GEM” MY. {N EMM CQIURTY, MECEEW TM {3% {in Bergman 35 M. 5.. MCEEGAK SEAR BHWERSITY fiavfisfi Eweme Swmwn; ‘2 £37 0 ABSTRACT GROUND WATER IN IONIA COUNTY, MICHIGAN By David Eugene Swanson The report area has an abundant ground water resource which is readily available throughout most of the county. Domestic water supplies are obtained from glacial drift or bedrock aquifers. Shallow high capacity wells are possible utilising recharge through permeable glacial spillway and outwash deposits which are found adjacent to the channels of the Maple, Grand, Looking Glass, and Flat Rivers. No critical supply problems were encountered. Widespread problems exist with water quality. Typic- ally, the ground water is hard to very hard and at times contains objectionable concentrations of sulfate and iron. Quality problems are often the result of gypsum deposits and the iron content of some bedrock units. To assist the non-professional, basic ground water prin- ciples are discussed and related to the geology and ground water conditions within the county. laps depicting geology and ground water conditions and tables of basic data are included for reference. GROUND WATER IN IONIA COUNTY, MICHIGAN By David Eugene Swanson A THESIS Submitted to lichigan State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements A for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE Department of Resource Development 1970 ACKNOWLEDGIENTS The author wishes to express his appreciation to the many people who have assisted him during the years of grad- uate study. Unfortunately, it is not possible to name all of the faculty members, friends, and fellow students to whom the author is indebted. To all those who are not specifically mentioned below, the author wishes to express his gratitude. Special thanks is given to the following people to whom the author is particularly indebted: Messrs. Arthur Slaughter, Richard Bissell, Floyd Twenter, and Paul Giroux, for the many hours they spent answering questions, counseling, providing data, and for their numerous valuable suggestions; Dr. Clifford Humphrys, for serving as the author's major professor and for the important counseling received; Dre. Raleigh Barlowe, Milton Stienmueller, and Chilton Prouty, for serving as members of the guidance committee and for making suggestions to improve this report; Marianne, the author's wife, for her interest and en- couragement during the author's university studies and particularly for her assistance in the preparation of this report. 11 TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O 0 LIST OF FIGURES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . GLOSSARI INTRODUCT ION O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O 0 Chapter I. II. III. IV. VI. DESCRIPTION OF THE COUNTY . . . . . . . Location and Size Population and Employment Climate Water Supply GROUND WATER OCCURRENCE . . . . . . . . Ground Water is Related to Geology Bedrock Geology Glacial Geology GROUND WATER MOVEMENT AND WATER LEVELS. Water Cycle in Ionia County Precipitation and Ground Water Levels Water Table and Artesian Wells Ground Water Recharge Direction of Ground Water Movement WATERQUALITYOOOOOOOOOOOOO GROUND WATER AVAILABILITY . . . . . . . Introduction to Figures 12 Thru 19 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS . . . . . . . . BIBLIWRAPHY O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O 0 APPENDIX iii Page iv vi IO 21 30 35 55 57 60 LIST OF TABLES Table Page 1. thiinal Water Supplies 0 e e e e e e e e e e 9 2. Subsurface Deposits and their General Suitability as Aquifers . . . . . . . . . l2 3. Water Quality Parameters and their Signifi- cance-00000000000000... 31 4. Selected Wells in Ionia County . . . . . . . . 61 ). Chemical Analysis for Ground Water and Rivers “Ioniacountyeoeeeeeeeeeee 71 iv LIST OF FIGURES Pigure Page 1. The Report Area and Surrounding Counties. . . 2 2. Past and Future Population Trends for Ionia County................. 3. Average Monthly Temperature at Ionia. . . . . 4. ‘Average Monthly Precipitation at Ionia. . . . 5. Total Annual Precipitation at Ionia . . . . . 6. The Iater Cycle in Ionia County . . . . . . . 21 7. Rainfall Influences Ground Water Levels . . . 23 a» -a «a .s 8. Normal and Drought Water Tables . . . . . . . 24 9. The Artesian Situation. . . . . . . . . . . . 25 10. Ground Nater Movement in the Subsurface . . . 28 11. Property Description. . . . . . . . . . . . . 6O 12. Base Map of Ionia County. . . . . . . . . . . 39 13. Generalised Cross Section . . . . . . . . . . 41 14. Bedrock Geology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 15. Glacial Geology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 16. Glacial Drift Thickness . . . . . . . . . . . 47 17. Topography of the Bedrock Surface . . . . . . 49 18. Topography of the Ground Water Surface. . . . 51 19. General Iater Characteristics of Bedrock Aquiferaseeeeeeeeeeeeeee 53 GLOSSARY Aquaclude - A formation which transmits water slowly. Aquifer - Subsurface zone capable of producing water as from a well. Artesian - Ground water under enough pressure to cause the water to rise above the aquifer containing it. Bedrock - Solid consolidated rock. Capacity - Refers to the amount of water an aquifer will y eld. Clay - Soil consisting of inorganic material, the grains of which have diameters smaller than .005 millimeters (very fine grained). Consolidated - Earth materials which have been pressed or cemented into a compact mass. Contour - Line connecting points of equal value. Commonly used on topographic maps to reflect the undulations of a surface. Drift - Term used to collectively refer to all of the glacial deposits. Dolomite - A rock which is composed primarily of the min- eral dolomite. A calcium magnesium carbonate. Looks like limestone. Erosion - Processes by which earth materials are loosened and carried away from its original location. Erosion by rivers and streams is common in this climatic area. Formation - A bedrock unit which has features which distin- quish it from adjoining units. Geology - The science or study of the earth, the rocks of which it is composed, and the processes which have changed and are changing the earth. Geophysical survey - To apply the methods and instruments of physics and engineering to geological problems. vi Ground water table - Generally a gradational zone or surface which separates the zone of subsurface saturation from the overlying unsaturated zone. Ground water - Subsurface water which is in the zone of saturation (below the water table). Gypsum - A mineral formed from the continued evaporation of sea water. Calcium sulfate (Ca804‘2320). Used in plaster of paris. Limestone - A rock formation that consists of calcium car- bonate. Mg/l - Milligrams per liter. Measure of concentration equivalent to one part in one million parts of water. Permeability - Measurement of the resistance encountered by water in its attempt to move through a porous material. Porosity - A measure of the percentage of a porous material which is open spaces. Piezometric - The surface to which the water from an aquifer will rise under its full pressure. Recharge - Replenishing the ground water with natural pre- cipitation or through artificially induced infiltra- tione Sandstone - A cemented or otherwise compacted rock which is predominantly composed of sand sized particles. Shale - Clay which has been compacted to form a hard 1am- inated rock. Topography - The relief and contour of the land or other such surface. The configuration of a surface. vii INTRODUCTION The objective of this report is to present information about the ground water in Ionia County and the factors af- fecting it. An attempt has been made to present this infor- mation in a manner intelligible to all interested readers regardless of their background. The broad target audience plus the desire to present as many of the pertinent ground water factors as possible has necessitated a generalized treatment for some of the sections in this report. Ionia County was chosen as the problem.area because it typified what the author believed to be an average Michigan county from a ground water point of view, because of its accessibility for field work, and because there has been no previous detailed study of the county. The ground water problems within the county are probably not as pressing as in the more populated regions of the state, but this study was not undertaken as a primary problem solving study. Rather, the study was designed to further aquaint the author with problems associated with basic data collection, manip- ulation, and presentation. Figure l. . —-—- - * - IRHTNTCALM (20. f‘)L-h.'“' . Howard ('uyi I.__O!____.l_._ VT 13520” E * - ? RATIOT cu. g Hocfin do! ’1 Steele o!m _u. m- —-I. - 4—- l - - ..—-—.—.A.l -....._1L._ [KENT C"). I; Sand Lake 1 1! ' I , Ole-l City Cedar Spruce l JLSIerId-n! l I L-rbom Citya I I leek“?! ‘leillu ! i IOMA oo momaao sauna! “vi—"f T: , Sum—v.0:- the?” “flu-'22:... lac me. ! 1 ! ”read laplde lemla I! I'rmm mo- ‘ ”all “st Iowa 5 51°" LVONI Leweu Q flf’ _ - BAR R Y CO. Olldllenlle I nu... I '0"- Ieraeer omaucrt lJND scores I “gr“. - . ~)(Ilule‘u’lle : CAMP- __L::..!__Q. 4. Prosper! 991.3. IMIIWA Lehe Odeeee |!!J ‘! L———..l.____—A..___JL—...—- The Report Area and Surrounding Counties CHAPTER I DESCRIPTION OF THE COUNTY Location and Size 1 located in the Ionia County is a 575 square mile area south central portion of Michigan's lower penninsula. It is approximately 60 miles east of Lake Michigan and about 100 miles north of the Indiana border. The land surface is predominantely level to gently rolling except near several deeply incised river channels where the local relief may exceed 180 feet. The highest elevation is over 950 feet above mean sea level in the ex- treme northwest corner of the county and the lowest elev- ation is 620 feet where the Grand River crosses the western county line. Population and Employment Agriculture and agricultural related industries are important to the economy of the county. In 1959 over 83 per- cent of the land (306,679 acres) was farm land, but this figure has been decreasing slowly during the past decade.2 1Michigan Economic Development Department (compiler), ”Ionia County Economic Data Sheet"(Mimeographed, 1961), p.1. 2m” m. 4 The important farm products are grains, fruits, and live- stock. Machinery manufacturing and fabricated metal pro- ducts are also important employment areas.3 Since 1940, Ionia County has experienced a steady in- crease in population which is expected to continue into the future as shown by Figure 2.4 Along with present growth 60! A1! / 055‘ 4 b O / O - / ’ / .x 50‘ /fl 2 . ’ o ,’ F 45‘ ’ < J- : ///f// a . 0 4O / a . 35 00 :2 2 2 2 8 m o .9..993 Figure 2. Past and Future Pepulation Trends for Ionia County - centers, one can expect the future population distribution within the county to be affected by the continued growth of the Lansing and Grand Rapids metropplitan areas along pres- ent transportation routes. 3Ibid., p.3. 4Michigan Department of Commerce (compiler),”Ionia County" Economic Profile Sheet 1-1 and 1-2 (mimeographed,l966) Climate Lake Michigan influences the county's climate although not as greatly as counties to the west. When westerly winds occur, the lake tends to moderate the temperature and to in- crease the precipitation, but this effect decreases as one moves eastward, away from the lake. If winds come from the south, then the effects of Lake Michigan are lost and the climate tends to be of the continental type. The average monthly temperature is 48.1 degrees and has varied from a recorded low of 25 degrees below zero (Feb. 12, 1899) to a high of 103 degrees (Aug. 5, 1947).5 Typically, the temperature varies throughout the year as shown in Fig- ‘ ure 3. The average monthly precipitation varies only two inch- es between the summer high and the winter low (Figure 4), but more importantly, from a ground water point of view, it varies greatly from year to year (Figure 5). The relation— ship between precipitation and ground water will be dis- cussed in a later section. Water Supply Presently, all of the county's cities and villages with populations over 400 have municipal water supplies except for the village of Lyons. The State reformitory, prison, 5U. S. Weather Bureau, Climatolo ical Summa of Ionia, Micgigan, Climatography of tHe U.S., no. 25-25, i‘asfiIfiEton: . . overnment Printing Office, 1962 ), 2pp. 3° MEAN M ONTHLY g Hume»! ‘F TEMPERATURE Figure 3. Average Monthly Temperature at Ionia Mean values are based on 1939 - 1964 period at Ionia.1 Winters generally have nine days in which the temperature is below zero. emperatures over 100 degrees are experi- enced in one summer out of four. The coldest month on record was February 1901 when the average temperature was 14. 60!. The warmest month was July 1901 when temperatures averaged 77. 20!.2 1U.S. Weather Bureau, Annual Climatolo ical Data for Michigggi(lashington: U.S. Government PrIEETEE UYTIce, I§24 0 present). 2U.S. Weather Bureau, Climatolo ical Summa of Ionia, Michigan, Climatography of tEe U. 5., no. 25-25, ('asETEETEn: overnment Printing Office, 1962), 2pp. MAXIMUM < MONTH / INCHES PRECIPtTATION, m U [ ' .._JL- I l N o"‘“1 l 1 l L M J J A S O D Figure 4. Average Monthly Precipitation at Ionia These mean values are based on the period 1939 - 1964 w th winter values converted to the snow's water equivalent. The growing season has the greatest amount of precipitation; the period April-September has 63 percent of the total annu- al precipitation. The maximum precipitation received in one month was 8.02 inches in July, 1950. Th3 minimum for a month was 0.01 of an inch in.August, 1899. 1U.S. Weather Bureau, Annua Climatolo ical Data for Mich an (Washington: U.S. Governmen? PrIEtIEE UTTIce, I§24 0 present). 2 U.S. Weather Bureau, Climatolo ical S of Ionia, Michigan, Climatography of tfie U.S., no. 26-55, EWasEIfigton: . . overnment Printing Office, 1962), 2pp. . ANNUAL MEAN 30.62 _ 35b" _/\1 AA; b ANNUAL PRECIPITATlON IN INC HES 3° F V" - -v- r T / 25 " b 20 T N W T I T r 1 T T 1 I T r T T I I I I T I I T 0 n O n O n 1‘ t n h 0 ~D e 1" 0s 00 as 0‘ Figure 5. Total Annual Precipitation at Ionia Precipitation variis greatly from year to year, often as much as 15 inches. 10. 3. Weather Bureau, Annual Climatolo ical Data for Mighiggg (Washington: U. S. overnmen r g es, 924 to present). and hospital also have water systems which service a large number of people. The fact that all of these water supplies have been obtained from wells within the organisations prop- erty limits is a general indication of readily available ground water. The majority of the county's population do not receive the benefits of a municipal water system. In 1960, more 6 Fortunately, very few than half the population was rural. areas of the county have been found in which individual domestic water supplies were impossible. In the future, however, this statement may be modified because of the in- creasing number of subdivisions with individual home water wells. ‘11 ichigan Economic Development Department, Loc, cit. 9 Irrigation systems generally utilize small artificial ponds or other types of surface water as an inexpensive water source. The nearness of the ground water table to the land surface in many areas of the county make this a practical proceedure. Table 1. Iunicipal later Suppliesl City or Population Annual Industrial use Village served pumpage (million 881 e ) Belding 5400 750 large - 82% of total Ionia 6745 360 moderate Portland 3100 118 none Lake Odessa 2000 75 small; previous years - large Saranac 1081 129 large - 58% of total luir 650 23 none Pewamo 460 27 none Lyons 687 from private wells Hubbardston 348 " " " Clarksville 371 " " ” 1Except for the city of Ionia, this data was obtained from personal interviews with municipal presidents, managers, and utility foremen. Data for Ionia was obtained from 1960 records at the U. S. Geological Survey, Lansing. CHAPTER II GROUND WATER OCCURRENCE Ground Water is Related to Geology it some depth below the ground surface one generally encounters what is called the ground water table. Below the water table the voids between the rock particles are saturated with water while above the water table both air and water are found in the voids. Rarely is the ground water table_a precise surface which separates saturated from unsaturated. Usually it is a gradational zone in which increasing amounts of water are encountered. The amount of water that can be contained in a saturat- ed volume of rock material depends upon the percentage of the material which is open spaces. This percentage is called porosity. Thus, a material with a high porosity can hold a large quantity of water. In general, material which is composed of small grains tend to have high porosity. For example, certain clays may have up to 85 per cent porosity 'while a coarse sand may have only 39 per cent. Also, a material will have high porosity if all of the individual grains are equal in size as in a uniform sand, but it will be lower when a number of grain sizes are mixed as in a sand and gravel combination. Bedrock formations may also 10 - 11 _have what is called secondary porosity which is a result of fracturing, solution channels, or other such openings. If water can easily move through the pores in a mater- ial, the material is said to have good permeability. Perm- eability then, represents the friction encountered by water in its attempt to move through a porous media. Sufficient porosity must be present before there can be high permeabil- ity, but high porosity does not insure that there will be high permeability. lost clays, as noted above, have high porosity, but their permeability is very low due to the very small openings between the clay particles. Sand or gravel, on the other hand, have a high permeability. In general, permeability will be high for material with large grains of uniform size. With the above points in mind, one can see that a re- gion underlain with clay can potentially absorb and store a large quantity of water, but the waters movement will be restricted. A region underlain by sand might not store as much water, but its movement will be freer. A subsurface zone which is below the water table and has sufficient permeability is called an aquifer. A zone of low permeability, such as shale or clay, is called an aquatard if it will transmit only a small amount of water. In the report area, there are five subsurface strata that may be aquifers depending upon local conditions. The bedrock may be separated into four of the units, and the glacial drift comprises the other potential aquifer. These units will be described below. 12 Table 2. Subsurface Deposits and Their General Suit- ability as Aquifers Gravel excellent aquifers Coarse sand (high permeability) Hedium sand Fine sand Sandstone Limestone Clayey sand very poor aquifers Shale or clay (low permeability) Bedrock Geology In the subsurface of Ionia County there is a layer of unconsolidated material that ranges in thickness from 0 to over 500 feet. These are glacial deposits that lay on top of the consolidated bedrock formations which were formed millions of years ago. The bedrock formations in and around Michigan's lower penninsula form what is geologically called a sedimentary basin. The bedrock strata that form this basin have often been compared to a set of shallow mixing bowls of varing diameters which are nested together. The smallest, inside bowl would correspond to the youngest rock formation and as one progresses away from the center, the increasingly older rock formations would compare to the increasingly larger bowls. The rock strata slapes or dips toward the center of the basin which is located approximately near the center of the lower penninsula, and thus, the bedrock formations which are found beneath Ionia County dip toward the north- east (Figure 13, pages 41-42). 13 The oldest rock formation underlying Ionia County is the Michigan formation which was deposited in shallow seas during the Mississippian period. The lichigan formation consists of grey shale, gypsum, anhydrite, limestone, dol- omite, and thin lenses of sandstone. The formation varies in thickness from 80 feet to 200 feet. The lichigan formation occurs directly beneath the glacial drift in the south and western parts of the county (Figure 14, pages 43-44). It actually can be found at depth throughout the county, but it is buried by younger rock formations and is thus unimportant for the purposes of this report. A The sandstones found in the Michigan formation can provide an adequate supply of water for domestic purposes. However, the abundance of gypsum in the formation causes most of the water in this formation to be highly mineralized. PrOblems associated with gypsum are discussed in more detail in the water quality section. Saline water is encountered in this formation also. If the sandstones are near the top of the bedrock surface, and if they are sufficiently sepa- rated frcm the gypsum by shale, then the sandstones may be a suitable aquifer for low capacity wells. Dying on tap of the lichigan formation is the younger Bayport limestone which is also of Mississippian age. The Bayport is primarily limestone or dolomite, but occasionally it has thin interbedded sandstone lenses. A period of eros- ion occurred after the Bayport was deposited which explains the absence of the formation in places and its variable 14 thickness. In the report area, it ranges in thickness from zero to 50 feet. The Bayport may potentially be used for domestic water supplies, but its characteristics as an aquifer are largely unknown. In other areas of the state, the formation yields water which ranges in quality from good to mineralized or yields no water. However, it is felt that further testing is needed before this formation can be ruled out as a water source. Overlying the Bayport limestone, and at times the Mich- igan formation, one finds the Saginaw formation which is the most widespread bedrock unit in Ionia County. The Saginaw consists of lenticular beds of sandstone, sandy shale, grey shale, underclay, coal, black shale, and limestone which were cyclically deposited during the Pennsylvanian period. Individual rock strata can seldom be traced far due to the numerous erosional periods which occurred locally during deposition. The sandstone beds are particularly variable in thickness and extent. In places thick sandstone beds and thick shale beds are found. The formation averages approx- imately 100 feet in total thickness but is quite variable because of the erosion that took place before and after dep- osition. The Saginaw is an important aquifer for the entire mid- lichigan area. If thick sandstone beds are encountered, wells may produce 500 gallons of water per minute (gpm). Small domestic wells can usually obtain 50 gpm. In general, the water yielding capacity of the Saginaw is directly re- 15 lated to the thickness of the sandstone encountered. The water found in the Saginaw is hard to very hard, but in general, it is of better quality than the overlying drift.1 Mineralized water is encountered if wells are deep or if the formation is tapped at a location where it is near to the Michigan formation. The quality of the water is also influenced by the overlying bedrock units which contain both iron and gypsum. After a period of erosion, the Grand River formation was deposited on top of the Saginaw. This formation is pri- marily a mottled red and white sandstone, but it also con- tains shale and at times a conglomerate can be found near the base of the formation. It is often iron stained and the sand grains are cemented together with iron oxide. The Ionia sandstone member of this formation is familiar to res- idents in Ionia County because of its use as a building stone. The old quarry for this stone is located just south- east of the city of Ionia. In places, the Grand River for- mation may attain 100 feet in thickness, but usually it is much thinner. The formation is not widely used as an aquifer because of its low permeability and high iron content. In other areas of the state, it is successfully used as an aquifer and thus should not be discounted as a possible water source. The youngest bedrock unit found in Michigan is called the 33d Beds. The formation consists of clay, shale, sand, 1Warren W. Wood, ”Geochemistry of Ground Water of the Saginaw Formation in the Upper Grand River Basin, Michigan” (unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Mich. State University, 1969 . 16 and gypsum which are generally red and range from unconsol- idated to poorly consolidated. The Red Beds do not form a persistent unit but rather, have a spotty occurrence. It is interesting to note that the Red Beds generally are found on bedrock topographic highs within the report area. This formation is not used as an aquifer in the report area due to the highly mineralized water it contains, be- cause of its impermeability, and also because better aquifers are usually available in the same area. Outside of the county, some wells have successfully tapped the Red Beds. Where the Grand River formation or the Red Beds are thin, better quality water may be obtained by drilling deep- er into the underlying Saginaw formation. Glacial Geology After the Red Beds were formed, there was an extended period during which the land remained relatively unaltered. The last geologic event of major proportions began some 1 to 2 million years ago during the Pleistocene period and is re- ferred to as the Ice Age or glacial period. Ionia County was invaded on four different occasions by continental glaciers, the last of which was called the Wisconsin Glacier. After this last glacier disappeared, the land surface looked similar to todays landscape. The glaciers which came from the north before the Wisconsin Glacier are known to exist from their deposits in states south and west of Michigan; but in the report area, they have left no known traces. 17 In Ionia County, the glacial deposits are a result pri- marily of a lobe of the Wisconsin Glacier which spread south- westward in fanelike fashion from the Saginaw Bay region. Appropriately, this ice lobe was named the Saginaw lobe. Counties to the west of Ionia were affected by a lobe of ice moving southward and spreading outward from the Lake Michigan basin. ‘ Except for the small rock quarry mentioned previously, the report area is completely covered by unconsolidated sands, gravels, clays, and boulders which were deposited by the glacier. Collectively, this unconsolidated material .is called glacial drift. The thickness and character of the drift varies greatly, and only test drilling can accurately establish what material will be encountered at a particular location. In the absence of geologic test borings, a gen- eral idea of the composition of the drift can be obtained by a careful examination of the surface topography, soil types, and water well logs. Glacial drift is deposited either by the direct action of the ice or by water which results from the melting ice. The former deposits are termed glacial till and are a Jumb- led combination of clay, silt, sand, stones, and boulders in varying mixtures. Deposits resulting from the melted water are called glaciofluvial and generally are more ‘”pure', that is, they generally consist of rock particles that have been sorted as to size. Glaciofluvial sediments may range from clay to boulders, also, but most commonly are sand or gravel. 18 Variations in the climatic conditions cause the glacial front to advance, retreat, remain stationary, or to stagnate. The drift composition and resulting landforms will vary accordingly. Ideally, moraines are formed when the leading edge of the ice remains relatively stationary. This results in an elongated series of hills which are com- posed primarily of till. If the ice front maintains a rather steady retreat or advance, then a gently rolling till plain results. Glaciofluvial materials can be deposited at any time but are most commonly formed as the glacier re- treats. It is important to note that many advances, re- treats and stagnations occurred while the Saginaw lobe occupied Ionia County, and thus a variety of glacial depos- its can be found buried beneath the present land surface. The last events of the glacial period in the report area were associated with the large volume of water which formed from the retreating glacier. Blocked by the glacier to the northeast, the meltwater flowed westward carving several deep channels, the largest of which are now occu- pied by the Grand, Maple, and Looking Glass Rivers. After the initial erosion, the ancient rivers began to deposit the material they were carrying so that today, numerous sand, gravel, and clay deposits are found in these channels. With the type of data presently available, it is almost impossible to estimate the thickness of each glacial fea- ture shown on the glacial geologic map (Figure 15, pages 45 -46). The glacial spillway, which has been extensively ex- plored over small areas, appears to vary in maximum thick- l9 ness from 20 to 60 feet but may be considerably thicker. The entire drift sheet varies considerably in thickness (Figure 16, pages 47-48) from zero to possibly more than 500 feet. The glacial deposits in the county as elsewhere in the state are an important source of good quality ground water. Unfortunately, the highly complex nature of the drift makes it extremely difficult to predict with cer- tainty where good aquifers will be found unless geologic test drilling programs or geophysical surveys are con- ducted. The most obvious regions that may contain high capac- ity shallow drift aquifers are those areas mapped as outwash channels and spillways on the glacial geologic map (Figure 15, pages 45-A6). Most of these water-lain surface depos- its are adjacent to rivers and, thus, present several prob- lems. First, even though a certain amount of purification takes place by water filtrating through earth materials, the quality of the water reaching a well near a river will be influenced by the quality of the river water. High capac- , ity wells will actually be drawing a portion of its water from the river, which is desirable, but adequate isolation from the river should be assured to prevent contamination of the aquifer. Secondly, flooding may contaminate improp- erly constructed wells located within the flood plain. Moraines and till plains are somewhat more difficult to analyze. Typically, these landforms are thought of as being composed of till, but as pointed out earlier, sand 20 and gravel deposits are often found buried beneath till deposits. The majority of the domestic wells within the county are located on either moraines or till plains and tap buried outwash deposits. In general, the possibility of encountering a buried outwash deposit are increased as the thickness of the drift increases. The quality of ground water in the drift is rather variable but generally is quite hard and often has object- ionable amounts of iron and other minerals. The quality of drift water will be influenced by the type of bedrock the glacier passes over before depositing the debris. Thus, the drift will generally have the same quality problems as water in the underlying bedrock. In the areas where the Saginaw formation is known to be a good aquifer, the drift is commonly bypassed as a water source. Commonly, the Saginaw is of better quality, generally has a more predictable yield, and wells are usually easier to develop and maintain than in a drift aquifer. CHAPTER III GROUND WATER MOVEMENT AND WATER LEVELS Water Cycle in Ionia County Ground water is continuously being removed from the ground by man, vegetation, evaporation, and its natural discharge to lakes and rivers. This local segment of the water cycle is illustrated in figure 6 with approximate -. ‘ .165?) Evapo-transpiration 3:; f ~{j7 79% of precipitation a_. v:’? 1%? 1‘ A f mw ' ‘ Precipitation 30.62 in. ’ I ’t T 5 H) )H W - -. /. GroundflWater Discharge Surface Runoff 25% of precipitation Figure 6. The Water Cycle in Ionia County Percentage figures are approximate only, and will vary con- siderably with time and area. 21 22 values for the various components. Mans consumption of water is a very small portion of what is cycled through the county annually. Precipitation and Ground Water Levels Precipitation is the major source of ground water re- charge. Even though only a small percentage of the annual precipitation reaches the ground water, its effects are easily demonstrated. The relationship is illustrated by Figure 7. . The seasonal variation in the water table elevation is rarely of the same degree throughout an area. In the regions where the ground water is discharging (near most lakes and rivers) the water table will vary only slightly during pre- cipitation deficient years. At higher elevations away from discharge areas, the depth of the water table may vary greatly in response to precipitation variations. In Figure 8, note the possible variation in water levels beneath the hill as compared to near the lake. The lakes in Ionia County are water table lakes like the one shown in Figure 8. The ”water table” is actually above the surface in such cases. Because of this relation- ship, the lake level will vary with the ground water table in response to precipitation. The opposite of a water table lake is a perched lake whose level is above the sur- rounding water table. A perched lake must rely upon pre- cipitation entirely to maintain its level since it does not receive ground water discharge. The levels of such lakes will vary radically. Egg ,4 in -1- it .4“. 15 see fl 6&4: 16 i A £513 a JP \fV . gay) 17 ‘ I : :8 .n 18- - cuts; ‘ * +10 .. W . ”'3 <3 1 . H as... A /\ Ste ° \ Z— en: - age 2'3“: 1 Dfi -20 fl" .. .. h. E& 3 in o in O in "‘3 cm 3; 5: :3 Si )3 .4 r4 r. .4 P4 .4 Figure 7. Rainfall Influences Ground Water Levels The bottom portion of this fi re was obtained by algebra- ically adding the annual preo pitation departures from the long term mean and plotting each yearly subtotal.1 Where the graph increases (1965 to 1968 for example), there was reater than normal precipitation and where it decreases I1960 to 1964), there was less than normal. The top graph is the recgrded ground water levels for a nearby observa— tion well. During the years in which the precipitation was less than normal, the water table was also generally lower, especially so during the early sixties drought. 1U.S. Weather Bureau, Annual Climatol i a De f Michigan (Washington: U.S. Government PrIEIIEE CTTIoe, I524 to present). 2Water level information obtained from the U.S. Geo- logical Survey, Lansing. normal water ’I’,:Hum \—K\\‘_fl,/,J7;mwfln ‘ ,,/’ A////’ \\\\\-s-~“ a drought water table Figure 8. Normal and Drought Water Tables With normal conditions, the water table will generally eons form to the land topography, and ground water will flow toward the lake. With drought conditions (illustrated in its extreme here), water will flow from the lake into the ground as shown by the arrows. Water Table and Artesian Wells Water levels in a well are dependent upon the hydro- logic characteristics of the aquifer being tapped. In some cases, the water level in the well will be of the same ele- vation as the water table. Such wells are said to be under water table conditions. Artesian wells result when the aquifer being tapped has water under pressure, a condition which may exist either in the drift or in the bedrock. An artesian well does not necessarily mean it is a flowing well as commonly believed, in fact, most must be pumped. The artesian situation is often pictured as shown in Figure 9 in which both water table and confined situations exist. In this figure, ground water enters the sandstone at some recharge point "up-hill” and is contained in the sandstone by a less permeable shale bed. Hydrostatic press- ure develops due to the weight of the water. If there were no friction, the water in the sandstone when tapped would 25 _ A §§:~. actual piezometric \ \J wazzgle \n\ B C level .“. ,—* \‘\' “.\. / / ,';'t{-.EE%=§§g§i \ drift Figure 9. The Artesian Situation rise to a level (theoretical piezometric level) equal to the water level at the recharge point. But friction is present, and thus the pressure is reduced resulting in an actual piezonetric level which is somewhat lower than the theoret- ical. Where the actual piezometric level is above the ground, a flowing well results when the aquifer is tapped such as Well 0. Well B is finished in the drift where the water is not under pressure and thus is a water table well. Well A is an artesian well similar to C, but it does not flow be- cause there is not sufficient pressure to lift the water above the land surface. A number of flowing wells in an area which are allowed to flow freely may reduce the press- ure within the aquifer to such a degree that the wells will have to be pumped. lost of the flowing wells found in Ionia County are in the flood plains of the larger rivers or on the banks lead- ing to the flood plains. There are both drift wells and 26 wells from the Saginaw formation in this situation. A few flowing wells are found inland. In the report area, the Saginaw formation is often artesian, but the piezometric levels are generally comparable to the regular water table. Ground Water Recharge The character of the surface soils influence to a great degree the rate of precipitation infiltration. Sandy soils absorb a large portion of the precipitation whereas clay soils cause a larger surface runoff to lakes and streams. Level land, as found in many parts of Ionia County, assists precipitation infiltration also by reducing rapid overland runoff during rain storms. Ground water levels are maintained in several areas of the country where heavy pumpage takes place by a method called artificial recharge. The two common procedures used to accomplish this are recharge wells and seepage pits. Re- charge wells simply pump water of a specified quality from a surface water source into the aquifer which is being used for the water supply. In some cases, regular production wells are used for supply and recharge on an alternating basis with other similar wells. Artificial recharge with wells can be an expensive operation if the water used for recharge requires extra treatment to prevent clogging of the well screen and contamination of the aquifer. Seepags pits are more widely used than recharge wells. The pits are usually located near a surface water source from which water can be taken when desired. The bottoms of 27 the pits are generally lined with sand or gravel to facil- itate seepage downward. This bottom liner may have to be replaced periodically if it becomes clogged with silt. Iith either method, frequent checks must be made on the quality of the water being recharged. This is because art- ificially recharged water generally reaches the water sup- ply sons more rapidly than does natural recharge and thus bypasses much of the natural filtering normal ground water receives. Usually, temperature, turbidity (very fine sus- pended particles), and bacteria are examined periodically, but it is felt that a complete chemical analysis should be made frequently to prevent chemical contamination of the water supply. Wells in a river flood plain operate in a manner sim- ilar to seepage pits in that the pumping well induces re- charge from the river through the permeable flood plain deposits. The water supplies for Balding, Ionia State Hospital, and Portland utilize this principle to varing de- grees. Direction of Ground Water Hovement The direction of ground water movement can be deter- mined by examining a topographic map of the water table (Figure 18, pages 51-52). The water will move from higher elevations to lower elevations and thus move perpendicular to the contours shown on the map. Generally, the topography of the water table roughly corresponds to the topography of the land surface. 28 In cross section, the vertical movement is somewhat more complex. Each water particle follows a smooth curved line from point of recharge to discharge area as shown in Figure 10. unsaturated zone Pumping well and cone of depression Figure 10. Ground Water Movement in the Subsurface The water will move vertically downward until the water table is encountered, and then, will move as indicated by the arrows. A pumping well will locally alter the direction of water movement by causing the ground water for some distance surrounding the well to move toward the well rather than the normal discharge area. The water removed by pumping creates a cone of depression in the water table as shown in Fig- ure 10. Some water during its travel from recharge to discharge point will encounter the bedrock surface. If permeable bed- rock formations are encountered, the water will enter the 29 bedrock and continue its normal flow pattern. If shale or other impermeable rock is encountered, the direction of flow will be influenced by the topography of the bedrock surface in a manner similar to surface drainage (that is, from topographic highs to topographic lows). Lenses of clay in the drift will have the same effects but to a lesser degree. With these points in mind, Figure 17 (pages 49-50) may be of assistance in exploring for large water supplies. CHAPTER IV WATER QUALITY Rain water has often been coveted by some peOple be- cause of its softness and hence its ability to form a lather with soap. This attribute of rain water is due to a low percentage of solids which are dissolved in the water, a property which is soon lost as the rain water percolates downward into the ground. Water has often been referred to as a universal sol— vent, that is, it is able to dissolve and carry in solu- tion many different types of solids and liquids. Thus, as water percolates through the soil and rocks, it dis- solves many of the minerals which formerly were part of the rock or soil. Some minerals are easily dissolved such as rock salt, others such as silica are quite diff- icult to dissolve. The quantity of each of these dissolved constituents can be determined by means of a chemical anal— ysis and sometimes, less accurately, by taste, smell, or appearance. At times a chemical analysis will give an indication of the type of rock material the ground water has been associated with, but the relationship is quite complex. Table 3 is a listing of the chemical character- istics most commonly investigated and their significance 30 Table 3. icance a 31 Water Quality Parameters and Their Signif- Constituent or physical property b—fi - _,__‘_.._____ Source or cause Significance Silica (8102) Iron (Fe) Innganeae (In) 0alc ium (0a) and Iagnosium (lg) Sodium (la? and Potassium I) Bicarbonate (£005) and Carbonate (003) Sulfate (80‘) Chloride (01) Fluoride (I) litrste (n03) Phosphate (Pon) Dissolved solids Hardness as Coco3 Dissolved from practically all rocks and soils, usually in small amounteo—l-30 lg/l Dissolved from practically all rocks and soils. lay also be derived from iron pipes, pumps, and other equipment. Dissolved from some rocks and soils. lot so common as iron. Large quantities often associated with high iron content and with acid "tCrIo Dissolved from practically all soils and rocks but es- pecially from limestone, dolomite, and gypsum. Calcium and magnesium are found in large quantities in some brines. Dissolved from practically all rocks and soils. found also in ancient brines. some industrial brines, and sewage. Action of carbon dioxide in water on carbonate rocks such as limestone and dolomite. Dissolved from rocks and soils coats gypsum, iron sul- fidos, an other sulfur com- pounds. Usually present in some industrial wastes. Dissolved from rocks and soils. Present in sewage and found in large amounts in ancient brines and industrial brines. Dissolved in small to minute quantities from most rocks and soils. Decaying organic matter, sew- age. nitrates in soil chemical fertilisers. Dissolved from rocks and for» tilisers. Detergents, treated waters, and wastes in domestic and industrial service efflu- .n‘. e Chiefly mineral constituents dissolved from rocks and soils. Includes all material in water that is in solution. In most waters nearly all the hardness is due to calcium and esium. All the metallic ca ions other than the alkali metals also cause hardness. Dorms hard scale in pipes and boilers. Carried over in steam of high pressure boilers to form deposits on blades of steam turbines. Inhibits deterioration of seclitectype water softeners. 0n exposure to air, iron in ground water oxi- ' dimes to reddish-brown sediment. lore than about 0.3 mg/l stains laundry and utensils reddish brown. Objectionable for food pro- cessing, beverages, dyeing, bleaching, ice manufacture, brewing and other processes. Iron and manganese together should not exceed 0.3 sg/l Larger quantities cause unpleasant taste and favor growth of iron bacteria but does not sm- danger health. Same obJectionable features as iron. Causes dark brown or black stain. Iron and manganese to— gether should not exceed 0.3 mg/l for taste and asthetio reasons. Oause most of the hardness and scale-forming‘t‘ properties of water; soa consuming. (Bee - nsss.) laters low in sins and aims desired in electroplating, tanning, sing, and textile manufacturing. Large amounts give a salty taste when combined with chloride. loderate quantities have little effect on the usefulness of water for most pur- poses. Sodium salts may cease foaming-gm s can oilero and a high sodium ratio may 1 t the use of water for irrigation. bicarbonate and carbonate produce alkalinity. hicarbonstes of calcium as magnesium deosmp pose in steam boilers and hot-water facilities to form scale and release corrosive carbon dioxide gas. sulfate in water containing calcium forms hard scale in steam boilers. In large amounts, sul- fate in combination with other one gives bitter taste to water. Concentrations above 250 ng/l may have a laxative effect, but 500 mg/l is cons oidered safe. Chloride salts in excess of 100 mg‘l give sal taste to water. lhem combined wi calcium magnesium may increase the corrosive activity of water. It is recommended that chloride content should not exceed 250 mg/l. fluoride in drinking water reduces the incidence of tooth decay when the water is consumed dmr the period of enamel calcification. however, i may cause mottlinglof the teeth depending on the concentration of uoride, the age of the child, the amount of drinking water consumed, and the susceptibility of the individual. 0.8-1.5 sg/l is considered opt dopsmdi upon the air temperature. 1.5 l is cons derod the maxi-am allowable. Concentrations much greater than the local average may suggest pollution. I h concom- traticns are generally a character stio of individual we 1s and not of mhole aquifers. litrato has shown to be helpful in reducing im— tercrystalline cracking of boiler steel. t sap courages rcwth of algae and other organisms which pro uce undesirable tastes and odors. There is evidence that more than about e51:,/l may cause a type of methemoglcbinemia in ants, sometimes fatal. Inhibits scale formation in industrial processes and cooling waters. Incourages bacterial growth. Dissolved solids should not exceed 500 mg/l but amounts up to 1000 l are considered acceptable for drinking water i no other supply is avail- able. Amounts over 1000 mg/l are unacceptable for most uses. lard water consumes sca before a lather will form; deposits soap on bathtubs. forms scale in boilers, water heaters, and pipes. hardness equivalent to the bicarbonate and carbonate is called carbonate hardness. Any hardness in ex- cess of this is called nonoarbonate hardness. laters of hardness as much as 60 l are consid- ered soft; 61 to 120 mg/l moderate hardu 121 to 200 mg/l hard; and more than 200 “/1 very hrd. 32 Table 3 (continued). Constituent or ~h sic: 1 .- V —- I _'_ ._ . " propertyp y ‘ J source or cause 513n1f1cgncg l stecific conductance hineral content of the water. Specific conductance is a measure of the capacity (micromhoa per centimeter of the water to conduct an electrical current. at 25°C.) Varies with concentration and degree of ionisa- tion of the constituents. Varies with tempera- ture; reported at 25°C. Hydro en-ion concentra- Acids, acid-generating salts. A pH of 7.0 indicates neutrality of a solution. tion pH) and free carbon dioxide lower Values higher than 7.0 denote increasing alkalin- the pH. Carbonatea, bicar- ity; values lower than 7.0 indicate increasing bonates, hydroxides and phos- acidity. pH is a measure of the activity of the photos, silicates, and borates hydrogen ions. Corrosiveness of water generally raise the pH. increases with decreasing pH. However, excess- ively alkaline waters may also attack metals. Hydrogen sulfide (H23) Natural decomposition of or- Causes objectionable odor when in concentrations ganlc material and from the above 1 mg/l and taste when in excess of .05 ng/l. reduction of sulfates. Presence may limit waters usefulness in the food and beverage industry. 8’The data in this table was obtained from a combina- tion of three sources: U.S. Public Health Service, The Public Health Service Drink Water Standards -- l 62, . . c ea or- v ce, . no. as ton: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1962). J. E. McKee, and H. W. Wolf, Water Quality Criteria, The State Agency of California, Sta e ater ua ty oar (California State Printing Office, 1963), 548pp. J. D. Hem, Stud and Interpgetation of the Chemical Characteristics of Natural Watgg, . . eo og ca urvey Water Supply Paper I473 (Washington: U.S. Government Print- ing Office, 1959). 269pp. in regard to water use. The most plentiful minerals in the ground water of Ionia County are calcium, magnesium, bicarbonate, sulfate, and chloride (Table 5, in Appendix). Iron is commonly found in amounts which are considered objectionable, but it does not constitute a large percentage of the total dis— solved constituents. Most of the analysis within the county reveal that the water is characteristically very hard (greater than 200 mg/l). This is due to large amounts of calcium and magnesium which are major constituents in many rocks, 33 . especially limestone, dolomite, and gypsum. Fortunately, this undesirable characteristic can be reduced to accept- able levels by the use of a water conditioner. Gypsum, which is very soluable and is found in many places in the county, is the outstanding contributor to the high sulfate content and also the hardness cf the ground water. Several analyses near the city of Ionia which ex- ibit the effects of gypsum are shown by analysis numbers 52, 55, 64, and 65 ianable 5 (in Appendix). Gypsum, as noted in the geology section, is found in the lichhgan formation and in the Red Beds. Water wells drilled where the Michigan formation underlies the drift may produce fresh water, but if sulfate water is encount- ered, then, a drift well is the only solution. Sulfate problems associated with the Red Beds might be solved by drilling deeper into the underlying Saginaw formation and adequately casing the well past the contaminating interval. Hydrogen sulfide which may locally be a problem is often found to exist in the same areas in which high sulfates are found. The "rotten egg” gas is usually a result of sulfate reduction by bacterial action. Iron is a problem throughout the county but appears to be especially troublesome where the Red Beds-Grand River formation is found. Both of these rock units are high in iron content as exibited by their red color. Num- erous drift wells yield water high in iron also. The di- rection of the glaciers movement and the fact that the 34 above two rock units are within the county suggest that the glacial drift throughout the report area will contain a large amount of Grand River-Red Bed material. Iron con- tent may be reduced by means of a special water conditioner. Wood, in his etudy,1 noted that the Saginaw formation in the upper Grand River basin (up stream from Ionia) had water of better quality than the drift. Specifically iron, calcium, sulfate, and chlorides were found in higher con- centrations in drift wells than in wells tapping the Sag- linaw formation. It appears that this situation may also be true for the parts of Ionia County in which the Grand River formation and the Bed Beds are absent, but a more detailed study is needed. Chemical analysis for several rivers within the county are included in Table 5 (in Appendix). It can be seen that they compare favorably with the general ground water qual- ity. However, it should be noted that the quality of a sur- face water source is likely to vary considerably from time to time and is much more susceptable to contamination by dangerous chemicals and microscopic organisms not found in the ground water. Water wells near rivers which utilize the rivers for induced recharge may also be contaminated by foreign chemical. A lWood, g, cit. CHAPTER V GROUND WATER AVAILABILITY Except for a few isolated areas, the glacial drift is capable of supplying domestic water wells throughout Ionia County. The drift is also capable of yielding large amounts of water as shown by numerous municipal wells (Table 4, in Appendix). Further exploration will undoubtably find high yield drift aquifers outside of the favorably located munic- ipal regions. With present data, it appears that the largest area with poor drift aquifers is located at the village of Lyons. Unfortunately, the Saginaw formation has water of inferior quality there also. Exploration of the drift to the east of this village might be advisable if a municipal supply is desired. In most parts of the county, the bedrock aquifers are good to potentially good for domestic wells. Some of the county's bedrock aquifers are poor due to their great depth or to their poor quality water. Figure 19 (pages 53-54) can be used as a rough guide to the potential for domestic bedrock wells. Table 4 (in Appendix) may be of assistance for infor- mation on a particular area. This table is a listing of 35 36 the important characteristics of most of the well records that were used during this study. Unfortunately, the data is not evenly distributed throughout the county. A limited amount of additional information for each well listed can be obtained from the hichigan Geological Survey whose office is in Lansing. Large water withdrawals from small areas (single high capacity wells or subdivisions with individual domestic wells) present special problems which would be difficult to analyze in a report such as this. It is suggested that a professional hydrologist be consulted when such with- drawals are anticipated. Often test drilling and pumping tests are required to adequately define the aquifers' capabilities. Introduction to Figures 12 Thru 19 The preparation of geologic maps such as those which follow is dependent almost entirely upon a source of sub- surface information. The most useful source of information is in the form of well logs which are a listing of the sub- surface materials penetrated and information as to the physical characteristics of the well. Fortunately, the Iichigan Legislature recently passed an Act which, in add- ition to other things, requires water well drillers to sub- mit a well log to the well owner, the county health agency, and the State Geological Survey.1 Since 1965, water well drillers in the county have been providing information IMichigan Legislature, Act 294, Public Act 1965. 37 which is very valuable to workers in the geological sciences. Previous to this, a few water well drillers voluntarily pro- vided the state with such information. Oil well drillers have been required to submit logs for their wells for some time now. During the course of this investigation, over 500 logs in Ionia County and surrounding townships were ex- amined. Many of these wells are shown in Table 4 (in Appen- dix). Maps such as those in Figures l6, l7, and 18 cannot be prepared unless the elevation of the wells can be ac— curately determined. Most of the state has been tOpograph- ically mapped from aerial photographs by the United States Geological Survey (U.S.G.S.). Such maps are available for Ionia County except for the northwestern section (north of the city of Ionia and west of Palo). Consequently, the three above mentioned figures are somewhat inaccurate in this region. It is important to recognize that the following geologic maps are assumed to be accurate only for a limited time. This is due to the fact that no matter how carefully a map is constructed, new information may invalidate certain as- sumptions made when the map was originally constructed. Often such maps are constructed in pencil in anticipation of future changes. The portions of the following maps which are most likely to need revision in the future have been drawn with dashed lines. The base map for Figures 14 through 19 was redrafted with slight modifications from a Michigan Department of 38 Natural Resources base map. Figures 13. 14, 16, 17, 18, and 19 are the authors original work. The data used was obtained from well logs on file at the Michigan Geological Survey and from other sources as noted in each individual figure. 39 Figure 12. Base Map This map, in a slightly larger size, is obtainable from the Michigan Department of Natural Resources in Lan— sing. MON TACALM . a!“ M!CH:L}AN DEPARTMENT OF CONSERVATION IONIA COUNTY N 5* ' x;_.:_ w. HILLS C O 1 _ ‘ ‘ ' > e VFI—Wr-‘ell‘flnr x. .‘ A L A , h | - — T 'C’L‘r“-‘L—LX. LJA. * _ __ r z 9‘ l . . -7.W —-- L , - *4- It‘- _ _ _ J- -- - ‘ - ‘ 1 U I 'Y"' thkl1_mz n: ‘2 i; ‘ i "‘1 TL? C") r i L YeLrnl-d‘ ‘ , L , _ . , I V_*‘“§ A—z r——— LT‘r- r L "VVrery—Arrr’ IL? I L _, H ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ N r- r— .L g ’ " I : r v\ ‘_ 'lrrrrr: SHILOH . .- , PALO' r" ' .l L i L ‘1 » " g ‘_ a L I.‘.-_, "I'I'r-ur,k ‘ I. 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Generalized Cross Section Oil well logs, several deep water well logs, and the topographic maps were used in the construction of this section. Few of the wells fell directly on the cross section line but none were offset more than a mile. This figure was designed to give the reader a general idea of what the various rock formations look like if they could be viewed from the side. It is impossible to show lithologic subdivisions smaller than the formations due to the complex interbedding found in the formations, the scale used, and the distribution of the data available. The reader should note that the vertical scale is exaggerated as compared to the horizontal. The undula- tions in each line of the cross section are actually not as pronounced as shown here. (BIZ N E R A L I Z E D C R C>S S S E C T'I O N V) 2 x 9 x (r ( L” d) LU Lu , g Lu (J) Lu > 5“ am we & 900 s It) U) U N E D 900 FEET I //-\ I ,A—m W l 3 LAND SURFACE I 8 O 0 ‘f\_, \,\ _i 7‘ /// f Y / x‘r:fw\ (I S \l/ w W, Ex 0 /\\ ‘ GR UND WATER LEVEL \\\j\ g ' \\ 7 O 0‘ /,_\ G L A C I A L ‘\\\ i fl/V‘r \fl/ 7 O O , x ; , 4///—~e~////T—TTT’ \\"v\~—e_mifi~__fl__,/r—~#.<\i_\_~ ‘GRAND RIVER FORMm—RED BEDS\X%BL::J// // I) R I f _ E O O - HW—"\ \ ‘\ PM I'— '\\\ S A G I N A W T ~6OO I \‘\-\\E\~ \ X>\ERAND RWER FORMw— \\\\ _ \ N \ . < \\ G A {V \ 300~ \ 2i BAYpORT \ ’ \\\\ . ‘ w .— — ? \ _ 300 200-1 \ \ I- ~zoo 100‘ ‘\\\\\ \\;:’“53TONE ‘\\ woo IO()T // « MEAN SEA LEVEL \\\////TT\““\-—il\\\\\\ 400 zoo~ \\\,fizoo LINE OF CROSS SECTION SOOJ / . %//\“/ L500 H1 I O I 2 3 mi. Lil 1 1 1 I HORIZONTAL SCALE ,. v‘ A _. T . " . ”T3 f ‘ . 2;, . . 1_.\..~._._.' _.__ _..__._.I_.._..d" __‘ ' 43 Figure 14. Bedrock Geology Water well logs, oil well logs, and Figure 17 were used to construct this map. Descriptions of the bedrock formations in the various well logs used were not complete enough to separate the Grand River formation from the younger Red Bede. Since red sandstones occur in both units, additional notes about other characteristics are needed to adequately separate the two formations. Future workers may be able to define the areas of Red Bed occurrance by means of sulfate occur- rance in the ground water. Vanlier feels that the Grand River formation is found primarily in drainage channels on the top of the Saginaw 2 In the report area, it appears that the Red formation. Beds are found on bedrock topographic highs. In other regions of the state, the Red Beds can be found either on topographic highs or lows. 2K. E. Vanlier, personal communication. . I ‘ O‘r‘; ‘. I : R I MONTCALM 3w R7“! CO new A”. \ 6 U I | I I | I . ., ... .. I O N | A / 1 M I C H | G A N I I BEDROCK GEOLOGY I I I / T7N I T7N I ; GRAND RIVER FORMATION~ I RED BEDS (UNDIF‘FERENTIATED) i SAGINAw FORMATION :1 BAYPORT LIMESTONE .—_'—"_"- I K‘ .—_—- MICHIGAN FORMATION \‘ i 0» .\\\\\\\\ I U I NOTE: CONTACT LINES BROKEN } WHERE CONTROL Is POOR TeN Te” I I N I ' I I , ‘ ‘ ' j I , pORflLANo I \ E r _ I I I 75” TSN LL; 9 I f?- 3"“ { Scale I .. z I 2 ° I LU '- I x z 3 U BARRY new R7w CO- “To" new (a nsw D.$wan50n —- I970 45 Figure 15. Glacial Geology Some authors prefer to call a map such as this a sur- ficial geologic map and thus imply that the map is accurate only for an unknown thickness of surface material. As in- dicated in the previous text, it is very difficult to de- termine the thicknesses for any of the glacial landforms shown. The contact lines which separate the glacial features are not to be thought of as precise division lines. Rather, they generally indicate a gradational zone from one feature to the adjoining one. Thie map is redrafted from the larger State map com- piled by Helenlartin.3 3H. u. llartin, Ia of the Surface Formations of the Southern P nninsula of lIcEI an, licEIEEE Geological Survey, pub. Kg. (Ea-Sam: lIcEH 5 an eological Survey, 1955). Raw R7w co new a5w \ 0' U I ‘I I | | I . I O N I A T8“ ”I Ten C O U N T Y ? / M I C H I G A N I I I I .. GLACIAL GEOLOGY I T7N I T7N LEGEND TILL PLAINS l: MORAINES o A SPILLWAYs .o a . OUTWASH CHANNELS 0' U I TeN TGN I I N I I I , I '0 > I . I “<1 I 0 Q 0 ' \ I . ~. I Po I e I ODQQ. I T5” I .., ' I r—I , ' TSN L . 9 I ? ?"" i . ' " ' SCdIe ' / z o f— I z I : BARRY new R7w C°~ “7°" new co new D.$wanson—-l910 47 Figure 16. Glacial Drift Thickness The data for this map was obtained by subtracting the bedrock surface elevation (from figure 17) from the land surface elevation (U.S.G.S. topographic maps) at numerous points within each township, usually at each section cor- ner. Fewer data points were used where both the bedrock surface and the land surface are relatively flat than where either of these surfaces are rapidly changing in elevation. Since the data in figure 17 was heavily relied upon, this map will have the same inaccuracies as figure 17 does. The contours in the northwestern portion of the county are lacking since there is no accurate surface topographic maps for this area. Wells which penetrate the drift in this area are plotted with the drift footage noted. T F m D E i. TR % m w EE T 3. W N T EW E . F n VI _LI 0 R T o. A I S 5&0 M .m A T R 8 _K0 T 24 a I G D E Lop E w N N I N “M5 W. e S R I P I‘ M. D H L K E L IN fl Ill 0 U A C Two A m. I O C PIL WI MAM m I R N H C M TI WMO W 0‘ M TUC S 6 no L 1 OT! L A CN E IL w w 65 oz 34. A0 N N N n I . m. T T T .ou / \ / 205...: I 5 K O. C w 6 R N 0 T A E 0 v C W V w 7 R r a . L l _ , _ m III A} Ifi . .I Ifi. ,. 6 i L w L I _ A _ ,iI IIIIW I, ., w ,H e 8 JIIxC. W R IIMAIIII R #I L Al. x _ _II_ S_ N_ ugh _II be nfiL R_I_.I,_ u . E, Y m I 4T 4 IMIIMIINILWI: m A ORA S_ C _ _ OO, 3 , T , CC in N _ C . I ”A; _ O L Y D _ _ i O _ K R IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII I II I A B f r8N I I I I I ¥ 49 Figure 17. Topography of the Bedrock Surface This map was constructed with the data obtained from wells which penetrate the drift. Since this data is not evenly distributed throughout the county, some portions of this map will be somewhat more accurate than others. Con- tours which are most likely to change when new data is available have been dashed. The northwestern portion of the county does not have accurate surface topographic maps, and thus, the contours here are either dashed or not shown. After the deposition of the youngest bedrock terna- tions, normal erosion caused the development of a drainage pattern. This drainage pattern was subsequently modified and altered by the more recent glacier advances. The pro- cess which was most effective in modifing the bedrock sur- face ie difficult to determine as the effects of both can be seen. F_____ _,___L_ , - I new n7w new I MoNTCALM CO I I——“I I , I I I ' I I i .__ I_g\\%€— IqI, ‘__ I O N I A ‘ TBN I. I QQRNIEFI’S “‘1 TBN I ‘ * C OLJN‘TY M I C H I G A N I T7N I TYN I TOPOGRAPHY I OF THE I I BEDROCK SURFACE ’. I I CONTOURINTERVAL-SO FEET I CONTOURS ARE BROKEN WHERE I CONTROLIs soon I I DATUH IS MEAN SEA LEVEL I ‘_ , I TsN / ’ , l/ . I I N ' I I I I | I I \\ I | I ' ‘ I i ‘ I. TSN I 0 I 2 J um I TSN .7 I I? ' h 7 I I I . C I C I C' 5 Scale I y’ I ‘ ‘ ; _i z I F o ‘ z F - - I»— I w I\\//k% E X .1 Ii JQLI _ L .___I_ __ ._ A U I BARRY new n7w IR-.. D.$wan50n— I970 51 Figure 18. Topography of the Ground Water Surface The elevations of the ground water surface were estab- lished fron measured static water levels for wells drilled during the period 1965 to 1970. This information was sup- plemented by elevations for various surface water bodies obtained from the U.S.G.S. surface topographic maps. Thus, this is a map of the water table surface and artesian lev- els. Due to the uneven distribution of water level data, some areas are more accurately mapped than others. The con- tours are dashed where little information is available. The northwestern portion of the county cannot be mapped due to the absence of surface topographic maps there. In.general, the topography of the ground water surface is similar to the topography of the land surface. Raw WW! I MONTCALM co I "' “T RSW I , I I I __ 4.-__._. IONIA TON COUNTY MICHIGAN TOPOGRAPHY OF THE ”N GROUND WATER SURFACE CONTOURINTERVAL‘ZS AND 50 FEET CONTOURS ARE BROKEN WHERE CONTROLIS POOR DATUM IS MEAN SEA LEVEL I I LCILARKSJIVILLE I i_ _ J I ScaIe / I Z ,7» H I P 0 DATA osnmeo raon wnea wsu. z I- scucouus roa wens ORlLLEO I w 5 scrwzcu I965 AND I910 AND FROM X J 4 0.5.6.5. Torocaapmc MAPS. I U I I I g D.$wanson - "70 53 Figure 19. General Water Characteristics of Bedrock Aquifers Well logs, chemical analysis, and drillers notes were used in the construction of this map. It is necessarily generalized and local conditions may vary from the follow- ing descriptions: Area A. Bedrock wells should be avoided. Drift wells range in depth from shallow (30 feet) to deep (100+ feet). Deep drift wells (finished near the bedrock top) may encount- er quality problems, especially in the southern arm of this area. Sandstone which is at the bedrock top and underlain by ghale will probably be adequate aquifers for domestic wel s. Area . Bedrock wells are rarely used. Deep drift wells are common and bedrock data is not abundant in this area. Bedrock data which is available indicates that sandstone aquifers are deeply buried and are probably highly mineral- ized. Limestone in the southern part of this area may pro- vide adequate domestic wells, but additional data is needed. Aria C. Bedrock aquifers are generally deep or have some- ' w mineralized water. This area is considered to be po- tentially better than area B. Where sandstone aquifers are not deeply buried, domestic wells are possible, but the water will probably be of lesser quality than the drift wells. Wells in the northern portion of this area (T.BR. R.5&6'.) will probably encounter more problems than southern parts of the area. Area D. Bedrock probably capable of domestic supplies. 8 area might be viewed as a subdivision of area C in that excessively deep aquifers and quality problems may exist. Deep bedrock wells in townships 5 north will probably an- counter quality problems as the Saginaw formation is thin there. The area northwest of the city of Ionia lacks abund- ant data but appears to be potentially adequate for deep do- mestic wells. Area E. Excellent bedrock wells usually obtainable. High capacity wells are possible, but additional data is needed. Bedrock water quality will generally be better than in the other areas. Numerous wells are tapping the Saginaw forma- tion in this area. ”"7 TEN T'IN CO. TGN TSN KENT VILLE _,/‘ CLINTON IOPJIA C OLJN"TY Ml<3FI|GA N GENERAL WATER CHARACTEREHWCS OF BEDROCK AQUWERS REFER TO OPPOSITE PAGE F OR DESCRIPTION D.Swansonr I970 CHAPTER VI SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS An adequate ground water supply is dependent upon a number of factors as noted in the proceeding sections. In review, these factors are: (l) the amount of recharge water, artificial or natural, the aquifer receives; (2) the qual- ity of the water within the aquifer and the quality of the recharge water; (3) the permeability of the aquifer; and (4) the amount of water stored in the ground water res- ervoir which is available for withdrawal. In general, Ionia County is well situated with respect to all of these factors. The larger urban areas which will probably need ex- panded water systems sometime in the future are suitably ‘located near rivers which can be utilized for artificial recharge or induced recharge if required. Shallow high cap- acity industrial and irrigation wells are also possible in these flood plain regions. It is suggested that local res- idents guard the quality of these rivers with such future uses in mind. Based on present pumping capacity and planned expan- sion, future supply problems are not anticipated for any of the municipal water systems examined. Small capacity domestic wells are easily obtained from drift aquifers throughout the county. Domestic wells which 55 56 utilize bedrock aquifers are found primarily in the south- eastern portion of the county, but a much larger area can potentially support such wells. Objectionably mineralized water is the most widespread problem facing county residents at the present time. The quality of water in both bedrock and drift aquifers is in- fluenced by the composition of local bedrock formations. Thus, a more detailed bedrock geologic map will assist in outlining poor water quality regions. It is also suggested that additional chemical analyses be made on samples from existing wells throughout the county. Information on poor water quality regions might be used in future land use considerations. BIBLIOGRAPHY BIBLIOGRAPHY Cohee, G. V., Macha, 0., and Holk, I. U er Devonian and Carboniferous Rocks of Michi an. Uniied States Geoiog- icai Survey Uii and Gas investigation, Chart 00-41. Washington: U. S. Government Printing Office, 1951. Pirouzian, A. "Hydrological Studies of the Saginaw Forma- tion in the Lansing, Michigan Area." Unpublished Master's thesis, Department of Geology, Michigan State University, 1963. Ben, J. D. Study and Interpretation. of the Chemical Char- acterist cs 0 atura ater. eo og ca urvey later-Suppiy Paper i573. Washington: U. S. Govern- ment Printing Office, 1959. Kelly, W. A. Penna lvani S stem of Michi n. Geological Survey Division, FEE. 5*, Geoi. Ser. 5%, ptII. Lan- sing: Iichigan Geological Survey Division, 1936. Leverett, P., and Taylor, P. B. The Pleistocene of Indiana d Hi hi an and th Hi t of the Gr ai LEEes. U. 5. aeoiogicai Survey, ion. 5%. 'asEiEEton: U. 3. Govern- ment Printing Office, 1915. Martin, H. I. (compiler). The Centennial Geolo ic Ma of the y 5. Lansing: Michigan Geological Survey Division, 1956. . lap of the Surface Formations of the Southern Penninsu a o CQI . Geoiogicai Survey Division, Pi? . . 8 ° “ichigan Geological Survey Divis- 1011, 19550 IcKee, J. E., and Wolf, H. W. Water Quality Criteria. The Resources Agency of Californ , a e a er uality Board, Pub. 5-1. Sacramento: California State Print- ing Office, 1963e lenoenberg, F. E. "Ground-Water Geology of the Saginaw Group in the Lansing, Michigan.Area.' Unpublished Master's thesis, Department of Geology, [ichigan State University, 1963. 57 58 Michigan Economic Development Department (compiler)."lonia County Economic Data Sheet l96l.”(limeographed), 1961. Michigan Department of Commerce (compiler)."Ionia County" Ecggomic Profile Sheet 1-1 and 1-2. (Mimeograpned), 19 . Michigan Department of Health. Data on Public Water Su lies in lichi an. Michigan Department of Heaiih, Efiiifieer- i3 Buiietin 1951 4. Lansing: lichigan.Department of Health, Swartz, D. H. "The Red Beds of Michigan." Unpublished laster's thesis, Department of Geology, University of [ichigan, 1951. Strmelg Ge Jo, Wialer, Cs 0e, and mird, Ls Be Water Re- sources of the Grand Ba ids Area lichi an. U. 5. Geo- og ca urvey, rcu ar no. . as on: U. S. Government Printing Office, 1954. Threlkeld, G., and Alfred, 8. Soil Survey of Ionia Counry, lichigrr. U. S. Departmen 0 gr cu ure, 0 on- serva on Service. Washington: U. S. Government Print-* ing Office, 1967. U. 8. Army Engineering District. Grand River Basin - Com- rehensive Water Resources Stud . U. 3. Irmy EfiEiEeer- iii Disirict (compiiers), Ippenfiix 0 (Climate). De- troit: U. S. Army Engineering District, Feb. 1967. U. S. Geological Survey. Grand River Basin - Com rehensive w ter Resources Stud . U. 3. Krmy Engifieerifig Disirict (compiiersI, Appendi¥ E (Geology and Ground Water). Detroit: U. 8. Army Engineering District, Feb. 1967. U. 8. Weather Bureau. Annual Climatolo i 1 Data For Rich- 1 an. U. S. Depariment of Commerce, Reatfier BEreau. Washington: U. S. Government Printing Office, 1924 to present. . Climatological Summary 2f Ionia, lichrgan. U. S. apartment of Commerce, Weather Bureau, Climatography of the U. S., no. 20-20. Washington: U. S. Government Printing Office, 1962. U. 8. Public Health Service. The Public Health Service Drinki . . . u c ealth erv ce, . . . 8. Government Print- ing Office, 1962. Vanlier, K. 3. Personal communication. Hydrologist, U. S. Geological Survey, Water Resources Division. 59 Vanlier, K. E., Wood, W. W., and Brunett, J. O. A Ra idl Urbaniz Area and Its Water -- Tri-Count Re ion, 'Eizhig . U. 3. Geoiogicai Survey Water Suppiy Paper. n8 Was} on: U. 8. Government Printing Office, in print. Wood, W. W. ”Geochemistry of Ground Water of the Saginaw Formation in the Upper Grand River Basin, Michigan." Unpublished Ph.D. thesis, Department of Geology, Michigan State University, 1969. APPENDIX 6O _ _ __ Ionia County has 16 townships which ‘Iw““”nmmm:q T.8N. are identified by political name or """ by their relationship to the Michigan lonsco “Ll“ "nu”, 'LAIIO. —~—Jw——L-_vk ..... ‘ meridian and base line. The bound- ; l/_ m . T-7N- ries with each designation are the L~~43 : 4———1 same except for Easton and Berlin '0'?- u“ T.6N. townships. toggle-d ORANGI I I dammmfi“ AIS 'caur- 09"” "ml—“‘2". TOSN. L::J;£3.mul___l 5 5 4 3 2 1 i=1; (a: a: $1 7 8 9 10 11 12 can; or} €qu: 181716151413 19 20 21 22 23 24 30 29 28 27 26 25 31 32 33 34 35*36 Each township is approx- imately six miles square, and is subdivided into one square mile (approximately) NE% NWK sections which are numbered of of as shown. NWK NEK 40 acres ,/H’ NE% of NEK of SE“ (10 acres) SWK 160 acres -~. -- . The section may be further subdivided into various sized parcels of land which are described as shown. The complete description of a parcel of land is as follows: N.E.% of the N.E.fi of the S.E.K of Section 31, Township 5 North, Range 5 West of the Michigan Ieridian. Abbreviated as in the following tables: NE NE SE 31 (with the township and range designation located above each series of data). Figure 11. PrOperty Description 61 Table 4. Selected Wells in Ionia County. i LOCATION ALT AQU DPTH DI YLD DD QU REMARKS ‘ DANDY TOWNSHIP i TeSNe RJW. ESW SE SE 1 770 d 30 2 e -- -- .NE NE SE 2 760 Sag 125 4 --- -- -- 'SE sw SW 2 800 Sag 215 4 30 15 -- NE SW SW 2 800 Sag 125 4 4O 9 -- SE SE SW 2 810 Sag 240 4 60 45 -- GR - top of bedrock iNE SW NE 5 760 Sag 345 4 --- -- -- GR - top of bedrock SW NW NE 3 760 Sag 305 4 60 20 -- SE NW NW 3 790 Sag 280 4 --- -- -- SE SE SW 3 780 Sag 270 4 50 33 -- SW SW 4 780 Sag 280 4 30 -- -- SW SW NE 5 810 d 96 4 3O -- -- NE NW NE 5 720 Sag 260 4 50 18 -- SE NE SE 7 825 Sag 270 4 21 7O -— GR - top of bedrock SW SW SE 10 815 Sag 230 4 18 50 -- SE SW NW 10 800 Sag 245 4 50 20 -- SW SW SE 11 840 Sag 290 4 30 18 -- SW SW SW 11 820 Sag 275 4 50 13 -- NW NW NE 11 800 Sag 260 4 --- -- -- NW NW SW 12 820 Sag 275 4 --- -- -- NE SW SW 12 800 Sag 360 4 45 17 -- NE SE SW 12 820 Sag 270 4 --- -- -- GR also tapped NW SE NE 13 810 Sag 140 -- 4O 22 -- . SE SE NE 13 830 Sag 155 4 4O 20 -- NE NE SE 13 825 Sag 170 4 30 50 -- SW SW NE 14 820 d 32 2 5 -- -- [SE SE NE 15 830 Sag 185 4 50 10 -- NE NE 15 810 Sag 260 3 15 16 ~- ! NW NE 15 800 Sag 230 4 4O 10 -- ‘NW NE SW 16 800 Sag 215 4 40 so -- SW SE SW 17 830 --- 98 2 --— -- -— NW NW SW 19 815 Sag 460 4 50 10 —- SW NE SW 21 760 Sag 240 4 --- -- l flowing well in 1958 NE NE NE 27 760 Sag 145 -- —-- -- -- GR also tapped NE NE NW 31 820 Sag 245 4 60 22 _- NW NW NW 31 832 Sag .260 4 5O 7 -- NE NE NW 31 820 Sag 245 4 50 48 -- SE SE SW 33 850 Sag- 200 4 40 8 -- NE NW NE 35 810 Sag 170 4 4O 15 -- SEBEWA TOWNSHIP TOEN. R06w. SW NW SW 1 850 Sag 420 4 --- -- -- SW SW NW 4 816 Sag 2574 -- —-- -- -- Oil test well. Sag ' flows at 303 feet. SW SW NE 4 819 Sag 2919 -- --- -- -- Oil test well NW NW SE 5 840 d? 105 2 20? -- -- SE SE SE 12 850 Sag 336 34-7- -- -- Table 4. (can't) 62 LOCATION ALT AQU'DPTH DI YLD DD QU REMARKS . SEBEWA TOWNSHIP (con't) NW NW SW 14 820 Sag 480 4 100 24 -- SW SW NW 17 840 Sag 2323 -- --- -- -- Oil test well NW SW SW 25 835 Sag 305 4 50 23 -- SW SE SW 29 865 Sag 580 4 20 so -- Aquifer may be Mich. SE SE SW 29 869 Mi 2311 —- --- -- -- Oil test well NE NE NW 31 865 Sag 320 30 10 -— ODESSA TOWNSHIP 2,5N. R.7W. SE SW SW 5 860 s 130 3 --- -- -- NW NW NW 11 850 s 165 4 50 -- -- SE SE SE 13 845 Sag 260 4 --- -- -- NE NE NE 14 860 g 114 4 —-— -- -- SE SW SW 15 860 Sag ---- -- --- -- -- SE NE NE 17 840 s 52 2 --- -- -- SE SW SE 22 840 s+g 76 2 12 9 -- NW NW NE 23 850 s+g 121 4 10 -~ —— NE NE NE 23 855 s 64 2 10 -- -- NW SW SE 28 875 Mi 555 12 --- -- -- V. Lake Odessa. Well abandon - quality poor. TW#1 SE SE NW 33 865---- 177 4 --- -- -- V. Lake Odessa. TW#67-A NE NE NE 33 860 s+g 74 48 800 50 -- V. Lake Odessa. SW NE SW 33 840 s 61 4 60 -- 6 NE SE SE 36 865 Sag 570 4 3O 48 —- NE SE SE 20 884 s 122 4 42 -- 2 NW SW NW 22 870 Sag 360 4 6O 41 ~- CAIPBELL TOWNSHIP T.5N. R.8W. NE NE NE 2 810 d 123 2 7 57 _- NE NE NE 2 810 d 126 3 -—- -- -- SW SW SW 2 820 s 46 2 10 -- -- NW NW SE 3 820 s 41 2 --- -- -- SW SW NE 6 820 s 82 3 16 -- ~- NW SE SW 8 810 s 38 4 25 -- 8 SE NE NW 10 830 s 30 3 20 -- -- SW SW SE 10 880 s 210 4 -—- -- -- SE SE SE 11 850 s 150 4 --- -— -— SW SW NE 15 900 s+g 105 4 25 -- -- SW SE SE 18 860 g 79 4 15 7 -- SW SE SW 27 860 s 114 2 7 -- 9 SW SE NE 28 806 Sag 5700 -- --- -- -- 011 test well NW SW SE 29 831 Sag 2468 -- --- -- -- " " 0 SE SE NE 29 850 N1 2200 -- --- -- -— " " " SW SW NW 30 787 Ba? —--- -- --- -- -- " " " SW SE NW 31 805 M1 2453 -- --- -- -- " " " NW NW NW 32 332 I1 2153 -- --- -- 10 " " " Analysis . from 372 feet in Mi. Table 4. (can't) 63 Y 1 13851103 2ALT AQU DPTH DI YLD DD QU REMARKS ! CAMPBELL TOWNSHIP (con't) QNE SW SW 32 825 Mi 2128 -- --- -- -- Oil test well NE SE NW 34 870 s+g 114 4 42 -- 11 PORTLAND TOWNSHIP Te6Ne R05We .SW SE SW 1 755 g 75 4 15 -- -- ASE SW SW 1 760 g 83 4 -—- _- -- NW NW NE 2 750 Sag 305 4 --- -- -- NW NW NE 3 765 s+g 79 2 --- —- -— SE SE SW ,3 765 Sag 310 4 20 10 -- 3% SW SE 5 762 Sag 2870 -- --- -- -- 011 test well SW SE SE 7 771 Sag 260 4 50 49 -- NW SW 8 760 Sag 215 4 4O 52 -- NE SW 9 745 GR 123 2 --- -- -- NE NW NE 11 770 g 76 4 --- -- -- NW NW NE 14 790 s+g 80 2 --- _- -- SE NE SE 17 770 GR 145 4 15 10 -- SE SE NE 17 770 GR 160 4 --- -- -- NE NE NW 19 762 --- ---- -- -—- -- -- SW SW 20 785 Sag 230 4 --- -- -- NW NW NE 22 785 g 76 4 2O -- -- SW SE SE 22 770 Sag 305 4 --- -- -- NW NW NW 23 780 g 84 4 10 -- -- NE NE NW 25 780 Sag 320 4 --- -- -- . SE 28 710 g 65 26 500 -— 16 V. Portland PW#4 NE SE 28 710 s+g 75 26 608 17 15 v. Portland PW#5 & TW#3 SE SE NE 30 785 Sag 215 4 3O 59 ~- NE NE SW 30 780 Sag 279 4 15 31 -- SE SE NW 30 780 g 160 4 --- -- -- NW NW SE 30 785 Sag 315 4 50 21 -- NE NE NE 31 810 Sag 370 4 4O —- —- NE NE NE 31 800 s 39 3 8 -- -- NW NE NE 31 815 s+g 44 4 --- -- —- SE SE SW 31 820 Sag 295- 4 3O 19 -- SW SE NE 32 790 Sag 230 4 40 15 -- NE NE NE 32 790 Sag 295 4 5O 21 -- SE NW SE 32 790 Sag 230 4 35 13 -- NE SE NE 32 790 Sag 260 4 --- —- —- SE NE 32 790 s 99 4 -- -- -- ORANGE TOWNSHIP T.6N. R.6W. SW SW SE 5 800 s+g 47 4 --- -- -- NW 6 805 s 121 4 20 -- -- Ionia 00. Airport SE SE SW 11 787 Sag 2807 -- -- -— -- Oil test well SW SW SE 13 780 Sag 245 ——- -- -- Table 4. (can't) 64 LOCATION ALT AQU DPTH DI YLD DD QU REMARKS . ' ORANGE TOWNSHIP (can‘t) SE SE SE 16 800 Sag 460 4 2O 2O -- SW SW SE 25 800 Sag 320 4 45 48 -- NE NW NE 27 810 Sag 350 4 60 20 -- NE SE 29 820 g 264 4 3O -- 18 Weigh station NW SW SW 30 860 Sag 490 4 --- -- ~- SE SW SW 32 820 s+g 40 4 --- -— -- BERLIN TOWNSHIP T.6N. R.7W. NW SW SW 4 790 s 100 4 50 -— 20 SE SE 6 780 s 129 4 30? -- 21 NE NE NE 7 760 s 116 4 --- -- -- NE NE NE 11 820 s 144 4 50 -- 22 SW SW NE 12 846 GR 4570 -- -—— -- -— Oil test well SW SW SW 12 840 s ‘ 50 4 50 -- 23 NW NE NE 12 810 s+g 65 3 25 -- -- SW SW SW 17 820 s 62 4 20 -- -- NW NW NW 18 800 Sag? 202 4 --- -- -- NE SE SE 26 845 s+g 5O 2 --- -- -- NW SW NW 26 860 Sag 420 4 80 36 -- GR - top of bedrock. well may penetrate to Mi NW SW NW 29 850 s 142 4 35 -- 24 NE NE NE 30 840 s 76 3 15 -- -- BOSTON TOWNSHIP T.6N. R.8W. SW SE 1 670 s 102 18 300 25 26 V. Saranac PW#1 SW SE 1 670 s 125 8 300 -— 25 " " PW#2 SW SE 1 670 --- 210 6 --- —- -- " " TW#1 NW SE 1 640 s+g 134 8 600 67 -- " " PW#3c NW SW NW 2 760 s 173 3 18 -- -- SW NW SW 2 640 s 30 2 10 -- -- SE NW 4 680 M1? 6090 -- --- -- -- Oil test well NE NE 4 718 Sag 6146 -- --- -- -- '" " " NW SE NW 6 672 Bay 2550 -- --- -- -- ” " " NW NW NW 7 680 s 94 3 25 —- -- NE SE NE 8 660 s 60 4 50 —- -- NE SE NE 12 780 g 130 3 B-- -- -- NW NE NE 12 700 g 78 4 1-- -- -- NW NE NE 12 710 g 102 4 6O -- 27 SW SE SE 14 740 s 113 4 ~—- -- -- SE NE NW 15 800 s 150 4 60 -- -- NW SE NE 15 800 s 141 4 45 -- -- _ NW NE SW 16 874 Mi ‘----'-- -- -- -- Oil test well NW NW SE 18 850 s 140 4 25 -- 28 SE SW SE 20 850 s 59 4 --- -— -- NE NE NW 21 860 s 160 4 —-- —- -- SE SE SE 22 835 s 80 2 —-- -- -— 65 --—-— _u..- Table 4. (can't) SOSLEION 1112 100 JPTH DI YLD DD QU REMARKS . BOSTON TOWNSHIP (con't) SE SE NE 23 760 s 84 2 13 -- -- SW SW SW 24 800 s 100 4 --— -_ _- SW SW NW 25 825 s 116 4 --— -- _- NW NE NW 28 830 s 73 4 4o -- -- NE NE NW 29 850 c 226 4 —-- -- -- NE SW NW 33 830 s 96 3 -—- _- -- NE NE SE 33 840 s 85 4 50 -- 29 SW SW SW 35 820 g 150 4 25 25 -- NE NW NW 35 820 s 94 4 50 -- 30 SE SW SW 36 820 s+g 116 4 25 -- -- LYONS TOWNSHIP TJN.RJW. SE SW SW 1 745 s 70 2 12 -- -- SW SE SE 7 738 s+g 154 10 302 20 33 V. Muir PW#2 SE SE NW 8 751 Sag 2921 -— --- -- —- 011 test well SW NW NW 11 734 Sag 2915 -- --- -- -- " " " SE SW SW 12 737 Sag 485 10 —-- -- 34 v. Pewamo PW#1 & TW#1 SW SW 13 680 Sag 395 4 3O -- -- flowing well SE SE sw 15 750 g 88 4 --- -- -- SW SW SE 15 740 s 100 4 50 55 -- SW SW NE 16 677 Sag 2862 -- --- —- -- 011 test well NW 17 —-- s+g 145 10 610 -- -- V. Muir PW#1. DD-Bfi ft. while pumping 200 gpm. 19 --- Sag 360 4 30 50 _- SW NE 19 654 Sag 300 8 --- -- -- flowing Well NW NE NE 20 760 s 191 4 --- -- -- SE S NW 21 766 Sag 2932 -— --- -- -- Oil test well NE NE SW 24 730 s 89 4 3O -— -- S NW NE 26 755 s 160 4 80 93 35 NW NW SW 28 692 Sag 2850 -- --- -- -- 011 test well NE NW SW 28 680 Sag 241 4 20 -- -- Consumers Power Co. flowing well. SW 31 750 s 39 2 14 -- —- . NE NE NE 33 676 Sag 2826 -- ~-- -- -- 011 test well SE SE SE 33 750 s+g 350 4 3O 9 -- IONIA TOWNSHIP T.7N. R.6W. SW SW 3 --- s+g 95 4 --- -- -- SW NE SE 3 793 Red 3002 —- --- -- -- Oil test well NE SW 3 ~-- s+g 140 4 50 -- 37 NW SW NE 4 ~—- s 115 4 --- -- -- SE SE NW 5 --- s 107 4 —-- -- -- NW NW NW 7 --- s 48 4 --- -- —- NE SE NE 8 --- -—- 135 2 --- -— 38 SW SE SW 11 760 g 91 4 —-- -- -- NE NW NW 14 760 Sag 270 4 --- -- -- 66 Table 4. (con't) '— 1001210N 11 [100 DPTEIDI YLD DD QU REMARKS i ! ~ IONIA TOWNSHIP (con't) 60 10 40 6O -- 41 --- -- 39 —-- —- —- City of Ionia TW#10. est 1 , yield - 700gpm. r TW#5,6,7, and 9 in SE 18 . NE SW 18 825 --- 180 3 --- -- -- City of Ionia TW#8 ' TW#11 at same location. ’ SW NE 18 755 s+g 110 -- 700 11 -— City of Ionia PW#5 r 757 s+g 107 12 1200 19 45 " " " PW#9 ; NW SE 18 759 s+g 108 12 800 13 47 " " " PW#IO ‘ NE SW 18 760 s+g 107 12 700 16 48 " " " PW#ll ‘ 19 640 Sag 336 —- -—- -- -- " " " PW#l { SE NW 19 660 Sag 362 -- —-- -- -— Ionia Co. Road Commyr I ! l 1 I SW SW 16 680 s+g 73 .NE NE SW 16 660 s 52 ISE NE NW 16 680 s 45 TNW NE SE 16 745 --- 121 :SW NW SE 18 767 --- 120 VIN-##O‘ I I I I I mmmzu mémm z 2 m m I—‘ m NE 19 682 Sag 340 -- 30 -- -- flowing well w NE SW 20 640 Sag 318 -- --- -- -- W NE NE 20 720 s 47 4 NE 27 —-- Sag 91 -- --— -- -- flowing well NW NE 27 680 Sag 6O 2 W NW SW 28 780 Sag 305 4 E SE NW 29 780 s 35 4 C NW 30 650 --- 28 2 10 -- -- NE NW SW 30 780 Sag 393 3 NW SE NW 30 650 Sag 246 4 NW NW SW 31 810 s 57 4 SE SE SE 36 765 Sag 215 4 EASTON AND BERLIN TOWNSHIPS T.7N. R.1W. 46 47 112 35 115 109 125 137 113 100 153 115 I I I m 09 --- -- -— Oil test well m p H U) a: mommmm¢#######¢ml¢N¢ I I I I I I I '0 2: s z t!) m s NNNNHHHHH HHHO©©®#O®#NN 00 (D m u 0 O a mmmmwmmmmamm+m 108 119 130 185 216 NE SW NW 23 740 s+g 140 536 32 -- State Prison PW#l 556 42 —- " " PW#2 125 32 —- " " TW#1 ___ __ __ u n TW#2 90 55 60 " " TW#3 U) as 2: td 2: ‘s h) \s .4 U'I c: mcnazmzn +-+-++-+ 0909090909 FHJ 67 Table 4. (con't) LOCATION ALT AQU DPTH DI YLD DD QU REMARKS EASTON AND BERLIN TOWNSHIPS (con't) SE NW NW 23 742 s 127 6 --- —- -- State Prison TW#4 also used as U.S.G.S. obs. welle SE 24 650 Sag 228 -- 10 —- -— flowing well NE SE 24 640 Sag 313 -- -—— -- -- 25 639 g 29 6 200 9 -- Ionia State Hosp. Tw#1-6O NE SW NE 25 636 s+g 23 6 132 13 63 " " " TW#2-6O this well now U.S.G.S. observation well. NW SE 25 744 Sag 160 6 --- -- -- Ionia State Hosp. TW#2 SW SW 25 753 g 100 6 --— -- -- " " " TW#5 NE SW NE 25 644 g 48 6 345 5 —- " " " TW#6 25 --- g 20 8 200 10 -- " " " PW#5 SW NE 25 638 g 28 8 310 10 -- " " " PW#4 SE 25 --— Sag 264 4 —-- -- 64 GR - top of bedrock NE NE 26 640 Sag 320 8 300 -- —- State Prison. High sulphur - not used. flow NE NE NE 28 720 d 58 2 17 -- —- flowing well SW NW SW 29 800 s 116 4 --- -- -- NW SE NE 31 740 s 55 4 --- -- -- SW SE SE 33 700 Sag 274 4 2O 10 -- flows at 9gpm SE NE NE 36 810 s 81 4 --- —- -- NW NW 36 811 g 240 6 210 75 -- Ionia State Hosp. TW#4 KEENE TOWNSHIP T.7N. R.8W. SW NE NW 3 --- g 131 4 --- -- -- SE SE SE 8 823 Sag ---- -- --- -- -- Oil test well NW NE NE 9 --- s 98 4 --- -- -- SW NW 14 840 s+g 80 4 --— -- -- SW NW 19 780 s 65 3 18 -- -- SW NW NW 19 790 s 42 3 20 -- -- NW NE SE 24 840 s+g 106 2 10 -— -- SW SE NW 28 820 s 110 3 14 -- -- SE SE NE 31 740 s 80 4 60 -- -- NE SE SE 31 710 s 102 3 --- -- -- SE SE SE 32 750 s 135 4 3O -- -- SE SW SE 33 740 s+g 154 4 20 —- 66 SE SW 34 765 Bay 6201 -- -- -- Oil test well NW SW 35 810 Bay 6313 -- --- -- -- " " " NORTH PLAINS TOWNSHIP $.8N. R.5W. SE SE SE 1 740 s 101 -- l2 -- -- SW NW NW 1 712 Red 3060 -- --- -- -- Oil test well SE NE NE 3 775 g 98 4 89 55 -- f Table 4. (con't) 68 LOCATION ALT AQU DPTH DI YLD DD QU REMARKS NE NW oommdmmmmmppSEEEu 762 782 783 788 793 765 785 796 778 817 803 807 825 796 795 770 778 763 745 749 761 710 735 737 750 690 778 773 766 797 802 793 810 773 788 785 772 767 779 748 796 792 790 772 760 793 Sag Sag Red Red Red Red Red Red Sag Sag Sag Sag Sag Sag Sag Sag Sag Sag Sag Sag s+g Sag Sag s+g Sag s+g Red Red Red Red Red Sag Red Red Sag s+g Sag Red 3030 3048 3120 3045 3052 3027 3042 2653 2682 2653 3068 2696 2729 3058 322 3066 3113 3102 3080 3064 210 126 360 360 64 287 135 3006 2993 3027 82 159 2970 3020 125 2963 2974 2996 2974 211 3034 3049 166 133 15 011 II 011 II II II II St. High Beds Red 011 n 011 II 011 011 NORTH PLAINS TOWNSHIP w TOWNSHIP (con't) test well II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II test well II II II II John's Church. Flowg School well. Red - top of bedrock. beds - top of rock test well II II test well‘ II II test well II II II II II II test well II II TCBN. R.6W. Table 4. (con't) FLOOATION ALT AQU DPTH DI YLD DD QU REMARKS . RONALD TOWNSHIP (con't) NW SW SE 2 795 s 52 2 10 -- -_ NE NE SW 2 795 s 137 -- l7 -- -- SW NW SW 6 --- d 110 2 -—- -- 70 NW SW NW 10 856 Red 3193 -- -—— -- —- 011 test well NW NE NW 12 767 Sag 3027 -- --- -- -— " w 4 SE SE NW 13 767 Sag 3019 -— --- -- -- " n " SE SE SE 13 763 Sag 2961 -- --_ -_ _- n n n NW SE SW 14 805 s 64 3 --- _- -- NE NE NE 16 --- s 70 4 15 3 -- SE SW SW 18 --- s 51 4 --- -_ -- SW NW 19 --- s+g 221 12 8252NN--- NE SE SE 22 790 Sag 3026 -- --- -- -- Oil test well SE NW NE 24 755 Sag 3095 —- —-- -- -- n n » NW NW NW 27 --- s 94 4 --- -- -- NE SW NE 33 795 R80 ---- -- --- -- -— 011 test well NE NW SE 36 752 Sag 2994 -- --- -- -- n u « SE SW SE 36 770 s 61 2 --- -- -- SW SE SE 36 760 s 70 2 -—— _- -- ORLEANS TOWNSHIP 2,8N. R.1W. SW SW SW 1 --- s+g 41 2 10 -- -— SE SE 3 -—- s 36 4 —-- -— -- SE NE SE 5 --- s 133 4 --- -- -- NE SE SE 12 --- 8+g 45 2 12 —— -- NE SE SE 14 830 Sag 3045 -— --- -- —- 011 test well NW NW NW 14 -—- s 74 ~- -— -- -- SW SW NW 17 --- s 55 4 —-— -- -- NE NW NE 20 --- s 45 4 ——_ -- -- NE NE NW 21 --— s 45 4 --- -- -- NW NW NW 23 —-— s+g 58 2 10 -- -- SE SW SW 24 --- s 211 4 —-- -- -_ E% SW 32 --- a 47 2- 15 -_ -- SE SE SE 34 —-- s 40 4 -—- -_ -- SE NW SW 35 --- s 124 4 --- -— _- NW NW SE 35 --- s 41 4 --- -- -- SW SW SE 35 --- s_ 40 4 --- -- -_ NW NW NE 36 839 Sag 3000 —- --— -— —— Oil test well OTISCO TOWNSHIP T.8N. R.8W. NE NE NE 2 --— s+g 64 2 35 -- __ SW SW NE 4 --- s+g 74 2 10 -- -- SE SE SW 5 --- s+g 62 2 10 -- -- SW 6 --- s 240 12 608 57 -- . NE SW NW 6 --- 8+3} 297 12 500 72 -- composite of 3 wells. ' bedrock is Red Beds? NW NW SW 6 740 s+g 245 12 300 35 75 70 Table 4. (can't) [ LOCATION ALT AQU DPTH DI YLD DD QU REMARKS 31 I : OTISCO TOWNSHIP (con't) 1 NE SW 6 __- s+g 145 4 _-- -- __ 'NB NW NE 9 -—— s+g 70 2 10 —- —— .Nw NW NW 10 —-- s 137 4 20 5 -— E SE 10 —-— s 86 8 --- -- -- City of Belding TW#3 : SE NE 10 --— s+g 36 24 240 -— 71 " " " PW#Z NE NW SE 11 --- g 161 30 --- -— 73 " " " PW#4 NW 12 -—— s+g 45 2 10 —- -- flowing well NW SW SW 14 ——— s+g 44 2 10 _- -- NE NE NE 16 --- s+g 60 2 10 -— _- NE NE SE 18 --- s 186 4 --_ -_ -— SW sw SE 21 --— s 100 2 10 -— -— SW SE SE 21 -—— s 52 2 10 __ __ SW NW 22 --- s+g 118 2 10 -_ __ NE NW SE 24 —-— s+g 65 2 10 -- -_ NE NW SW 26 870 Red 3001 —- -—— —— —— 011 test well SW NW NW 29 900 Sag _-__ -_ _-- -_ -_ n n n SE NE SE 30 --- s 119 4 --- -_ -- SE SW SW 30 -—— s 60 4 34 -_ _- NW SE SW 34 —-— s 117 4 --- -- -- Description of the heading: LOCATION - as described at beginning of Appendix. Except for oil test wells, a location less than three quarter sections indicates inability to locate closer than what 1. .110“ e ALT - altitued of well in feet above mean sea level (majority were located to within 110 feet). 400 - aquifer which is tapped or first bedrock encountered by oil wells: d - drift (undifferentiated) s - sand g - gravel c - clay s+g - sand and gravel GR - Grand River formation Sag - Saginaw formation Red - Red Beds Bay - Bayport limestone Ii - Michigan formation DPTH - depth of well DI - diameter of well YLD - yield of well DD - drawdown of water level in well when pumped QU - refers to reference number in Table 5 (analysis available) REMARKS - shows owner if municipal or State. PW refers to production well, TW refers to test well. All wells listed here are availabe for examination or purchace at the Michigan Geological Survey in Lansing, Michigan. 771 a . 81‘ a M . 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