SURFICIAI. GLACIAL DEPOSITS 0F 'II'IE
MICHIGAN-SAGINAW LOBES IN* THE
GRAND RAPIDS AREA, MICHIGAN»!
A STUDY OF RELATIONSHIPS‘

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MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY
Laurence MackenzIeWiIsa-n'
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SURFICIAL GLACIAL DEPOSITS OF THE MICHIGAN-SAGINAW LOBES
.IN THE GRAND RAPIDS AREA, MICHIGAN:

A STUDY OF RELATIONSHIPS

By

LAURENCE MACKENZIE WILSON

A THESIS

Submitted to the School of Graduate Studies of Michigan
State University of Agriculture and Applied Science
in partial fulfillment of the requirements
for the degree of

MASTER OF SCIENCE

Department of Geology

1955

THESIS

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AX-"V ~| ' x); -J-J“ .3.

The writer wishes to express sincere appreciation and

thanks to Dr. S. G. Bergquist for suggesting the problem ,
his direction in the field and laboratory, and for critically
editing the manuscript.

He wishes also to thank Dr. B. T. Sandefur, Dr. J. Zinn,
Dr. W. A. Kelly and Dr. J. W. Trow for their advice and
suggestions.

He is also greatly indebted to firs. L. V. Wilson for
her assistance in typing the manuscript and her many

suggestions and encouragement.

SURFICIAL GLACIAL DEPOSITS OF THE MICHIGAN-SAGINAW LOBES
IN THE GRAND RAPIDS AREA, MICHIGAN:

A STUDY OF RELATIONSHIPS

By
LAURENCE I-JACKE‘NZIE WILSON

AN ABSTRACT

Submitted to the School of Graduate Studies of Michigan
State University of Agriculture and Applied Science
in partial fulfillment of the requirements
for the degree of

NASTER OF SCIENCE
Department of Geology

1955

-

ApprovedW '

SURFICAL GLACIA DPPO ITS 03 THE Mlczicar-saeirar LOBES

(I)

—_

IN THE GRAND RAPIDS AREA, MICHIGAN:

A STUDY OF RELATIONSHIPS

Laurence KacKenzie Wilson

The use of pebble counts to distinguish between the drift
sheets of different glacial stages had long been a practice of
geologists. It was decided to analyze a series of samples from
an interlobate area and determine if pebble counts could be
used as a criteria of differentiation between lobes of the same
glacial stage.

The interlobate of the Charlotte-Lake Border moraines was
selected as having the requisite qualities for such an investi—
gation. Samples from these moraines, in the area of their inter-
lobate, were analyzed by pebble counts. The results were
expressed in tabular and graphic form.

The study indicates that certain distinguishing differences
do exist between the moraines sampled on the basis of percent-
ages of certain lithologic types. Future work with other

formations and areas may further establish such relationships.

TAELE 0? CONTENTS

Page

INTRODUCTION . . . . . .

Location and Extent . . ... . . . . . . .
Culture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Topography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Lake and Drainage . . . . . . . . . . . .

DEFINITION OF TIZE PROBLEI.’ . . . . . . . . . o

m m euHHH

FIELD PROCEDURE 0 o o o o o o o o o o o o o o
FIELD IIQTES. o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o 8

LAEJFATORY PROCEDURE . . . . .

Drying and Disaggregation . . . . . . . . 20
Laboratory Sampling . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Sieving . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Pebble Count. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Identification and Classification . . . . 29

RESULT S 0 0 o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o '73
CODTCLITSIOTIS . o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o '75
BI ELI O (IT-.911) TY o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o '78

APPE: TJIX o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o 80

Table

I.

II.

III.
IV.

V.

VI.

VII.

VIII.

Table of the weights of the residue of
each sieve size from the one kilogram
laboratory sample

Legascopic Classification of Igneous
ROCICS . O O O O 0 O O O O O O O O O O O

Generalized Classification of Sediments

a 1
1.

Classification 0 Metamorphic Rocks. .

Identification Table of Common Rock
Tiiinerals . O O C O O O O O O O O O O C C

Table of the results o?'the pebble counts
by number and by weight. . . . . . . . .

Three separate counts of Sample #8

”I

Table of composites 0: pebble counts
percentage by number, of the Charlotte
and Lake Eorder moraines . . .. . . . . .

ILLUSTRATIONS

Sketch Yap of Sample Locations . . . . . .

Graphs of the results of the pebble counts
percentage by number and by weight . . . .

Page

25

91
82

85

84

51

73

75

INTRODUCTION

The surficial glacial deposits specifically studied
in the vicinity of the Grand Rapids area in Michigan were
limited to segments of the Lake Border and Charlotte mo-
raines. These features have been described by Frank Leverett
and Frank B. Taylor (1915, pp. 204-214 and 222-252), and
mapped by Frank Leverett (1924). In the following paper
the application of a glacio~sedimentary technique, the
pebble count, has been used to determine some of the rela-

tionships and differences in these features.

Location and Extent

The portion of the Charlotte moraine involved in this
study extends from three miles north of Hastings, Michigan,
T.4 N.,R.9 W., to the interlobate of the Lake Border and
Charlotte moraines near Rockford, Michigan, T.9 N., R.lO W.
The portion of the Lake Border moraine studied continues
from this interlobate to a few miles north of South Haven,
Michigan, T.l N.,R.17 W. (Figure 1). These deposits are
continuous for about 75 miles in linear extent with variable

width ranging from a fraction of a mile to about eight miles.
Culture

The area is accessible by Federal and State highways,

22
pointed out that the sieves sort grains according to shape as
well as size. He illustrated his argument thus:

The largest sphere that can pass through a

given sieve has a diameter equal to the mesh,

whereas a lath of any length theoretically, can

pass through the sieve, providing only that its

two smaller dimensions are less than the maximum

dimensions of the mesh, including its diagonals.

As may be seen, a long lath might have a much greater
volume than a sphere of the same cross section, and hence if
size is defined in terms of the nominal diameter, based on
volume, the sieving process does not sort according to size.

Despite the validity of this criticism sieving has
been and still is a widely accepted practice and does serve
a purpose. The criticism is included only to serve as a
warning to those who study the graphs not to interpret
them with a view toward the homogeneity or heterogeneity
of the sample sections.

The sieving separated the samples so that a vital

study of the pebble fraction might be undertaken.

Figure 1

Sketch Map of Sample Locations

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county roads, farm roads and lanes. The major portion of
the area which has been cleared for agricultural and pasturage
purposes is interspersed with localized woodlots, primarly
of second-growth timber; white oak, American elm, hard maple
and white pine. Near the Lake Michigan shore extensive
peach and apple orchards and vineyards occupy much of the
land under cultivation.

In the vicinity of Grand Rapids suburban residential
areas have encroached on the moraines. The encroachment
has impeded the collection of data in this area to some

extent.
Topography

Along much of the Charlotte moraine, the topography is
of the swell and sag variety, with knolls 10 to 75 feet in
height. In the reentrant angle of the Saginaw and Lake
iichigan lobes there are a few prominent knobs which range
from 100 to 200 feet in elevation. Among these Dias Hill,
which rises to 1,032 feet above sea level or about two
hundred feet above the surrounding country, has been studied
as part of the problem.

The Lake Border moraine consists of till ridges that
are interrupted by gaps in which sand plains occur, a series

of low swells and shallow basins.

Lakes and Drainage

Both of the moraines under study are cut and drained
by a number of streams which in some areas are lines of
delimitation of the moraines. A number of lakes and swanps

are found both in the moraines and on their borders.

DEFINITION OF THE PEOBLEN

The Charlotte and Lake Border moraines have been
correlated with two separate lobes of glaciation. This
correlation has been on the basis of conspicuous reentrant
angles, the conformation of glacial features to present
marginal orientation, and patterns of outwash together
with.other criteria.

Pebble counts have been made as a basis of discrim-
ination between drift sheets of different glacial stages.
It is the purpose of this study to determine if pebble
counts can be used to show some of the relationships or

differences in moraines formed by different ice lobes.

FIELD PROCEDURE

The field work which was started in the late fall, 1954
extended into the early spring, 1955. A number of week-
ends were spent in the area. After sample collecting had
been completed the area was revisited to confirm certain
aSpects of the problem.

The field investigations were guided primarily by the
Map of the Surface Formations of the Southern Peninsula of
Michigan prepared by Leverett, Taylor and others; U. S.
Geological Survey 15 minute series (topographic) maps;
Michigan State Highway Department County Maps; and state
and county maps prepared by the Automobile Club of Michigan
were also used to good advantage in the determination of
sampling locations.

Sampling areas were selected at approximately six to
eight mile intervals along the linear extent of the moraines.
Three samples were taken in each sample area at approximately
one mile intervals (Figure 1).

All samples were collected by the channel method as
described by F. C. Krumbein (1958, pp. 16-18). This method
of collection insures a good sample where the average char
acteristics of a deposit are to be determined.

The channel was out about one foot wide, exposing

6

a nearly vertical face, the sample collected was taken to

a depth of three feet beneath the base of the leached zone.
The base of the leached zone being determined by the hydro-
chloric acid test. At the base of the vertical sampling
face a shallow indentation was cut and one edge of a small
tarpaulin was inserted into the indentation. Next a mattock
was used to scrape an even layer from the channel face,
allowing it to drop and be caught on the tarpaulin. The
thickness of the sample removed was equal to the diameter
of the largest pebble encountered, thus giving a representa-
tive sample.

The tarpaulin with its contents was then removed from
the channel and the sample was thoroughly mixed and placed
into a conical heap. If at this point the total sample ex-
ceeded the capacity of the collection boxes, 264 cubic inches,
it was divided into quarters and the two alternate quarters
were then discarded. This reduced the sample to the capac-
ity of the collection boxes and a quantity sufficient for

laboratory analysis.

FIELD NOTES
CHARLOTTE MOHAINE - Barry County
Sample #1
Locality: Sflfi Sec.24,T.4 N.,R.9 W. A road cut
through the base of a gentle hillock.
Topography: Gentle swells and sags.
Depth of leaching: 59 inches.
Characteristics: Light brown, crumbly clay with
paucity of pebbles.
Sample #2
Locality: NWfi 860.27,T.4 N.,R.9 W. Working
face of a gravel pit in a kamic moraine.
Topography: High kamic feature above the valley

.0

0L the Thornapple River.
Depth of leaching: 52 inches.
Characteristics: Kamic sand and pebbles over a
pure white sand.
Sample #3
Locality: Wt Sec.56,T.4 N.,R.9 W. A roadcnn:
near the crest of a high ridge.
Topography: A high ridge cut by a number of
gullies near the valley of the Thornapple River.
Depth of leaching: 45 inches.
Characteristics: A light brown, sandy clay with

considerable pebble content.

8

Sample #4
Locality: SEfi Sec.25,T.4 N.,R.lO W. Working
face of a gravel pit in a kamic moraine.
Topography: A single large kame separated from
the mass of the moraine.
Depth of leaching: 48 inches.
Characteristics: Kamic gravels and sands.
Sample #5
Locality: NEg Sec.24,T.4 N.,R.lO W. Road cut
into a swell of the moraine.
Topography: A ridge cut by numerous gullies above
ground moraine.
Depth of leaching: 51 inches.
Characteristics: Gravel grading into a very sandy
clay with depth.
Sample #6
Locality: SWi Sec.l9,T.4 N.,R.9 W. Side of a
11 foot drainage ditch.
Topography: A clay plain in front of a ridge of
the moraine, cut by numerous drainage ditches.
Depth of leaching: 59 inches.
Characteristics: Sandy clay with scattered pebbles.

10
CHARLOTTE MORAINE - Kent County

Sample #7
Locality: NWfi Sec.29,T.5 N.,R.ll W. Deep road~
cut on the east flank of Dias Hill.
Topography: To quote Frank Leverett (1915,
p. 205):
. . . an irregular mass covering scarcely
two square miles. . . rises 1,052 feet
above sea level, or nearly 200 feet above
surrounding country.
A kame dominating this area of the moraine.
Depth of leaching: 89 inches.
Characteristics: Fine sand with some clay and
scattered pebbles.
Sample #8
Locality: NE: Sec.50,T.5 N.,R.ll W. Wall of a
gravel pit near the crest of the Dias Hill
complex.
Topography: Near the crest of a kame which domi-
nates the moraine.
Depth of leaching: 75 inches. _
Characteristics: Very light brown sand with

clay bond; containing many pebbles and small

cobbles.

11
Sample #9
Locality: NW£ Sec.20,T.5 N.,R.11 W. A road cut
on the north flank of Dias Hill.
Topography: The kame merges into the swell and
sag of the moraine.
Depth of leaching: 80 inches.
Characteristics: Sandy clay containing pebbles
and cobbles.
Sample #10
Locality: NE; Sec.2,T.7 N.,R.ll W. Road cut.
Topography: Gentle swells and sags with many
lakes in the low areas.
Depth of leaching: 75 inches.
Characteristics: Sandy brown clay, few pebbles.
Sample #11
Locality: SE; Sec.l,T.7 N.,R.ll W. A road»
cut on the northwest base of a knoll.
Topography:
A kame on the edge of the valley of the
Grand River.
Depth of leaching: 59 inches.

Characteristics: Kamic gravels and sand.

12
Sample #12

Locality: SEfi Sec.25,T.8 N.,R.11 W. Road out
on the southeast slope o? the valley of the
Grand River.

Topography: The moraine is cut by the Grand River,
the valley is relatively flat and the walls or
slopes are cut by tributary creeks of the river.

Depth of leaching: 59 inches.

Characteristics: Sands and fine gravels possibly
kamic in origin.

Sample #15

Locality: V: Sec.51,T.9 N.,R.10 W. Road cut.

Topography: Gentle swells and sags dissected by
many streams.

Depth of leaching: 14 inches.

Characteristics: Clay containing numerous pebbles.

Sample #14

Locality: 8%; Sec.51,T.9 N.,R.lO W. Road cut.

Topography: Kames above the valley of the Rouge
River.

Depth of leaching: 60 inches.

Characteristics: Sand with scattered pebbles.

15
Sample #15

Locality:
NW; Sec.6,T.8 N.,R.1O w. Road out.
Topography: Kama on the ridge above the valley
of the Rouge River.
Depth of leaching: 47 inches.

Characteristics: Sand with a paucity of pebbles.
LAKE BORDER MORAINE - Kent County

Sample #16
Locality: SW; Sec.25,T.9 N.,R.ll W. Gravel pit.
Topography: Kamic moraine forming the bank of
the Rouge River.
Depth of leaching: 43 inches.
Characteristics: Sandy gravel.
Sample #17
Locality: SWfi Sec.26,T.9 N.,R.ll W. Road cut in
the flank of a kame.
Topography: Kamic moraine, the low areas contain-
ing small lakes.
Depth of leaching: 44 inches.

Characteristics: Kamic sands and gravels.

14_
Sample #18

Locality: NEi Sec.55,T.9 N.,R.1l W. Gravel pit.
Topography: Kamic moraine above the valley of
the Rouge River.
Depth of leaching: 39 inches.
Characteristics: Kamic gravels.
Sample #19
Locality: SE: Sec.4,T.7 N.,R.12 W. Road cut.
Topography: Gently rolling, considerable modified
by urban development.
Depth of leaching: 30 inches.
Characteristics: Sandy clay with considerable
pebbles.
Sample #20
Locality: SEi Sec.9,T.7 N.,R.12 W. Cellar
excavation for a residence.
Topography: Very gentle swells and sags.
Depth of leaching: 57 inches.
Characteristics: Fine sands and gravels.
Sample #21
Locality: SWfi Sec.2l,T.8 N.,R.l2 W. Channel cut
in the bank of Indian Creek.
Topography: Gentle twell and sag, cut by numerous
streams and modified by urban development.
Depth of leaching: 68 inches.

Characteristics: Sandy gravels.

LAKE BORDER NORAINE - Ottawa County
Sample #22

Locality: NEi Sec.8,T.5 N.,R.13 W. Channel in
the side of a drainage ditch.

Topography: Very gentle swells and sags and
occasional interruptions in the form of sand
plains.

Depth of leaching: 30 inches.

Characteristics: Sandy clay with occasional pebbles.

Sample #23

Locality: NEfi Sec.15,T.5 N.,R.13 W. Gravel pit
in a large kamic mass.

Topography: A series of knobs perched on a ridge
of the moraine.

Depth of leaching: 31 inches.

Characteristics: Kamic gravel and very sandy clay.

Sample #24

Locality: SE: Sec.15,T.5 N.,R.15 W. Road cut
through a kamic knob.

Topography: Kames perched on the moraine which
rises as a ridge above a sand plain.

Depth of leaching: 33 inches.

Characteristics: Kamic sands and gravels.

LAKE BORDER NORAIEE - Allegan County
Sample #25
Locality: SN; Sec.26,T.4 N.,R.14 W. Gravel pit
in a kame.
Topography: Kame projecting above a sand plain.
Depth of leaching: 20 inches.
Characteristics: Kamic sands and gravels interspersed
with layers of clay.
Sample #26
Locality: SE: Sec.26,T.4 N.,R.l4 W. Abandoned
gravel pit.
Topography: A kame isolated from the main ridge
of the moraine by a small sand plain.
Depth of leaching: 21 inches.
Characteristics: Very sandy and kamic gravels.
Sample #27
Locality: Kw: Sec.21,T.4 N.,R.l4 W. The side of
a drainage ditch.
Topography: A plain broken by occasional swells
and hummocks.
Depth of leaching: 13 inches.

Characteristics: Light brown crumbly clay, con-

taining few pebbles.

17
Sample #28

Locality: SE; Sec.35,T.4 N.,R.15 W. Sidewall of
a drainage ditch.

Topography: Generally flat plain or ground moraine.

Depth of leaching: 14 inches.

Characteristics: Chocolate brown clay, pebbles
sparce.

Sample #29

Locality: SWfi Sec.28,T.4 N.,R.l5 W. Road cut.

Topography: A hummock above the general level of
the ground moraine.

Depth of leaching: 14 inches.

Characteristics: Reddish-brown clay containing
few pebbles.

Sample #50

Locality: SE: Sec.4,T.5 N.,R.15 W. Road cut.

Topography: Steep gullies cut into the ridge of
the moraine that forms the north side of the
Kalamazoo River valley. Many kames along the
ridge.

Depth of Leaching: 54 inches.

Characteristics: Kamic sand, scattered pebbles.

18
Sample #31

Locality: NE; Sec.35,T.3 N.,R.l6 W. Road cut.
Topography: Gentle ridges separated by sand plains.
Depth of leaching: 48 inches.
Characteristics: Sandy clay with a paucity of
pebbles.
Sample #32
Locality: Nbi Sec.3,T.2 N.,R.16 W. Road cut.
Topography: Moderate swells and sags.
Depth of leaching: 12 inches.
Characteristics: Clay with pebbles, brown sand-
stone abundant.
Sample #33
Locality: Sh: Sec.3,T.2 R.,R.16 W. Gravel pit.
Topography: A kamic knob on a swell in the
moraine.
Depth of leaching: 25 inches.
Characteristics: Kamic sand and gravel, brown
sandstone predominating.
Sample #54
Locality: NE; Sec.l3,T.l N.,R.l7 W. Cut in a ridge.
Topography: Gentle swells and sags broken occasion-
ally by sand plains.
Depth of leaching: 10 inches.
Characteristics: Heavy yellow clay with moderate

quantities of pebbles.

19
Sample #35

Locality: sag Sec.13,T.l N.,R.l7 w. Clay cliff.

Topography: Steep clay cliffs above the Lake
Michigan shoreline.

Depth of leaching: 11 inches.

Characteristics: Yellow clay containing numerous
pebbles.

Sample #36

Locality: NE; Sec.24,T.l N.,R.l7 W. Clay cliff.

Topography: Steep clay cliffs above the Lake
Michigan shoreline.

Depth of leaching: 10 inches.

Characteristics: Clay with pebbles.

LABORATORY PROCEDURE

The purpose of the laboratory work associated with
this problem was to ascertain the percentage by number and
by weight of the pebble fraction of the specimens collected

in the field.
Drying and Disaggregation

Since the field samples contained varying amounts of
moisture all the samples were thoroughly dried upon being
brought to the laboratory. Since a number of the samples
consisted of unconsolidated sand and gravel they presented
no disaggregation problem; however, some of the samples con-
tained sufficient amounts of clay Which upon drying produced
hardened lumps. When such lumps were present, the sample
was placed on a wooden board and crushed by a wooden rolling

pin until no aggregates larger than a pea were present.
Laboratory Sampling

The laboratory samples were split from the field
sample by an adaptation of the hand quartering system
developed by F. J. Pettijohn (1951, pp. 432-455). Four
rectangular sheets of paper were overlapped to form a
square composed of one quarter of each sheet. The sample
was then poured on the center of the square, in a circular

20

21
heap, and the papers were then pulled apart. When necessary,
the opposite quarters were recombined and the process re-
peated until a small enough split was obtained. A one kilo-
gram quantity was selected as the standard laboratory sample
under the rule set forth by C. K. Wentworth (1926), and
quoted by W. C. Krumbein (1958, pp. 51-2):

. . . a sample large enough to include several
fragments which fall in the largest grade pre-
sent in the deposit. Several fragments may be
interpreted as a number sufficiently large so
that the probability of a serious accidental

deviation from the normal number of such frag-

ments in a sample collected by a reliable
random method is small.

Sieving

After drying, diaggregation and splitting the labora-
tory samples were sieved in two, six sieve sequences. The
two sequences were subjected to 10 minute periods in the
Ro-Tap sieving machine and the residue of each sieve size
was weighed to the nearest hundredth of a gram. The twelve
sieves used were: 6, 10, 14, 20, 28, 35, 48, 65, 100, 150,
239, 525 meshes per inch. Tables comparing the weights of
the sieve sizes at all stations are shown in (Table I, page ).

The sieving was done primarily to separate the sample
into a convenient size unit for further study, and not as
an instrument of mechanical analysis. The process of sieving
involves numerous complexities that limit the accuracy of
this system. W. C. Krumbein (1958, p. 124), cites arguments

set forth by E. A. Mitschlerlich (1905, p. 37), Who

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

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&;

Pebble Count

Various terms in common use are likely to mean differ-
ent things to different people; it is desirable, therefore,
that they be codified or standardized. Thus a pebble shall
be defined according to the system used by F. J. Pettijohn
(1949, p. 12), as:

. . . a rock fragment, larger than a coarse sand

grain or granule and smaller than a cobble, which

has been rounded or otherwise abraded by the

action of water, wind, or glacial ice. It is

therefore between 4 and 64 mm in diameter.

Also, it was necessary that a basis of megascopic classifica-
tion be adopted in this work. The igneous rocks are classi-
fied by a system proposed by Cross, Iddings, Pirsson and
Washington (1905, pp. 180-5), based on color, texture, and
mineralogical composition (Table II). The sedimentary rocks

are classified according to P. D. Krynine (1948, pp. 150- 165),
based on textures and mineralogical composition (Table III).

The metamorphic rocks are classified according to F. H. Pough
(1955, pp. 23-5), and a. H. Lahee (1941, p. 786), based on
texture and mineral composition (Table IV).

In a pebble count the specific mineral composition is
generally of less interest than,or subordinate to, the com-
position as expressed in terms of the rock types. The results
can be expressed in percentage by number, or the separated
fractions can be weighed and the composition expressed in

percentage by weight. In this study both methods of computing

the results were used.

29

It was discovered after sieving, that the pebble fraction
varied considerably above or below the intended number of
pebbles to be used in the count. Thus the graphs prepared
on the basis of weight of each sieve residue represent the
true proportion of the sample. If less than the intended
number of pebbles needed for the counts - one hundred, were
found in the residue of the one kilogram sample then a
second kilogram was sieved and only the pebble residue
retained.

For each sample area a mass of more than one hundred
pebbles was accumulrted and then thoroughly mixed, In order
to eliminate as much error as possible in the selection of
the one hundred pebbles to be counted, the entire pebble mass
was poured into a conical pile on a sheet of paper and
separated into four quarters by cutting the pile along two
diameters with the edge of a ruler. Alternate quarters were
retained and combined, the process was then repeated until

approximately one hundred pebbles remained.
Identification and Classification

The identification and classification of the pebbles
counted were on the basis of a system described by F. H.
Pough (1955, pp. 70-2). The first step was to determine the
classification, if possible, as a igneous, sedimentary, or
metamorphic rock type. Next, the constituent minerals were
identified by the use of a table prepared by F. F. Crout

(1940, p. 3)), Table V).

30

With the classification and the major mineral composition
determined, reference was made to the tables of rock classifi-
cation for a more detailed identification; igneous rocks by
Cross, Iddinjs, Pirsson, and Washington (1905, pp. 180-5),
sedimentary rocks by P. D. Krynine (1948, pp. 150-165), and
metamorphic rocks by F. H. Pough (1955, pp. 25-5), and F. H.
Lahee (1941, p. 786).

When a total of one hundred pebbles had been identified
and counted the results were prepared as percentage by number
and the separate fractions were also weighed and the compo-
sition expressed in percentage by weight. It should be
noted that when a pebble was fractured to bbtain a fresh
examination surface all the fragments were retained to en-
sure the proper percentage by weight. I

The results of pebble counts for each sample have been
prepared in both tabular form (Table VI, page;§L), and in

graphic representation (Figure 2, pageiy7).

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

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FIGURE 2

Graphs of the results of the pebble counts - percentage by number and by weight

Sample #1

% by weight

% by number

60-

60-

fl

L*Quartz fragment
Peridotite
Phyllite

.Pegmatite
Conglomerate

Shale

'Gneiss

SChiSt

White sandstone
Diorite

(Basalt

Granite
Dolomite

Chert

Red quartzite
Light quartzite
Brown sandstone

 

20J

 

Limestone

0

fl

%Quartz fragmentl
Feriiafiité
Phyllite
Pegmatite ’
Conglomerate
_Shale”

‘Gneiss

Shhist

White sandstone
‘Diorite

Basalt

Granite
Dolomite

Chert

Red quartzite
Light quartzite
Brown sandstone

 

 

Limestone

 

20.

C)

Sample #2

% by weight

% by number

60 -

6O .

‘aQuartz fragment
Teridotite
fhyllite

Pegmatite
Conglomerate

J Sha 1e
Gneiss

 

Schist

 

White sandstone
Diorite

Basalt

Granite

 

Dolomite
Chert
Red quartzite

Light quartzite
Brown sandstone

 

Limestone

 

40‘

20“

 
 
  

 

anartz fragment
Peridotite

bhyllite
,Pegmatite
Conglomerate
Shale

‘Gneiss

Schist

White sandstone
Diorite

Basalt

Granite
Dolomite

Chert

Red quartzite
Light quartzite
Brown sandstone

 

 

Limestone

 

O

f

(/0 by weight

%Qpartz fragment
Peridotite

_Phyllite
Pegmatite
Conglomerate
Shale

Gneiss

Schist

White sandstone
Diorite

Basalt

Granite
Dolomite

Chert

Red quartzite
Light quartzite
Brown sandstone

Hd‘H—HflJ—Lrh

 

 

Limestone

 

60.
0

Sample #3

% by number

(*Quartz fragment
”Peridotite
Phyllite
Pegmatite
Conglomerate
_Shale

Gneiss

‘Schist

,White sandstone
Diorite

‘Basalt

Granite
‘Dolomite

Chert

Red quartzite
Light quartzite
Brown sandstone

 

‘Hl—fl—FhHHHJ—b

 

Limestone

 

60.

O

Sample #4

6O

60

r
_*Quartz fragment

_Peridotite
,Phyllite
Pegmatite
Conglomerate
Shale

 

Gneiss

 

Schist

White sandstone
Diorite

Basalt

Granite

Dolomite

I: Chert

Red quartzite

_Light quartzite
Brown sandstone

 

4O 71'

2O

Limestone

 

O

'aQuartz fragment
Peridotite

:Phyllite
Pegmatite
Conglomerate
Shale
_Gneiss
Schist

White sandstone
Diorite
_Basalt

Gran it 6
‘Dolomite

| “Chert

_Red quartzite
hLight quartzite

Brown sandstone

 

 

Limestone

 

40

ER

20

O

Sample #5

% by weight

% by'number

6O

6O

1—"l

-*Quartz fragment
rPeridotite
hPhyllite
Pegmatite
Conglomerate
Shale

Gneiss

 

’Sohist

}White sandstone
Diorite

 

 

Basalt

Granite
Dolomite

Chert

Red quartzite
Light quartzite
Brown sandstone
Limestone

 

4O

2O

 

CD

r"!

H

{%Quartz fragment
Peridotite
Phyllite
Pegmatite
Conglomerate
Shale

Gneiss

Schist

White sandstone
Diorite

Basalt

Granite
Dolomite

Chert

Red quartzite

Light quartzite
Brown sandstone

 

imestone

 

 

4Q"1

20+

Cr

Sample #6

r_-x-Q,uartz fragment
VPeridotite
LPhyllite
Pegmatite
_Conglomerate

Shale
Gneiss
Schist

White sandstone
Diorite

Basalt

Granite
‘Delomite

Chert

‘Red quartzite

Light quartzite
Brown sandstone

I imestone

y weight

I
%

 

 

60 '

40 a

20
O

U
A

   
   
   
  
  

artz fragment

eridotite
yllite
egmatite
onglomerate
ale

eiss

chist

ite sandstone
orite

asilt

anite

lomite

ert

ed quartzite
ight quartzite
rown sandstone
imestone

% by number

60.

4O

20
O

Sample #7

0'7 0
p by weight

% by number

‘

FL

:%Quartz fragment
_Peridotite
’Phyllite
bPegmatite
Conglomerate
PShale

aneiss

Schist

:White sandstone
Diorite

Basalt

Granite
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Red quartzite

Light quartzite
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LLmestone

 

6Q

a;

20

C

 

'%Quartz fragment
_Peridotite
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TConglomerate
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LWhite sandstone
Diorite

Basalt

’Granite
Dolomite

,Chert

Red quartzite
,Light quartzite
Brown 3 andstone

 

 

Limestone

 

C»

Sample #8

% by weight

% by number

6‘1““

60-

'aQuartz fragment
’Peridotite

 

Phyllite
,Pegmatite
PConglomerate
_Shale
,Gneiss

 

Schist

White sandstone
Diorite

Basalt

Granite
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Chert

Red quartzite
Light quartzite
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Limestone

 

40.

20-

H

O

haQuartz fragment
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,Pegmatite
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_Shale

‘Gneiss

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White sandstone
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Basalt

_Granite
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Chert

Red quartzite
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imestone

 

 

40

20.

O

Sample #9

' by weight

(‘1
/O

% by nurber

60-

60'

:*Quartz fragment
PPeridotite

_Phyllite
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[Conglomerate

_Shale

Gneiss
I Schist

_White sandstone
Diorite

Basalt

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‘Chert

JRed quartzite

I Light quartzite

Brown sandstone

 

Limestone

 

 

4O

20.

H

O

'%Quartz fragment
feridotite
fhyllite
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[Conglomerate

Shale
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Schist

_White sandstone
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JRed quartzite
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u

40

O

*Quartz fragment

 

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fhyllite
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F-

% by weight

Schist
White sandstone

 

Diorite

 

Basalt

Granite
Dolomite

Chert

Red quartzite
flLight quartzite
Brown sandstone

 

 

Limestone

 

Sample #10
60
40

by number

,0

0.,

%Quartz fragment

Peridotite
fhyllite
fegmatite
Conglomerate
.Shale

Gneiss

C Schist
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Basalt

(—1

 

Granite

 

Dolomite

Chert

Red quartzite
[light quartzite
Brown sandstone

 

 

6O '-
20

 

Limestone

Sample #11

th

.2

by wei

I
C
/o

% by number

60 .

60‘

J

raQuartz fragment
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Phyllite
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rConglomerate
,Shale

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White sandstone
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Basalt

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’Dolomite

Chert

‘Red quartzite
Light quartzite
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Limestone

 

4O ‘

20

fiQuartz fragment
Peridotite
Phyllite
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ponglomerate
Shale

Gneiss

Schist

White sandstone
Diorite

Basalt

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Dolomite

 

Chert

 

_Red quartzite
,Light quartzite
Brown sandstone

 

 

Limestone

 

40‘

20.

Sample #12

% by weight

I

60-

% by number

60,

aQuartz fragment
[Peridotite
_Phyllite
.Pegmatite
Conglomerate
Shale

_Gneiss

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White sandstone

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Dolomite

 

Chert

Red quartzite
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Limestone

 

40.

20‘

H1 n

 

 

O

aQuartz fragment
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aneiss

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40,

J]
/o

20

O

% by weight

.¢ éQuartz fragment
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[Phyllite

fegmatite

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60'
401
20«

Sample #13

by number

f
0-
1 C”

O

[*Quartz fragment
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fegmatite
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,Basalt

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40‘F_

60‘

 

Limestone
CD

Sample #14

% by weight

% by number

60

60'

[fl

V*Quartz fragment
feridotite
Phyllite
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‘Red quartzite
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Brown sandstone

 

 

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4O

20

r—T‘1 :31

O

:fiQuartz fragment
feridotite
fhyllite
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20‘

O

Sample #15

wei ght

I
3’6 b?

% by number

60.

60—

l:

%Quartz fragment
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Phyllite
egmatite
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Limestone

 

40‘

40-

29.

fQuartz fragment
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20-

 

O

Sample #16

%'by weight

% by number

60

60.

4O

40,

%Quartz fragment
feridotite
Phyllite
regmatite
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Gneiss

 

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E

@Quartz fragment
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Ehyllite
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O

Limestone

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I Gneiss

fl‘by weight

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White sandstone
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Granite
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Chert

Red quartzite
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Brown sandstone

 

60
2Q

Sample #17

/o by numb er

I

ILimestone
C7

4%Quartz fragment
LPeridotite
PPhyllite
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,Shale

I ‘Gneiss

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I Light quartzite

 

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60~
20

 

Limestone
c

% by weight

_eQuartz fragment
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Phyllite
:Pegmatite
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‘White sandstone
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Basalt

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Limestone

 

60.

Sample #18

by'number

07'
/o

 

 

fan

60,
20‘

“sQuartz fragment

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PConglomerate
PShale

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by weight

,4
("I
/0

Efii-Quar t3 frairizn1fjl'1t
?erid0tite
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ponglomerate

fihale
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:Schi st

White sandstone

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Brown sandstone

 

60-
46.
20.

Sample #19

by number

of
/o

Diorite
Basalt
Granite

Limestone
C)

aQuartz fragment
Beridotite
Phyllite
Pegmatite
ponglomerate
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Gneiss
ESchist

White sandstone
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‘Chert

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60-

 

Limestone
C)

Sample #20

% by weight

% by number

 

 

60.

 

 

 

60.

T

 

O O 0
<14 01
‘32
o g 0 o L
O O O
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¢
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~

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ibby'weight

Peridotite

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[:5 Diorite
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rGranite
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60-
40.
20.

/

Sample #21
/o

by number

07’
/0

[Brown sandstone
[ILimestone
C)

aQuartz fragment
Peridotite
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hShale

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fi-1

Hm

 

60.
20.

 

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on H]

% by weight

 

 

 

'0" HH— [1

Sample #22
60-
40.
20.

by number

or
/"7

 

rTr

 

 

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80.
60.
40:
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bfiQuartz fragment
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Sample #23

%‘by weight

% by number

60.

60.

H

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

C5 c3 ' o
e* m

R
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e m

 

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» Shale

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Sample #24

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

.p
it E
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Conglomerate

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t Dolomite

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Sample #25

% by weight

3’ b numb er

r11

 

 

60

H?

60.

4O

40.

20

20.

 

F‘I

 

O

*Quartz fragment
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Red quartzite
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Limestone

*Quartz fragment

Peridotite
Phyllite

_Pegmatite

Conglomerate
Shale

Gneiss

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white sandstone
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Basalt

Grantte

_Dolomite

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[Limestone

Sample #26

byiweight

03f
/ L)

% by number

L%Quartz fragment
_Peridotite
_Phyllite
“Pegmatite
bConglomerate
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_Gneiss

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80 °

60 -

4O -

/0

2O -

Brown sandstone

“Idnwstone

O

r
LaQuartz fragment

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tConglomerate
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60 .

40

20 -

Brown sandstone
Limestone

 

Sample #27

_J

by weight

0’
/O

% by number

I]

 

 

60.

40.

20.

 

 

60.

 

4o,

20.

 

*Quartz fragment
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. White sandstone

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Basalt
Granite

Dolomite

Chert

Red quartzite
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Limestone

aQuartz fragment
Peridotite

‘ Phyllite

Pegmatite
Conglomerate
Shale

Gneiss
Schist

C White sandstone

Diorite

Basalt

Granite
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Sample #28

by weight

(Y!
[a

f
i by number

N

 

*mfl-nfl

 

 

 

 

 

 

O 0
<1" 02 O
as
o o o
(0 <3" 01 O

%Quartz fragment
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Chert

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aquartz fragment
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Phyllite

Pegmatite

”Conglomerate

Shale

Gneiss

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White sandstone
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Basalt

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‘LLimestone

‘7

% by weight

V*Quartz fragment
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”Phyllite

" Pegmatite

r1 Conglomerate
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.White sandstone
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bChert

 

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Cf

Sample #29

e by number

60-

4O _

20_

E
E Dolomite
r.

{*Quartz fragment
_Peridotite
”Phyllite

Conglomerate
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fRed quartzite
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80

6O

4O

20

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kLimestone

 

O

30

l
r

Sample %

Q by weight

% by number

60 _

,*Quartz fragment

tPeridotite

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N

 

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2O

 

O bier—1H r—l—‘l

fil‘lflvr—n

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80 -

60 ,

40-

20-

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O

[ %Quartz fragment
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%'by weight

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iflaflffl

 

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60.
40-
20.

Sample #31

% by number

Limestone

 

I:

*Quartz fragment
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Hr]

 

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, Red quartzite
r‘ Light quartzite

 

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eo »-
so

 

Limestone

% by weight

Sanple #52

(1

J by number

I

*Quartz fragment
LPeridotite

_Phyllite
~Pegmatite
.Conglomerate
PShale

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[:::£EEasalt
Gramite

‘

Dolomite
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‘ . i Limestone

 

 

60
4O
2O

0

“-*Quartz fragment
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u Phyllite

H Pegmatite

~ Conglomerate

n Shale

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E White sandstone
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E; Granite
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L Brown sandstmie

. , . _ Limestone

 

 

40
2O
0

CO

Sample #35

C

by we ight

C"
/ J

H

mm

*Quartz fragment

.Peridotite
.Phyllite
.Pegmatite
.Conglomerate
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Basalt

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60‘
40‘
20‘

_E'fi

% by number

 

_nH-l 7

 

 

6O ,
4O
20 ‘
O

T

Limestone

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t Shale
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Sample-#54

fl

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

4.3
.53
0H
g;
r
[
O. . L
(O O O 0
fi“ (\2
3-:
(D
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a [
p}
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Basalt

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*Quartz fragment

'Peridotite

Phyllite
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Conglomerate
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Gneiss

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: Basalt

Granite
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| Red quartzite

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, Limestone

 

 

‘f o
% by weie t

 

 

 

6O .
4O -
20 ‘

Sawmle #55

by number

a
/J

 

 

 

6O
4O
20

%Quartz fragment
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Phyllite
Pegmatite
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Gneiss

Schist

White sandstone
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Basalt

Granite
Dolomite

Chert

Red quartzite
Light quartzite
Brown sandstone
Limestone

- *Quartz fragment
Peridotite
Phyllite
Pegmatite
Conglomerate
Shale

Gneiss

Schist

White sandstone
Diorite

Basalt

Granite
Dolomite

Chert

Red quartzite
Lighthuartzite
Brown sandstone
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L by weight

60,

Sample #56

by number

/0

("I

b

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

20.

Cg}:
/ 'u

f

 

 

6O -

 

2O

of'mflln, m

*Quartz fragment

Peridotite
Phyllite
Pegmatite
Conglomerate

, Shale

Gneiss

Schist

White sandstone
Diorite

Basalt

Granite

. Dolomite

Chert

Red quartzite
Light quartzite
Brown sandstone
Limestone

*Quartz fragment

Peridotite
Phyllite
Pegmatite
Conglomerate
Shale

Gneiss

Schist

White sandstone
Diorite

Basalt

Granite
Dolomite

Chert

Red quartzite
Light quartzite
Brown sandstone
Limestone

RESUL

'8

As the pebble counts were conducted all data accrued

were recorded in tabular form. When all of the samples had

been analysed a composite table was prepared in which 18

major rock units or groups were represented (Table VI).

A check on the accuracy of the pebble count was felt

to be an integral part of the study, therefore, Sample #8

was selected at random and by the technique described under

"Procedure" three counts were made.

The results of these

three counts, taken from the same total mass of pebbles,

are given below in Table VII.

It should be noted that after

each test count all pebbles were recombined into the total

and thoroughly mixed before beginning the next test.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

TABLE VII
Three separate counts of Sample #8
Count 1 Count 2 Count 3

Rock Units No. Wt. No. Wt. No. Wt.
Limestone 61 104.55 64 110.25 62 99.85
Brown sandstone
Light quartzite 3 15.50 2 6.80 5 16.50
Red quartzite 2 .60 1 .50
Chert 11 2.20 9 2.10 10 2.50
Dolomite 1 1.90
Granite 9 18.40 10 19.30 8 15.75
Basalt 5 1.10 7 1.75 6 1.80
Diorite 2 1.50 1 .70
White sandstone
Schist 6 14.80 6 15.80 7 15.25
Gneissa
Shale
Conglomerate
Pegmatite
Phyllite l 60.00
Peridotite
*Quartz fragment 1 .70
TOTALS 100 218.65 100 158.60 1100 152.45

73

74

In the test of accuracy preformed on Sample #8
the maximum deviation in the numerical percentage was
three. Five of the rock units were entirely absent in
at least one of the test counts, and in three cases they
were absent in two of the test couhts. The weight deviation
reached a maximum of 60 grams, however this was in the case
of a single fragment counted only in one of the three tests.
A deviation of 10.50 grams was the maximum observed in a
rock unit that appeared in each count. It was felt that
these variations were within the permissible limits of
accuracy.

An inspection of the table of results indicates a
definite correlation between the dominance of a certain
variety of pebbles and a specific moraine. The sanples
from the Charlotte moraine contained significant amounts
of limestone pebbles; those of the Lake Border moraine
contained equally significant amounts of brown sandstone
pebbles. To better illustrate this correlation a graphic

representation of the tabular data is included.(Figure 2).

CONCLUSIONS

A perusal of the tables and graphs portraying the re-
sults of pebble counts will show two prominent differences
that exist between the features studied.

The Charlotte moraine contains an abundance of limestone
while the Lake Border has only moderate amounts. A composite

of the samples of each moraine gave the following results:

TABLE VIII

Table of composites of pebble counts
percentage by number, of the Charlotte
and Lake Border moraines

 

 

Rock Units Charlotte Lake Border
Limestone 49.0 5.8
Brown sandstone .4 59.0
Light quartzite 5.7 5.5
Red quartzite 4.1 2.8
Chert 11.2 7.8
Dolomite 2.6 1.4
Granite 9.9 7.4
Basalt 7.0 5.7
Diorite 2.2 .9
White sandstone 1.5 .7
Schist 4.5 5.2
Gneiss 1.0 .7
Shale .4 .4
Conglomerate .2 .1
Pegmatite .2 .5
Phyllite .5 .2
Peridotite .1 .2
*Quartz fragment .1 .1
TOTAL 100.0 100.0

Most of the limestone observed in the drift of the

Charlotte moraine was white, bluish, or grayish in color.

75

76
Some of the pebbles appeared to be fossiliferous, however, most
of the included fossil memains were so badly weathered as to
make positive identification difficult.

The apparent concentration of light colored fossiliferous
limestone, dolomite, and chert in the Charlotte composite led
the writer to postulate the possible source beds as being
the Bayport limestone.

Tie second prominent difference noted in the composites
is the high incidence of brown sandstone in the Lake Border
moraine. A study of the geologic map of Michigan and other
pertinent references (Leverett and Taylor, 1915; Newcombe,
1955; Terwilliger, 1954), led the write to postulate the
Lower fiarshall as being the possible source bed.

As noted in Table VIII, the Lake Border moraine is not
entirely devoid of limestone pebbles. These differ somewhat
in color from those of the Charlotte, being mostly brownish
to buff. They have some of the characteristics of the Thunder
Bay limestone of the Traverse group, but the identification
is not to be considered definite.

Reference to Table VIII reveals a difference exists in
the percentages of granite, basalt, aid diorite in the
Charlotte as compared to the Lake Border moraine. This dif-
ference can be explained on the basis of the distance the
pebbles traveled from their source beds. The shorter the

distance, the greater the percentage, according to R. F.

Flint (1947, p. 114-116). The difference can also be

77
controlled by the areal extent of the source beds that were
exposed to glacial erosion (Flint, 1947, p. 105-6). Reference
to geologic maps of Michigan and Ontario aid measurements
based on the proposed direction of ice movement (Leverett and
Taylor, 1915, p. 62), led the writer to postulate that the
source beds of the granite, basalt and diorite pebbles ob—
served in the Charlotte moraine were closer than the source
beds of the similar types of pebbles in the Lake Border moraine.

No significant difference is noted in the percentages
of light quartzite and schist in the features studied. White
sandstone, shale, conglomerate, pegmatite, phyllite, and
peridotite were not found in sufficient quantities to be of
value in correlation.

The difference in percentages of pebbles of certain rock
types and their relationships to specific moraines indicate
that this method of study can be used to differentiate between
features of different lobes of glacialiation. However,
further substantiation by similar studies of other areas should
be made to confirm the accuracy of the method.

In miy future work on similar problems the author suggests
that emphasis should be placed on extensive sampling problems.
Also that a definite means of correlation between the pebbles

sampled and specific parent formations would be of great value.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Cross, Iddings, Pirsson, aid Washington (1905) Quantitative
Classification of Igneous Rocks; University of Chicago
Press, Chicago.

 

 

Flint, R. F. (1947) Glacial Geology and the Pleistocene Epoch;
John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, pp. lO5~116.

 

Grout, F

 

. F. (1940) Kempis Handbook of Rocks Revised Edition;
D. Van Nostrand Company, Inc., 1New York, p. 20.

Krumbein, W. C., and Pettijohn, F. J. (1958) Nanual of
Sedimentary_Petrography; Appleton-Century-Crofts,
Inc., New York, pp. 16-18.

 

Kyynine, P. D. (1948) The Vegascopic Study and Field
Classification of Sedimentary Rock; Journal of Geology,
‘JOlo 56, pp. 130-1650

Krynine, P. D. (1945) Sediments and the Search for Oil;
Producers Nonthly, Vol. 9, pp. 12-22.

Lahee, F. H. (1941) Field Geology; McGraw-Hill Book Comapny,
Inc., New York, p. 786.

 

Leverett, F. and others (1924) Hap of the Surface Formations
at the Southern Peninsula of fiichigan; State of Tichigan,
Department of Conservation, Geological Survey Division.

Leverett, F. (1917) Surface Geology and Agricultural Conditions
of Michigan; State of Michigan, Nichigan Geological and
Biological Survey, Publication 25, Geological Series 21,
pp. 115-124.

 

Leverett, F., and Taylor, F. P. (1915) The Pleistocene of
Indiana and Michigan and the History of the Great Lakes;
U. S. Geological Survey Fonograph LIII, pp. 62, 204-
14, 222-252.

Nitschlerlich, E. A. (1965) Bodenkunde fur Land-uni Forstwirte;
Berline, Germany, p. 57.

Newcombe, R. B. (1955) Oil and Gas Fields of lichigan; State
of Michigan, pp. 55-57, 81-82.

78

Pettijohn, F. J. (1949) Sedimentary Rocks; Harper and
Brothers Publishers, new York, p. 12.

Pettijohn, F. J. (1951) Petrography of the Beach Sands
of Southern Lake Wich;gan; Journal of Geology,
Vol. 39, pp. 452-455.

Pough, F. H. (1955) A Field Guide to Rocks and Tinerals;
Houghton Nifflin Co., Joston, pp. 25-25, 70-72.

Terwilliger, F. W. (1954) The Slacial Geology and Ground
Resources of VanBuren County, Eichigan; State of
Iichigan, Department of Conservation, Geological
Survey Division, pp. 27-29.

Wahlstrom, E. A. (1947) Igneous Minerals and Rocks; John
Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, pp. 257-258.

Wentworth, C. K. (1926) Methods of'Wechmiical Analysis
of Sediments; University of Iowa Studied in
Natural History, Vol. 11, No. 11

79

APPENDIX

APPENDIX
TABLE II
MEGASCOPIC CLASSIFICATION OF IGNEOUS ROCKS*

 

Light-colored rocks(leuco rocks) ~

 

Felsic mineral dominant

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Quartz present Quartz absent
Nonporphyritid Granite Syenite
Aplite
Pegmatite
Phanerites
Porphyritic Granite porphyry Syenite porphyry
Porphyritic Felsito porphyry
Aphanites
Nonporphyritic Falsite
Porphyritic Vitrophyre
Obsidian porphyry
Pitchstone porphyry
Glasses
Nonporphyritic Obsidian,pitchstone,perlite,pumice
Fragmental Volcanic ash, tuff, breccia,
igneous rocks

 

 

 

*After Wahlstrom,_Igneous Minerals and Rocks, 1947, p. 258.

 

 

 

 

 

'11

 

 

 

 

aaaDark-colored rocks(mela rocks)

 

Ferromagnesian minerals abundant

Feldspar absent

 

Hornblende con-

Pyroxene con-

Without olivine

With olivine

 

 

spicuous spicuous
Diorite Gabbro Pyroxenite Peridotite
Diabase Hornblendite

 

Diorite porphyry

 

Gabbro porphyry

 

  

 

Basalt porphyry
Melaphyre

 

Basalt
Trap

 

 

 

 

“agglomerate, etc.

w'

 

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