Marital Happi- ness.................................. 97 Appendices I. The Questionnaire Used in the Study....... 99 II. Supplementary Tables...................... 115 Bibliography................................... 121 o .- 0 n v c O o o o o n o o o a o a o v - . - b I 5 o o a o - D . o . a - . - - 5 O Q I Q 0 I ‘ ~ . _ - o o - I u r O D ' v - - - 0 O - Q List of Tables Table Page 1. Disposition of the questionnaires accor- ding to refusal, adequacy, and conform- ity to the definition of the sample..... 9 2. Distribution of the couplesin the sample according to length of time married..... 15 3. Distribution of the husbands and wives in the samPle according to their ages at the time or marriage......................... 15 4. Educational level of the wives in the SWleOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO0.000000000000CCCOO l6 5. Percentage of husbands reporting number of children planned before their wives' first pregnancies.............................. 22 6. Decision of husbands to have more, the same, or fewer children as a result of the pregnancy experience as compared with the number of children planned before concep- t10n..................................... 22 7. Occurrence of pregnancy of the wives in the 8amPJ-GOOOOOOOOOOOOOO.OOOOQOOO....0... 24 8. Percent of wives trying to avoid pregnancy at the time of conception as reported by the hquandaoooooeooeoeoeec.0000...coo... 24 9. The effect of the pregnancy upon the hue- band working............................. 26 10. Reaction of the husbands to the knowledge of their wives' first pregnancies........ 26 11. Distribution of the husbands in the ample according to their indications of degree of worry about the child being normal.... 28 12. Percentage distribution of husbands in the 8 le according to the type of complaints 1nd Gated................................. 29 13. Husbands' ratings of wives' emotional upset before, during and since the pregiancy PeriOdoooooooeoooo00.000000000000000000000 32 vi O O et- G'IOOUII In. 1‘ no... coco-lobdouo.oeouvv 0‘10... 9 ' - o n 0 v I u 0 o o v I I o v D I O . O 0 .DOI icoooolfi I O U . D O I o I O o I o o no... a v C O O O O O C I‘ O C I 4 O b b o o I 0 v Q 14. 15. 16. 1'7. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. Husbands' and wives' responses to question regarding change in spouse's attitude..... Husbands' and wives' reporting type of change in spouse's attitude as a result cf the pregnancy............................. Percent age of husbands reporting mutual re- creational activities with wives in three Periods Of marriage...00000000000000.0000. Distribution of the husbands in the sample according to their indications of disagree- ment with their wives in respect to certain topics.................................... Percentage of husbands rating happiness during and since pregnancy as compared with their happiness before wife's first preg- nancy...O...OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO00...... Self-ratings of husbands and wives of their overall marital happiness....... ........... Number of husbands reporting serious disa- greements with their wives in respect to various areas of adjustment, arranged accor- ding to frequency of incidence............. Agreemnt scores of the husbands in the sample, illustrating the seriousness of dis- agreement in relation to marital happiness according to the frequency with which cer- tain topics were disagreed upon............ Agreement "scores" of the husbands in each of four periods of marriage. The higher tie score the more serious is the area disagreed upon in relation to marital happiness...... Percentage of husbands reporting influence of friends upon their decision to have a child as related to happiness in the periods of pregnancy..............................o vii 34 34 35 56 38 4:0 43 46 56 24. 25. 26. 2'7. 29. 30. 31. 32. 34 Husbands' response to question regarding job status as related to happiness during four PeriOdS or marriage........................ 59 Percentage of husbands reporting annoyance at wife's actions during the pregnancy as related to happiness in each.period of preg- nancy...................................... 60 Percentage of husbands who worried or did not worry about the child being born healthy as related to happiness in.the three periods or pregnancy and Since birthsecoosoosooosoo 62 Percentage of husbands rating recreational afltivities mutually engaged in by husbands and wives as related to happiness of the husbands in three periods of pregnancy and Since birth-0.00.0.000000000000000000000000. 63 Percentage of husbands rating frequency of emotional upset on the part of the wives as related to husbands' happiness in three periods of pregnancy and since birth....... 64 Percentage of husbands rating frequency of emotional upset as related to overall mari- tal happlnGSS.............................. 66 Types of contraceptive methods used and per- cent of usage before and after pregnancyl.. 70 Percentage of husbands and'wives rating trust or distrust of contraceptive method used after the birth of their first child............. 71 Percentage of husbands and wives who trust or distrust their contraceptive method as related to sexual adjustment in the period since the birthooooosoooooaooooooooooooooso 75 Percent of husbands and wives giving reasons for cessation of sexual intercourse during pregnancy.................................. 74 Percentage of husbands reporting'when.inter- course last occurred during pregnancy as re- lated to happiness in the various periods at pregnancy and since birth of the child..... 77 viii 35. 36. 3'7. 38. 39. 4:2. 44. Period when intercourse was resumed after Childbirth-00000000seesoesoossooosooooocoo 78 Percent of husbands' and wives' evaluation of the effects of pregnancy upon their sex- 118.1 adjusmentseeoosoeo00000000000000.000 79 Comparison of wives ' sexual adjustment be- fore and since pregnancy with their evalu- ation of the effect of pregnancy upon sex- ual adjmmento.OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO0.0.000. 81 Comparison of’ the husbands' sexual adjust- ment before and since wives' pregnancies with their evaluation of the effect of the pregnancy upon sexual adjustment......... 82 Percent of husbands and wives rating seru- al desire in three periods of pregnancy and since birth as compared with desire be- fore pregnancy...”...................... 84 Percentage of husbands and wives reporting sexual desire as related to the happiness rating in the periods of pregnancy and 81136 birth-000000000000.0.000.050.0000... 86 Percentage of wives ' rating health during pregnancy in comparison with previous health a. related to sexual adjustment fOlloWing Childbirthooeococoon-00000000000 89 Percentage of wives rating fear of another labor and childbirth as related to sexual adjustment since childbirth............... 90 Percentage of husbands rating agreement and disagreement in selected areas of mar- riage as related to overall marital happi- 3583000000000000000000.oases-cocooeoooooso 116 Percentage of husbands rating agreement and disagreement in the area of sexual adjust- ment as related to happiness in three peri- ods of pregnancy and since birth.......... 117 ix 45. 46. 4'7. 29. 50. Percentage of husbands rating agreement and disagreement in the area of spending income as related to happine as during pre gnancy and 811109 birth............................ 117 Percentage of husbands rating agreement and disagreement in the area of religion as re- lated to happiness during periods of preg- nancy and since birth...................... 118 Percentage of husbands rating agreemnt and disagreement in the area of choice of friends as related to happiness during periods of pregnancy and since birth.................. 118 Percent of husbands rating agreementrisnd disagreement in the area of social activi- ties as related to happiness during periods of pregnancy and since birth............... 119 Percent of husbands rating agreement and disagreement in the area of in-laws as re- lated to happiness during periods of preg- nancy and Since birth...................... 119 Percentage of husbands rating overall happi- ness as related to their happiness rating in the three periods of pregnancy and the Per10d since b1rth......................... 120 List of Charts Chart 1. Percentage of husbands who rated their marriage as "Happier” in each of three periods of preg- nancy and the period since birth as related to their overall rat- ing of marital happiness........ x1 Page 53 Chapter I Introduction Since the end of the last war there has been a con— Stderdbrae increase in the numger of married men who are working toward degrees in colleges and universities' throughout the country as a result of government aids under the "G.I.Bill of Rights”. It has been stated that, "With the precedent for college marriages established, couples who are engaged in college and anxious to be married new face the question of whether to wait or to marry and finish their education together." 1 Counselors are faced with the problem of advising young peeple who are thinking of marriage under these circumstances. The traditional practice has been to postpone until college is completed the taking of the nuptial vows. This delay of marriage is one of the factors that is believed to cause the lower birth rate amuqu the better educated, and in addition is responsible for another problems- that of adult youths 1. Iandis, Judson T. and Mary Gt, Buildi a Successful Marriage, New Yerk, Prentice-HEII, €548, PoIIs . with normal biological drives who are faced with the problem.of sublimating them until marriage or in- dulging in premarital sexual relations which are for- bidden by the mores of middle class society.1 That many do choose the latter course is suggested by Kinsey who found that about two-thirds of the male college students in his sample had coital experience before marriage.2 In 1929 Hamilton found that 50 percent of the males and 28 percent of the females in his sample (of 100 cases) had had premarital coitus.3 The problem.suggested by the delay of marriage might be allewiated in many instances if these youths could combine their educational plans with well planned marriages. In an attempt to determine in part, the degree of adjustment made by couples marrying under such circumstances, Dr. Judson T. Landis has undertaken the guidance of such studies at 1Michigan State College. The first of these4 covered the overall marital 1. For a discussion of the different moral values in the "Upper", "Middle" and "Lower” classes, see Warner,W.L., and-Lunt,P.H., The Social Life of a Medern Communit , New Haven, Yale Un vers y recs, 9 . 2. Kinsey, Alfred 0., Sexual Behavior in the Human Male, Philadelphia,‘W.B.|¢nn ers o., , p. . 5. Ehmdlton, G.V., A.research in.Marria e, New York, Lear, 1929, p.350. 4. Pratt, Lois V., Student marria es at Michi an State College, Unpublished Masters Thesis, Michigan Stats, I915. 2 adjustment of 544 student families. The present study covers a more specific period of marriage: that of the first pregnancy. It was believed that this period is of particular importance since pregnancy often occurs soon after the couples have married, and perhaps before they have had time to adjust to married life. It is certain that "the child exerts an important influence" upon the 1, "even from.the beginning of pregnancy". couple It was believed certain pregnancies might be more disruptive than others to marital adjustment. For instance, if the child is "unplanned" it may put a severe strain on family finances and cause additional worry to the parents. If they are unable to adjust to this neW'situation, the child may later be rejected and such rejection may have a lasting effect upon his personality even in adulthood. .If the child is "planned" the couple naturally should be happy when it is known that the wife is pregnant. Certain eventualities however may occur which cause them to regret their desire for a child. The usual occurrence of nausea and increasing expense may cause considerable strain on the marital relationship. One of the major purposes of this study is to determine what effect the first pregnancy has on college marriages. l. Becker,H. and Hill,R., Family Marriagg_and Parenthood, Boston, D.C.Heath and Co., 1948, p.459. 2. Ibid, p.458. Chapter II’ Methodology The investigation was garried out jointly by the author and his wife. The study was planned as partial requirement for the Masters3degree, each investigator designing and evaluating a different area of the research. For the most part the data evaluated in the present study have been taken from the husbands' questionnaires. The barracks section of the married housing area at Michigan State College was believed to be the most logical place to conduct the study. It housed some 1100 couples, the majority of whom had children; also, it was easily accessible and familiar to the invest- igators who lived in this area. After deciding upon the location for the study the next step was to define the limits of the sample. limits of the Universe - many of the couples in the "Village" had more than one child, but because it was believed that the second ’child might have a different effect upon the marital relationship of the couple than the first child and because of the limited time available, it was decided to limit the study to couples having one child. Also, some of the couples had married before the war and had children as old as seven years of age. In such instances, the process of forgetting might have made such families unsuited to the investigation. For these reasons it was decided to limit the universe to be sampled to couples having only children not older than two and one-half years of age. Findinggthe Sample It was possible to locate the names and addresses of those who met the requirements of the sample by an examination of cards which had been filled out by married students at the time of fall registration, September 1948. These cards were checked as to the number and ages of the children of each couple and whether or not they were expecting their first child within six months. A list was made of those who had indicated that they had one child two years of age or under and those who were ex- pecting their first child within a period of six months since these families would meet the requirements of the sample at the time of the distribution of the question- naires. The Qpestionnaire The information regarding the couples' attitudes and experiences and family backgrounds was all gathered by use of a questionnaire.1 This method was selected for several reasons: It was believed that such a form would insure anonymity of the informants; It would be less time consuming than the interview method; and it was considered a more objective method of gathering data than interviewing. However, in 1. See Appendix I. gathering highly personal information of this type it is admitted that the interview or schedule method may be superior in respect to "the use of more complex and numerous questions."1 The advantages of personal investigation, however, are met to some extent by the method of distributing and collecting the data discussed under the next subheading. The Method of Investigation Although sending the questionnaires through the mail would have conserved time it was believed that such a method of distribution would not yield the returns that a personal approach.might effect. Also the mailed questionnaire method may be unsound because of the reasons for the return of such impersonally solicited material. For these reasons each questionnaire was handed out individually with a personal explanation2 of the purpose of the study and a statement in respect to the collection of the questionnaire.5 It was believed essential that complete anonymity be assured those couples participating in the study and for this reason the investigators carried around 1. Lundberg, G.Ae, Social Research, New York, Longmans, Green.& Co., 1 2, p. 9. en 2. This was in addition to a written enclosure included for the spouse to read in case one of the couple had not been seen. 3. In each instance the approximate time of collection 'was suggested to the respondent and an appointment was made to collect the questionnaire approximately two days later. 6 boxes with slits cut in them, explaining that the questionnaires would be inserted in the boxes by the couples themselves and that it would be impossible for anyone to knOW'WhO filled out any one questionnaire considering the number collected at any one time. One disadxantage of the method of investigation was the fact that the husband and wife might compare answers (if they chose) while filling out the questionnaires, and of greater seriousness to the results of the study was the possibility that either the husband or wife might not indicate his actual thoughts for fear that they might be read by the spouse before the time of collection of the questionnaires. For this reason the couples were instructed verbally as well as in a written form not to compare answers or look at the other's questionnaire. The fact that most of the husbands and wives answers were similar but not identical in addition to the many frank comp ment: made, indicates that this possible drawback to the method of collection.may not have been too serious. Proportion of Refusals By following the method of leaving the question- naires one day and calling for them in a day or two, only three outright verbal refusals were received.1 The attempt was made to discover the reasons for such refusals and in each case the wife remarked that she had been willing to fill out the questionnaire but that her husband refused to and did not wish her to fill one out. In a few cases only one person filled out the questionnaire, four questionnaires being returned with only the wife's part completed.2 One question- naire was filled out by a husband only who indicated that his wife was out of town and therefore could not participate in the study. Considering the implications of refusal or lack of participation as well as the interrelationship of certain informationdn the questionnairea, it was decided that it would be advisable to include in the final analysis only those questionnaires which had been filled out by both the husband and the wife. In addition to these partial refusals, four couples returned their questionnaires completely unfilled out. In these cases it was alSo impossible to determine the l. The first procedure was to leave the forms one day calling for them the following day; however this did not allow sufficient time. Therefore it was decided to aIIOW'tWO days or more if necessary in order to get as complete a return as possible. 2. The reasons for such partial refusal on the part of these couples was not known since the wives and/ or husbands made no comments at the time of collection. 8 reason for refusal because of the method of collection and their lack of comment at the time of colledtion. Aside frmm refusals the information provided by a few of the couples could not be used because it showed lack of conformity to the requirements of the sample.1 Therefore the questionnaires of 16 of the couples who had been asked to participate could not be used in the final analysis which was based upon the information taken from the questionnaires of 212 couples. The disposition of the questionnaires which were distributed appears below: Table l. Disposition of the questionnaires according to refusal, adequacy, and con- formity to the definition of the sample Disposition of Questionnaires Number Outright verbal refusals 3 Returned filled out by wife only 4 Returned filled out by husband only 1 Returned unfilled out by both 4 Lacked conformity to the sample 4 .Met requirements of the sample 212 Total cases 228 An examination of the previous table indicates that 93.0 percent of those questionnaires which were handed out were later found to conform to the require- ments of the sample and were sufficiently filled out 1. Three indicated the birth of a second child; one indicated that the child was older than three and had been born to a previous marriage. 9 for analysis. Therefore, as will be noted only 7.0 percent of the questionnaires which were originally solicited were not included in the final analysis. During the distribution of the questionnaires it was found that a number of couples had moved or changed residence within the village. Those who had moved away from the area completely may have been graduated or found it too difficult to conthnue since the birth of their chilren. Those couples who were believed to have moved within the village1 were found in nearly all instances by asking other couples in the sample whether any of their immediate neighbors fitted the requirements specified. In this way an additional number of couples were included who had moved into the area since the original list of names and addresses was made.2 It will also be noted that in addition to such ”weeding out” as may have occurred when some of the couples left school, there are additional reasons which make this sample a select group. All of the l. Such.moves were usually from.smaller apartments to larger ones with one_or two bedrooms. 2. This inclusion was not as great as the number of couples who had moved; therefore the total sample solicited numbered 228 couples instead of 239 which names had comprised the original list taken from the married students' cards. 10 husbands in the group are college students while 110 of the wives were or are college students. Also, to have come to college in the first place presupposes some agreement on the part of both husbands and wives to work cooperatively in getting the husband through college. It is known that some veterans have not returned to school mainly because their'wivws would not agree to such a plan. The fact that this sample might represent such agreement between husband and wives also suggests that the findings in such a study ‘would probably show better marital adjustment and greater happiness for the group as a whole than might be found had a random.sample of the population been considered. Construction of the Questionnaire Because it was considered that the wives might have more time to fill out a questionnaire than their husbands and because they might be more willing to do so, they were asked to answer all the questions seeking general background information about both husband and wife. As a result the wife's questionnaire consisted of 70 questions, some of which had more than one part, while the husband's questionnaire had only 25 such questions. Although some of the wives were not suffic- iently informed to answer certain questions regarding ll the husband's early history, this method was found satisfactory in.most cases. Some questions, particularly those related to sex, which.might have been considered offensive by some persons had they been presented in the form.of a check list, were presented in open ended form which asked for comments. These and certain others which were not highly adaptable to a check list presentation were found difficult to treat statistically because the number of persons commenting on such questions represented for the most part a small percent of the total sample. Also these comments were often ambiguous or too varied to classify into homogeneous groupings. Hewever such comments were found to be of value in giving insight into many of the problems of pregnancy which otherwise might not have been recognized. Mhthod of Statisical Analyggg The statistical method used in this study was the determination of the significance of apparent differences in percentages, i.e., to determine whether or not essentially the same results would be obtained by taking successive samples of the same type group under similar circumstances. If two random samples of size n1 and n3 with x1 individuals of the hi items and x3 individuals of the n2 items, the hypothesis used to test whether or not this difference 12 would occur by chance alone is that xl/nl and xz/nz are random and independent samples from the same universe. The theorem used to test this null hypothesis is taken from.Kenney: "Ifx /nl and x z/nz are random and independent -samplesl from.an infinite universe in which is the prOportion of individuals which have the character in question, the probability that the difference in the prOportions ob- tained will be numerically as great as the observed difference w=| xl/n1--x2/n2| is approximately P and fl '2 831.1 - l I “It: .3" Hum»: If the difference between two percentages was found to be significant in this study at the one percent level3 it will be so stated or referred to as "very significant." If the difference was found significant at the five - percent level it will be referred to as being "significant." Any difference found to be significant at the ten percent ‘ level will be so stated. In those tables where the t-test showed significance, and by inspection there appeared to be a considerable degree of relation, chi-square and coefficient of contin- gency were computed and appear below the table. “It n2 2. Kenney, John.F., mathematics of Statistics, Part II, New York, D. vanNostrand Co., Pp.II§-I§5. l.'p= 3. This would indicate that the difference between the two percentages would occur only onceby chance in one hundred cases. 13 Chapter III Characteristics of the Sample The first step in the presentation of the material will be to review briefly the characteristics of the couples who made up the sample. Many background questions were included in the questionnaire, for at the outset of any study it cannot be predetermined which may have significance and which will not. Hewever, because of the limited time available for the study the possibilities of a few of these questions ‘were not exhausted. Also, many of the questions which paralleled those of studies of overall marital adjustment have not been compared with the latter because they were not specifically related to the pregnancy. Therefore only those background factors which give particular insight into the couples backgrounds as related to the pregnancy period will be discussed here. Length of Time Married ' Table 2 gives the distnhuahan-or the couples in the sample according to the length of time married, showing that the majority (76.6 percent) had been married from 1% to 3% years at the time. of the research. iny 2.9 percent had been married from over 6% years. Thus it will be seen that the majority of the marriages were contracted since the war. 14 Table 2. Distribution of the couples in the sample according to length of time married Years married Couples (Percent) Less than 1% years 1 to 3 years 3 to 6 years More than 6% years Total cases No response 1.9 76.6 18.6 2.9 211 1 Age at Time of Marriage Table 3 shows that the general pattern of age at the time of marriage was for the wives to be somewhat younger than the husbands. Table 3. Distribution of the husbands and wives in the sample according to their ages at the time of marriage Age at marriage Wives Husbands in years (Percent) Under 20 20.4 4.3 fi 20 - 22 55.6 45.6 23 "' 25 1.704 59.6 26 and older 6.6 10.5 Total cases 212 210 No response 2 15 Education of the‘Wives As might be expected the educational level of these wives of college students was considerably higher than for the population as a whole with 51.9 percent having had one or more years of college training. Table 4. Educational level of the wives in the sample Level attained (Percent) Grade school .9 high school 47 .2 College 51.9 Total cases 212 The husbands in the sample averaged from three to four years of college training at the time of the distribution of the questionnaires. Childhood Residence Using the distribution utilized in the sixteenth _ censusl it was found that 65.6 percent of the wives and 62.1 percent of the husbands lived in urban areas l. Sixteenth Census of the United States, 1940, Population, Vol.II, "Characteristics of the Population," Part I, p.8. This distribution classified any area with a papulation of 2,500 or more as urban. 16 as children. The remainder or 36.4 percent of the wives and 37.9 percent of the husbands were from rural areas. These figures do not differ greatly from the total pOpulation of the United Stated in 1940. The census for that year indicated that 56.5 percent of the people lived in urban areas while 43.5 percent lived in rural areas. Religious Background More than three-fourths of the sample (77.7 percent of the wives and 77.1 percent of the husbands) were of the Protestant faith while only 17.5 percent of the wives and 15.7 percent of the husbands were Catholics. Three individuals were members of Jewish religious organizations. The remainder belonged to other faiths or professed to have no religion. Ages of the children Because it wa believed that couples having a child over two and one-half years of age might have difficulty recalling the events of the pregnancy period, the ages of the children of the couples varied from less than six weeks to the limit of two and one-half years. Nearly half or 46.6 percent were a year or less at the time of the study, the remaining 53.4 percent being over one year but lees than two and one-half years. 17 Average Yearly Income All of the husbands were veterans of World War II so that the government allotment to students was the basic income for the majority of the couples. Hewever 68.7 percent reported incomes of $1,500 per year or more, indicating that many had additional sources of income. Most of the additional income probably came from the 132 husbands who had jobs at the time the study was made. This brought the average income to between $1,500 and $2,660 per year. Only 12.1 percent reported an income of over $3,000 per year. In Summary It can.be seen that these were young couples at the time the study was made. Three fourths of them had been.married from.le to 3% years and most of them were married between the ages of twenty and twenty- five. The education of both the husbands and the wives was decidedly above the average. The childhood residence of those in the sample was close to the distribution for the population of the United States, slightly over half the group spending their childhood in "urban" areas. Also the couples represented the protestant faith for the most part. The ages of the children of these couples were less than three years-- half of them.less than one year and the 18 other half between one and two and one-half years. The average income of the couples was $1,500 to $2,000 per year. Many of the husbands were working to augment their income and the low rent housing supplied by the college eased the financial burden. 19 Chapter IV The Husband and the Pregnancy The pregnancy experience is usually thought of in relation to the wife. Hewever any experience of such magnitude in the lives of a couple cannot effect one partner without effecting the other. Parsons quotes a study that reported the extreme of such effects saying that,”cases have been observed in which the husband experiences nausea during his wife's pregnancy".1 Although this may be a rare occurance there is little doubt that in the usual circumstance the husband does more or less identify himself with his wife as the pregnancy progresses. It is well that the husband does feel something of what his wife experiences because as physiological changes take place in his wife, she may become nervous, upset, easily angered, make unusual requests, etc. During the pregnancy period the husband must make some adjustment to these changed in his wife. In order to investigate this adjustment, much of the data used in this study was taken from the husbands'questionnaires.2 1. Parsons, Elsie,C., The Family, Lew'York, G.P.Putnamfis Sons5‘1906, p.95. . 2. The data from the wives' questionnaires is treated more fully in a thesis by Poffenberger, Shirley 3., Attitudes and Experiences of Pregnancy of Students Wives gfifMichi an State College, Ufibubllshed Masters tF'Tes s‘f'm To gan State, 1949. 20 It will be of value then, to review the husbands responsesl before presenting the relationships that were found to exist :among; the data. Number of Children'Wanted The husbands were asked how many children they had actually planned to have before the wife'sfirst pregnancy. Table 5 shows that 67.4 percent said they wanted more than.two children and that 35.4 percent wanted fouror more. If the average number of children wanted is computed from the total data, not including the 22 undecided, it is found to be 3.3 per family. If this is compared with the total children per family for the United States as a whole, (2.5 per family)2 it appears that the number of children wanted by these husbands in the first year or so of marriage will probably change materially with the vicissitudes they may encounter as their marriages progress. One factor alone has already caused a material decrease in the number desired, namely the eXperiences of the first pregnancy. l. Except'those regarding the sexual aSpects ‘which'will be discussed in Chapter VII. 2. Sixteenth Census of the United States, 1940, Population, vo1.IV, "Characteristics of Age," Table 10. The percent cited was computed by dividing the number of children in private homes into the number of private homes. 21 Table 5. Percentage of husbands reporting number of children planned before their wives' first pregnancies Number planned i (Percent)‘ One or two 22.2 Three _ ’ 32.0 Four or more 35.4 Undecided 10.4 Total 212 Desire for Children After the Pregnangy The majority of the husbands (80.1 percent) said that they wanted the same number of children as before 'when asked whether experiencing the first pregnancy and childbirth with their wives had caused them.to ‘want more, the same, or fewer children than they had previously planned to have. There were however, 13.7 percent of the husbands‘who wanted fewer children, and if we look at the wives' responses we find 17.5 percent wanted fewer children. Table 6. Decision of husbands to have more, the same, or fewer children as a result of the pregnancy experience as cOmpared with the number planned before conception Children planned after pregnancy (Percent) more children 4.3 Fewer children ' 13.7 Same number as before 80.1 Undecided 1.9 Total cases 212 22 These figures by themselves are only an indication of a trend that will undoubtedly continue. When the couples leave the village they will find that it is easier to get housing with a small family and that each additional child puts an ever increasing strain on family finances. Also, that the more children they have the more their freedom to move about is restricted. Possibly of greater influence as W3S. Thompson states, is "the 'climate of Opinion', the 'social atmosphere', the 'mental attitudes' of people (which) will affect the willingness to rear children."1 He goes on to say, "the study of our ponulation shows us that there is a differential birth rate in the United States which up to the present has resulted in the poorer, the less educated peopleincreasing at a much faster rate than those in more comfortable circumstances and bettereducated."2 For those who are concerned about the decline in birth rate among the better educated, there is evidence here to show that if the social aumOSphere is favorable it appears that young couples do want children in the first year or so of marriage. Evidently the hardships of pregnancy are among the first. factors to cause them.to decide on having fewer children. '— . w , v-v—v— l. Thompson,jWarren‘S., Pepulation Problems, New York, MbCraw-hill, 1942, p.441. 2. Ibid, p.436 and p.442. 23 Occurrence of Conception Although this question was not asked of the husbands it is important to notice that 37.2 percent of the wives became pregnant by the first six months of marriage and 62.6 percent became pregnant by the end of the first year of marriage. Table 7. Occurrence of pregnancy of the wives in the sample Occurrence in relation to marriage (EéégénF) Before marriage 2.8 l-6 months 37.2 7-12 months 22.6 1-2 years' 23.2 3 years or more 14.2 Tetal cases 212 Avoidance of Pregnancy Table 8 shows that one third of the husbands reported that their wives had been trying to avoid pregnancy at the time of conception. ‘ Table 8. Percent of wives trying to avoid ‘ pregnancy and not trying to avoid pregnancy at the time of conception as reported by the husbands , Response f (Percent) Trying to avoid pregnancy 37.0 Did not try to avoid preg. 63.0 Total cases 212 24 From.an evaluation of the wives responses it was found that 38.2 percent of the wives had tried to avoid pregnancy, that 26.0 percent had neither tried to avoid nor planned their pregnancies, and that 35.8 percent had apparently planned their pregnancies. These responses indicate that only about one-third of the couples actually planned to have their child when they did. Schooling_Plaps and P53P13§§§1§2P§. . . When asked if thewife's first pregnancy caused any change in their schoolingplans, 179 husbands said "no" while only nine said "yes?. Even in the cases of these nine no drasticchangaawere indicated. In most cases it was as one husband commented, "I am.now only taking part time schooling." As was mentioned previously this gives n01indication of how many students were forced to leave college mainly because of the pregnancy expenses but their number is probably small. However a few had to make some adjustments in their schooling plans because 24.7 percent said they had to take a job. The following table shows the findings in regard to the effect of the pregnancy upon the husbands working. 25 Table 9. The effect of the pregnancy upon the husband working _____ AA‘”. Response in regard '.-—-- o to Job status (Percent) Already had a job 37‘9 Edd to take a job 24;7 Did not have to take a job 37.4 Total cases kTvv 2211 ‘“_ No response 1 fin- Reaction_t9_§regnangy ‘The husbands were asked to comment on their reaction to their wive's pregnancies. This question was Open ended and as is often true of such questions the results were interesting but the answers were many and varied. The breakdown used in Table 10 was decided upon for a general evaluation of the responses. Table 10. Reaction of the husbands to the knowledge of their wives first pregnancies Reaction (Number) Happy 168 -Unhapby 17 Worried 46 Mad ‘ ‘ 9 Resigned,'1ndi§nantzb 5 Didn't care 2 Total cases— 247 Ag “~A‘ 26 As can be noted in table 10, some of the husbands, listed morethan one response so that the total is greater than 212. For this reason the percentage of each reaction is not given. To give a better indication of the type of reactions to the question, a few will be quoted: "happy, but somewhat frightened;" "happy-- it was bound to happen sometime: any other reaction would be foolish." Also,"didn't care;” "a little disturbed, but happy and in no way prejudiced against the child;" "happy and surprised;§ "rather frightened about money at first;" "rather bewildered-~and then glad after reconsideration;" "thought it would be interesting though expensive;" "I was at first dis- heartened--later determinedto make matters (financial) suitable to a happy pregnancy;" and "probably unhappy and somewhat indignant." ‘Worry abgutfithe Child Probably one of the most natural tendencies for the husbands during the pregnancy period is to worry about whether or not the child will be born in "good condition." Table 11 indicates that it was a rather common occurrence among the husbands in the study. 27 Table 11. Distribution of the husbands in the sample according to their indications of degree of worry about the child being born normal A Degree worried (Percent) A great deal 11.3 ' Somewhat 60.0 Not at all 28.7 Total cases 212 ‘Was wife "babying? herself? The husbands were asked whether they believed their wives had "babied" themselves during the preg- nancy period. Although there were a large number of general complaints, (in response to another question) it was found that only 20 of the husbands reported such "babying” while 189 said their wife did not baby herself. Some of the comments of husbands report- . ing an affirmative answer were, ”I think a good deal of her outward expression at least, was in trying to convince me how sick she really was;” "Believe she was (babying herself) at times, as she could be diverted and would forget it;” and "subconsciously perhaps I did, but I tried to realise the seriousness of her condition." Annoyances DuringpPregpaney The husbands were asked (in an Open ended question) what, if anything, annoyed them about the way their wives acted during the pregnancy period. Nearly half of the 212 husbands (102 or 48.0 percent) listed one or more complaints. The classification used in regard to this data appears in Table 12. Table 12. Percentage distribution of husbands in the sample according to the type of complaints indicated Annoyance P (Percent) Her attitude during pregnancy 21.6 . Wouldn't follow Doctors orders "3.9 Strange diet cravings 10.8 Nervousness, temperament 37.2 Physical condition 11.8 General "gripes" 14.7 Total cases K 102 No response 110 0f the 102 husbands in the sample who indicated that certain things had annoyed them, 21.6 percent complained about their wives' attitudes either toward themselves or in regard to the pregnancy. A few of these comments were, ”A great deal of worry about having a normal baby;" "We read, talked, slept and lived babies for nine months and when the child arrived, she knew nothing about babies. I think that 29 all peOple expecting children should have some practical training in baby care;" also, "often complained without cause;” ”She wouldn't rest during the day as I thought she should;" and "She worried about her appearance when she shouldn't have because it is normal and natural.” , Four of the husbands complained that their wives did not follow the doctor's orders. As an example one husband said, "She had a hard time following the doctors diet and would eat candy like mad when she had the opportunity." 0f the husbands who indicated annoyances, 10.8 percent cited diet cravings with remarks such as: "Her craving certain food items that were not ordinarily in our diet;" "She kept me busy buying grapefruit;" and "claiming that she had a craving for things she wanted." The largest number of complaints (37.2 percent) were in respect to the wife's temperament. This classification included mention of nervous-upset, nagging, and temper. Examples of the comments were: "The fact that she kept nagging me to plan and pre- pare for the baby. This began before I was psychologi- cally ready for the baby. I think I should have been 50 given my own time about it. Eventually I would have been ready. As it was there was a constant resistance built up;" and "became somewhat peeved at her temper tantrums at times;" "She cried easily, became rather emotional at times:" ”She got very despondent at times;" and ”short-tempered because she didn't get enoughlrest.& (A.miscellaneous classification entitled "General gripes” includes all those comments which did not logically conform.to the other classifications, and which for the most part were not apparently serious; i.e., ”little things;” "wouldn't let me smoke in the house because it annoyed her;" "wearing what I felt was a damned tent;" and "She would forget to eat and then become ill and faint because of this.” Some of the complaints in respect to the wife's physical condition were, "only that she was tiring easily sometimes, but not often;" "feelings of inferiority about her physical size;" "She was frequently tired;" "Her saliva flowed constantly; her frequent expectorations." Wives' Emotional Upset The husbands were asked to rate the frequency of their wives' emotional upset (i.e., nervousness 5L crying, etc.) before the pregnancy period and in the periods during and since the pregnancy. From their responses it appears that the first part of the pregnancy was the most difficult in this reapedt. Table 13 illustrates the frequency of emotional upset before, during and since the pregnancy period. Table 13. Husbands' ratings of wives' emotional upset before, during and since the pregnancy period Frequency of Before First Middle Last Since emotional upset _ part part part (Percent) Frequently and sometimes 39.4 48.3 46.0 46.4 40.0 Rarely and never 60.6 51.7 54.0 53.6 60.0 Total cases 206 207 206 205 204 No response 6 5 6 7 . 8 An examination of Table 13 reveals that the differences in incidence of emotional upset during the pregnancy are not significant; however it is indicated that husbands believe their wives experienced emotional upset more frequently during pregnancy than they did either before or since this period. 32 Attitude of Spouse There was a significant difference between the husbands' and wives' answers in response to a question which asked whether or not any changes had been noticed in the spouse's attitude after the pregnancy began. Nearly one-half of the wives (46.7 percent) noticed a difference in their husbands' attitudes, while only one-third of the husbands noticed a difference in their wives' attitudes toward them. However when asked, "If yes, how did it change?" nearly all (93.6 percent) of those wives who had indicated change in attitude reported a favorable change in their husbands' attitudes while only half (50.8 percent) of the husbands reported a similar change on the part of their wives. Examples of some favorable comments made by husbands are: "we seemed to be closer together;" "She seemed to take more interest in the home and less in what I was doing;” "we had been happyb-but'we were still like sweethearts. Then she became more mature, but even closer than‘before! Some of the husbands unfavorable 'comments were, "Her worry about money matters became intensified;" "she turns to the baby if we have disagreements;5 ”She became more hostile and antagonistic;" "She became less affectionate;" "She became frigid, - psychologically and sexually;" and ”less desire for r. A 33 intercourse." The incidence of change in spouse's attitude and the type of change appear in the following tables: Table 14. Husbands' and wives' responses to question regarding change in spouse's attitude Change in attitude Husbands VWives on part of spouse (Percent) Yes 32.2 46.7 No 67.8 53.3 Total cases 211 212 No response - l Table 15. Husbands' and wives' reporting type of change in Spouse's attitude as a result of the pregnancy Type of change Husbands Wives indicated (Percent) Favorable 50-3 93.6 Unfavorable 49.2 6.4 Total cases 61 78 No response 7 21 An examination of Table 15 indicates that there is a very significant difference between the husbands and wives in respect to the incidence of favorable change in attitude during the pregnancy period. Apparently the husbands became more considerate of. their wives than they had been before the pregnancy. 34; Hewever it is probable that the wife's physical and emotional problems sometimes caused her to be short- tempered and.more easily upset during this period. Recreational Activities The pregnancy and birth of the child have a definite effect upon the number of mutual rec- reational activities engaged in by husbands and wives. There is a significant reduction in such activities when the period before pregnancy is- compared with that of the pregnancy period. Also it appears that there is some continuation of this pattern since the birth of the first child. This would seem.1ogical considering the difficulty the couples have in respect to leaving the child. The frequency of shared-Was rated by the husbands in three periods of the marriage is shown in the following table: Table 16. Percentage of husbands reporting mutual recreational activities with wives in three periods of marriage Mutual Before During Since recreation preg. preg. preg. All 35.9 25.2 20.7 Most 58.3 62.2 54.7 Few or none 5.8 14.6 24.6 Total cases 209 206 203 No response 3 6 9 A 35 Areas of Disagreement It was found that more of the husbands reported having had serious disagreements with their wives over Spending the family income than over any of the other topics suggested. Disciplining or training of the children was second in frequency while disagreements over social activities and recreation were third. Disagreements about in—laws were next most frequent with those about friends and sexual relations being about fifth in frequency. Little disagreement was indicated in respect to the topics of having or not having children and the area of religion. The responses of both husbands and wives were essentially the same in respect to this question on disagreements. Disagreement as stated by the husbands can be seen in Table 17. Table 17. Distribution of the husbands in the sample according to their indications of disagreement with their wives in respect to certain topics . Disagreement Total Tepics (Number) (Percent) Income 141 , 66.9 210 Disciplining the child 133 65.4 210 Social activities 122 58.1 210 Inelaws 115 55.5 211 Sexual relations 107 50.5 212 Choice of friends 105 49.8 211 Religion 39 18.6 209 Having children 58 18.2 209 36 To determine what type of disagreement might have Occurred during the pregnancy period, the husbands were asked whether any of the aforementioned areas of disagreement were related to the pregnancy period, or the period following the birth of the child. Some of the husbands indicated that such disagreements had occurred as a result of the pregnancy. Some of the comments were: "Income, in connection with pre- paring for the baby;” "Our inability to get out together. Either my studying or lack of a baby sitter always stood in the way;" "my mother came just prior to birth. She is'an overbearing sort of a person and caused considerable dissentiong" and "my wife was cool in regard to sex relations." Happiness Ratings, ' The hquands were asked to rate their happiness ideach period of pregnancy and the period since the birth of their child as compared with their happiness before the wife's pregnancy. The outstanding finding here was the very significant increase of those who were "happier" since the birth of their child over the number who checked "happier" in the three periods of pregnancy. The average husband seemed glad the pregnancy period was over. 37 Table 18. Percentage of husbands rating happiness during and since pregnancy as compared with their happiness before wife's first pregnancy Happiness Periods of pregnancy rating First Middle Last Since (Percent) Happier 26.8 22.1 50.6 76.5 About the same 65.1 74.5 62.7 20.2 Unhappiel‘ 801 3.4 607 3.5 Total cases 212 212 212 208 No response 4 In addition to the above happiness rating, both wives and husbands were asked to rate their overall marital happiness considering not only this period but their entire married life. Table 19 illustrates two apparent tendencies in respect to this rating: first, the husbands tend to be more conservative in rating their own happiness as compared with the wive's rating. It can be seen that fewer of the men reported that they were "very happy” and fewer also reported being "some- what unhappy" or "very unhappy". Second, there is a lumping for both the husbands and the wifes in the "happy” categories. While the difference in rating between the husbands and wives is not significant and leads to little difficulty in 38 further evaluation, the vast majority who listed themselves in the ”happy" categories does present a problem.as this rating is used frequently in evaluation of problem areas. Whenever a happiness scale is used this problem.must be confronted. Terman, after an intensive evaluation of his own data concerning the marital happiness of 792 couples explains the phenomina as follows: "The happy person, proud of his marriage, -may find heightened gratification in the conceit that not many can match his own success. He pictures it as far superior to the general level of achievement, and tends to rate himself in the higher happiness brackets, The unhappy person, disappointed in his marriage, may eXtenuate its failure by believing that after all the average marriage is an unsatisfactory affair and that he has fared little if any worse than the majority of his fellows. He considers 'average' a reasonab e discription of his own marriage.” In addition to Terman's findings it was found in the present research that those who rated their overall marriage as "average" had a significantly poorer adjustment than those who gave a rating of "very happy". Those who rated their marriage as "happy" appear to 1. Terman, Lewis, M5, Ps cholo ical Factors in Marital Happiness, Hew'York, £cGraw-HIII, I958, p.78. 39 have been a middle group. For this reason the "average" group was lumped with the 7somewhat unhappy" and "very unhappy" groups for purposes of evaluation. It will be noted also, that for the same reasons when the ratings of "happier", "the same" and "unhappier" were used, those who indicated the particular period as being either the "same" or "unhappier" were also lumped together. The overall ratings of marital happiness as rated by both husbands and wives appear in the following table: Table 19. Self-ratings of husbands and wives of their overall marital happiness Happiness rating 'Wives Husbands . (Percent) ~ Very happy 59.4 49.5 happy 27 .s 35 .5 Average 8.0 13.3 Somewhat unhappy 2.4 1.4 Very unhappy 2.4 .5 Total cases ‘ 212 212 Chapter'V Areas of Disagreement In order to get a clearer picture of the causes of disagreement in the marriages from the point of view of the husbands, the areas of disagreoment previously discussed: will be examined more closely. It was found that the number of husbands reporting serious disagreements with their wives was most frequent in the area of Spending the family income while the area in which there was the least number reporting serious disagreements was that of having or not having children. The incidence of such disagreements according to frequency of rating by the husbands appears in the following table: Table 20. Number of husbands reporting serious disagreements with-their wives in respect to various areas of adjustment, arranged according to frequency of incidence Frequency Area of disagreement (number) 1 Spending the family income 141 2 Disciplining of child 133 3 Social activities 122 4 In-laws 113 5 Sexual relations 107 6 Choice of friends 105 7 Religion 39 8 Having children 38 Disagreement and Overall Happiness Burgess and Cottrell say, "The question can quite fairly be raised whether or not agreements and disagreements constitute a satisfactory criterion of marital adjustment. It may be pointed out that differences are 'the spice of life' and that complete agreement would make life monotonous."l The fact that a couple disagrees on a subject does _ not necessarily mean that they are unhappy in their marriage. To determine to what extent disagreement in these areas has a deleterious effect upon the happiness of the couple, each topic or subject of disagreement was compared with the overall marital happiness as rated by the husbands. As can be seen in Table 43 in Appendx II, the percentage of those who had no disagreement and rated their marriages as "very happy" represents a very significant difference in comparison with the percentage of those who had disagreements and rated their marriages as "very happy". This relationship was found in all areas ‘with the exception of that concerning disciplining 1. Burgess,E.W., and Cottrell,L.S., Predicting Success or Failure ip.Marria e, New Yerk, Prentide- 3 93-5: P0290 42 or training of the child, in which little relationship was shown between such disagreement and marital happiness. In order to make a comparison of the effect of disagreement on.marita1 happiness an agreement ”score" was computed for each of the previously discussed tOpics by subtracting the percentage of disagreement from.the percentage of agreements (for the very happy group only), as each was related to overall marital happiness. Thus the higher the score the more serious the effect of disagreement upon marital happiness. The summary of the reSults appears in the following table: Table 21. Agreement scores of the husbands in the sample, illustrating the seriousness of disagreement in relation to marital happiness according to the frequency with which certain topics were disagreed upon. . 1 Rank according Agreement to seriousness Areas Of disagreement "score” 1 Sexual relations {32.0 2 Social activities {30.1 3 Religion {29.0 4 Spending family income {23.8 5 III-laws {23 o 2 6 Having children {22.8 7 Choice of friends {17.5 8 Disciplining child { 5.1 a; 1. As will be noted all agreement ”scores” are petitive numbers. If, on any topic, there had been more husbands in the "very happy” group who disagreed than agreed, then a negitive "score” would have been registered. Thus the higher the agreement "score" the closer is the relation between happiness and agreement on any one topic. 43 Table 20 shows that more husbands reported dis- agreements with their wives in the area of disciplining of the child than in any other area of disagreement except spending the family income. However, Table 21 shows that when this area is related to the happiness of the husbands when each considered his entire marriage, it ranks last in seriousness. Burgess and Cottrell found much the same relationship and remarked that, "Disagreements over caring for the baby....a1though relatively frequent, have only a moderate relationship with.marital unhappiness."1 As was shown in Table 21, the present study found “ no significant difference between the first six disagreement scores presented. In other words the ranking of seriousness of such disagreements might very slightly if it were tested upon a similar sample; also the present ranking of these areas of disagreement indicated that frequency of disagreement does not necessarily coincide with seriousness since the disagreement found to be least seriouss-hn from the standpoint of marital happiness occurred second in frequency. Disagreement in the sexual area on the other hand, ranks only fifth in frequency, but first in seriousness indicating that when it does occur it proves to be far more serious to the marital happiness of the couple than some of the more common arguments. 1. Burgess and Cottrell, QR, cit., p.51 44 However the slight difference between most of the disagreement ”scores" indicates that to some extent, it is the presence of disagreement rather than the particular topic of disagreement which has a serious effect upon marital happiness. Terman arrived at this conclusion in his discussion of the relative uniformity of size in his correlations in respect to the relationship between disagreement and happiness. "We believe the most plausible interpretation -of this lack of specificity to be that the effect of agreement or disagreement on happiness is irrespective of the particular issues on which husband and wife may initially differ. The happy spouses find it easier to adjust to these differences or to ignore them; at any rate they do not allow them to give rise to serious friction. The unhappy are eithefidisinclined, or temperamentally unable, to reconcile what may at first be only minor differences." The findings of the present study agree with Terman in respect to the general seriousness of disagreement as related to marital happiness. However it is believed that certain topics of disagreement have a.more serious effect upon.marita1 happiness than others as was noted particularly in relation to disciplining of the child. 1. Terman, gp, cit., p.72 45 Disagreements and_§§ppiness during_Pregnaggy ’ A definite relationship was seen to exist between disagreement and marital happiness as rated by the husbands. To determine the relationship, if any, between disagreement in these areas and the pregnancy period, comparisons were made between each of these areas of disagreement and the happiness ratings in the three periods of pregnancy and in the period since the birth of the child.1 By using the same method that was used in computing the previously discussed disagreement "score"2, a further "score" was derived in relation to each of the periods of. pregnancy and to the period since birth. Theoretically the scores indicate which of the areas of disagreement were most disruptive to marital happiness during the periods cited. These scores may be found in the following table: 'Table 22. Agreement ”scores" of the husbands in each of four periods of marriage. The higharr the score the more serious is the area disagreed upon in relation to marital happiness Periods of Areas of disagreement pregnancy Sex Income Religion Friends Social In-laws First - .5 -7.2 -.{7.7 {9.2 { -3.e Middle {3.2 {12.3 {6.6 {12.1 {143 {4.1 Last {3.4 {8.7 {.4 {10.1 {6. 2 {3. 4 Since { 05 -605 *901 {3.2 ‘406 {11:2 1. See Appendix II, Tables 44 through 49. 2. See p. 43 46 An examination of the above table reveals that there is a small but consistent positive relationship between agreement and happiness in all the periods. That is to say, generally a greater number of husbands 'who did not have serious disagreement were happier than those who did have disagreement.‘Where a negative relationship exists, it is either in the first part of pregnancy or the period following the birth of the child. Throughout the study it becomes evident that the first period of the pregnancy is more often checked "happier" by the unhappy husbands. The explanation for this seems to be that the unhappy couples welcome the pregnancy hoping that a child will help their adjustment. The middle and last periods seem to be consistently the most difficult. Although the agreement scores are not high, it is believed worth while to offer a possible explanation of the negative and positive relationships that do occur. Five of the six areas are treated below.l Income Table 22 indicates that the middle and last periods of the pregnancy are the times when agreement over 1. Because Chapter VII is devoted to the sexual aspects of pregnancy that area is not treated here. 47 spending the family income is most related to happiness. In the first period of the pregnancy and in the period after birth as many if not more of the happier group seem to disagree in this area as those in the unhappy group. It may be that during the middle part of the I pregnancy worry about expenses is most severe and at this point that many husbands take jobs. If this is the case it would account for the diminishing importance of this area as a source of disagreement in the last part of the pregnancy. Pratt, in her study of married students, compared couples with children and couples without children, holding constant the length of time married.1 She found couples having children,”less often....completely satisfied with their overall marriage situation than...those without children." Also, children were found to be more of a causal factor in unhappiness in some areas than in others. Spending the family income was, she found, not highly correlated with having or not having a child. Although this study found disagreement during pregnancy related to happiness it agrees with Pratt's findings that there is not a positive relationship between these factors in the period following birth. The Areas 1. Pratt, pp. cit., Pp.78-92 48 she found to be disruptive when a child arrived were--in1aws, religion, and sex. In-laws A This study supports Pratt's conclusion that in-laws become more of a problem after the birth of the child. It appears that some in-laws pay little attention to the couple until there is evidence that they will have a grandchild.‘With the approaching of this event their interest and interaction with the couple.increases. Often enough this increased in- teraction results in increased conflict between the parents and the grandparents of the child. ’ Religion As was previously mentioned, argument over religion seldom.occurs but when it does, it appears to be serious. This study found as did Pratt that disagreement about religion.was second only to in- laws in seriousness after the birth of the child. The reason for this is not difficult to understand particularly since the families involved are young married couples. Landis concludes from.his studies that even though an agreement is needed on the child's religious training botore he is born (in mixed religious 49 marriages), very often one parent or the other changes his or her mind after the child is born. As the child grows older the Spouse that promised to allow the religion of the other to be taught only finds that these things "matter to them.more than they had anticipated"l. Social Activities and Choice of Friends In the first and middle periods of pregnancy agreement on social activities may be a factor in increased happiness but it decreases in importance throughout the remainder of the pregnancy and the period following the birth of the child. One explanation.may be that before the arrival of the child social activities are usually much.more a part of the couple's life than they are after the child is born. As the number of social activities decreases it is probably true that arguments in this area also decrease.. Somewhat the some tendency was found in respect to choice or friends where after the birth of the first child the home becomes increasingly the center of the couple's activities and they become less dependent upon other people for entertainment. lo landis and Landis, 220 Cite, P0141. 50 Chapter‘VI The Periods of the Pregnancy To determine the effect of the pregnancy experience on the husbands' happiness it will be necessary to examine closely the three periods of the wife's preg- nancy and the period since the birth of the child. The method used will be to relate possible influential factors with the husbands' rating1 of whether they were ”happier" the ”same" or "unhappier" in the four periods as compared with their happiness before pregnancy. The overall rating of the marriage2 will be used in relating this to happiness ratings in the four periods cited. Although only the husbands' ratings will be treated, in.moSt instances the wives' are much the same. Happiness in the Four Periods Table 50.1n Appendix II shows the relation existing between the overall marital happiness and happiness in each of the four periods. However in order to simplify the data, Chart 1 gives a graphic presentation of the percentage of husbands who rated each period 1. "Same” and "unhappier" will be lumped and "averaged, "fair" and ”poor" will be lumped as one classification for the-reasons given in Chapter IV, Pp.37-40. 2. i.e., "very happy", "happy", ”average", "Fair", and "poor". u . - . . . . A ‘ 51 as "happier", the remaining group representing a converse relationship, is not shown here. The following chart shows clearly that whether or not the marriage is happy, a significantly larger proportion of husbands were "happier" after the pregnancy period was over. It is believed that this indicated as well as any other factor the degree of strain existing for the average husband at this time. In the last three periods discussed there was found a consistently larger percentage of "very happy" husbands rating themselves as "happier". However in the first period there was found a reversal of this trend. It is probable that those couples who tended toward an unhappy marriage were happy at the prospect that a child was coming in h0pes that it might help their marital relations. It is believed that such an eventuality might well cause them.to say they were "happier" during the first part of the pregnancy period. However in the middle and last parts of the pregnancy increased happiness was noticed only among the ”very happy" group while those in the "happy" and "unhappy" groups indicated much less inreaSe in happiness. The: period showing the least percentage of increased happiness was the middle part of pregnancy, which 52 Chart 1. Percentage of husbands who rated their marriage as "Happier” in each of four periods during and after pregnancy as related to their overall rating of marital happiness Periods of pregnancy and since birth First Middle Last Since part part part birth i, 80' fl; 0 q... p. g 70 8 3 60 '0 O '2 so 0 8' r1 '3 4o , '— d 0 g 50 _" , t ._I '7 _ 1* 20 "V '7 ‘5 "7 0 8 10 3'. “29'“! “2‘1“: 9‘1“! “2?“! 0 was has. as 32:23 h be h h g: g: g ’3 g :1 no U M) m that that that that 39'2“; “9‘23 .“t’t‘ 3""??? than 3154:: buds”: page Overall happiness rati (E 53 suggests that this was possibly the most difficult period for the husbands. Effect of the Child on.Marita1 Happiness Terman says, "In this country there seems to be a widespread belief that the happiness of a marriage is more often than not enhanced by the presence of children.”1 His study however, found no correlation between happiness and the presence of children. In contradiction to this, Pratt found that the child causes poorer adjustment saying that couples tend "to be satisfied less frequently when they do, than ”2 An examination of the when they doanot have children. data3 in the present study reveals that of the group rating their overall happiness as "average" or "unhappy", 31.2 percent rated the first period of the pregnancy as "happier," while 45.2 percent rated the period after the birth as "happier", a difference of 14 percent. 0f the fllhappy" group 24.8 percent rated the first part of the pregnancy as "happier," while 83.5 percent rated '5 l. Terman, gp. cit., p.171. 2. Pratt, op. cit., p.82. 3. See Table 50 Appendix II, or Chart 1, p.53. 54 the period since birth as "happier," a difference of 58.7 percent. - I The trend for all the groups was toward increased happiness after the pregnancy was over. However there is a very significant increase in happiness for the "happy" group since the birth of the child while the increaSe for thepnhappy group is not at all significant. This appears to indicate that when a couple is well adjusted and happy before the child is born, the arrival of the child increases their happiness. Conversely those couples who find difficulty adjusting will find that the child will only add additional areas of conflict. This would account for the lack of correlation between the happiness rating and the presence of children found in Terman's study and the low correlation.found by Pratt: the happy group counteracting the unhappy group. In an attempt to discover which factors were related to happiness in the periods of pregnancy many relationships were tested. Only those factors which Showed a statistically significant relationship or gave indication that one existed will be treated in this chapter. All the data were taken from the husband's 55 questionnaire. Influence of Friends Table 23 shows a consistent tendenCy for more of those husbands who reported being influenced by friends in having their children to rate all four periods as "happier" than for those who reportedly were not influenced; The difference between the percentages rating such increase in happiness was most significant; in the period Since birth. It may be seen that 85.7 percent of those influenced by friends reported that they were "happier” since the birth of their children while only 68.9 percent of those who were not influenced indicated such an increase in happiness. Table 23. Percentage of husbands reporting influence of friends upon their decision to have a child as related to happiness in the periods of pregnancy Happiness Not Not rating influenced Influenced Influenced Influenced (Percent) . (Percent) First part of pregnancy Middle part of pregnancy "Happier" “ 38.6 28.2 29.5 17.4 ”Same and unhappier" 61.4 71.8 70.5 82.6 Total cases 44 92 44 . 92 Last part of pregnancy , Since birth of child "Happier"' 36.4 a 26.1; 85.7 68.9 n nigggpigi. 63.6 73.9 14.3 31.1 Total cases 44 92 42 90 No response 2 2 (Since birth) res-.4. 2; parmoge than .02; less than .05; c=.03 6 The relationship between.influence of friends and happiness suggests a question as to why such a relationship should exist. One explanation might be that the question actually tends to divide the group into what C.S- Jung calls the extrovert and introvert personalities. Characteristically the libido (psychic energy) of the introvert is directed inward creating as Gardner murphy says, "an incapacity to understand the needs, the feelings, the thoughts of others."1 On the other hand, the personality of the extrovert is outgoing, social, congenial. Those husbands who had a tendency toward extroversion would undoubtedly be more likely to have been influenced, and also, having a better understanding of people would be better able to reach a satisfactory marital adjustment than would those with introvertive personalities. Takingpa Job The husbands who had to take a job as a result of the pregnancy were somewhat unhappier (as a group) during the first part of pregnancy than were either those who already had a job or those who indicated that they did not have to take a job. Table 24 Shows 1. Murphy, Gardner, ngggpality, New York, Harper, 1947, p.595. 57 the largest difference was between those who did not have to take jobs (30.4 percent reporting ”happier") in the first period“ and those who had to take a 4‘ job (21.2 percent reporting"happier"). However by the middle period of the pregnancy there was no essential difference in the happiness ratings of the three groups. Evidently by the middle part of the pregnancy period, those husbands who had to take a job became accustomed to the idea and it no longer bothered them. This reversal of trend continues in the last period and in the period Since birth, the increased happiness rating of those who did not have to take a job falling off. In the last period 35.0 percent of those who had jobs already were "happier" while only 29.1 percent of those who did not havefto take a job were ”happier". The difference between these proportions was found to be significant at the five percent level. Also those who had to take a job were slightly happier in this period than those who did not have to take a job. The same trend was indicated for the period since birth with 78.5 percent of those who took a job indicating that they were "happier,” while 72.1 percent of those 58 who did not have to take a job indicated such an increase. It may be that more of those who already had a job and those who had to take a job were better able to meet the expenses of the pregnancy than those who indicated that they did not have to take a job. The expenses of the birth, outfitting the baby, doctor's expenses, etc. may have been greater than these latter persons had anticipated and may have caused some unhappiness. The relationship between the husbands job status and happiness during four periods of marriage appears in the following table: Table 24. Husbands' response to question regarding job status as related to happiness during four periods of marriage Happiness Did you have to take job? rating Yes No ‘Had job Yes No LHadfjdb (Percent) (Percent) * ' a First part of preg. Middle part of preg. "Happier" 21.2 30.4 27.5 21.2 22.8 22.5 ”Same and , unhappier" 78.8 69.6 72.5 78.8 77.2 77.5 Total cases 52 79 so 52 79 80 Last part of pregt Since birth* "Happier" 27.0 29.1 35.0 78.5 72.1 80.5 "Same and unhappier" 73.0 70.9 65.0 21.5 27.9 19.5 Total cases 52 79 so 51 79 77 * One hquand did not respond to the question in the first three periods; five did not respond in the period since birth. 59 Annoyance at Wife's Actions Table 25 shows no relation between happiness and annoyance in the first period. This relationship begins to take on significance in the middle part of the pregnancy period and by the last part those who have complaints about the wife's actions are significantly unhappier than those who do not complain. Of those who said they were not annoyed 41.6 percent indicated that they were ”happier" in the last period of the pregnancy while or those who indicated that they had been annoyed only 24.5 percent were "happier", the difference between the pr0portions being significant at the five percent level. Since the birth of the child Table 25. Percentage of husbands reporting annoyance at wife's actions during the pregnancy as related to happiness in each period.of pregnancy Happiness Did wife's action annoy you? rating Yes No, Yes No (Percent) (Percent) First part* Middle part* "Happier 27.4 28.6 20.6 28.6 "Same and unhappier 72.6 71.4 79.4 71.4 Total cases 102 77 102 77 ' Last part* Since birth* "Happier" 24.5 41.6 79.2 72.0 ”Sam and 75.5 58.4 20.8 28.0 unhappier" Total cases 102 77 ; 101 75 * No response was given by 33 husbands in the first three period; 36 did not respond in the period Since birth. 60 a Slightly larger percentage of those who reported annoyances were "happier,” illustrating the previously suggested relief on the part of the husbands that the pregnancy period was over. 'Wbrry About the Baby: There was a consistent tendency in all four periods for those husbands who had worried over whether or not the baby would be born normal and healthy to be happier than those who did not report such worry. The happy husband appears to be the concerned hquand--concerned both over the health of his wife and the health of his baby. Those who tend to be unhappy Show lack of concern perhaps because they are not psychologically close enough to their wives to feel the Significance of the pregnancy situation. This relationship can be seen in Table 26. ' ' Recreational Activitieg In all the periods except the first part of the pregnancy those husbands who had little outside recreation with their wives were unhappier than those who did. In the first period this suggests again the rehationship of the unhappy couples who expect 61 Table 26. Percentage of husbands who worried or did not worry about the child being born healthy as related to happiness in the three periods pregnancy and since birth Happiness ’Did you worry about the child? rating ‘Yes No Yes No (Percent) (Percent) ‘8. '. ” FirSt part.u Middle part ' PHappier" 27.2 26.2 22.5 21.4 "Same and 1 ppier" 72.8 73:8 77.5 78.6 Total cases 151 61 151 61 . - Last part Since birth* "Happier" 32.4 26.2 77.7 73.3- ”Same and unhappier" 67.6 73.8 22.3 26.7 Total cases 151 61 148 60' * Four husoands did not respond in the period since birth. that a child will increase their marital happiness. In the period since the birth there was a larger percentage of "happier" responses on the part of the group who engaged in dmost" recreational activities together than for tha group who engaged in "all" activities together. This might indicate that‘it is often helpful for the hquand or the wife to get out by themselves soccasionally rather than being completely reliant upon each other for recreational activities. The data on recreational activities appears in Table 27. 62 Table 27. Percentage of husbands rating recreational activities mutually engaged in by husbands and wives as related to happiness of the husbands in three periods of pregnancy and since birth Happiness Activities mutually ingaged in rating All most Few&none All Most Fewknone (Percent) (Percent) First part* Middle part* "Happier” 31.2 23.4 36.4 31.2 19.5 18.1 ”Same and unhappier” 68.8 76.6 65.6 68.8 80.5 81.9 Total cases 48 128 35 48 128 53 . Last part* Since birth* "Happier" 39.6 29.6 21.2 75.6 79.3 70.0 "Same and unhappier" 60.4 70.4 78.8 24.4 20.7 30.0 Total cases 48 128 53 41 111 50 * No response was given by three husbands in the three periods of pregnancy; ten did not respond since birth. Emotional Upset of the Wife When related to the happiness rating in the various periods of the marriage those husbands who reported infrequent emotional upset in their wives were happier in all'poriods except the first part of the pregnancy where a slight reversal of this trend was found. This again seems to indicate that those couples who were having difficulty with their marriage welcomed the advent of the pregnancy believing that a baby would help their adjustment. 63 Table 28. Percentage of husbands rating frequency of emotional upset on the part of the wives as related to husbands' happiness in three periods of pregnancy and since birth Happiness Frequency of emotional upset rating Frequently Rarely Frequently Rarely & sometimes & never & sometimes & never (Percentage) (Percentage) fi_ First part* _Middle part* "Happier" 30.0 24.3 17.9 25.2 ”Same and unhappier" 70.0 75.7 82.1 74.8 Total cases 100 107 95 111 Last part Since birth "Happier" 28.4 30.8 71.6 78.5 ”Same and unhappier" 71.6 69.2 28.4 21.5 Total 08883 95 110 81 121 * No response was given by three husbands in the first period; six in the middle period; seven in the last period; and ten in the period since birth. In addition to a rating of emotional upset during and since the pregnancy the husbands were asked to rate the incidence of emotional upset experienced by their wives in the period before the pregnancy.‘When the frequency of emotional upset during this period is compared with the husbands' overall marital happiness1 ratings it is found to be a significant relationship. or those who indicated that their wives rarely or never experienced emotional upset in this period, 57.6 percent 1. See Table 29. 64 rated their marriages as "very happy" while only 35.8 percent of those who indicated that their wives had "frequent" or "sometimes" emotional upset rated their marriage as "very happy". The difference between these proportions is very significant. The same trend is seen during each of the pregnancy periods. Only the middle part shows a significant difference although the largest number of wives experienced emotional upset during the first part of the pregnancy period. During the last part there is little relationship shown between the incidence of emotional upset and happiness although it again Jumps to significant proportions in the period following birth.‘When the "very happy" group is examined it is found that emotional upset increased during the pregnancy and decreased after the birth of the child. However the reversal is true for the unhappy group, there being an actual decrease in emotional upset during the pregnancy period and an increase following birth. The expanation seems to be indicated throughout the study, that the couples who are unhappy in their marriage appear to welcome the pregnancy in the hope that the child will help their relationship. However it is evident that the child not only does not improve the relationship between the husband and wife but and. additional areas of tension. 65 Table 29. Percentage of husbands rating frequency of emotional upset as related to overall marital happiness Happiness Frequency of emotional upset rating Frequently Rarely Frequently Rarely & sometimes & never & sometimes & never (Percent) (Percent) Before pregnancy* lst part of pregnancy* ”Very happy" 35.8 57.6 46.0 52.3 "Happy" ‘ 39.5 32.8 38.0 33.6 fiAverage" & below'. 24.7 9.6 16.0 14.1 Total cases 81 125 ‘ 100 107 Middle part of pregf Last part of preg.* "very happy" 40.4 57.6 h 47.4 50.9 ”HaPPY” ‘ 40.4 3006 40.0 3108 ”Average" . & below - 19.2 11.8 12.6 17.3 Total cases 94 111 95 110 Since birth of child* "Very happy" 40.2 54.5 ”Happy" ‘ 36.6 35.5 "Average" b below a 23.2 10.0 Total cases 82 121 #L‘ * No response was given'by six husbands in the period before pregnancy; five in the first part; seven in both the middle and last parts; and nine in the period since birth. (Before preg.)X2=’ 9.3: p=less than .01; 0:.- .21 (Middle part )X2=6.1' p: more than .01;less than .02;C=.17 ~ (Since birth mas-4.0;. pgmore than .02gless than .05;c=.2o 66 Chapter VII Pregnancy and Intimate Adjustment In devoting an entire chapter to the intimate aspects of the pregnancy period it is not wished to imply that this is a more important area of adjustment than others during this period; however, numerous studies have found it of sufficient significance to leave no doubt as to the relationship between sexual adjustment and happiness in marriage. Landis in a study of 409 couples1 found that it took longer to work out an adjustment in sex relations than in any other area. The study done by Terman ”shows clearly that certain of the sex factors contribute materially to marital happiness or unhappiness."2 Dickinson,3 Hamilton,4 and Davis5 all noted the importance of the sexual aspect of marriage, Exner says, "we must not....minimize the fact that the -the basic marriage bond is sex attraction, the sex urge; and this being an inborn drive, its normal satisfaction becomes in most cases a condition in all thg other areas of the marital relationship." 1.Landis and Landis, 92, cit., p.243. 2.Terman, 92. cit., p.373. 5. Dickinson, R.L.; and Lura B., ALThousand marriages, Baltimore, Williams &‘Wilkins 50., I931. 4. Hamilton, 92, cit. 5. Davis, K;B., Factors in the Seledfe of TWentz- TWO Hundred WOmen, New YorE, Harper Brothers,_1929. 6. Exner M33., The Sexual Side 2£_Marriage New York, Pochet Books, Inc., 1932, p.7. , The importance of the sexual relationship being established, it was believed that the best method of treatment would be to deal with the reaponses of the husbands and wives together. As far as is known this is the first study to deal specifically with the sexual adjustment of husbands and wives during the period of pregnancy. Avoidance of Pregnangy Seventy-eight of the husbands and a similar number of the wives reported that they had tried (no doubt in varying degrees) to avoid pregnancy at the time of conception. When asked in what way they were trying to avoid pregnancy sixty-one reported a mechanical or chemical contraceptive while twelve indicated they were using the rhythm or withdrawal method. The most frequently used method was the diaphragm, thirty-four reporting its use at the time of conception. As Butterfield says, "No present method of contraception... whether 'natura1,' medical or mechanical, is wholly foolproof and absolutely one hundred percent reliable."l Hewever the fact that 34.4rperoent of l. Butterfield, Oliver, M5, Sex Life i3 Marriage, New'York, Emerson Books, Inc., 1947, p.79. the couples were using contraceptives indicates that their use was even less sure than Butterfield indicates. But the comments in this study makes it seem.probable that when a contraceptive such as the diaphragm was used it was net the fault of the method but that it was not used correctly or not used at all. The human error can undoubtedly be held accountable for many of these unplanned pregnancies. The fact remains that if the completion of college training depends upon delaying the arrival of a child for young married couples, then this is a serious point to consider. Can the couples contemplating marriage and school count on being childless for any length of time. According to the findings of the present study it seems doubtful. One course of action would undoubtedly have helped; if these couples had had more adequate information concerning birth control methods and the physiology of conception at the time of marriage rather than after the birth of the first child many of thesdpnplanned pregnancies would undoubtedly not have occurred. Following the birth of the child there was a very significant increase in the use of mechanical and chem- ical contraceptives, the percentage jumping from 28.8 percent for the entire sample to 65.2 percent. Most of 69 these 98 couples reported using diaphragms. The reason undoubtedly being that it is the practice of many obstreticians to suggest the use of a diaphragm following the birth of the child. The following table illustrates the incidence of mechanical, chemical and 'natural' methods of contraception at the time of conception as compared with the usage after childbirth. Table 30. Types of contraceptive methods used and percent of usage before and after pregnancy method used . 7 Before pre . Since birth (Percent (Percent) mechanical . ' & chemical 28.8 65.2 Rhythm.& withdrawal 5'7 3 '7 No response, not trying to avoid or already 65-5 31.1 pregnant 2nd time Total cases 212 212 ‘9‘: 55.32 P- .m Of those couples who indicated that they were using contraceptives since the birth of their first child 38.4 percent of the wives distrusted the method 'while only 20.0 percent of the husbands distrusted it, 70 the difference between these proportions being very significant. Table 31. Percentage of husbands and wives rating trust or distrust of contraceptive method used after the birth of their first child Attitude toward ‘Wives Husbands contraceptive (Percent) Trust 61.6 80.0 Distrust 38.4 20.0 Total cases 151 175 (Distrust since birth)X2=l3.4; psmore than .01; 0:.20 The findings suggest that the wives' distrust may be related to fear of pregnancy. If so, the relationship between distrust of method and sexual adjustment should be investigated. van de Velde suggests that fear of pregnancy has a decided effect upon the sexual adjustment of the couple: "It is certain that the thought of pregnancy -plays an enormous part in the sexual relations of most couples. Only when the circumstances and conditions of communion are such that they can liberate-their minds from.this fear, can sexual intercourse realize all its possibilities. Fear of pregnancy often impairs sexual processes and reactions on the psychic side to such a degree that bodily reactions are sympathetically affected and even inhibited or checked. Many marriages are totally ruined by this fear and its consequences." . 1. Van de velde, Th.H., Ideal Marria a, New York, Random House, 1930, p.265. 71 To determine what effect distrust of contraceptive methods may have had upon sexual adjustment during the period since birth, the responses to these questions were compared. It was found that those wives who dies trusted their method, and who may have feared another pregnancy, had a significantly poorer sexual adjustment than those who trusted their methods. Terman also found1 ,a reliable difference between the mean happiness score of women and distrust of contraception. Therefore it is evident that the effect of distrust on the wife's part is considerable, affecting her sexual adjustment and thus her marital happiness. It will be noted that there were significantly fewer husbands who distrusted the contraceptive method, but for those who did distrust it no evident effect was noted in relation to sexual adjustment. It is recognized that many husbands may empathize 'with their wives during the pregnancy period, but it is evident that this empathy is not sufficiently strong to create actual fear of another pregnancy on the part of the husbands. It would be impossible l. Terman, pp. g_i_t_., p.348. 72 for any husband to fully appreciate the wife's role in respect to the pregnancy experience. ' ‘ Table 32. Percentage of husbands and wives who trust or distrust their contraceptive method as related to sexual adjustment in the period since the birth Sexual Attitude toward contraceptive method adjustment Distrust Trust Distrust Trust Percent of wives Percent of husbands "very good" 22.4 43.0 31.4 28.6 ”Good" r 32.8 26.8 31.4 40.7 "Average" 44.8 30.2 37.2 30.7 & below - Total cases 58 a 93 35 140 (Wives) x‘: 6.27 psmore than .02 less than .05; c=.55 (Husbands) K," [-31 f’<.7a-).J’O ' ‘flhy_Sexual Intercourse Ceased During Pregnancy I The most frequently indicated reason for the cessation of sexual intercourse during pregnancy was because "the doctor ordered it." Next in order of frequency were because it was painful for the wife, might hurt the baby, and because it was not enjoyed by the wife. The distribution appears in the following table: 73 Table 33. Percent of husbands and wives giving reasons for cessation of sexual intercourse during pregnancy Comments ‘Wives Husbands (Percent) It didn’t seem.right 3.3 6.8 Painful for wife 16.5 18.3 Nauseated wife 4.4 2.6 Fear of miscarriage 5.4 9.9 Fear of hurting baby .15.6 18.8 Spouse didn't enjoy it 2.2 10.5 I didn't enjoy it 14.6 3.2 Doctor_ordered it 38.0 29.9 Total responses* 184 191 * It will be noted that in some cases these were multiple responses; therefore the number of wives answering this question was probably somewhat less than 184, or representing at least 28 no responses; also for the husbands there would be at least 21 no responses. ' ‘When Intercourse Ceased DuringgPregnancy Although there was some disagreement as to the husbands' and wives' response to the question which asked when they had last had sexual intercourse during pregnancy, it appears that a majority of the couples stopped about two to three months before childbirth which is the time generally advocated by obstetricians. One well known obstetrician.writes: "Under no circumstances is sexual intercourse >,permissible during the last six weeks of 74 pregnancy. This is one rule which is extremely important and absolute. During the remainder of pregnancylintercourse is harmless in moderation.! van de Velde remarks that under normal conditions sexual intercourse can be continued up to four weeks before birth with only slight risk, He Opines that for the psychic health of the couple "doctors must be extremely sparing in prescribing abstinence during pregnancy...."2 To determine whether or not there might be any significant relationship between happiness and the occurence of cessation of sexual relations, the periods of cessation were classified in a trichotomy: less than two months, two months, and more than two months before childbirth. These were then compared with the happiness ratings in the four periods of marriage. As will be seen in Table 34 there was a consistent tendency for those husbands who had stopped sexual intercourse two months before birth to be happier in all periods except that since the birth of the child. This latter finding suggests that those husbands 1. Eastman, Nicholson, J., Expectant Motherhood, Bosten, Little, Brown.& Co., 1948, p.73. 2. van de velde, 92, cit., p.297. 75 who feel closer to the wife will understandingly stop their sexual advances during the period when intercourse might be unpleasant for her, while those husbands' who have a poorer adjustment, lacking such ability to empathize with their wives, will continue to press them for sex release. The unhappiness of the group which stopped having sexual intercourse more than two months before childbirth suggests that these Wives have been prone to greater physical distress than thegither wives during the middle or earlier part of pregnancy. If so this would account for the considerable rise in happiness for this group in the period since childbirth. The pregnancy period was most difficult for these husbands and it would seem that they have the best reason to be "happier" having passed this period. 5 As should be noted in Table 34, when intercourse ceased was evidently not as important a factor with the wives as with the husbands, the reason being perhaps that sex is not usually as much a major concern of the wives during the pregnancy period, as it continues to be for the husbands. 76 Table 34. Percentage of husbands reporting when intercourse last amnrgd during pregnancy as related to happiness in the various periods of pregnancy and since birth of the child Happiness ‘When intercourse last occurred rating Under 2 months 2 months before over 2 months (Pernentage) (Percentage) First part of preg.* ”Happier" 26.2 32.7 22.8 "Same & ‘ , unhappier" 73.8 67.3 77.2 Total cases 80 52 79 Middle part of preg.* "Happier" 22.5 34.6 13.9 "Same & " unhappier" 77.5 65.4 86.1 Total cases 80 52 79 Last part of preg.* "Happier" 32.5 ' 36.6 25.3 "Same & unhappier" 67.5 63.4 74.7 Total cases 80 52 ' 79 Since birth of child* "Happier" 72.7 69.2 84.6 n - uifig§p%er" 27.3 30.8 15.4 Total cases 77 52 78 * No response three periods; was given by one husband in each of the first five did not respond in the period since birth. 77 ‘When Intercourse Began After Birth There was found to be nearly perfect agreement as to when intercourse began after the birth of the child, the majority of the couples resuming after the wife's physical "six-week check up". The following table illustrates the distribution of the resumption of sexual activities on the part of the husbands' and wives'. Table 35. Period when intercourse was resumed after childbirth ‘When resumed Wives Husbands (Percent) Before 6 weeks 9.1 9.3 From 1% - 2 months 69.6 69.8 After 2 months 14.7 14.5 Not resumed 6.6 6.4 Total cases 210 205 No reSponse 2 7 Sexual Adjustment During Pregnanqy The husbands and wives were asked, ”What effect, if any, do you believe your (wife's) pregnancy had on your sexual adjustment?" The response showed little variation between the husbands and wives, More of both husbands and wives reported an unfavorable effect than reported a favorable one, however, the differences are not significant. more than.half of 78 those responding indicated that they believed it had had no effect upon this adjustment. The distribution of the husbands and wives according to these evaluations follows: Table 36. Percent of husbands' and wives' evaluation of the effects of pregnancy upon their sexual adjustment Effect of pregnancy ‘Wives Husbands (Percent) Favorable 17.4 19.3 Unfavorable 25.0 22.6 NO effect 5.7.6 5801 Total cases 184 181 Not resumed & no response 28 31 In order to further evaluate the effects of the pregnancy upon sexual adjustment, the response to the previously discussed question was compared with the response to a question rating sexual adjustment during three periods of marriage.‘When compared with the rating of the periods before the first pregnancy and since the birth of the child, it was found that more than 50 percent of the sample who had reported that pregnancy had no effect upon sexual adjustment also indicated relatively constant patterns of adjustment in these periods. Mbst of the persons in the group having had good sexual adjustment before pregnancy had much the same adjustment following the birth of their children. Those couples who said that the pregnancy had had a favorable effect upon their sexual adjustment ‘4 '79 had had a poor adjustment before conception. Table 37 shows that only 15.6 percent of the wives in this group had a very good adjustment before pregnancy while 50.0 percent reported a very good adjustment since birth, the difference between these proportions being very significant dispite the small sample. On the other hand, those wives who reported an unfavorable effect had significantly better adjustments before conception than the group just mentioned. The husbands show the same trend but with less variation in their ratings of sexual adjustment. The indication then is that for nearly half the group the first pregnancy seems to have leavened sexual adjustment, creating perhaps, less desire on the part of those ‘who believed that they had a "very good” adjustment before pregnancy and improving somewhat the adjustment of those who had poor adjustment before conception. Comparison between husbands' ratings of sexual adjustment in these two periods and their evaluations of the effect of their wives' pregnancies upon such adjustment appears in Table 38. As was mentioned the relationship for the wives is found in Table 37. Table 37. Comparison of wives' sexual adjustment before and since pregnancy with their evaluation of the effect of pregnancy upon sexual adjustment Sex adjustment Effect of preg. on wives' adjustment before preg. Favorable Unfavorable No effect (Percent) "Very good" 15.6 34.2 - 39.6 'G’OOd" I 25.0 1502 2704 ”Average" & below _ 59.4 45.6 33.0 Total cases 32 46 106 Lt T Sex adjustment since birth ‘— ——‘ "very good" 50.0 6.8 39.8 "Good" - 25.0 20.4 33.6 ”Average" & below'. 25°C 7208 26.6 Total cases 32 44* 98** * Two no responses. **Eight no responses. Some of the reasons given for improvement of sexual adjustment were that the couple did not have sufficient time to adjust before pregnancy; the husband was more considerate of his wife after the birth of the child; thewife tried to be more tolerant of her husband's advances; less physical "trouble" for the wife during her periods; and a better understanding in regard to sex. Two comments characteristic of those who reported a 81 poorer adjustment were that the baby took up so much time that the wife was too tired; and that since intercourse was for conception only, it was a "farce” after the birth of the child. The most frequently occur- ring unfavorable comment was that there had been a generally lessened desire as a result of the pregnancy. Table 38. Comparison of the husbands' sexual adjustment before and since wives' pregnancies with their evaluation of the effect of the pregnancy upon sexual adjustment Sex adjustment Effect of preg. on husbands' adjust. before preg. Favorable Unfavorable No effect (Percent) "very good” 20.0 31.6 35.2 "Good” 25.7 34.2 30.5 ”Average" & below - 54.3 34.2 34.3 Total cases 35 41 105 Sex adjustment since birth ”Very good" 35.3 12.5 27.6 ”Good" 45.7 27.5 34.7 ”Average” , #bhelow - 20.0 60.0 27.7 Total cases 34* 40* 101** * One no response ** Four no responses 82 Sexual Desire Durinngregnangy It is generally supposed that sexual desire in- creases in the early part of pregnancy. van de velde says, " In my professional experience, I have T observed a great many cases of undesirable quickening of desire in the early part of pregnancy. It may be so profound and characteristic, as to form the most reliable sign that conception has again occurred."l Havelock Ellis also believes that "sexual emotions tend to be heightened, more especially during the early period of pregnancy."2 'When the couples in the sample rated their sexual desire it was found that 21 percent of the wives said they had more desire the first part of the pregnancy, but'27z2 percent reported less desire. There is, as would be expected, a significant degrease in desire throughout the middle and last parts of pregnancy, followed by a sharp increase agter the birth of the child. As was noted above in regard to sexual 1. Van de Velde, 22, cit., p.298. 2. Ellis, Havelock, Studies _i_n_ the Psycho-lo? 9_f_'_ Sex, 701. II, New York, Random.House, I936, p. 2 . 83 adjustment, Table 39 shows that the pregnancy causes adincrease in desire for some and a decrease for others. The percentage of those who said that their desire was the same decreased for the wives from.51.8 percent in the first part of pregnancy to 41.8 percent in the period since birth, and for the husbands from 73.1 percent to 56.4 percent respectively. The differences between these percentages were found to be significant at the ten percent level for the wives and at the five percent level for the husbands. husbands & Table 39. Percent of wives rating sexual desire in three geriods of pregnancy and since birth as compared with esire before pregnancy Sex desire Periods of pregnancy (Wives') First Middle Last Since _- (Percent) More 21.0 14.8 5.4 25.6 Same 51.8 41.8 15.5 41.8 Less 27.2 45.4 79.1 32.6 Total cases 209 210 206 205 ‘5‘” “’7- 5’ No response 3 2 4 9 c,‘.33u. (Husbands) More ‘ 17.1 14.7 16.4 24.7 881116 73.1 53.6 19 08 5604 Less 9.8 51.7 63.8 18.9 Total cases 211 211 207 206 K"'T*" No response 1 1 5 6 C= *“fi 84 In summary, the data seem to indicate that al- though sexual desire increases for some persons during the first part of pregnancy, it decreases for a greater number. Also, there is a significant re- duction in desire for both husbands and wives during the middle and last parts of the pregnancy period, ‘with a significant increase in desire after the birth of the child; and finally, that the pregnancy seems to create less sexual desire for some couples while increasing it for others. It would be expected that as a result of progressive physiological changes sexual desire might diminish for the wife; however no such ex- planation can be offered for the husband's diminishing desire as the pregnancy progresses. It might be expected that going without sexual relations, particularly toward the end of the pregnancy, would increase rather than decrease desire, A possible explanation might be that for some husbands the wife loses her attractiveness as the pregnancy progresses, but probably a better explanation is expressed by Truxal and Merrill, who remark that, ”True understanding growing out of conjugal affection will also dictate the answer to the question of 85 sexual relations during the pregnancy."1 The concept of the husband empathizing or identifying himself with the wife is exemplified among some primitive people who practice the couvade which "is the name given to various lying-in practices through which at child-birth the father initiates or substitutes himself for the mother."2 In explaining the origin and meaning of the couvade, Parsons accounts for it in part as "an outcome of (the) husbands sympathy with (his) wife. Cases have been observed in which the husband experiences nausea during his wife's pregnancy."3 It is believed then, that the psycholoical nearness of the husband to his wife accounts for many of the previously discussed similarities of response. Although there is a significant reduction in desireas the pregnancy progresses, when sexual desire is compared with happiness in the same 1. Truxal, A.G., and merrill, F.E., The Famil in American Culture, New York, Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1947:3734“. 2.Parsons, 22, cit., p.95. 3. Ibid, p.161. 86 periods, it may be-seenl that there is a consistent though possibly unreliable tendency for those husbands and wives who did have more desire to be happier than those who had either the same degree of desire or less desire. For example in the first part of the pregnancy, 43.2 percent of those wives having more sexual desire in this period were "happier" while 30.6 and 29.8 percent respectively of those having the same or less desire considered that they were ”happier” in this period. As will be noted in Table 40, this tncndtIOIfls to be consistent for both. husbands and wives in the three periods of pregnancy and in the period since the birth of the child. Only three factors related to pregnancy appear to have any lasting effect on the sexual adjustment of the couple. One is distrust of contraceptive methods, which.has been discussed previously; the remaining two are health during pregnancy and fear of another labor and childbirth. 1. See Table 40, p. 88. 87 Table 40. Percentage of husbands and wives reporting sexual desire as related to the happiness rating in the periods of pregnancy and since birth Happiness Sexual desire rating in Wives Husbands ' periods of More Same Less More Same Less pregnancy (Percent) - (Percent) First part lst part lst part "Happier" 43.2 30.6 29.8 52.8 22.1 14.2 ”Same & “ unhappier” 56.8 69.4 70.2 47.2 77.9 85.8 Total cases* 44 108 57 154 21 Middle part Middle part Middle part ”Happier" 48.4 39.8 29.7 29.0 19.5 22.4 ”Same & * unhappier" 51.6 60.2 70.3 71.0 80.5 77.6 Total cases* 51 88 '163 41 152 Last part Last part Last part ”Happier" 54.5 53.2 40.5 44.2 I 24.3 2703 ”Same & “ unhappier" 45.5 46.8 59.5 55.8 70.7 72.7 Total cases* 11 32 163 41 132 Since birth Since birth Since birth "Happier” 82.7 72.9 56.1 80.4 81.0 56.4 " _ nigzgpier" 17.3 27.1 43.9 19.6 19.0 43.6 Total cases* 52 85 66 116 59 * No responses for the wives: first part 3, middle part 6, last part 6, since birth 9. No responses for the husbands: first part 1, middle part 5, last part 5, since birth 6. 88 Health and Sexual Adjustment Of those wives who rated their health during pregnancy as ”better than before," 36.9 percent reported ”very good” sex adjustment since the birth of their child. Of those who rated their health "same as before," 33.6 percent reported "very good" sex adjustment while only 13.6 percent of the ”poorer" group were found to indicate this rating of sexual ‘ adjustments Although the number of wives who rated their health as poor during the pregnancy is small and thus impossible to treat from.a statisical standpoint, it is evident that the difference between 36.9 percent and 13.6 percent is great enough to indicate that poor health during pregnancy may well have a negative effect upon sexual adjustment following the birth of the child. The relationship between the wife's health during pregnancy and sexual adjustment following childbirth.may be seen below. Table 41. Percentage of wives' rating health during pregnancy in comparison with previous health as related to sexual adjustment following childbirth Sexual adjustment ‘Health during pregnancy since childbirth Better Same Poorer 4 (Percent) ”very good" 36.9 33.6 13.6 ”GOOd" " 30.8 29.1 22.7 "Average" & below ‘ 32.3 37.3 63.7 Total cases* 65 110 22 *2No response was given by 15 husbands. X 8. 8.12 pa more than .05 less than .10; C= .20 89 Fear of Childbirth and Sex Adjustment Table 42 shows that 22.5 percent of those who feared another labor and childbirth had a "very good” sexual adjustment while 39.0 percent of those who had no such fears also had a "very good" adjustment. The difference between these two proportions was found significant at the five percent level. Distrust of contraceptives and fear of another labor and childbirth test essentially the same factor so that it would be expected that if one were found significant the other would also be significant. The fact that both were found to be significant leaves no doubt as to the negative effect of fear of having another child upon sexual adjustment. Table 42. Percentage of wives rating fear of another labor and childbirth as related to sexual adjustment since childbirth Sexual Attitude toward another childbirth adjustment Feared Not feared (Percent) "very good" 22.5 39.0 ”Good" ‘ 31;2 27.4 "Average" & below'- 46.3 33.6 Total cases* 80 113 *2 No response was given by 19 wives. X a 6.51 psmore than .02 less than .05; 0-.26 90 Chapter VIII Conclusion The purpose of the present study was to determine some of the factors which might be related to happiness and unhappiness in college marriages during the preg- nancy period. The findings were based upon the responses of 212 married couples. All of the husbands and a few of the wives were enrolled in college at the time of the investigation. Because these couples represent a selected sample of the population it is possible that their adjustment patterns would not conform to those of other families at different age periods and having a different pattern of living. It is believed, however, that the findings are representa- tive of college marriages and family life. Much of the material in this study was based upon data supplied by the husbands. However, the fact that the responses of the husbands and wives ‘were similar in.most instances and that the adjust- ment of one spouse cannot be segregated and studied 'without the other, makes it justifiable to apply many of the interpretations of the findings to the couples as units. 91 ‘When Children Occur: It was found that almost two-thirds of the pregnancies (62.6 percent) occurred by the end of the first year of marriage in spite of the fact that two-thirds (64.2 percent) did not plan to have a child at the time of conception. In addi- tion to this, 34.4 percent of the wives indicated that they were using (to some extent) contraceptives or contraceptive measures at the time of conception. These findings suggest that counselors in advising young couples might indicate that if their continuance in school depends upon an.extended delay of children, it would be well for them.to avail themselves of come plete information as to the availability and proper use of contraceptivexneasures. Factors Related to Happiness During_Pregnancy ‘ One-fourth of the hquands indicated that they had to take a job as a result of the pregnancy. It 'was found that there was a tendency for more of these persons to be "unhappier" (than before pregnancy) in the first part of the pregnancy than.those who did not have to take a job. Hewever, those who took a job, 92 either because they became accustomed to the job or because of their increased financial security,proportionatdyymore of them were happier in the last part of the pregnancy period and after the birth of the child than were those who did not take a job. Those husbands who were influenced by their friends who had children into having children of their own were more often happier than those who‘ said they were not so influenced. It is possible that this question differentiated personality types and that the happier extroverted person.might be more subject to such influence. One factor was found that may at first seem inconsistent. Hquan s who worried about whether or not their child would be born normal and healthy were more often happier than those who did not have such.worries. The reason for this may well be that the happier husbands feel the significance of the pregnancy to a greater extent than the unhappy husbands because Of a tendency on the part of the former group to be psychologically nearer the wife. 93 The unhappy husbands seem.less able to adjust to the difficult periods of the pregnancy than those who are more happily married. There was an increasing tendency in each period for the unhappy group to be more conscious of petty annoyances in their wives than was true in the case of the happy group. Emotional upset in the wife was found to be negatively related to happiness. This might suggest that emotional stabdbility should be considered as a prerequisite to happy marriage. The unhappy husbands consistently reported that their wives had emotional upset more frequently than did those happy husbands. In addition, the unhappy group reported that emotional upset on the part of their wives decreased during the pregnancy, being greatest before pregnancy and after thebirth of the child, while the happy group said that their wives had little emotional upset before or after pregnancy but that it increased somewhat during pregnancy. Therefore, it is indicated that happiness is associated with expected physiological and emotional changes during pregnancy, while in the 94 unhappy marriages, the high state of tension appears to be alleviated to some extent by the new experience of pregnancy, reversing the former pattern. In both happy and unhappy marriages it appears that the emotional patterns of the wives changes briefly during pregnancy only to regain their earlier characteristics after the birth of the child. Many of the wives (38.4 percent) indicated that they distrusted the method of contraception which they were using after the birth of their first child. It was found that such distrust has a poor effect upon sexual adjustment, and since sexual adjustment is closely related to marital happiness, the happiness of the couple is also affected by such distrust. It is indicated that a more adequate knowledge of contraceptive measures might decrease worry and improve the marital adjustment and happiness of couples who must delay havingchildren under such circumstances. Results of Pregnancy Perhapsias a result of the pregnancy 13.7 percent of the husbands and 17.5 percent of the wives reported that they wanted fewer children 95 than they had previously planned to have. The fact that more _of the wives said that they wanted fewere children indicates that the physiological strain of pregnancy is probably one of reasons for this lessening of desire for large families. Another evident result of the pregnancy and the birth of the first child is the considerable decrease in mutual recreational activities. Young couples planning marriage might well be counseled that marriage will not be a continuation of the ”dating” period, and that ever increasing responsi- hilities will probably elhminate many of their for- mer activities. Therefore it is suggested that couples be prepared to substitude for former activities those more closely related to family life. The findings indicate that pregnancy brought about changes in the sexual adjustment of some of the couples. Those couples reporting a very good adjustment before pregnancy indicated more frequently than not that it became somewhat poorer after the birth.of their first child, while those reporting a poor adjustment before pregnancy indicated frequently that their adjustment be- came somewhat better’as a result of the pregnancy. 96 It was found that sexual desire increased for some wives but decreased for a greater number during the pregnancy. This finding disagrees somewhat with general conclusiens of some authorities upon the sub- ject. Effect of the Child upon.Marital Happiness The findings of the present study indicate that those couples who are happily married before the. child is conceived will be favorably affected by the coming of the child, while those who tend toward un- happiness in their marriage will find that the child presents additional areas of disagreement. Also, it is indicated that although there is a repeated trend for unhappy couples to become happier during the first part of pregnancy (perhaps in hopes that the child will stabilize theirwmarriage), it appears that by the end of the pregnancy and during'the period after the birth of the child that a resumption of earlier unhappiness and conflict patterns is probable. Thus the results of this study indicate that happiness before pregnancy is positively related to the adjustment of the husband and wife during pregnancy and after the birth of the child. 97 .This has been a study of essentially well adjusted couples, but as might be expected, some were found to be happier than others. Happy or not, all had some problnms of adjustment and'because such problems sometimes jeopar- dize the marital relationship, this study has emphasized the negative rather than the positive aspects. In spite of this emphasis, the results indicate that the majority of couples who combine education with family life are happy in their marriages. 98 Appendix I ‘ The Questionnaire Used in the Study 99 A Study of the First I.i.’éf;(:::‘;..;:.~_1:Cy "”u;t haipcns to the adjustment of ““93 tfia Ti Pet pregnancy cccurs? I ’ this lffi. .-ortnn.t period of married i,e Othhf than gorgggn medical a..pect3, or the constants 01“ persists; win; #71??? CAI-ax) basing their remarxs on peculatiem. fiesaaa" a in the past have largely overlecked this .I ed M iswily life, so there is -redt nesti fer a poelIng 0V inJW.m Lian about the type of experiences whith neuzieg Vere estLully had durfiu" the pericd of th- wife's first wefififimcr. I? ~ Ind neelvnvd. others "xv . j. . sucn expari :nt as c r I .1 ‘ .‘z 1 ‘ n ‘ ’ I c I HI». -- . ." Iicn eiII better p:-,are ‘x then 10:." this firefef'turit 91-? Of?- 03 TC'”«‘""I’1~"3=" I? are I "hliggjrru in: p“t“T13§;{UHL a.:”p’ iLFI*;, a W ' f?D stress "riflfi 31 "P3 h~5 3. ”CAIIL I:C’- ”" ‘ 1:?‘“ {V e“‘ t W SFZ’.ED C “‘15: HI‘ L}:’ 1‘: C" 01' Iia’ ., -r,’ t : T“igf" 103’. rutfi.t.<"aru: 1 3:7. E‘HIE L? a: ‘Is‘:L ' :4; t:: a;-I ”I ‘ c.'{;‘:,1‘£ ear::'z,.; L 1.;ta:;; u;.;?.3» 3r<3"t* I 621., 31'. :v*:% . ,.1; 5‘. ” '3 “ l 1 ‘ L- '2 L{31.6‘I., I.t;\ 'LLr"‘I‘ ' ’*f"a r:I; rw.-: {1 I I “I: " ‘ \ -~3 I 3.1 I - 1 2 4: -' m‘.’>:.‘-"i::I'«"'.'<'_=:-.I '1.» 5.3-.,‘31‘.-va::':’..".3.-:. will i”? \ (7, ..‘.¢ ' caldxan fr~* b* t:.r ;:w*.ozu3 :C:wuz.tt~n' ttn a? :3 I -3 .€.U tilt 3n “Inca aha: «any cider} heferc t.Cu1:tLIe 13 I TH nequeLa Abbi. 12;. With this iI mitfi v: axx yen #9 flat , 111 $318 Q”t,fl.LCnn "u. carrI"L71y Saul her“ Itly'III perm fiZLeI The Insutes of tlfi s .aov will he made avuilahle In rarriage and fami].y co unsc-lore RId to panache ple.1ninj family life preparation courses in the schools and commInitissI The information which you give about your experierces durin, the pre3nancy period w 11 add wrwntIJ to the wrow,n3 f= .eientific IeaeaW“h abou t fpmi y I We, and shave a1” ’ . I. It Leif? prove to be vIry Islpful to 02}? ”young 9%0818 “50 ETC TIL“ paring for the experience of marriage and pnrnneho:iI Tn..fi you for your cooperationg .7 :IItaorI '?I It11:3€.s Dop'tI of Seu’eleev ‘td ge'l 6‘27? v Iiiofhiflall fitr' (mzllxxfih Tlfo’s Questionnaire Cl" 11m: .33: ions 2 1. Please b 39 y ur PCIQP1KS on f Pst full~tor progncnoy of grosont manriage. 2. cha33 fill out the questionnaire to ido best of your ability without consuLtlng your husband stun: szny of the ansz rs, as it is vary important that vour own OJlUlODS bo exressoI P21 her than any autual arroe1ent between husband ani wile. 5. "hon you have comgloted the questionnaire, seal it with your husosnd's 1n the envelope provided. It will be called for by Lbs per32n s conducting the study. v—‘hd for purposes of tabulation.) (31?“"0 disregard numbers at the ends of the blank Spaces: these are General 830 k'vound Informstlon .1 " 7.. v" ,-. 1 -' 7 ~97 ~ 1 n n , '9 ‘ a A ' ' P I. L03 lamb mute on coon LarrIed? (to 30830 St year) . '5‘, I "7...” 5 .55 .J . . ., ., V: 5! 2.. . I . .5. , , I. .-.... snow 0 Lu 191," 6‘ "TOLL til-3:1 3,705.4 :Ia-fieru? ,rIO noamm: year} . I, How olfi was your husband? I r: . 179‘: v- ' , 3 ‘ t v, - p“ I. " q.1_ ‘- j v 1“ ho; ' .‘-\ n. a 'I 5| ~1- '. .4". l‘ a K , x ‘ IIIJIILLJ 1cm)? dlil‘W)d IleC ~w3ur'IUAsowuxi JLEym ’4),1U1f.‘-9yy ”(R3 b. How would you rate the marital happiness of your husband’s pazents? Very h 21?-..at happy (1); Happy (2);Xveragc o)unhnpgv (4); Lanhpgy (5 ) 9.a. What was the lifetime occupation of your father?5_ __ b. Ybur husbar d‘s father? .11 _: ‘_ *_ 10.u. 1%ere did you live most of tho time until you were 13 years old? {chock} On a farm__m(l); Open country not on a farm n_(2); Viilage up to _ 2500 population (5); City 2500-1',000 (33; City i03000-100,000 a; City 100,000 and ower (6). b. where did your bug and live mes of 5&3 time until he was 13 years old? On a f37-.Mu(1)3 pon cou11tIy not on a favm_ (2); V’lla5 up to 2500 boCWlnlicr“ (5 )3 City 35U0-3.0, 000” (C); City 1.C 000-100, 000W City 100,000 anfi ovo- Mto) ll.a. ”ucoo do you llvo now? (she? ) awraoks “(1), single dwelling _(8); r‘”0bxoofi_ (:1); trailer“ M) other ($100115) 5 - __ (5). b. .kero did you live daring the ariod of your %5rst pro"fi nay? ic1coh) barracko“ (I); oflnglo dwgllin5“n_(2); apartwlont (a); trailer. (G) 013nm" (3p ooii‘y) (5)., 12. 0?.1a t has you n"oragm incomo boon for the L33 3 years? ( CCInrse the rive135e from all Sources). (choc?) Less than 01,000 ,8? year (1) 03,000 to 05,500 ,9? year .(C) 01,000 to 41,500 per yearflww(8) 93,500 to w4,000 per yeagmw_{?)_ 41,500 to £3,000 per yoar KB) 94,000 to 04,500 gar yea3~*fifig) 32,000 to 329500 per yearmmwflé) 0&3500 to 05,C ‘00 per year_“ (9) 52,500 to 03,000 per year (5) 05,000 and over .”__;T10) 13.3. not is cho occ11pation of your husband?_~hflt_ 5 A m_ b. Is he a veteran? Yos (1) No_m‘(2) lé.a. 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(4'. ‘.f “‘ '1 '4 4.3.11 1.40 }.L?:~..1‘£:* ‘.’.'.,'1".-' .. .'.~' ' .1." ".4 'T ‘. 9 { 1 f 1'3, 1.--») I, ‘I ‘4’ 1'44'Ni Sip. U531136311.156.1fl23 £“1cb 1631C yo ? 1rzrr 3 1361 3% yuzfi 6331313 n to have 336? fir t chil6? (cheer '..':~;- 61:1 1131; 1:11. To any 112501163 1. 3.1331 311311612011 43 C16 not plan our firs? chi:6:m_w_(2) It infLuenced 63 a 5r935 deal. __(5) It influenced us somew:33t.w__(z) It did not influence us at all.“_~(5) 26. hhat was your own rweac Son 1'6uen you 102 .rn: 6 v3 ”ere y31113ppy, unha Eppy, inzli 'nant, 1ri5hten36 1131 (31 5r‘ii:10:m 2 \ l I ‘ .1 1 , ‘1 E111 ‘1-1.0 1).] ..._ g (1 )7 u were 1P“"”°T‘° ? (0623113) 2736-016 yam? ituda about th e prtgc n.6n"y 313353? Yes (1) Na (2) b.1f was, he 3‘ saon 2:6 it 3? an 53? (Comment) ‘_ _ 23.613111 6163,1011 H.331: tel about 1332' g7'3'15'1'111'3'y‘? ((3113331) 121132211126 .. {1}; Cam. mother (2}; 1111;211:511. 6’ :2 1‘10'31131" (3») ::..f o 01* {=12 921336. _(5): Other 931333 (Specify)a_ 3 4 -. (6) 2303.326 ynu huva113v 23933 abovt 13bor and 33:16113Ln 63:13. the pr2'flHILV pariofi? (check) V"ry (l); goma (2); A few W(5); None _(4) b.If you h76. fears, what rare they? (0022333) 3. H Q. Do you fear anot h'.‘)}..‘.E 1.1.. {{':,U ‘1 \_:|'.‘_ Q,” - I) '\ ‘ ‘ . n r\~ r- ‘ ,I - - bade flipected .(113 665131“ Ut.hcn you had. uxppbtei ,2); a? M??? dlfl isu].t th an '3h36m133 t96.1 ? “a 30 ' ‘ ’ ------~--‘( ) ( 1'31“)-17'38t-.‘;t ) 35. 333 labor and childb? P‘h {01133 )_ more painful than yen 136 32~ pasted “(1); less pain;3l ‘thar you ha6 Gym) 3186 (2); 6? 3.rt about as “painful aa 303 ha6 112 ywecto6 (3)? ' . 1 ; 1" v“ ..u , ‘. v . . L I . 4‘ I ‘ ‘h ,2, 1 7 ‘ A 1 , . “.1 L.)(.I._4,r;. .JL'F; . '(5 <5 I) "1‘ A. ' 11'“ '.. Q ‘ ' ‘ \ a. I NC ‘ ' ‘ {.. v, i j ‘ ”-4.0..- I “a.” ‘.....',,. "firm. -...--~—- ‘..—‘--... ~-—.-—- .- u-~ ‘ 9.0 H-’~ L- c v I. .-. , "7 ”IV!” 1371 ‘iau "* "Writ; ‘? W '11.“ {xii-'6r'I"I.:;;é-':".‘I. . . .'.I' A III-UPI“ Tiftm'fi L‘H‘s.'11‘.‘3 (‘13 {aflflmm OT.» :3 1.0133; ' a I ‘ ‘ \ A— . -3P02$3 (11; 3 3.; :fln 1&3; of 'u I‘ Irw. :ITV .“x- ~I»?VfiaI‘zwuy :. I, ‘r r arju‘ 1’3 . z I ) .4 'r-t:'.* . ., . I..- -.~. x \: ...' \ -‘ ‘ ~c~*-— .g—o...n~.. - 3n. hom did you conszlt about #130? yh3zlv l n13.1nx g0 : 81“: : 33 How much did yo; worry during vaur pnv;rI;ncy arc” your child would be heaTth and normp.TI& {cbcohl A great dual (1.); 1.0. .x 1.411310” ”wii'); 1331: (2;, 10.a10ther than your doctor, did acrone warn you uhsu: conduct yourself (luri f the pregnitne3 perioi? Yos ) b~If yes, what things ware vou wn~n .d chuz {bv thy“ ,n - x-.. . .. -. . 4, . .- 330. I neit_:.(.hors, GLC. ) tlzclt m" 3t ”hr 1:3 .tL‘ Vx’llr‘ Girl-£1543 ‘ \ .‘~”._.--a...-o q-- v... M-y.-.-.—. —. .y’. ,..puv-- .. .-- - L. A“ ‘- -‘ *A—‘b “w...‘ ._. 510? would you rate your en0191 health at the Li~I pro .35; ant? (check) Excellent (1); Good “(2); 3.1? (3): b Did vou have any serious health problerma (1.9., T anemia, glandular, ovurian., thyroid, 0v . that no d6 your “r?"nqp'v dif ficuls? Yea {1} ”‘53... I- U I If If yes, what problen.? {2‘ How would you rate your health dufiing tin praiyam;5 About t};e same as bef <) ‘ ; “" poorer than before {0 ~15 1 L0?! 691‘ 12] in your Prefix-“army (1;? ~ :zII aisr‘s‘JIjLi; :1 1111:3371, m k v ‘r “'...W-n—u—v‘ - —‘w~. . o I- ‘.a“ .Io—Or .rg..- --- ‘ U~,:?5.d your hquand {73‘- “'11:?" 170": CI; {The "'.Er‘m' Cl“ ’;I-.“=<" .1 '0 " fl , .~ .u -‘ -‘ ’ n . o! Wlfu's 1nstruct:loI3 tram occtorf {ohseL \v‘ 3" '1‘: - I~-‘\ -“‘ ..‘. a " ‘ . L.“I('.1,.- :(11‘, \I ,7’.‘~..‘,,I 3. 0 old you see your docto? fur rrguls" ViLLIx t’Iowpqu” part of pregnancy? Yesm__(l) 10 anf you, how could your doctor have been of were durlnfl this period? During lsbor find Chiléhfirnh? @- 5‘3 0' l . o.Pirst part of pregnancy Did you experience any nausea during boo pregnancy period? (check each period) '. Frequently Somotinao Rarely Hover b.31ddlo part of pregnancy .~ ___““ .Last port of pregnancy 45. 50. o. b. C. How often have you felt emotionally upset (i.e., nervous, crying etc.) during your married life? (check each period). Frequently Sometimes Rarely lover Before lst pregnancy tin-a“ Fiost part of pregnancy Middle part of prognonqz last part of prognanoyw HH HH H! Since the birt3.1 of clilfl How often has your hu obond holpod. you 31th hou;ohold 13.0123an lock, 31703311“? .5, etc. I.) during tho Inllorxl 5 1.15.1“ 143.2139 3 (ch-3.51:) Fwoquontly Somot1nos Rarely Nova? ‘1ann Jot pro; 3n3I: oy .m.fl. _“N. .11.» 1. my: in" It:- 30 wwwr Sinco birth of the crild .1 Do you boliovo that he oho 21d 1'-:3.voholpod 301:. more dm. ‘3... ‘1" the pregnancy period? (Go Inoho) ‘ ‘..-4. _- i ——— D£.d you notice any change in yOUr raroowd' ostitudo toward you fter yOLt boc awe prognonfi? Yes. (1) No ”1(2) If yon, how did it chango? Gommont:_‘ C: .u What, if anything, annoyed you about the way your husband c’oz during tho pregnancy period? Comment: ~y,l=— _- A- {'3 .A !. _A - _- A. How many of your recreation activities hevo included your huo.and during each of the following periods in your m3.rriage? (chock) All Most Foo flono Before lot pregnancy During pregnancy period Since the birth of your child m..- M “on... CA...- W M .9.“ to...” M M “-u “m 'Q 51. How often, if ever, have you and 'zur l“ o uzo had seinoue diset3 ee- mentc over the following topics? (choc e:.ch copic). . Frequently So acetimee Rarely Never a. Having or not having children b. Disciplininr or trainingfl c. Spending the family income _ .___~ d. Social activities and . recreation -—-—- ----- ----- ------ e. Choice of friends ___w _._fl. f. Sexual relations _, g. In-laws ___M” .m... ...~_ h. Religion __ , .@_M. _..l- .m.“. i. 01‘ her topics (specify) 35“ if coy of the above were sources of so 310 cue d1 I oegreement, were they relatea to the pregnancy and birth of youw ch-T 4-d' I’eImJl) No (131‘; * Commenfit 4 A _____._ I _4 A W _— 553 what effect, if cry, oo you believe your FWInIIzcy had 021 tron? sexual edjLI teament? (Conmont) ‘ ‘.. ”M _ M 04. If you stoppeo hevino sexual intezcoucee dori mg pregnancy, check the maln reason. .(chcok one or more) Did not stop._"m (I) Stopped boceuee: It didn‘t seem right during pro gnancy. (2} It vac painful or uncomforIJlee. (33“ It naueceted mo (4) m”.- I ieared mlscarclegeo (5) . I was afraid it might hurt the bebv. (6) I didn't enjc': it. (‘7) .......... 33y husband d?“ 't emf": it (8} My doctoro rI 3d it. (9) Other PCESOn {n‘)$ify ......o...............(X) 65. When did you last have sexurl intercoueso during pregue qr? Comwcnt: (How long before Chile: .oirth) laoxcllmeekewcklmcomol) l A P Commen$:__ * b. If you are trying to avoid szegnancy at this time, do you Ciocso t your present toothed? (check) Hot tryin- to avoid pregnancy. (1) Distrust method: Very much” (2 ; corouhct*~_13) 1131 at all;__(£) Wkny I a II 3 I ' - . use? (Cnr“?flt)- r I 06. How soon after the birth of your child did you veeume e xuel intUUCourne. J 57. Rate your sasnzal desire in each of the foI1JWLrg pBPiO’s L8 ‘ compared Wit h sexual desire before firat 1m uéanvcé. (ghee: each parifig, A great Somewhat About the same SOMUw611 A 3691:11- deal more MUTE-J as; befora 1688 163;? 6. lat part of pregnancy b. middle part of pregnancy c 0 14513.23 part 03.? premlfincy m \ M W m nun—um d. “in; e the V V %{rsc foilifia 58. Rev wo11d you 1656 your sexual adjustm,nt during the 1611-116; peril.s of you1 marriag;e? (check each peri 6d) 16? 30 0d Good Avevane Fair P00? iJ LV 6. Bmfcro lat 1:006:66y gnu-.- mu mm“ “L‘Mm «tn-2W .- MN?!” . ‘ ‘ .. .. 1' ._ . _ 4- b1 Uh11ag 136 pre‘fl”n,v L Sufism»... gram...- F-Méle-r— 4‘- MM!) nevu- I-wlnahsu‘. - 1“ I, A. ‘ 'v~ n c. \1w1;6 11%: 617611 01 ”THX? 1) “- .1 ,T‘ .9 n} ‘2’ .w« “Human-1“. lkummm flan-menu. . 1.“. a. 1 .fibi. 6111-11 :: (‘1 'p- IT“ I . ‘ "t l a P " “ 1‘ 3' f ' ' W "' “‘1 A ' - " ' 61. 1636 your h“‘?113.q in each of 166 $6110W1mg pap1uos of 66111656 63 ‘.. n q f v‘ I a. P c f ’ , q ’1 0v. 9 1':- 1‘ ‘U .( .u . .. _f .1 , {‘10;“‘rm_-?€:d 11511 321 21; 10.3.11131111‘1113 in 11L; 5381’1JC 1 12.-2.11»: E: 2 .. 111*6’1- 11113031112, 3 “ u-un- uu rune“ no 6: xflst 6ach p~3W10d). — .q . ‘9. . qr :55 1 119.131.11.61? .~ 1.1012335110 83'3- 3 [111118.913 if)? ‘ u h - ‘ \ a. 16: par» of pregnancy b. midéle part of pregnancy c. Laat part of prey gnancy . d.81m2ij 1'31'3'.“ I ‘ "A51 16‘ " 0 “5. J. 1“.) L\J 54:4 \v" {.14 l n I I I I Dior-1.... “’- uap .r! ‘5 1 . .o- c.) v,“ 51333-13, 1.11.5-4. OP {JRI‘L (11.11%)? afllsya711t¢n05oo¢0ocovoeoooaoooocuonae: r ‘ ‘ " ‘- (a ‘ Herod ”ac" to question #6-. hat. you eve? wighed you couifi a s work_outzn aide your home since The Eirpn or ‘our child? ’chaux' _‘1‘5‘ 0] rxtly (1); Sometimes ”(3 )3 Raroly g5); Kover "x-.4 \J If you would like $0 be working outside your home now, what is yo”v main reason for wanti g to? (check) Extra money to spend as you please (1} More st5.mu]ating contacts ? (2) m’ Araise in your stanoarc 6:"T1v1n3i(5) A f: 110? $0 or leisure time? _(4) "vrq‘fi Ir C{}L..Lllentoooooo0.00..:4‘..-.00000000Cocoonooooolaanon5100‘...»,o.q,..,. . :71 “an” ’0 w... 3‘ a o wp T, . cal . . cw... ‘I OI ; ‘.l “I .p) C ‘.“lan ‘ 5‘ Oct-a—d' -5- d . .- - . u. A ‘ r x r .f. . x . a ,o .0 n ‘ . ‘4 .. u u AX ‘ s 1. ‘ 't I . . ... . ‘p I. r‘ I. «In . x... . ‘., ; * «a.» » i 1 1?. \I. .J . \ . 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Q t l . ‘..... r l . .— Iflh . ... lo ... y'A . . . ; .wl‘ or. . .‘ . .1 l. .. . a... fix. 0... . 01 VI 1 . a.“ . r ‘K t. . I ' . . ... . '31 4"!"‘21": ”:3 -? ‘..,v 9f I ~ \v‘tw » I '94 .s. ‘ Pb'lb .05 ‘0 Int-'- ,_ ’L... ‘v‘ll 4“ ‘l ‘0!- ..\l1 6 .. .n ..1\ Dob. -s‘, a.“ 0. v- .515, " “.‘o u 5 r .. a :J- r— .- ~ ‘I -J‘ a‘ (3 have t .- U r n I" I: 9 J60 A," n d r} L 0‘ ‘; pre 1 L 1 L p r.) ch‘ Y ‘I 31.8 ”(3 1 "fl 2. '13 3’. ‘C F) ’.- u u (I (3. ,nan i to have I p D '13H! (1 '5'. T“. g *3 Q L‘ ”-A'mu ‘1 Ldren ( 'I an to have any chi 01 .'\ I i l ‘1 a n . v; ! .. -.s n) r . ~ 1.1 ‘ it .0 I; an!’ ‘.., .‘p \l I‘ I 1 . t4 \ ¢L. . _ I. .I .: , O .. . \ A ‘ I I I y A .r u. n . . ..A . V [ ‘, '.. II ‘ 1!“ . .1 r 1.! .ul. ,1; . t: K r.l\ . . ‘1‘ . ¢ ; . .o! v n .. .1. “ Id ‘ d I. a. r _ ; .‘ . I~ ~ - I ,' ~ — V .H .fl '2. . t I. .n v . I f. 1 i! . . ‘ . V ~ ., 3 . . . .\ ‘ . ‘7 . z ‘.. . r . . n . . x .; 3 . . s , . ., .: ‘ . .l ‘ . :1 .. . A » .,- . . . .4». .1 I . o . . t L... ,. tn: ., \ .. N .: IA .- 2 . . . . r .1 ’4‘ ( n a . .. L . . \ ‘ ‘ . . .. ‘ N I . ,t .‘ 1. 4. l ’(L ‘ b o l b, w u... A . \ At 4. ‘ . n 4‘.A . \ n h p. 1 Jr: . .I I . w- an . . . s ‘4 a &I~ e .H - AL ’. :; wn,.. '1 no- lé( Did vou notice any cheng :e in your Viife' s attitude towar.d you s“ter she became pregnant? Yes (1) No (2) If yes, how did it changge? Commcntz........................ OOOOOOQO'OOODI0.0...DOOOQOOOOOOOOCIOOOOOI.0...00.000.00.000. 15. How many of your recreation activities have included your wife during each of the following periods in marriage? (check) All “est Few None 3. Before wife's first pregnancy b. During the pregnancy period 0. Since the birth of your child 16. How often. if ever, have you end your wife had serious disagree- ments over the following topics? (check 6&0h topic) Frstuently Sometimes Rarely Novas a. Iin.ving or not having chi 1dr b. Disciplining or truining of children “MI _n .__- c. Spending the family income EH d. Social activities and recreation ‘_m_‘ _ J a. Choice of friends m_ ~ww_, .m,~ 5. Sexual relations ..._. .~_m. _m‘*__ ” g. Invlews ~_ _ h. Religion ‘ v_ use 1. Other topics (Specify) .00....90.00.00000ICOOOOOOCO‘OOCO 17. If any of the above were sources of serious disagreement, were othe ey rsl.ted to the pregnancy and birth of your child? Yesw(1) “(2} C0mment:.....ooooo...............o..............no.....o.....o.oa 18. ‘%st effect, if any, do you 'ueliovs your wife's pregnancv had on your sexual adjustment? (Comment) OnealooooooinoooooooUOQOOIQQOOoQoooOOOOOQoooooooooconoooooooauoo 19. If you stopped having sexual intercourse during pregneucx, check the main reason. (check one or more) Stepped because: It didn't seem 1?_ 3) It was painful or uncomfortable for fe. 3); It nau<(rtods11'eo. ‘25? Wife fesred miscarriage. (5): Af1;;1 13W miflht hurt tho blhv._ {G :; Wife didn't enjoy 1t.m1753 I didn't enjoy it. “(8), Docto;~ ordered it.“ ”(9); Other PeasOn (Speoify)Ooooooovooooa0.000.000.000000009.0(x)0 Did not stop.” (1 OP fiht during pregnafi "Yo ( b.DUWing the peWiod Lhat yen had no 21.3.U0w soon after the birth of your child did \ O. m... ,‘ .3 .._ 1 A.- .' ...1..'z ~J..1r1 *r‘ -3; bétalu L. b 0 sexqu late w01r3£3 0 1" men a» 1114 9, weeks ‘ \( N I .' ‘v‘:. «3013.11? 1’: (dW W153 dfld you find othc* sexual oublets'? ‘| ‘ .. . II 3'98. COIflIngrlt:go¢q0ggg0gg§¢¢oquuOw:to.lfinooélticaatnoaca-Drfié’fiw‘d course? Comment: :090500060500000.006094’01: If yau are ycur present method? Yes_ (1) No ___12 ) “Wax" ’ UOl’HI'IC-rltoaaco00.000.000‘0I0000r'00ltao.00...0.....ouoofitoacaoongoa Yes (”131333 3'; :- he before Childdl"il) you resume "W. '3‘ij \ n U -5 ..‘. he‘fii-J M6(ual intercoque ui (1) ho ", f‘ :". “1'; I” 9.15 s", . '. .g ., *\_2 "y .1 sexual . ‘.. ‘..QC‘}?‘¢' an ywur r) (.1 ) 094..OOCOOIDOOO“..OOOO¢ te3ing to avaid preg nan? y at this time do you distrust (. SI "\ :‘flr‘. 3.5.712: ‘»f I *3 ‘3 {.2- i“ “‘..-a gun tau-42... ta “MI--nmw“ 5.. _chkual-uq ’3‘“, M 11.1.. OM ”A“- t119 folluvin “a ’V b, intarv ‘v5§‘.'- '..“ *. Q “34“." w.- -,, H.“&41.h .J “b 22.nate your sexqu desire 1 each of the following perioc .5 cf your marriage as compared nith se"un1 ausiee hr.WWe w1fe's first wweyhnecv: (check each period) A ppeat unmn 5h»t 1'sout t 3 0v '43 . .3 , ,.. ‘ uee1 moee 2;-M ”‘Mp 63 bL10W' l .._ v F‘ i 3" :13- .t 1‘: (ii. 2.3: ’3." 3:) 231:". ‘8‘}"1'" L "I LI y “naval-s..— ovum-nan ccmurxua fl ‘ ’ “ - -2~ .... .. I . . , o. hidrle part of pregnancy *m““m_ “umflm, _M c. EJWu part a? pgsgnnhflj "m “ _mmmm. ,-~mw. d. éidc3 thg birth of your first child man-l Um“ MUM (‘3 l :5. Bow weuld you rate your sexual adjuetmeW.t during periods of ycur marriage? (check Very good Before wife's first peegnancy ct:.1l<3.__ [hlpi'ng wife' 3 fiT’St pregnancy fiince the hieth of your Y1? ”et3 vour happiness in each of the folzow Ger-.3: emzd with vouf‘ he. (check each perioa). J‘flfifj ; pineea in the period each pe: 10d) Goad happier Ahnnt the Ffiest hart cf pee NUS“ 3 period Ufia‘ die paxt of pWog nancy varied _ Last part of pregzn3.nc71 8.10 d Since the birth of your firsi: Child In revieming your entire merried life, would you re ta the happinesa 01 701? mar Very hc eey m(1); unhappy (4); Very unhappy .(5) Hapyy (2); Average ”Widorlmg age? peric oefcre '2. “’19 Average cm“ Chum!” 1‘ (“a ‘3” a: \ _ . Ls}. .- h 3.. * .w .3 013 _f ,4” G -.‘2.,L.L)Gi ' Fair Poor h?!” 3.5.58 Bikirb". u ,‘lepymga; Emfimw‘ "CH ‘0.“ ; florfiimug r\ .V (LL- 2.? prfigrrn' Appendix II Supplementary Tables 115 Table 43. Percentage of husbands rating agreement and disagreement in selected areas of marriage as related to overall marital happiness Happiness rating Disagreed Did not disagree (Percent) Spending income Disagreed Did not disagree (Percent) Disciplining child "Very Happy" 41.9 65.7 48.1 53.2 "Happy" 41.1 24.3 36.1 33.8 "Average" & below . 17.0 10.0 15.8 13.0 Total cases* 141 70 133 77 Social activities In-laws "Very happy" 36.9 67.0 38.9 62.2 ”Happy" 41.7 27.2 39.8 30.6 ”Average" & below 21.4 5.8 21.3 7.2 Total cases* 122 88 113 98 Sexual relations Choice of friends ”Happier” 33.8 65.8 41.0 58.5 "Happy" ‘ 43.9 26.7 38.1 33.0 "Average” & belOW'- 22.3 7.5 19.9 8.5 Total cases* 107 165 105 106 Religion Having children "fiery Happy" 25.6 54.6 31.6 54.4 ”Happy" 46.2 33.6 ;+.34.2 35.1 "Average" & below . 28.2 11.8 34.2 10.5 Total cases 39 170 38 171 * One did not respond in the area of spending income, in-laws and choice of friends; two did not respond in the agea of disciplining the child; three did not respond 116 n the areas of religion and having children. Table 44. Percentage of husbands rating agreement and disagreement in the area of sexual adjustment as related to happiness in three periods of pregnancy and since birth Happiness Disagreed Did not Disagreed Did not rating . disa disagree (Percent (Percent) First part Middle part "Happier" 27.1 26.6 20.6 23.8 "same" 8“ '72 9 73 4 79 4 76 2 ”unhappier" ‘ ' 0 . . Total cases 107 105 107 105 Best part Since birth "Happier" 29.0 32.4 76.2 76.7 "Same" &‘ , "unhappier" 71.0 67.6 23.8 23.3 Total cases“ 107 n 105 105 103 "No response was given by five husbands in period since birth. Table 45. Percentage of husbands rating agreement and disagreement in the area of spending income as related to happiness during pregnancy and since birth. » \- ‘0 Happiness Disagreed Did not Disagreed Did not rating . disa ea disagree (percent§r (Percent) ”gr; 17:“ First part Middle part ”Happier” 29.0 21.8 18.1 30.4 "Same" &~ ' F ] ppier" 71.0 78.2 81.9 69.6 Tbtal cases* 138 69 138 69 Last part Since birth ”Happier" 27.5 36.2 79.0 72.5 "Same” &~ F ] ppier" 72.5 63.8 21.0 27.5 Total cases* 138 69 138 69 * Five husbands did not respond in each period. 117 Table 46. Percentage of husbands rating agreement and disagreement in the area of religion as related to happiness during periods of pregnancy and since birth Happiness Disagreed Did not Disagreed Did not rating disagree . disagree (Percent) (Percent) First part _ muddle part "Happier" 20.5 28.2 17.9 23.5 ”Same” &‘ v Ppier” 79.5 71.8 82.1 76.5 Total cases* 39 170 39 170 W .Lastgpart Since birth "Happier" 30.8 31.2 69.3 78.4 I! n - .fififlzpfifier. 69.2 68.8 50.7 21.6 Total cases* 39 170 39 166 * No response was given by three husbands in each of the first three periods; seven gave no response since birth. Table 47. Percentage of husbands rating agreement and disagreement in the area of choice of friends as related to happiness during periods of pregnancy and since birth Happiness Disagreed Did not Disagreed Did not rating . disagree disagree - (Percent) (Percent) *First part" TMiddle part ”Happier" 21.9 31.1 16.2 28.3 ”Same" &~ ”unhappier" 78.1 68.9 83.8 71.7 Total cases* 7105 106 105 106 Lastpart Since birth "Happier" ~25.7 35.8 74.7 77.9 "Same" &~ fiunhappier" 74.3 64.2 25.3. 22.1 Total cases* 105 106 103 104' * No response was given by one husband in each of the first three periods; five gave no response since birth. 118 Table 48. Percent of husbands rating agreement and disagreement in the area of social activities as related to happiness during periods of pregnancy and since birth Happiness Disagreed Did not Disagreed Did not rating disagree disagree (Percent) (Percent) First part Middle part "Happier” 21.3 34.1 16.4 30.6 n I! ~ .ififigppfer. 78.7 65.9 83.6 70.4 Total cases* 122 88 122 88 Last part Since birth "Happier" 2?.9 34:01 78.1 7305 ”Same" 8c.“ vunhappier" 72.1 65.9 21.9 -26.5 Total cases* 122 88 119 87 * No reaponse was given by two husbands in the first three periods; six husbands did not repond since birth. Table 49. Percent of husbands rating agreement and disagreement in the area of in-laws as related to happiness during periods of pregnancy and sinc birth Happiness rating Disagreed Did not Disagreed Did not disagree disagree (Percent) (Percent) First part Huddlenpart "Happier" 28.3 24.5 20.4 24.5 "Same" &* "unhappier" 71.7 75.5 79.6 75.5 Total cases* 113 98 113 98 Last part Since birth "Happier" 29.2 32.6 71.1 82.3 "Same" &‘ Total cases* 113 98 111 96 —-a-—' —-v—~v ‘ vi * No response was given by one husband in each of the first three periods; five husbands gave no response in the period since birth. 119 Table 50. Percentage of husbands rating overall happiness as related_to their happiness rating in the three periods of pregnancy and the period.since birth Period Overall happiness rating happiness "very happy" "Happy" ”Average" & below rating - - (Percent) - - lst part "Happier" 24.8 28.0 31.2 "Same" &s . "unhappier" 75.2 72.0 68.8 _1 Total cases 105 75 32 Middle part "Happier" 27.6 18.7 12.5 ”Same" &- Total cases 105 75 32 W Last part "Happier" 40.0 .21.4 21.8 "Same" 86‘ ' ”unhappier" 60.0 .78.6 78.2 Total cases 105 75 32 Since birth "Happier" 83.5 79.4 45.2 "Same” &- fiunhappier" 16.5 20.6 54.8 Total cases* 103 73 31 * No response was given by five husbands in the period since birth. 120 Bibliography Burgess, E.W., and Cottrell, L.S., Predicting Success gg_Failure ig;Marria 8, New York, Prentice-Hall, 1939. Butterfield, Oliver, M2, Sex Life in Marria 8, New York, Emerson Books, Tnc., 1947. Davis, Katherine B., Factors in the Sex Life g£_' Twent -Two Hundred women, NequorE, Harper Bros., I929. Eastman, Nicholson, J., Expectant Motherhood, Boston, Little, Brown.& Co., 1948. Ellis, Havelock, Studies in the P3 cholo 9: Sex, (2 vols.) New YorE, Random House, 1936. Exner,IM.J., The Sexual Side 9£_Marria 8, New York, Pocket Books, Inc., 1932. Hamilton, 0.7., _A_ Research in Marria 8, New York, Kenny, John.F., Mathematics 2£_Statistics, (2 vols.) New York, D.Van Nostrand Co., 1941. Kinsey, Alfred 0., Sexual Behavior in the Human.Male, Philadelphia,‘W.B. Saunders Co., 1948. Landis, Judson T. and Mary 0., Buildin a_Successful Marria e, NeW'York, Prentice—Hal , 948. Lundberg, George A., Social Research, New York, Longmans, Green.& Co., 1942. Murphy, Gardner, Personality) New'York, Harper, 1947. Parsons, Elsie 0,, The Family, New York, G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1906. Pratt, Lois VerVeer, Student Marriages at.Michigan State 00118 e, UnpubliEEEd’Master's TheEIs, MIEEIgan State College, 1948. 121 I. O ’1 0' II Terman, Lewis, M3, Psychological Factors in_Marita1 Happiness, New York, McGraw—Hill, 1938. Thompson, warren S., Population Problems, New York, McGrqw-Hill, 1942. Truxal, .A. G., and Merrill, F .E., The Family in American Culture, New-York, PrentIEe—Hall, Inc., 1947. United States Government Pub., Sixteenth Census of the United States, 1940, Population, Vol. II, "Charactoristics of the Population". Van de Velde, Th. H., Ideal Marriage, New York, Random.House, 1930. 9 Warner,‘W. L., The Social Life of a Modern Community, New Haven, Yale University Press, 1941. 122 9:80??? her: UNLY ' Nov 29 '50 W A?" 27 0‘4 . HICHIGRN STQTE UNIV. LIBRQRIES 1111 75 I 1| WI! 11 1| lllllllll! "1 HI 9 1 312 3 027 115