_,:33:E,.213:,35;;3:; m mm Q ‘ mm? 3 not I t x A. "3". e fiat! u‘ S 3? $€Hi max §§THE l} «a Q 9?. S a ‘3‘»: 2‘3} ‘4 ?%R? é¥ 3. LI SSSSSS \\&\\\\\\s\\:\\\§a\\\\\w:\:\\mw3 [yak/1:] ‘~ ROOM Ugfi 6“ 1691 3L} Lad-:27 ABSTRACT AGING AND PSYCHOPATHOLOGY: AN EXPLORATORY STUDY WITH THE MINNESOTA MULTIPHASIC PERSONALITY INVENTORY by Leonard J. Postema Some previous research with the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) on age effects suggests a relative shift in response dispositions occurs with advan- cing years. Older people apparently tend to respond in a more neurotic—like fashion on the MMPI than do younger adults. However, the evidence for such an age-associated effect tends to be fragmentary. The most recent study, in particular, characterizes a group of aged normals as "neurotic . . . with an absence of psychotic or behavior disorder tendencies . . .", but fails to support this with any statistical evaluation. The present research performs the analyses called for on the data from these aged normal gs, and, extends MMPI research on age-correlated effects by studying chronically disturbed neuropsychiatric patients. If there is a more neurotic-like inclination with increasing age, older, as compared to younger dis— turbed patients, should show such a tendency. —2— Leonard J. Postema The MMPI was administered to a sample of 34 older and a sample of 22 younger neuropsychiatric patients con— fined in a Veteran's Administration hospital. The two groups were fairly comparable in diagnostic composition, type of confinement, and length of institutionalization. The results offer some support to the notion that there is an age-related effect on the MMPI. Both aged normal and aged abnormal samples are similar in that each scores significantly higher on the set of neurotic scales relative to the set of psychotic scales on the MMPI. The younger abnormal gs do not show this relative difference on the two sets of scales. In addition, both samples of older §s differ significantly from one another and from the younger disturbed E5 on the neurotic and psychotic scales in a way that indicates a joint influence of age and psychopathology for the older disturbed individuals under study. In general, the findings do seem relatively consistent with common belief and previous assertions that aged people tend to think, talk, or act in somewhat more neurotic- like ways than do younger adults. In discussing the results it is suggested, however, that since age per se is little more than a useful fiction in any searching for causal factors, the actual age—associated determinants need to be pinpointed. Also, though the data do seem to support notions about an age-related trend, the study is cross— —3— Leonard J. Postema sectional in design and any shift or trend over time can only be inferred. Given the correlational nature and other limitations of the present work, it is suggested therefore that only tentative conclusions should be drawn about the actuality of an age effect and none about the causality. Approved: /%CEE;;D§:;¢€:¢C3:;7 ICommittee Chairman fr 9 / Date: Thesis Committee: Robert E. Schell, Chairman Glenn I. Hatton Arthur A. Seagull AGING AND PSYCHOPATHOLOGY: AN EXPLORATORY STUDY WITH THE MINNESOTA MULTIPHASIC PERSONALITY INVENTORY BY Leonard J. Postema A THESIS Submitted to Michigan State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS College of Social Science Department of Psychology 1965 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The author wishes to express his great appreciation and sincere thanks to Dr. Robert Schell, Chairman of his thesis committee, for his encouragement and time—consuming assistance. A debt of gratitude is also due to Drs. Glenn Hatton and Arthur Seagull for their helpful suggestions and worth- while criticisms. In addition I wish to thank Dr. Stewart Armitage, Chief of Psychology Service, and to the staff and patients of the Battle Creek Veteran's Administration Hospital for their cooperation and assistance. Without their cooperation, this study could not have been completed. ii DEDICATION To Dorothy iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS . . DEDICATION. . . . . LIST OF TABLES. . . LIST OF APPENDICES. PROBLEM . . . . . . METHOD. . . . . . . Subjects . . . TABLE OF CONTENTS Older Neuropsychiatric gs . Younger Neuropsychiatric gs Procedure. . . Measures . . . Neurotic Index. Psychotic RESULTS . . . . . . DISCUSSION. . . . . SUMMARY . . . . . . REFERENCES. . . . . APPENDICES. . . . . Index iv Page ii iii vi 10 14 18 19 21 LIST OF TABLES Table Page 1 Age, Type of Confinement, Length of Hospitalization, and Diagnostic Distribution of O and Y Samples. . . . . . 6 2 Differences Between Neurotic and Psychotic Index Scores for Each Sample . .ll 3 Differences Between O, Y, and SN Samples on Neurotic and Psychotic Index Scores . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12 Appendix LIST OF APPENDICES Page Means, Standard Deviations, t Values and Associated Probabilities for Comparisons of SN and Minnesota Normative Group. . . . . . . . . . . . 22 Intercorrelations of Neurotic Scales (Hs, D, Hy) with Psychotic Scales (Pa, Pt, Sc, Ma): for 100 Male and Female "Normal" Adults. . . . 23 T Score Means and Standard Deviations on the 10 Clinical Scales of the MMPI for O, Y, and SN Samples . . . . . . . 24 MMPI Profile Curves for O, Y, and SN samples 0 O O O O O O O O O O O O O 25 Raw Score Means and Standard Deviations on the Four Validating Scales of the MMPI for O, Y, and SN Samples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 Raw Data Sample O. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 Sample Y. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 vi PROBLEM The great increase in the percentage of aged in the population in recent decades has resulted in a quest for more scientific knowledge about older peOple. Research has pro— ceeded on many fronts. A decade ago, Brozek (1955) concluded that "While the accumulated knowledge of changes in sensory, motor, and intellective functions with age is fairly sound and extensive, the trend of alterations in the personality characteristics of the aging man has been charted much less thoroughly." While his evaluation is almost as descriptively accurate today, some beginnings have been made on more systematic research into the personality characteristics of aging individuals. Numbered among such beginnings are several studies which have used the Minnesota Multiphasic Person— ality Inventory (MMPI) as a measure of possible personality changes associated with aging. Taken together the MMPI studies of Brozek (1955), Aaronson (1958, 1960) and Calden & Hokanson (1959) suggest a relatively consistent trend among the aged toward having high elevations on the Hypo- chondriasis (Hs), Depression (D), and Hysteria (Hy) scales, the so—called "neurotic triad", and on the Social Intro- version (Si) scale. In addition, the impression appears to be that there is also a concurrent lowering of the character disorder and psychotic end of the MMPI profile. _1_ These findings have been interpreted by their respective investigators as indicating that the aged tend to be more depressed and isolated, more preoccupied with themselves, less concerned with societal demands, and less concerned with controlling eXpression of their impulses. Provocative though they may be, whether such interpretations are actually warranted seems questionable. Two of these studies (Aaronson, 1958, and Brozek, 1955) have dealt only tan- gentially with an age trend and the other two (Aaronson, 1960, and Calden and Hokanson, 1959) have dealt with only portions of it. All four of these studies have failed to sample adequately the age range commonly considered "old age", i.e., approximately age 60 and above. And, finally, in several instances conclusions presented are impression— istic and go beyond what seems warranted by limited data. Most recently, Swenson (1961) has also reported MMPI data for a sample of 95 aged "normals"1 and, like previous 1Swenson reports a median age of 71.4 years for his 95 older normal Ss. Of an original 210 individuals who were asked to complete the group form of the MMPI they are the 95 individuals who both completed it and had valid profiles. .Ss agreed to participate as part of a "study of interests and attitudes of the aged." Both males and females participated. Some §§ were members of "Golden Age Clubs", others were in homes for the aged, with the majority tending to be still gainfully employed in some fashion. Although it is not stated, presumably the SS came from the Rochester, Minnesota area. As far as Swenson could determine, no individuals "with known mental disorders intense enough to warrant a psychiatric diagnosis" were included in his sample. researchers, notes the tendency for aged gs to score highest on the neurotic triad (Hs, D, Hy) and Social Introversion (Si) scales, and lowest on the remaining scales —— with the Psychopathic Deviate (Pd) and Hypomania (Ma) scales being the most commonly occuring low points. Presumably on the basis of his results he states that "The typical or median profile for this group is a neurotic one with an absence of evidence of psychotic or behavior disorder tendencies..." Just what Swenson intends to communicate by his state— ment is not clear. On the one hand, he may be saying that he is comparing his aged gs to the population of normal adults as a whole. If such was his intent, he fails to present any statistical evaluation in this respect; he presents only a table of means and standard deviations on each scale. Statistical comparisons have, therefore, been made by the writer, between Swenson's group and the MMPI normative group on each scale.2 His aged normals do score significantly higher on the neurotic triad and on Si. Also consistent with his interpretation, the aged gs score significantly lower on Ma. Contrary to his statement, however, there is no significant difference on Pd between his aged and the normative gs. In addition his interpretation suggests that the aged SS should be significantly higher 2The interested reader will find a summary of the analyses in Appendix A. only on the neurotic triad and Si scales. This is not the case. Although the means for the aged SS on each of the remaining scales differ by only two to three points from those of the normative gs, the difference between the groups is statistically significant on each of the remaining scales. If on the other hand, rather than meaning his aged gs are more neurotic-like than other peOple in general, Swenson means to say that relative £9 themselves his older people are significantly more neurotic-like, then a dif— ferent comparisOn is called for. Presumably, this would mean that on the MMPI his older sample should score sig— nificantly higher on neurotic indices than it does on any other kind of index. Following the lead of his own state— ment, his older S5 should have an overall score on the neurotic triad that is significantly higher than their overall score on so—called psychotic scales. Swenson again presents no statistical evaluation of this possibility. One purpose of the present study, therefore, is to make this evaluation on Swenson's data. The major purpose of the present research, however, is to determine whether or not a possible age effect occurs on the MMPI with older disturbed individuals. In spite of the shortcomings cited in regard to previous research, it as well as common belief suggest that the aged individual does tend to talk, think, and act in more neurotic—like ways. If so, then this may well be evident with aged disturbed as well as with aged normal individuals. METHOD Subjects The younger and older neuropsychiatric Ss were all patients in the Veteran's Administration Hospital, Battle Creek, Michigan. Age, type of confinement, mean length of hospitalization, and diagnostic distribution of these younger and older gs are presented in summary form in Table 1. Older Neuropsychiatric gs (Sample O): Each of the 34 older gs met the criteria that: (a) he was 60 years old or over, (b) he was judged by his ward medical and nursing staff and a personal interview to be possibly capable of completing the MMPI, and (c) none of his T scores on the individual validating scales of the MMPI was greater than 80. Younger Neuropsychiatric §s (Sample Y): The 22 younger £5 were drawn from an original pool of 50 randomly selected individuals who were from 20 to 40 years of age and had been hospitalized for at least three consecutive years. The criterion of a minimum three continuous years hospitali— zation period was included in order to introduce at least some greater degree of average comparability between the Y and OISS in terms of length of hospitalization. TABLE 1 Age, Type of Confinement, Length of Hospitalization, and Diagnostic Distribution of O and Y Samples Class of Information Sample O Y N 34 22 Average Age (in years) 68.2 34.7 Type of Confinement Open Ward 76% 64% Closed Ward 9% 36% Closed Medical Ward 15% none Period of Current Hospitalization (in years) Mean 11.9 8.0 Median 7.5 7.1 Range .1 to 32.5 3.7 to 16.1 Diagnosis Schizophrenic reaction 50% 82% Catatonic type —-- (11%) Chronic Undiffer— entiated type (18%) (22%) Hebephrenic type (23%) (11%) Paranoid type (47%) (17%) Simple type ( 6%) ——- Unclassified ( 6%) (39%) Chronic Brain Syndrome 41% 18% Manic-Depressive 9% ——- As with the older Ss, each of the 22 younger Ss finally selected for study met the additional criteria that: (a) a personal interview indicated he was capable of completing the MMPI, and (b) all of his validation scale T scores were 80 or less. Procedure .§5 were told that some research was being done to learn more about the (younger or older) people on the station in the hope that it might be possible to "help them in some better way in the long run." The MMPI was then introduced, the instructions thoroughly eXplained, and §_encouraged to complete it. §§ were tested in small groups or individually, and the group form of the MMPI was used exclusively. Each S had as much time as he needed to complete the task, and assistance was available upon request. Each S's answer sheet was subsequently scored for the four individual validating scales and all ten of the usual cliniCal scales in the standard way (Hathaway & McKinley, 1951). For the purposes of this study a "valid" record was one in which validating scale T scores were £ 80. Usually a validating scale T score of around 70 is used. However, there is research precedent for using a T score of 80 or higher on one or more of the validating scales (Meehl, 1946; Calden & Hokanson, 1959). In addition, an analysis comparing the younger (n = 5) and older (n = 6) ‘Ss in the present study who have T scores about 70 on one or more validating scales against the respective younger (n = 17) and older (n = 28) Ss who do not, reveals no sig— nificant difference on any one of the scales nor any systematic direction of score differences. Inclusion in the present study, therefore, of those few younger and older §s who have a T score of from 71—80 should not have affected the results. Measures Only seven of the ten clinical scales on the MMPI enter into either the neurotic or psychotic indices used in the present study. The psychopathic deviate (Pd), masculinity—femininity (Mf) and social introversion (Si) scales are the three omitted.3 3Swenson (1961) does note that his older gs tend to score higher on the social introversion (Si) scale, and he apparently considers this as additionally suggestive of their more neurotic—like tendencies. Regardless of whether or not his conviction is correct, to include the Si scale along with the neurotic triad scales in the present study does not seem justified on the basis of other evidence. The research literature shows that Si may or may not cor— relate significantly with any other particular clinical scale of the MMPI -— and on any specific occasion the correlation may be either positive 23 negative (Dahlstrom & Welsh, 1960). Since Si has no documented stable relation— ship to either the so—called neurotic or psychotic scales, to add it to one versus the other of the two sets of scales is hardly defensible. Neurotic Index: This consists of the "neurotic triad" scales Hs, D, and Hy (Dahlstrom & Welsh, 1960). Configura— tion of the SS scores on the three scales is ignored. The st average T score on the three scales is considered a general measure of his neurotic—like response disposition. Psychotic Index: The so—called "psychotic tetrad" scales Pa, Pt, Sc, and Ma make up this index (Dahlstrom & Welsh, 1960). Again for the purposes of this study, configuration of the st scores on the four scales is ignored. Bach st average T score on the four scales is calculated, and this value is construed as a general measure of his psychotic— 1ike response disposition. -10- RESULTS In order to make a comparison between the neurotic and psychotic index scores for the SN group, it was necessary to obtain the average intercorrelation of the three neurotic and four psychotic scales. Since this was not possible on the basis of Swenson's reported data, an approximation of the average intercorrelation was obtained by calculating it for as comparable a sample to Swenson's as could be found. (Relevant information and the actual intercorrelation data are presented for the interested reader in Appendix B.) Table 2 presents summary data on the differences between neurotic and psychotic index scores for each sample. Inspection shows that, as expected, the SN and 0 samples have significantly higher mean scores on the neurotic than on the psychotic index. In the case of the Y gs, however, the difference between the indices is in keeping with a chance occurrence. Since all MMPI clinical scales have a mean T score of 50 and standard deviation of 10, presumably there would be no difference between neurotic and psychotic index scores for a sample of normal individuals. On the basis of these findings at least, it does appear that with later years there may be a shift to, or increase in, neurotic—like attitudes and concerns. -11_ TABLE 2 Differences Between Neurotic and Psychotic Index Scores for Each Sample Mean Index Score Sample N Neurotic Psychotic S.B. t df p SN 95 57.69 51.32 1.31 4.86 94 (.001 O 34 64.35 58.76 1.17 4.78 33 (.001 Y 22 67.32 64.86 1.29 1.91 21 N.S. Note: t tests, two tailed, are for related samples and 5.3. entries are, therefore, the standard error of differences between the means of related samples. Differences between the three samples on the neurotic index and on the psychotic index are summarized in Table 3. The fact that the SN gs score significantly lower on both indices than either the Y or O §s in a sense validates the presumed greater psychopathology of the neuropsychiatric gs. In turn, the significantly higher psychotic index score of the Y gs as compared to the O gs can be construed as indicating a relatively greater degree or kind of emo— tional disturbance among the younger neuropsychiatric patients. Finally, if each of the three samples were com— pared to the MMPI standardization group (with its mean T score of 50 and variance of 100), it is clear that —— except for the SN sample on the psychotic index —— all three groups are significantly higher on both indices. Again, for the .Ammmav >mq w umxHMB >3 ompmmOOSm mm mmSHm> owumsnom mum cm>Hm mmzam> -12- mo momaflmw 03p .mbmmp u Ham CH pom: mumB mmpmeflpmm wUCMHum> achCMQmUCH umwoz w¢.mn mw.v© m¢.©ma mm.e@ w 89 em mm.m .m.z 3 mm. m> mm.sma mw.mm mv.¢m mm.vw O we.ms mm.em me.oma. mm.»@ x Ho.v wm mv.m Heuv mm mw.m m> mo.mm mm.Hm mm.mva m©.sm 2m mm.sma ob.mm mv.vm mm.vw 0 So am mm.m 89 ms 8..., m> wo.mm mm.am mm.mva mm.>m 2m Q mo D .um> cmmz Q mo w .Mm> Cmmz cowfl Uapoco>mm vapousmz IMMQEOU . . mHQEmm meCH monoum meCH UHwozu>mm ocm vapoudmz co mdeEmm 2m ocm .w .0 cmmzuom mwocmumwwflo m m4m48 -13- O and Y samples this can be considered validating evidence for their psychopathology, and in the case of the SN SS, supporting evidence for a more neurotic-like way of seeing oneself and one's world in the later years of life.4 4Although sample comparisons on individual clinical scales are not of concern in the present study, Appendix C presents a summary of such comparisons for the interested reader. In addition, for the benefit of clinical or research investigators who are used to "visualizing" MMPI results in terms of plotted profiles, Appendix D presents a plot of individual scale means for each sample discussed in the present research. DISCUSSION The results do seem relatively consistent with common belief and previous assertions about aged people; namely, that on the average at least, they are inclined to think, talk, and act in somewhat more neurotic—like ways. The older normal Ss (i.e., SN) show a significantly greater tendency to agree to keyed neurotic depictions as compared to the general run of peOple (e.g., MMPI standardization groups), but do not differ from the usual case in the extent to which they agree with keyed psychotic-like notions. The fact that the older psychiatric Ss show a signifi— cantly greater tendency to agree with neurotic—like as compared to psychotic—like views, but at the same time are significantly more inclined to agree with either kind of item than are the general run of people or older normal §§a presumably reflects the joint function of both age and psychopathology. That both age and psychopathology are involved in the results for the older psychiatric gs is indicated not only by the finding that they are like the older normal gs in terms of being significantly more inclined to agree with neurotically than psychotically keyed state- ments, but also by the result that they show this significant difference while the younger psychiatric gs do not. Sup— posedly, if the younger gs were as old as those in the two aged samples they too would then show a relatively and _l4_ _15_ significantly greater neurotic-like disposition. In discussing the results the term "age", of course, is little more than a useful fiction. In keeping with the usual way age effects are thought about, it is not age per s: that accounts for the effects but rather some physiological or psychological determinant(s) that changes with age. Just what physiological or psychological determinant(s) should be pinpointed as causal in the present study is, as in many another study, impossible to determine within the design of the research. To suggest such conceivable determinants as a "heightened depressive process due to increasing feelings of inadequacy" (Bloom, 1961), or "increased neurotic fears and worries" (Harris & Lingoes, 1955), or a "generalized defect in energy metabolism" (Kety, 1959; 1961; 1962), or "brain enzyme changes" (Woolley, 1958) that occur with natural aging and/or psychopathology, would be mere speculation. A more profitable procedure at this point would appear to be the time tested scientific one of obtaining some independent measures of such "determinants", before calling any particular one of them into being to explain the results. Along with a recommendation of tentativeness regarding interpretive determinants, some reservation about the results seems called for with respect to the samples of younger and older psychiatric gs studied. Given that they are suffi— ciently comparable in psychopathology, and differ in no important way other than age, the findings indicate an age —16- effect. While it seems, on the basis of the evidence avail- able, that both samples are at least fairly comparable in diagnostic composition, there may, of course, be some other unknown systematic difference that would account for the results. One known systematic difference between the samples would be the difference in length of hospitalization. This difference is not, however, a necessary alternative way of accounting for the results. Since eventually increasing age and increasing years of institutionalization go together with hospitalized neuropsychiatric patients, the two do become confounded. Yet if they have a similar effect, their effects would be additive then, not subtractive nor suppressive of one another. The finding that both the older noninstitu— tionalized normal and older institutionalized psychiatric gs show a function that is similar in form and magnitude, however, would support the inference that there was no effect apart from that of age. One final important aspect of the results which merits discussion is the psychotic index difference between the younger and older psychiatric Ss. It is possible that the significantly lower score in this connection for the older psychiatric Ss represents a shift in the kind of disturbance they eXpress now as compared to some time back. It is also equally possible that it represents not a shift in kind but rather a shift in degree of disturbance, and, for that matter, either a shift up or down in disturbance -17- from some previous level. If it does represent a shift in kind as well as down in degree of disturbance, Arieti's (1955) notion of "improvement by regression" may be relevant. He might say, for example, that the older disturbed gs appear to be less disturbed in terms of response affect, but actually, they are basically more abnormal because they are silently regressing. It seems just as plausible or possible, however, that the comparative significantly lower score of the older psychiatric Ss is more correctly considered as the significantly higher score of the younger psychiatric 'Ss. If the latter is the case, then again the question be— comes one of whether this too might not represent a shift in kind or degree (or both), and, if degree, a shift up or down. Which, if any, of these various kindSrof-possibilities may be correct necessarily is left to the determination of future research. Regardless of its limitations, the present study does somewhat broaden the base of information available on personality characteristics of older people. In addition, while trying to add some greater degree of clarity to previous research findings, an attempt is also made to avoid common pitfalls of impressionistic interpretations. Minimally, at least, when taken together with previous research, the results do seem to point to a relatively consistent age associated effect on the MMPI. SUMMARY The present study investigates a proposed age- associated effect on the MMPI. MMPI data for 95 aged normals reported by Swenson (1961) was analyzed and then compared to MMPI data on a sample of 34 older and a sample of 22 younger neuropsychiatric patients. Each group was compared with itself on so—called neurotic and psychotic MMPI indices and with every other group on these two indices. The results suggest an age—related effect may occur in abnormal as well as normal §5° Aged adults appear to respond in a more neurotic- like fashion than younger adults. In discussing the findings some alternative explanations are briefly explored. However, considering the limitations of the research, it is suggested that only tentative con- clusions should be drawn about the actuality of an age—effect and none about the causality. -18— REFERENCES Aaronson, B. 5., "Age and Sex Influences on MMPI Profile Peak Distribution in an Abnormal Population," Journal of Consulting Psychology, 1958, 22, pp. 203-206. "A Dimension of Personality Change with Aging," Journal of Clinical Psychology, 1960, 16, pp.63—65. Arieti, 5., Interpretation of Schizophrenia, New York: Robert Brunner, 1955. Bloom, L., "Age and the Self Concept," American Journal of Psychiatry, 1961, 118, pp. 534—538. Brozek, J., "Personality Changes with Age: An Item Analysis of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory," J. Gerontol, 1955, 10, pp. 194—206. Calden, G. and Hokanson, E., "The Influence of Age on MMPI Responses," Journal of Clinical Psychology, 1959, 15, pp. 194—195. Dahlstrom, W. G. and Welsh, G. 5., An MMPI Handbook: A Guide to Use in Clinical Practice and Research, Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1960- Harris, R. E. and Lingoes, J. C., Subscales for the MMPI: An Aid to Profile Interpretationy Mimeographed, San Francisco: Department of Psychiatry, University of California, 1955. Hathaway, S. R. and McKinley, J. C., "A Multiphasic Person— ality Schedule (Minnesota): III. The Measurement of Symptomatic Depression," Journal of Psychology, 1942, 14, pp. 73—84. and , The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality W Inventory Manual, Revised, New York: The Psychological Corporation, 195IT Kety, S. 5., "Biochemical Theories of Schiz0phrenia," Science, 1959, 129, pp. 1528—32 and 1590—96. , Chemical Boundaries of Psychopharmocology,in Farber, S. M. and Wilson, R. H. L. (Editors), Control of the Mind, New York: McGraw—Hill, 1961. -19- -20- Kety, S. 5., Regional Neurochemistry and its Application to Brain Function, in J. D. French (Editor), Frontiers in Brain Research, New York: Columbia University Press, 1962. McKinley, J. C. and Hathaway, S. R., "A Multiphasic Person- ality Schedule (Minnesota): IV. Psychasthenia", Journal of Applied Psychology, 1942, 26, pp. 614—624. and , "The MMPI: V. Hysteria, Hypomania and Psychopathic Deviate," Journal of Applied Psychology, 1944, 28, pp. 153—174. Meehl, P. E., "Profile Analysis of the MMPI in Differential Diagnosis", Journal of Applied Psychology, 1946, 30, pp. 517—524. Swenson, W. M., "Structured Personality Testing in the Aged: An MMPI Study of the Gerontic Population," Journal of Clinical Psychology, 1961, 17, pp. 302—304. Walker, H. M. and Lev, J., Statistical Inference, New York: Holt, 1953. Woolley, D. W., Participation of Serotonin in Mental Processes, in Rinkel, M. and H. C. B. Denber, (Editors), Chemical Concepts of Psychosis, New York: McDowell— Obolensky, 1958. APPENDICES .COmHHMQEOU 30mm CH com: me3 .HH I : ..m.mv mHQEMm HmHHMEm How mo 0cm .mmumeflpmm mocmflum> #cmoGMQmocH zwflz mwmmb H .mCOmHHMQEoo HHm How Hoopmcou mumz mo ”mboz HO. mO. mO. HO. mO. HO. Hmzo HO. HO. HO. VO OH.A OO.N mm.m ms.m mO.m OO.O Om. HO.O mH.s Hs.m H _ 2 4 OH OH OH OH OH OH OH OH OH OH .O.m Osouo Om Om Om Om Om Om Om Om Om Om z mHm Euoz .ccHz ms.s OO.OH mA.O HO.OH Os.m OO.OH OH.O OO.HH OA.HH ss.mH .O.m mm 2m Om.mm mm.s4 mO.mm AH.mm mO.mm mm.mm NO.Hm HO.mm Hm.Om mO.nm 2 HO O: um HO mm O: mm H: O m: .O.m ocm Z mHQEmm mHmum HMUHCHHU cmmz QDOHD m>HDMEHOZ MHOmmccHE mgp QDH3 2m mo mCOmHHmaEOU How mmeHHHQmQOHm omeHUOmm< ocm mmDHm> p .mQOHDMH>wD pumocmum .mcmmz < XHQZMQQ< -23- APPENDIX B Intercorrelations of Neurotic Scales (Hs, D, Hy) with Psychotic Scales (Pa, Pt, Sc, Ma): For 100 Male and Female "Normal" Adults (Hathaway & McKinley, 1942; McKinley & Hathaway, 1942,1944) Neurotic Psychotic Scale Scale Pa Pt Sc Ma Hs .34 .63 .77 .28 D .31 .44 .35 —.02 Hy .44 .13 .28 .05 Note: Average value of entries = .33 -24- .mCOmHQMQEoo HHm CH pom: QOmQ Q pmHHMQ 035 .Ho.VQ pm HmQQO comm Eoum ucmumwwflo wapchHMHcmHm mum QQOHH mQQ 0Q.M QQHHUmQDm QQHB mwmupcm Qcmumnom.>HHm0HQHm> m .HO.VQ Qm m.uo m.QQH3 mmOQQ ocm .mo.VQ pm HmQQo comm Eouw pcmumwmflo >Hpcm0HchmHm mum Qme QQQ 0Q m.uo.m QQHHUmHGQSm QQHB meHch Qcmumnom xHHmumpum> . . . . .ODOZ o U Q m O@.oH mm.m mm.mH mv.mH QO.m Ho.oH mH.O mv.HH HH.mH mH.mH .o.m m m m m m m m mm % mH.mm vo.wm vm.mso mo.mwu Hm.mm mw.wm vo.vw Hm.mw ov.vO vo.vm z om.m mm.mH mm.mH mm.mH OO.¢H mm.m @m.m Hm.oH mm.HH om.vH .o.m wm 0 00 mm NH me mmdwofi mo omofi om Om mo mm mm owQ m©.omm v0 OwQ mm wow 2 N0.0 v0.0H mO.m Hv.oH HO.m mv.OH HH.m mw.HH OO.HH OO.NH .Q.m Om.mm m .54 mme. m mAH.mm mm . m m.mm w .Hm mH .mm mH . m mm. m 2 mm zm mm Q m Q Q v m N No Q m m m 0 Q O m Hm m2 um HO mm H: OO mm O m: .O.m mHO ocm z IEmm mHmum HMUHQHHO cmmz mmHOEmm 2m Ocm .w .o 90m HOE: mQQ mo mmHmom HHUHCHHO OH mQQ co mcoHQMH>oQ oumocmpm pom meow: wuoum B U XHQZQQQ< T Score -25- APPENDIX D MMPI Profile Curves for O, Y, and SN Samples Clinical Scale Hs D Hy Pd Mf Pa Pt Sc Ma Si 80 l 1 L 1 1 1 1 1 n "n 80 EE 5% 75‘1— '___. 75 :: g; 70:; j 70 a: 55 65‘:b I? 65 J I: 60“ ‘- 6O 55-:- €E 55 5 " f 50 K 1: 45:: {7'45 1 2: 401— 1 1 I I T l ? l r ‘f "" 4'0 HS D Hy Pd Mf Pa Pt SC Ma Si Clinical Scale w---v Sample Y o—————o Swenson's Normals GJODS l u, '31-: II; Li ‘3' -26- APPENDIX E Raw Score Means and Standard Deviations on the Four Validating Scales of the MMPI for O, Y, and SN Samples Mean Validating Scale Sample N and S.D. ? L F K M 11.03 6.14 4.43 14.39 SN 95 S.D. 23.05 3.59 3.11 4.65 M 14.42 6.0 6.63 15.06 0 34 S.D. 24.65 3.26 3.76 5.65 M 9.86 6.95 9.40 18.13 Y 22 S.D. 16.54 2.86 5.77 5.59 OHHq HHH m>HmmmuQmoloHcmZ HH mEOHocmm chum UHCOQQU H omHHHmmmHUCD m waxy mHQEHm o ma>p UHocmHmO EU I HmoHomz U mdmp UHcmuQaQOm ommoHU Q HHHUCD UHCOHQU U I ommoHU m mQOQ UHQoqumU O I cmdo ”oumz mo odme** H .Hummu .NHQom "moou UHpmocmmHQ* mlom O Q H om mm mm Om Hv Hv mm om mm mm 0H m m 0 mm mH mlm 0 HH mm mm mm mm mm Ow om mm 0O Om mm H m H mO NH _ HHImm O o H mm mm HO mO Om mO Hm mm mm mm e O m o mO HH N mlmm U U H mO Hm mm mm mm mv mm mm mm mm m m m OO mo oH _ OIH O Q H Om Hm mm om mm Hm Om OH om mm MH v m m mm m mlm U m H om mw Hm mm mm mm mm vm mm Om mH m m m mm m HI 0 HH Om Hm Om Hm Om mm mm om mO mm OH m m m cm O HI 0 HH Ow mm mm mm mm mm mv mm 0O Om om m m Hm OO m HI EU HH mm mm Hm NV mm Hm mm vm 0O mm m m m o mO m OImH O o H Om mm mv OH HO Hm Om mv ow mm MH m m H mm H Hlmm ZO HHH mv mm mm om mm mv om mm mm mm OH HH O Om HO m ml EU HH we mv mo mO mO mm vm om Hm Om m m H H CO m mlwm EU 0 H mm mm Hm wv mm Om mO HO OO mm 0H m m m mO H .mOEImHM .Omoz Oumz 6606 HO O: um HO mm O: OO O: O mm x O H O mm< 4m HO HO .mmHQ Ammuoum Ev Ammuoum Emmv OOOOOH mO>9.. mHmum HOUHOHHO mHmum OOHOOOHHO> mHQEmm I OQOQ 36m m XHQmem< -28- ON mmmd mmm ocmmmH HOLO. Om mama mmm pcmmmH Hom * Oum O HH Om Om mm OO Om HO Om Om NO Om OH O HH OO HO OO mIHN O O H Om mO OO Om OO mO OO OO NO OO ON O OH O OO OO OI O HH Hm OO NO OO OO OO OO OO OO OO ON OH HH NH mO NO NIH o O H Om OO Hm Om OO mm mm mO OO OO NN N HH OH NO HO OION O HH HO Om Hm Om Om OO OO mO Hm OO OH OH m O mO OO Num 6 O H OO OO HO OO OO mO OO OO OO Om mN O O N NO ON OIH o O H mm mm HO OO NO Om OO NO NO Om O OH O OO OO ON OINO 26 u H OO OO OO OO mO NO OO Om OO mO NH OH m O OO ON OIOH o O H Om Om OO OO OO HO OO HO OO OO O O O O OO ON mum O O H NO OO NO NO Om mm Om Om Om Nm mH O O OO OO mN OINH O HH OO HO OOH mO OO Om OO OO NO NO OH O N O OO ON NIO O HHH OO Om OO OO OO mO NO OO NO NO OH NH O OH OO ON mIO O HH mm mO Om OO Om HO OO mO OO NO HN O H OO mO NN H: O O H Om OO OO OO Om OO OO Om OO Nm OH m O O HO HN OIOH O u H OO OO mm OO OO HO NO Om Om OO OH O OH O HO ON OION O O H OO Om OO OO NO Hm OO NO NO OO OH HH O H OO OH NIO 0 HH Om Om NO OO HO mm NO Om OO Om OH N O O OO OH OION O HH mO OO Hm Om OO OO Om OO OO OO HH O m O. OO OH NIOH O HH OO mm OO NO Om OO OO mO OO OO mN O O O HO OH OIO O HHH NO OO OO Nm HO OO OO mO OO OO NH N O OH OO mH mIOH O HH OO Om Om OO Om OO mm OO Om Om HN N O NH OO OH .OOEIOHN .OOOO Oumz mOoo HO O: um OO OO O: OO OO O OO O O H O OOO Om mo Ho .OmHQ HOmHoum Ev Ammuoum 3mmv OOOOOH OOOH.. OHOOO HOOHOHHO OHOOO OOHOOOHHO> O mHQEmm I mme 3mm A.H.COUV m XHQmem< ON mOmQ mmm OcmOmH HOO.. ON mOmQ mmm OcmOmH H0O . mIOH U U H NO OO OO mO OO Om OO OO NO Om mH OH O O mm NN OImH O m H OO OO OO NO OO OO OO OO Om Om ON m O H Om HN OIO O O H mm OO OO HO OO mm HO OO OO mO ON OH O O Om ON HIO O Q H mO mO mO HO NO OO Om mO OO OO NN m O HO Om OH OHIm O U H HO mO OO OO OO Hm OO NO OO mO OH HH m O Om OH OINH U Q H HO OO OO OO NO OO OO NO OO OO ON mH O OH Om OH NIO O O H OO OO OO HO OO Om OO OO OOH mO mH OH O OO Om OH OIO O O H OO OO HOH OO mO Om OO NO OO mO OH mH O mH Om mH OIO U HH mm mO OO mO mO HO mO OO mm OO O OH m N Nm OH HHIHH O O H OO OO mO Om OO OO Om mm OO OO m mH O Om Om mH mIO O Q H OO mm mO OO Om mO OO OO OO Om mN O HH O ON NH _ OIm O O H HO Om mOH OO NO OO HO NO OOH OO OH HH m HN ON HH B OIO O O H mm Om Om OO mm Hm mm OO Om Nm HN m O O mm OH _ OHIm O o H OO mm mm Om OO Om mm OO OO Om ON N OH O Om O OIO O O H OO mO HO Om Om Om mO Om NO mO OH OH O O mm O HIO U HH Nm Om mO NO Om OO OO NO mO Om HN O O H Om O OIm O HH OO OO HO Om Om mm OO mO mO mO OH m O O Om O OIO 0 HH mO OO HO OO HO OO Om OO OO OO mH OH N OH Om m OIm O O H mm mO mO OO OO mO HO NO NO OO ON m OH O Hm O HIOH O o H Om mm NO OO OO mO OO OO mO NO mN HH mH N mm m OIm O Q H mm mm Om mO Om mO OO mO NO mO OH O O O Om N OHIm O m H OO OO mO OO OO HO mm Om OO Om OH O O O Om H .mOEImHNI .Omom OOO3 OOoo HO O: um OO OO O: OO OO O O: O O H O mO< Om O0 O0 .OmHO Ammuoom BO Ammuoum BmOV OOOOOH OOOH.. OHOOO HOOHOHHO OHOOO OOHOOOHHO> % mHOEmO I mumO 3mm A.H.COUV O XHOZOOOO O H 'a'ii-H MICHIGAN STATE UNIV. LIBRRRIES 31293102887555