THE SlGNEFBCANCE OF GROUND WATER IN THE - HOUGHTON LAKE DRAENAGE BASIN , Thesis for the Degree of M. S. MICHEGAN STATE UNl‘v'ERSiTY TED L. SWEARWGEN 1973 lllllllll u llllllallllll Q“ (m gnu Jill 1|| ”(MUM lflll * 3 129 sge 19.120705 .— THE SIGNIFICANCE OF GROUND WATER IN THE HOUGHTON LAKE DRAINAGE BASIN BY I a: 3 Ted Lé'Swearingen A THESIS Submitted to Michigan State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE Department of Geology 1973 _;’b a Pf?) I *9 CW My thanks are expressed to the Department of Natural ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Resources, Water Quality Control Division, State of Michigan, from whom I received assistance in collecting and compiling data, typing and drafting of maps for this thesis. I would like to express my regards to Kenneth E. Childs, Geologist, Special Projects Unit, Michigan Geological Survey, for his contribution of developing many of the ideas and goals in this thesis. My deepest thanks are expressed to Dr. Sam B. Upchurch, my Thesis Chairman, for his ideas, time, and help with the technical aspects of compiling a thesis. Thanks are expressed to the other committee members, Dr. C. E. Prouty and Dr. Harold B. Stonehouse for their assistance. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . ii LIST OF TABLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iv LIST OF FIGURES . . . . . . . . . . . . . v LIST OF APPENDIX TABLES . . . . . . . . . . . Vii LIST OF MAPS O O O O O O O O O O O O O . viii Chapter I. INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 II. HOUGHTON LAKE WATER BUDGET . . . . . . . 4 Major and Minor Tributaries and Outflow . . 5 Precipitation . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Evaporation . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 Change in Storage . . . . . . . . . . 17 Ground Water . . . . . . . . . . . 18 III. FLOW-NET ANALYSIS . . . . . . . . . . 25 Methodology . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 IV. APPLICATION OF THE WATER BUDGET MODEL . . . . 36 Calculation of Septic—Waste Loading . . . . 36 Other Applications . . . . . . . . . 38 V. CONCLUSIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 REFERENCES CITED . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 APPENDIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 iii Table l. 10. ll. 12. LIST OF TABLES Discharge in Cubic Feet per Second of Major Tributaries into Houghton Lake . . . . . Discharge in Acre Feet per Year of Major Tributaries into Houghton Lake . . . . . Drainage Area and Discharge Data (in cfs) Derived from United States Geological Survey Records and Used in the Drainage Area-Discharge Correlations . . . . . . . . . . . Precipitation on Houghton Lake . . . . . Evaporation from Houghton Lake (inches) . . Houghton Lake Water Levels . . . . . . . Houghton Lake—Water Budget . . . .. . . . Quantity of Ground Water Entering Houghton Lake Through 20 Feet of Soil Type A . . . . . Quantity of Ground Water Houghton Lake Through 20 Vertical Feet of Soil Type B . . . . Quantity of Ground Water Entering Houghton Lake Through 20 Feet of Soil Type C . . . . . Quantity of Ground Water Entering Houghton Lake Through 20 Feet of Soil Type D . . . . . Phosphorus Contribution Entering Houghton Lake Through Soil Type A, an Application of the Ground Water Volumes to Nutrient Loading into Houghton Lake . . . . . . . . . . iv Page 12 14 16 19 21 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1. Location of drains and tributaries flowing into Houghton Lake and the Muskegon River Outlet 2. Discharge correlation for The Cut versus the gage on the Muskegon River at Evart . . . 3. Discharge correlation for the gage near Houghton Lake Heights, Michigan versus the gage on the Muskegon River at Merritt Gage . . . . . 4. Discharge correlation for Spring Brook versus the gage on the Muskegon River at Evart . . 5. Discharge correlation for Denton Creek versus the gage on the Muskegon River at Evart . . 6. Discharge correlation for Knappen Creek versus the gage on the Muskegon River at Evart . . 7. Map showing identification number and location 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. of U.S.G.S. gaging stations, precipitation stations, and evaporation pans . . . . . Drainage Area--Discharge correlation for the period October, 1970, to September, 1971 . Drainage Area--Discharge correlation for October, 1970 . . . . . . . . . . Drainage Area--Discharge correlation for November, 1970 . . . . . . . . . . Drainage Area--Discharge correlation for December, 1970 . . . . . . . . . . Drainage Area--Discharge correlation for January, 1971 . . . . . . . . . . Drainage Area--Discharge correlation for February, 1971 O O . C O C O O O O Drainage Area--Discharge correlation for March, 1971 O O C O O O O C O I O O O V Page 56 57 58 59 60 10 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 Figure Page 15. Drainage Area--Discharge correlation for April, 1971 O O O O I O O O O I O O O O 68 16. Drainage Area--Discharge correlation for May, 1971 O O O O O O O O O O O O O O 69 17. Drainage Area--Discharge correlation for June, 1971 O I O O O I I O O I O O O O 70 18. Drainage Area-~Discharge correlation for July, 1971 O O O O O O O O O I O O O O 71 19. Drainage Area-~Discharge correlation for August, 1971 O O O O O O O O O O O O C O 72 20. Drainage Area--Discharge correlation for septenlber' 1971 O O O O I O O O O O I 73 21. Flow net of the Houghton Lake drainage basin . . 28 22. A diagramatic scheme of the Houghton Lake--Water Budget 0 O O O O O C O I O O O O O 23 23. A graphical representation of the Houghton Lake-- Water Budget . _. . . . . . . . . . . 24 vi LIST OF APPENDIX TABLES Table ~ Page A. List of Drains and Tributaries Established by Department of Natural Resources, Water Resources Committee, Inland Lakes Study Unit, State of Michigan . . . . . . . . 45 B. Soil Groups for Which Ground Water Volumes were calculated 0 O O O O O O O O O O I 46 C. Slope Computation for Ground Water in the Houghton Lake Drainage Basin . . . . . . 47 D. Hydraulic Conductivity Groups for Soils in the Houghton Lake Area . . . . . . . . . . 48 E. Selected Well Logs in the Houghton Lake Area for the 1973 Fence Diagram . . . . . . . . 49 vii LIST OF MAPS Map Page 1. Enlargement of Figure 21, Flow Net of the Houghton Lake Drainage Basin . . . . . . . 74 2. Fence Diagram Displaying Soil and Sediment Hydraulic Conductivity . . . . . . . . . 74 viii CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION Many of the lakes of Michigan have been considered as being spring fed (Door & Eschman, 1970). That is, a significant proportion of the water entering the lake basin is from ground water. Furthermore, where that ground water passes through populated areas (the occupied zone) it has been assumed that waste materials are transported to the lake (Ketelle & Uttormark, 1971). The State of Michigan has tentatively, identified Houghton Lake as being such a lake with possible associated ground-water contamination. From September 1971 to August 1972 the flux of water through the Houghton Lake system was monitored with the purpose of developing a water budget for the lake and evalu- ating the contribution by ground water to the system. In addition, that portion of the ground water that flowed into the lake from adjacent populated areas was determined by relating hydraulic conductivity of the soils to a depth of twenty feed around the lake shore to potentiometric slope of the water table. This allowed characterization of that proportion of the ground water that has the potential of chemical contamination of the lake system. Ground water that enters the lake from depths greater than twenty feet is not likely to contain nutrient concentrations higher than background levels (Childs, 1972). Houghton Lake is the largest inland lake in Michigan, and is located in the north-central section of the lower peninsula in Roscommon County. The lake basin was formed from the melting of an ice block that had broken away or had been separated from the retreiting glacier (Martin, 1958). There are three distinct types of glacial deposits in the area: (1) ground moraine, (2) marginal moraine, and (3) outwash. These deposits have resulted in a wide range of soil types with varying hydraulic conductivities. Consequently, the volumes of ground water entering the lake vary considerably from one area to another. The lake proper occupies an area of approximately 19,600 acres or 31.0 square miles, has an average depth of 8.7 feet, thermally stratifies during the summer months and is usually frozen over four to five months each year. The Houghton Lake drainage basin has an area of 218 square miles at the Muskegon River outlet (Miller and Thompson, 1970). Of the 218 square miles, the Higgins Lake drainage basin occupies 58 square miles, the Houghton Lake surface 31 square miles, and the major and minor tributaries to Houghton Lake receive runoff from 187 square miles which includes the Higgins Lake basin. A water budget was determined for Houghton Lake by using the mass-balance method. The budget includes calcu- lations for runoff, over-water precipitation, evaporation from the lake surface, outflow through the Muskegon River, and is solved for the unknown ground water. The budget covers the period from September 1971 through August 1972, with all calculations made on a monthly basis. This method results in an estimate of the total volume of ground water entering Houghton Lake. Flow-net analysis was used to determine the volume of ground water entering Houghton Lake through the upper twenty feet of sediment adjacent to the shoreline. Darcy's Law was used to solve for that volume of ground water. Consequently, a water-table potentiometric map and a flow net for the Houghton Lake drainage basin were required. A fence diagram was constructed and designed for depicting soil and sediment hydraulic conductivity to a depth of twenty feet along the shoreline of Houghton Lake. The volumes of ground water entering the lake through the twenty feet were determined for specified soil groups. The soil groups are based on similarities in phosphorus adsorption capacities (Erickson and Schneider, 1972) and hydraulic conductivities of the soils. The ultimate goal of this thesis is to generate reliable methodology that can be used to other lakes in Michigan, and to determine the significance of the volumes of ground water entering Houghton Lake. CHAPTER II HOUGHTON LAKE WATER BUDGET Total ground water input to Houghton Lake was esti- mated by establishing a water budget for the lake. The general mass balance equation for a water budget is I+P:G-0-E-T=AS. (1) Where; I equals the volume of runoff entering the lake from inflowing tributaries, P the precipitation falling on the lake surface, G the volume of ground water entering and leaving Houghton Lake, 0 represents the volume of discharge from Houghton Lake through the Muskegon River outlet, E the evaporation directly from the lake surface, T the tran- spiration from aquatic macrophytes, AS the change in lake level. Values can be determined for all parameters except ground water G, therefore, the equation can be reconstructed to solve for ground water and is stated as O+E+T+AS-P-I=:G. (2) The calculation of :G gives the net contribution by ground water to the lake after ground-water loss through interbasin flow. Major and Minor Tributaries andIOutflow There are four major tributaries flowing into Houghton Lake (Figure l), The Cut, Denton Creek, Knappen Creek and Spring Brook. The Muskegon River is the only surface water outlet from the lake. Discharge data are minimal for the major tributaries and on the Muskegon River near the outlet, therefore, to obtain values for runoff I, discharge correlation curves had to be determined for each major stream. Discharge correlations (Figures 2-6, see Appendix) for estimating the monthly discharge (Tables 1 and 2) for each major stream were determined by plotting available discharge data (United States Geological Survey, 1970) for the above streams against the continuously monitored Merritt (Gage no. 1210) and Evart (Gage no. 1215) on the Muskegon River (Figure 7). The mean discharge for the major tributaries was then determined from the cor- relations by plotting the known mean monthly discharge at the Evart gage. Four minor tributaries and twenty-eight drains were identified (State of Michigan, 1973) in the Houghton Lake drainage basin. Names and locations of these tributaries are listed in Appendix Table A and on Figure l. The monthly and annual volumes of water which the drains and minor tributaries contributed as a total to Houghton Lake were determined indirectly by correlating the volume of dis- charge against drainage-basin area for gaging stations on .umauso Hm>flm aommxmsz map can mxmq sounmsom once msHBOHm mmflumusnfluu cam msflmup mo GOHDMUOQII.H musmflm ...\.m.. -1... Cchz—JZ‘ “to I ...‘o. . oHNIOIWONi -....u. p . a .49.... .-.y.9~vv.E§.. .. . 91...? I... .9”. (WW I "v ‘.1. f N, D ’0. ‘ ‘1 if-.. -7--.- . arsx. -' o .0 o‘ ' ‘4 M 1% XX“! 4 IHI’. ) ' ...T-IQIQ nu .. t". ;' ‘5‘ V U ‘ . .. ...- m 354595. .9632 ..\ 1.112.... 1 .3 so: to zoiuumanlll (’1' 3.5595 moZzia 3.59595 «oz... II 6" - . -..9 mzimoinncel . .. (NW, if ozmoun _ -- v.11- 3% «am» 5:; «87:8. 62:50 83.2% [_J._ _ h r. . mm_m<._.3m_m._. oz< mz_m wsu sues msoepmamuuou mmumgomflo Eoum moms msoflpmasoamom H em sea a me e.m mm. e.m mew msma .msa moa meH Ha mm m.H v. m.H omm whoa saga owa mma NH me m.m m. m.m owe whoa mash omm owm ma moa n m.H mm Hmm9a mnma >62 chm n.aom om mna m m.m we mmm9m mnma flamed wed mom mm mm v.m ms. o.m mmm whoa sons: mm m.oh m mm o.m me. m.m mum whoa .nmm on m.mm a me m.m m. m.m mew mnma .smn moa vva ma mm m.m m. m.m mom anma .omo he v.wm ma m.mm m.H hm. m.a mme Huma .>oz Hm me e Hm mm.H mm. e.H owe asma .uoo we b.mn Ha mm v.H om. H.H mmv Huma .umom vmabso upflnumz mammuuw p90 xmmuu Mooum xmmuu Dum>m Hmmw Epcoz map #6 whose: one smmmmsx msflnmm sowamo .m .xmsz mommw uuflnumz um names so ommmm ocezoamhso Hmmmw Dnm>m so Ummmm mcflsonCH .mxmq cousmnom ODGH meHmusneua Homo: mo osoomm Hmm Doom OAQSU CH mmumnomfloll.a mamas omH9m mmm owm9m .mwa o.mm .mom mead .msm oov90 ohm omH.m .HHH o.vm .SHH mead >H5b omm9m van oom9m .nma m.mm .mom whoa mczh mNo9N wmm omm9m ¢.om¢ mm.mm .omm9H whoa >62 omo9mm onm.m oav.oa o.m>> m.woa .wa9v mmma Heumm omm.m omh9a onm.m .mom m.w¢ .oov whoa nouns onm.m owe oam9m .mHH n.vm .mma whoa .Qmm oom.v mvm omm9m .Hwa 5.0m .hma mnma .cmo omv9m mmm om09w .owm N.mw .mmm Hnma .omo oom9~ vmm omm9a «.mm m.mm m.mm anma .>oz ovH9m mvm 0Hm9H m.mm m.Hm H.wm ahma .Doo ovm9m mmm omn.a m.mm a.>a m.mo Huma .Dmmm umauso .mnflue #50 xmmuo xooum xmmuo Hmmw absoz wan um Home: one smmmmam mafiumm cousmo .m .xmsz .mxmq aouamsom ODGH mmflnmusbflua Homo: mo Hmmw Mom ummm muod CH mmumsomflall.m mamas 10 Hougfi to n Lake 56 5.5 c. 13 713 1.3 O a: Q68 o“ . 53° .9 Q? Figure 7.--Map showing identification number and location of U.S.G.S. gaging stations, precipitation stations,X and evaporation pans. ll rivers in the Houghton Lake vicinity. The following pro- cedure was used to estimate runoff from the minor tributaries and drains: 1. Correlations were made (Figures 8-20, see Appendix) of drainage area versus mean annual and monthly discharge (Table 3) for gages on rivers and streams within approximately 50 miles of Houghton Lake (Figure 1). 2. The drainage area of the minor tributaries was determined from the flow net (Figure 21, see page 28) and equals approximately 22 square miles. 3. The mean annual discharge correlation was based on discharge data for the water year 1970. Variations in mean discharge occur each year. Gage data for the water year 1971 were not available at the time of this thesis for streams outside of the Houghton Lake area. The correlations of drainage basin area versus discharge and the discharge correlations in all cases have a statis- tical significance of 0.01 = P. The major tributaries contributed 56,800 acre feet of water to the lake during the annual period from September 1971 through August 1972. The minor tributaries and drains added another 11,700 acre feet of water to the lake surface, for a total of 68,500 acre feet. This volume represents the largest single volume of water entering the lake. Total outflow through the Muskegon River outlet, near Houghton Heights, was approximately 95,300 acre feet for the annual period. 12 vna hma mwa mmm mvm moma mob one mmm mew one «am ewe mmma mmo. omo. mmo. ma. mm. mm.m mh.a am. mm. mm. mm. mm. ma.a oava m.mm n.mm a.mm oma oma mmv wam sma oma ona mam oma naa mova ww.n mo.n om.m m.ma am m.nh m.mm am m.ma m.nm «.mm m.va v.am ooea m.mw m.om a.wm m.vm .m.hm mmm baa m.qm m.mm moa mma a.mm m.wm mama m.mm mm m.ov m.om a.>m mma m.am >.am m.mv m.mm mm m.nv n.mm omma mum nmm mmo mwaa omwa avmm vmma mvoa mmm moma vmma omoa ooa.a moma mma mma vma mmm mmm ohm vom mmm mam mom mom aam aoe nmma m.mv «.mv a.ov «.mm m.vn maa v.mm m.¢v «.mv m.mm m.mm v.am we omma m.hm m.m> m.mh a.hm boa mva m.mm mo m.on m.mm m.mm m.on oaa mmma mma hma mma mom mmm vmm mma spa ona mma mma ama mma mmma m.mn m.mh h.mn m.am vma mam mna mma maa bma mma v.m> mvm mama h.mh vma hma mmm amv own avm awn aam mmv mmm vam mmm oama .ummm .msa wash mama .wmz .Hmm .Hmz .Qmm .cmo .omo .>oz. .uoo mmaaz .qm .oz soabmum mwum .m.o.m.D .Aahma ..ummm I onma ..uoov mcoaumamnnoo mmnmnomaonmmum mmmcamno may ca mom: mam mmuoomm >m>u5m amoamanmo mmumum panama Eoum mm>aumo Ammo Gav mumo mmumnomao mam mend momsamuoll.m mamme 13 Precipitation Daily precipitation measurements for Houghton Lake were taken by the United States Department of Commerce, National Weather Service. Data for precipitation (P) used 'in equation (2) were obtained from the climatological station at Houghton Lake WSO AP (airport) and the Houghton Lake 3 NW station. The Houghton Lake 3 NW station is located on the southwest side of Houghton Lake in Houghton Heights (Figure 7), and the Houghton Lake WSO AP station is located at the Roscommon County Airport to the northeast of the lake. Because these two stations are located on opposite sides of this large inland lake, an average (Table 4) of the two stations gives a good estimate of precipitation falling on the lake. Houghton Lake was frozen from November 22 to Decem- ber 14, 1971, and again from December 15, 1971 to April 29, 1972. When the lake was covered with ice, precipitation was not included in the monthly calculation since the water that was stored on the ice had no way of entering the lake. During periods of melting the total precipitation that had fallen on the ice up to that time was included within the month of the melt. Approximately 27.7 inches of precipitation fell at the Houghton Lake 3 NW station and 24.6 inches fell at the Houghton Lake WSO AP station during the period of September 1971 through August 1972. The average over-water .Umuame moa mama Z 14 ooo.me oom.oe mm.am maoa mm.ma oom9mm mm.am ea.oa mmma amaoa omm.m omm.a mm.a mm.a oam.m mm.m mm.m .mama .msm oma9e oma.e mm.m mm.m oaa9m aa.a am.m mama mass omm.m oam.m oo.m oo.m oom9m ma.m ma.m mama mass omo.m omm.m ma.a ma.a oma.m mm.a mm.a mama .mms oom.ma oom9ma mo.m oom9ma aa.m ammo s s mama .uam o o o mm.a o o aa.a mama .aa« 0 o o mm.m meaamm o o mm.m moaumm mama .umz o o 0 mm. mane o o ma.a maaa mama .hmm o o 0 mm. amuoum mama o 0 mm. ammoam mama mama .cmm mm.m ma.m amav aama .omo oom.e oam.m oa.m mm.a , z oom.m am.m mo.m as .mmo ma. am. ammo aama .>oz oom9a omm.a mm.a mm.a oam.a aa.a aa.a aama .>oz oma oaa am. am. com mm. mm. aama .moo omm9m omm9a mm.a mm.a omm.m mo.m mo.m aama .uamm .um\mno< .um\muo¢ .02 Mom moa :0 .ca Hmm .uomm .02 mom moa co .ca\.uomm ummw mpcoz .m>a .a.m om amaoa mama .moam .momm .mm mama ammoa mama .moam mum .uomm ma omz mama couzmsom 32 m mama comamsom .mama counmsom co ceaumuamaomumll.v mamde 15 precipitation added to the lake, calculated from the two stations, was 26.15 inches or 43,000 acre feet. Evaporation Evaporation (E) (Table 5) from the surface of Houghton Lake during the period September, 1971 through August, 1972 was determined by using Class A Pan evaporation measurements (United States Department of Commerce, 1959) made by the National Weather Service at Lupton and Lake City, Michigan. The Lake City Pan gage is located west of Houghton Lake, and the Lupton gage to the northeast (Figure 7). An average calculation was made using both gages in order to reduce the possibility of error at one of the stations. Class A Pan measurements are available from these two stations for the months of May through October for each year. Pan data were not available for the winter months, therefore, an estimate had to be made for that period. Class A Pan measurements for the six months of May through October are believed to represent 80% of the total evapo- ration for the entire year (United States Department of Commerce, 1959) in the Houghton Lake area. This percentage is based on the average temperatures for the area, number of cloudy days, and latitude. The estimated evaporation was divided equally for the months with no available evapo- ration data. Evaporation for January through April was accumulated and used in the month of April, in order to l6 .coaumasoamo aaamd Ca UmGSaoca aaamd amsoaau .cmo mo apCOE map aOm coaumaomm>m a. ooa.ma mm.am om.om om.mm mm.a om.om a.mm m.om aa.m a.mm ammoa omm.m mm.a mm.m mm.a mm.m mm.a mama .mza oam9m ma.m mm.m aa.a mm.a oa.m mama aama omm.m mm.a mm.a mm.m mm.a mm.a mama mama omm9m am.m mm.m am.a oa.m am.m mama amz mall omm9a am. mm.a mm.a Ia.w am.a mam om. aqmuoo.a mama .aaa omm.a am. mm.a am.a om. mm.a mama .amz omm9a am. mm.a am.a om. mm.a mama .ama omm.a am. mm.a am.a om. mm.a mama a.cms omm9a am. mm.a am.a om. mm.a aama .omo oom9a am. mm.a am.a mm. aa.a aama .>oz oam.m mm.a mm.a oo.m mm.a mm.a aama .moo omm.v om.m om.m mm.a om.m mm.a aama .mamm ummh mama mmmmu .mm>m .Qm>m .mm>m .Qm>m .mm>m .mm>m .mm>m .Qm>m Hmm» awcoz ou .>:OO O39 mama .cca .Umm .umm czoca mama .cca .umm .umm czoca .m>< Am. x mmv Am. a mmv mmmu cmm xuao mama mmmo smm coumsa .Ammaosav mama couamsom Eouw coaumaomm>mnl.m mamde 17 correspond with precipitation data. Evaporation for months with partial data were extrapolated for the whole month on a percentage basis. Pan evaporation cannot be used directly for lake evaporation, since there are differences in heat transfer between the pan and the open lake system. Lake evaporation for the Houghton Lake area is estimated by multiplying the Class A Pan measurement by 0.8 (United States Department of Commerce, 1959). During the annual period from September 1971 through August 1972 approximately 45,100acre-feet (2.3 feet) of water evaporated from the surface of Houghton Lake. There was a net loss, considering precipitation and evaporation, of 2,100 acre feet of water from the surface of Houghton Lake during the annual period. Transpiration from aquatic macrophytes has not been included in the water budget. It is believed that, due to; (l) the large volume of evaporation from the lake, (2) the relatively small area which the plants occupy, (3) the vertical type of leaves on the majority of the plants, and (4) the short duration each year that the stems are above lake level, that transpiration is likely to be a relatively minor source of water loss from the lake. Change in Storage The water level in Houghton Lake may fluctuate from V month to month because of adjustments made on the stop logs 18 at the Reedsburg Dam (Figure 7) on the Muskegon River. The change in storage within the lake can be determined from readings taken at the staff gage at the outlet of the Muskegon River. The water levels were obtained (Table 6) from United States Geological Survey continuously monitored by gage recordings at the Muskegon River Outlet. The monthly change in storage in Houghton Lake was significant. For example, between December 1, 1971 and January 1, 1972 the lake level rose 15,000 acre-feet or more than 0.75 feet. Between May 1, 1972 and June 1, 1972 the lake level was lowered 12,000 acre-feet or approximately 0.66 feet. The net change in lake level from September 1, 1971 to Septem- ber 1, 1972 was a rise of 13,000 acre-feet. Therefore, utilizing equation (2) without an account of change in storage would have resulted in a volume for ground water that was 13,000 acre-feet less than the actual figure obtained. Ground Water The total volume of ground water entering Houghton Lake from September,l97l, through August, 1972, was deter- mined by substituting the previously mentioned variables into equation (2). The resulting volume of ground water (G) entering the lake was 43,900 acre feet. There were two months in which ground water appeared to be flowing out of Houghton Lake. The month of September, 1971, showed a 19 * TABLE 6.--Houghton Lake Water Levels. Date Reading AS(ft.) AS(Acre/ft.) Sept. 1, 1971 7.64 -.19 - 3,700 Oct. 1, 1971 7.45 +.03 + 590 Nov. 1, 1971 7.48 +.20 + 3,900 Dec. 1, 1971 7.68 +.77 +15,000 Jan. 1, 1972 8.45 +.37 + 7,300 Feb. 1, 1972 8.82 +.25 + 4,900 Mar. 1, 1972 9.07 +.02 + 390 Apr. 1, 1972 9.09 +.26 + 5,100 May 1, 1972 9.35 -.63 -12,000 June 1, 1972 8.72 -.30 - 5,900 July 1, 1972 8.42 -.40 - 7,800 Aug. 1, 1972 8.02 +.26 + 5,100 Sept. 1, 1972 8.28 +13,000 27 near outlet of Muskegon River. * U.S.G.S. staff gage located at bridge on old U.S. 20 ground water loss from the lake of -715 acre-feet. Nothing unusual occurred during the month (Table 7), there was a lowering of lake level of 3,700 acre feet, however this would be expected because evaporation (E) was greater than precipitation (P) and outflow exceeded inflow. The lake level according to the staff gage at the mouth of the Muskegon River (Table 6) had a reading of 7.45 on October 1, 1971, this reading is the lowest recorded for the period from September, 1971, through August, 1972. Therefore, it is likely that the water table in the area during that period was low and that ground water input was minimal, resulting in a net loss of ground water from the lake. This loss probably occurred from lake water moving into the glacial outwash channel on the northeast side of the lake near the outlet of the Muskegon River. July, 1972, also showed a negative value for ground water of -810 acre- feet. It is evident that, as precipitation increases during the winter and spring months, ground-water input is at its highest. During the summer months, when precipitation is low and evaporation high, there is a possibility that ground- water loss from the lake exceeds ground-water flow into the lake system. The water budget cannot actually identify a ground water loss but only implies the same. The water-budget for Houghton Lake is most reliable when interpreted on an annual basis. Interpretations made on a monthly basis are subject to erronious conclusions 21 .Aaanamav Hmmw msoa>mam mo mcmmE so mmmmn .msd snap .uoo Eonw mmaamusaaau Hosaa mo mmamaomao ooo.mm oom.av+ oom9mm ooo9ma+ ooa.me ooo.me ooa.aa oomeom maaaoa omm.m + oma9m ooa.m + omm9m omm9m mmm omo.m mama .msd oam I ome9w oom9a I oam.m ooa.e mam ooe9m mama maSW omo.m + omm.m oom.m I omm9m omm9m eaa oam.m mama mach oma.m + omm9om ooo.maI omm.m oeo.m vmm coe9aa mama mm: omm + omo.mm ooa9m omm.m oom9ma oam.m omm.ma mama aaama omm.m + 0mm9m omm oma.a mmm9e mama aoamz oma.m + oam.m oom.e owe 0mm9m mama .Qmm mov.m + oom9e oom9a mam omm9m mama .cmh oom9ma+ ome90 ooo.ma omv9a oom9v mmm omm.e aama .omo oam.m + oom.m oom.m oom.a oom.a «mm oma.m aama .>oz oom.m + ova.m omm oam.m oma mem oma.m aama .uoo man I oem.m ooa9m I omm.v omm9m mmw oomea aama .pmmm Hmumz 30ampso mmmaoam .mm>m .omnm «Hocaz Hemmz Hmmw apcoz Ocsouw ca mmcmao mmaamusaaaa .3.Ua o+ m [mafia 20.236301 .pmmmsm HmpszImama coaamsom may no coaumusmmmamma amoasmmam aII.mm mammam 24 :ototqmaaot ammo} - x6530 20.168396 bcaoao >35: QQ 1 .T. . ...1 . 3 D a . O «a . . . . 1 J 9 r 1 1 .1 ooomm . T .1. .11 . ooomm W a r... ..1 D I: o. .1 d M. m a. .1 u .1? . a .1 J. .D O OOQOm 1. ..1.. v.1 v OOOUm In H I... ._ .9”; a O M D n D .L ”a a u. M. I. ooo.ma.. . oooma u we m a uq u a u .D 1 - III fl ooo.ooa ooooo 335:0 M11: 2.. awooam Eta: I. ma 3 Zoaroaot CHAPTER III FLOW-NET ANALYSIS Flow-net analysis or simply a flow net and the use of Darcy's Law can be used to determine the volume of ground water entering Houghton Lake. With this method only the volume Of ground water moving through the upper twenty feet was calculated. Characterization of the volume of ground water moving through this twenty feet is important because .it has the potential of chemical contamination from fertili- zation and domestic sewage—disposal practices. To understand the significance of ground-water flow through the occupied I zone the volumes can be compared to the total volume of ground water entering the lake as calculated in the water- budget of Houghton Lake. Darcy's Law will be used to make the ground water calculations. The law is expressed as q = Q/A = th/dl (3) where q equals the rate of discharge, Q equals flow rate, K is the hydraulic conductivity of the soil and sediment, A equals cross-sectional area available for ground-water movement, and dh/dl equals the change in potentiometric 25 26 slope from the ground-water divides to the discharge area, Houghton Lake. For the problem in this thesis the equation can be restated as Q = Ath/dl (4) Use of Darcy's Law, requires that methods be established to determine values for area, slope of the water table, and hydraulic conductivity of the soil and sediment. Slope of the potentiometric surface in the Houghton Lake drainage basin was obtained from the construction of the flow net (Figure 21). The cross-sectional area through which the ground water flows was determined from the construction of a fence diagram (Map 2, see Appendix) displaying sediment hydraulic conductivity in cross-section adjacent to the shoreline of Houghton Lake. Hydraulic conductivity of the soils and sediments below the soil zone were determined from published data (Erickson and Schneider, 1972) and interpretations made from the fence diagram. Methodology One of the unknown variables of Darcy's equation (4) is the hydraulic gradient or slope dh/dl. Slopes were determined along each streamline on the flow net. The streamlines were usually spaced approximately one mile ‘apart at the lake shore. However, where the flow lines intersected the boundaries of the flow net, the streamlines 27 may have been several miles apart, and had considerable differences in hydraulic gradient. Therefore, a calcu- lation for slope (Appendix Table C) was made for stream— lines on each side of a flow-net section (Figure 21) and then the two slopes were averaged to obtain a single slope for the section. Hydraulic conductivity K of the soil and sediments surrounding Houghton Lake was determined from Erickson and Schneider (1972). The hydraulic conductivity of the parent material, the soil horizon most closely resembling the original sediment deposited in the area, was used to estimate the conductivities of the sediments below the soil zone. There are nine soil types bordering the shore- line of Houghton Lake. These soils have hydraulic con- ductivities from 0.2 to 86.3 inches per hour. To facilitate the use of these values in Darcy's Equation (4) the soils were grouped into three categories (Appendix Table D). The hydraulic conductivity for each group was determined by the following procedures: (1) determining the percent of total shoreline which each group occupied, (2) determining the percent of shoreline which each soil occupied within its own group, (3) multiplying the percent of shoreline which each soil occupied within its own group, by the hydraulic conductivities of the parent material of each soil member of the group, (4) adding all the calculations derived for each soil type within a group together to obtain a group 28 Figure 21.--Flow net of the Houghton Lake drainage basin. 29 NOUOHVON LAKE ' 0/ . .. \ , an..-. \ . ' . 1 ’ _‘_,' ,f >__ i‘ x .’ A) ~7- ' ! 7‘ O ' | ‘ " ,\ ‘ mm ' »— _ .1. ‘ . .. .. . O. ..R _ " 1L Axa WI» - q * ‘ : _ c" . .. ' < . g .. , . .. ‘ . ' HOUGHTON LAKE AREA ' > " ‘ " FLOW NET . < ' Q - Dionn- a you“ can: cue-on » - _ _ .124) Anon-A IW has but" Ibo.) M ‘ / . :I ‘-. 'ln Ibo. ' L (9 no- 00' an... out." GROUND “Til DWI“. . — low — Hum - - - - P70..." “out". by - - I1. Ch“. I 7..“UMQOI J In no." -- ‘ J 1 Don ------ USO/7! COUNTY OLAWON 30 hydraulic conductivity. Due to the fact that these groups Were based on the hydraulic conductivities of soils at the surface and ground water volumes are being calculated for depths to twenty feet, a method was needed to display con— ductivity changes below the soil zone. Therefore, a fence diagram displaying relative sediment conductivities was constructed for the Houghton Lake shoreline. The fence diagram (Map 2) was constructed from information (Appendix Table E) derived from logs of 81 water wells (Michigan Geological Survey-water well files) and 36 personally in- stalled water wells and borings (Williams and Works, 1971) made in the Houghton Lake area. Two distinct areas are shown on the fence diagram (Map 2); (1) areas with low hydraulic conductivity or less than 1.0 inches per hour, and (2) areas with high conductivity or 1.0 to 83.6 inches per hour. A cross-section (Map 2) covering the same area as the fence diagram, was also constructed to facilitate a determination for area A. The areas were calculated with the aid of a planimeter for each soil group that occurred within a flow net section (Map 2). These soil groups (Appendix Table B) were based on phosphorus absorption capacities of the soils (Erickson and Schneider, 1972). Results The volume of ground water entering Houghton Lake through the upper twenty feet in soil group A (Table 8) was 31 TABLE 8.--Quantity of Ground Water Entering Houghton Lake Through 20 Feet of Soil Type A. Flow Net Area Hydraul. Total for Section# (ft.2) X Conduct. X Slope = (ft.3/day) Section ft./day Quantity (Soil Type A) (ft.3/day) 1 12,407 172.60 .0027 5,782 20,422 41.38 2,282 11,089 1.65 49 8,113 2 None ’ 3 77,895 41.38 .0016 5,157 5,157 4 116,842 41.38 .0013 6,284 6,284 5 50,190 41.38 .0018 3,738 3,738 6 124,471 41.38 .0021 10,816 10,816 7 78,751 41.38 .0032 10,428 18,970 1.65 .0032 100 10,528 8 77,736 41.38 .0035 11,259 2,947 1.65 .0035 17 11,275 9 None 10 205,980 41.38 .0024 20,456 7,328 1.65 .0024 29 20,485 11 31,058 41.38 .0030 3,856 16,723 1.65 .0030 83 3,938 12 69,816 41.38 .0026 7,511 81,958 1.65 .0026 352 7,862 13 92,148 41.38 .0019 7,245 50,811 1.65 .0019 159 7,404 14 106,656 41.38 .0019 8,358 8,358 15 72,622 41.38 .0013 3,907 34,034 1.65 .0013 73 3,979 16 43,346 41.38 .0013 2,332 59,443 1.65 .0013 128 2,459 17 16,462 41.38 .0030 2,044 101,585 1.65 .0030 503 2,546 18 11,042 41.38 .0038 1,736 14,254 1.65 .0038 89 1,825 19 None 20 24,794 41.38 .0141 14,466 99,276 1.65 .0141 2,310 16,775 21 29,737 41.38 .0078 9,598 11,041 1.65 .0078 142 9,740 22 105,600 41.38 .0042 18,353 18,353 23 110,418 41.38 .0029 13,250 13,250 24 144,145 41.38 .0022 13,122 13,122 Total all Type A Soil 186,000 Average Quantity of Water per mile (18.0 Miles) 10,330 Average Quantity of Water per mile/2 feet 1,033 32 calculated as 1,560 acre feet per year, this volume repre- sents the largest amount of ground water entering the lake of the four soil groups. A close second with 1,500 acre feet per year of ground water entering Houghton Lake was soil group B. However, soil group B has a larger volume per mile 319 acre feet per year compared to soil group A with 86 acre feet per year per mile. This occurred because there are only 4.75 miles of soil group B compared to 18 miles of shoreline occupied by soil group A. The ground water entering Houghton Lake through soil group C is 23 acre feet per year and 6.6 acre feet per mile per year (Table 10). Soil Type D (Table 11) has a ground water input of 9.0 acre-feet per year per mile. Soil groups C and D have considerably lower volumes of ground water input compared to groups A and B because C and D soils are predominantly composed of fine size sediment and have hydraulic conduCtivities less than 1.65 feet per day. The total volume of ground water entering Houghton Lake through the upper twenty vertical feet of sediment adjacent to the shoreline of the lake equals approximately 3,100 acre feet per year. Slightly over one-half of the ground water entering Houghton Lake through the occupied zone enters through soil group A. All but 32 acre feet per year of the remaining volume enters the lake through soil group B, therefore, soil type A and B are the major areas of concern. 33 TABLE 9.--Quantity of Ground Water Houghton Lake Through 20 Vertical Feet of Soil Type B. Flow Net Area Hydraul. Total for Section# (ft.2) X Conduct. X Slope = (ft.3/day) Section ft./day Quantity (ft.3/day) 1 60,228 172.60 .0027 28,067 67,757 41.38 7,570 35,640 38,947 172.60 19,495 69,061 41.38 8,288 27,780 13,652 172.60 4,241 43,766 41.38 3,260 7,501 4,068 172.60 2,247 4,716 1.65 24.89 2,272 31,134 172.60 .0035 18,810 18,810 36,763 172.60 .0030 19,036 7,003 1.65 34.66 19,070 51,696 172.60 .0078 69,600 11,042 1.65 142 69,740 Total Soil Type B 180,800 Average quantity of water per mile (4.75 miles) 38,060 Average quantity of water per mile/2' 3,806 34 TABLE 10.--Quantity of Ground Water Entering Houghton Lake Through 20 Feet of Soil Type C. Flow Net Area Hydraul. Total for Section# (ft.2) X Conduct. X Slope = (ft.3/day) Section ft./day ft./ft. Quantity (ft.3/day) 9 60,230 1.65 .0030 298.1 298.1 10 155,600 1.65 .0024 619.1 619.1 11 110,400 1.65 .0030 546.6 546.6 19 75,490 1.65 .0103 1,283.0 1,283.0 Total for Soil Type C 2,747.0 Average Quantity of water per mile (3.5 miles) 785.0 Average Quantity of water per mile/2' 78.4 TABLE 11.--Quantity of Ground Through 20 Feet Water Entering Houghton Lake of Soil Type D. Flow Net Area Hydraul. 3 Total for Section# (ft.2) X Conduct. X Slope = (ft. /day) Section ft./day ft./ft. Quantity (ft.3/day) 18 82,710 1.65 .0038 518.6 518.6 19 32,520 1.65 .0103 552.7 552.7 Total for Soil Type D 1,071.0 Average Quantity of water Average Quantity of water Total value of ground wate through all soil groups, t feet below the water table 370 3 Equals or per mile (1.00 miles) per mile/2' r entering Houghton Lake 0 a depth of 20 vertical ,600 ft.3/day ,098 acre ft./yr. 35 The flow net (Figure 21) indicates that ground water must flow toward Houghton Lake. The potentiometric surface (Appendix Table C) of the ground water in the Houghton Lake basin varies considerably and ranges from 6.66 to 74.25 feet per mile. The slopes are highest along the Houghton Lake moraine on the southeast and are lowest on the west shore and near the Muskegon River Outlet. If lake waters were to move out of the lake via the ground water it would most likely occur along the east side of the lake and near the Muskegon River outlet where a large glacial outwash channel follows the present Muskegon River system. CHAPTER IV APPLICATION OF THE WATER BUDGET MODEL Calculation of Septic-Waste Loading The model developed in Chapter III, may be applied to calculate nutrient or chemical flux into Houghton Lake. For example, the State of Michigan, Water Resources Com- mission, Special Projects Unit will use a model, such as is presented in this thesis, to determine phosphorus loading into Houghton Lake via ground water. The Special Projects Unit used the following procedure: 1. They installed shallow, water wells in various soil groups based on phosphorus absorption of the soil, to determine ground-water quality entering the lake. The volume of ground water moving into Houghton Lake through the occupied zone, as developed in the model, was multiplied by the mass of phosphate to determine pounds of phosphorus entering Houghton Lake. Phosphorus entering Houghton Lake due to domestic discharge was determined by establishing what the background ground-water quality was in the area, and subtracting those values from the total phosphorus input. Background values (.005 for phosphorus) were determined by sampling ground water, in isolated areas near Houghton Lake. Table 12, is a good illustration of how the phosphorus contribution entering Houghton Lake through soil type A, can be determined by using data from the model developed within this thesis. 36 37 .mHHs\»mox.nH mommoo. n mmflmoo. ocsoumxomm I mmnmoo. fiance moon .om cam m©fl3 mHHE a cofluomm o How m Hflom How COADSQAHDQOU momuo>¢ .1 ACOHMMHDUHMU pass muommoum Hmwommm I cmoflcoflz mo mumumv >86\.BH mamwmo. u mmafle ma mammafls x mommoo. u a new Hmuoe mmwmqqm mane. mmomv.a ma.amm.oa H40. mam.m moo. acsoumxomm .oHemoo. Axoflru .o~\.HEV eamzH gases Hmwooo. omnhoo. mav.mmo.a qmmo. mom.m moo. .omlma Hmvooo. omnnoo. mav.mmo.a vomo. mvm.m Boo. .mHIoH Hmvooo. omnnoo. mav.mmo.a vmmo. mom.m moo. .oauva mmmooo. omnwoo. mav.mmo.a navo. mvm.o moo. .vanma nmmooo. omnnoo. mHv.mmo.H Homo. mom.m moo. .maloa oamooo. omnnoo. mav.mmo.a mooo. mom.m moo. .oHIm ammooo. omnmoo. maq.mmo.a Hmno. mvm.m ooo. .m no nmmooo. omnnoo. mav.mmo.a Homo. mom.m moo. .o Iv hmmooo. omwnoo. mav.mmo.a Homo. mvm.w woo. . .v IN mwvaoo. omnnoo. mav.mmo.a mama. mom.m mmo. .N no xoflne .N xoflse .m .fla\>m6\.mna \maflz\mmo .N\.Ae .Hmo . mass HHom . \.Hmo.HHHz GIOH x \Amcxm.um .Haflz\mna mvm.m1 1sam1 manme Hana; SHSB counmso: mmumsomflo u ommomv.h x mmnmnomfla mduozmmozm u Houomm x .ucwocoo Zonm Spams oucH omoq .3.o Houomm .z.w H puma coo: monogamozm HH puma HH uumm X H “Ham .mxmq cousmsom oucfl mcflomoq ucwflnpsz ou mesHo> kumz ocoouo opp mo coflumoflaamd cm .< moms HHom nosoucfi wxmq counmsom mcfluwucm coflusnfluucou monogamogmll.ma mqmde 38 Other Applications l. Interpretations made from the flow-net and ground-water-input data can be used in the planning and location of waste disposal facilities. 2. The total ground-water-input determined from surface water data, enables an estimate to be made of chemical flux via ground water below the occupied zone. 3. The volumes of all water entering and leaving Houghton Lake could be used to establish sources of high nutrients, and a nutrient budget for the entire lake. 4. The consumptive use of ground and surface waters could be allocated on the basis of a rational estimate of availability and resupply potential. CHAPTER V CONCLUSIONS Houghton Lake is only partially maintained by in- flowing ground water. The majority of the water entering the lake enters via the major and minor tributaries. Ground water contributes approximately 38 percent of the total ground and surface water entering the lake. The total volume of ground water entering the lake is 41,900 acre feet, of which 3,100 acre feet or 7.3 percent moves through the upper twenty feet in the occupied shore area. To best exemplify the significance of the volume of ground—water input to the lake, nutrient loading to the lake based on the above volumes can be used. The volume of ground water moving into Houghton Lake through the occupied zone, transports into the lake approximately 115 pounds of phosphate per year less background. The majority of the ground water moving into Houghton Lake below the occupied zone transports a minimum of approximately 75 pounds of phosphate into the lake system, as calculated from background values. In summary, only minor volumes of ground water enter Houghton Lake through the upper twenty feet of 39 40 sediment. Ground water in the Houghton Lake drainage basin, therefore, moves in a downward pattern in the recharge areas and then up into the discharge area (Houghton Lake). Conse- quently, most of the ground water moves under the occupied area. Further, if all of the ground water had moved hori- zontally into the lake through the occupied zone, nutrient loading to the lake might be as much as ten times greater than the present load rate. The volume of ground water entering Houghton Lake is less than the volume of surface water flow into the lake, this is probably due to the fact that Houghton Lake is shallow and only receives ground water from relatively shallow depths compared to other deeper lakes, and to the fact that there are several important tributaries to the large lake which discharge large volumes of surface water. Whether Houghton Lake or any lake receives the majority of its water from ground or surface waters, the volume of ground water that passes through the occupied zone is the water that is significant and has the potential of chemical contamination of Michigan's inland lakes. REFERENCES CITED 41 REFERENCES CITED Childs, K. E., 1972. "Houghton Lake Preliminary Progress Report," State of Michigan, Water Quality Control Division, Special Projects Unit, Ch. 2. Dorr, J. A., and Eschman, D. F., 1970. "Geology of Michigan,“ Ann Arbor, The University of Michigan Press, pp. 181-182. Erickson, A. E., and Schneider I. F., 1972. "Soil Limi- tations for Disposal of Municipal Waste Waters," Research Report 195, Farm Bureau at the Agricultural Experiment Station in East Lansing, published in cooperation with Michigan Water Resources Commission. Kettelle, M. J., and Uttormark, P. D., 1971. "Problem Lakes in the United States," The University of Wisconsin, Water Resources Center, Technical Report 160 10, p. 38. Lohman, S. W., 1972. "Ground Water Hydraulics," United States Geological Survey Professional Paper 708, p. 10. Martin, Helen M., 1958. "Outline of the Geologic History of Roscommon County, Michigan," Department of Conservation, Geological Survey Division. Michigan, State of, 1973. "Houghton Lake Water Quality Study," title tentative, Water Quality Control Division. Miller, J. B., and Thompson T., 1970. "Compilation of Data for Michigan Lakes," United States Geological Survey, p. 301. United States Department of Commerce, 1959. "Evaporation Maps for the United States,“ Weather Bureau, Technical Paper No. 37. United States Department of Interior, 1970. "Water Resources Data For Michigan-Part I," Surface Water Records, Geological Survey. 42 43 United States Department of Interior, 1971-72. Water Level Records in Michigan, Geological Survey Division, State of Michigan. Williams and Works, 1971. "Houghton Lake Area Wide Sewage Disposal System," blueprints. APPENDIX 44 APPENDIX TABLE A.--List of Drains and Tributaries Established by Department of Natural Resources, Water Resources Committee, Inland Lakes Study Unit, State of Michigan. Drains Location 2a North of Silver Drive 12 Chippewa Trail 17 Balsam Street 20 Jefferson Street 21 Elmwood Drive 22 Cedarwood Street 23 Bert Lane 26 Dickerson's Hotel 26a Rock Shop 27 Maple Street 28 Elm St. to Gr. Rapids St. 29 Lake Road 33 Flora Avenue 34 Co. Rd. 270, Ditch 35 Peter Avenue 43 West Side of Camp Grd. 44 Middle of Camp Grd. 44a East of Camp Grd. 47 Ditch Zone 30 48 McDonald Landing 51a Ina Street 53 Townline Landing 54 West Lake Road 55 East of West Lake Rd. 56 Flint Road 57 Spring Creek Landing 59 Oneida Drive 60 Public Access Site (east shore) Minor Tributaries T-2 Sucker Creek T—16 8th Street Creek T-6 Unnamed Creek at Cherokee C-2 Canals on Iroquois Major Tributaries--Inflowing 1207.8 Knappen Creek 1207.4 Denton Creek 1206.9 Spring Brook Creek 1205.5 The Cut Major Tributaries--Outflowing 1209. Muskegon River 45 46 .wmumfla museum on» no comm How cmGHEHmumc mmz usmcfl kumz canonm ¢ um oo.H oh.m oo.H Edoq Hmpmmz qmz o om.m om.mH om.m smog ecmamumm gm o mhéu om. mm. USMm CBMHmmOm mzm om.m am.a camm maflammuo moo oo.HH oo.m camm conflbsm mm m oo.mH om. . mm. x052 coucmoom m om.m mm.a ccmm Mospmmsmm mm mm.aa mm.m “mom camem mm oo.me m~.~H oqmm msmoq couzmz mz a maouw Mom .flz mcflamuonm mommaflz mEmz HHOm HOQE>m QDOHU HHOm mmaflz Hmuoa Hmuoe mo w onwawuosm ammCHQSOHU HHom maflamuonm mxmq counmsom .omumasoamo mums mmesao> Hmumz undone soars no“ monono Haomnu.m mamas xHozmmme 47 .H .0: one umc onw Scum omcHEumDmo k mmoo. mm.afl mm.aa oo.o 8o.m omHH\moHH mo.ma mm.m omaaxooaa om omoo. Hm.8a H~.8H ~o.~H mm.m omaa\ooHH o8.oa oo.m omaa\ooaa mm mooo. 8o.H~ 8o.HN om.oH oo.~ omaa\o8HH no.8m oo.H omaa\8oaa mm mooo. am.ao am.ao mo.8~ o8.H omaa\8ofia oo.8m 8o. omHH\o8HH Hm Hoao. 8~.8o mm.ao oo.88 8o. omaa\ooaa o8.mo oo. 8MHH\8oHH om moHo. mm.am mm.88 om.mo oo. 8mHH\8kHH oo.8H 8o. omHH\o8HH oa omoo. oo.o~ oo.om oo.om o8. omHH\o8HH 8H omoo. oo.8H oo.8H oo.8H 8o. omHH\o8HH RH maoo. 88.8 o8.8 88.8 om. omaa\ooaa 8H maoo. 88.8 88.8 88.8 om. omaaxoofia 8H oaoo. oo.oH oo.oH oo.oH om. omaa\ooaa 4H oaoo. oo.oH oo.oH oo.oH om. omaa\ooaa ma 8Noo. No.8H mo.8H 88.oa o8.m omHH\ooHH oo.ma oo.o omHH\ooHH NH omoo. 88.8H 88.8H 88.8H oo.m 8oHH\88HH Ha omoo. mm.NH mm.aa oo.o oo.8 omHH\8oHH 88.8H oo.m 88HH\88HH oH omoo. 88.8H 88.8H 88.8H oo.m omHH\8oHH o mooo. 88.8H 88.8H 88.8H mm.m omHH\o8HH o Nmoo. oo.8H oo.8H oo.8H o8.m omHH\ooHH o Hmoo. MH.HH mH.HH mo.ma mm.m omHH\o8HH mm.a om.o omafl\ooafi 8 oaoo. mm.a mm.a mm.a o8.o omaa\ooaa m MHoo. 8o.8 8o.8 mm.a om.o omaaxomfia o8.o oo.k omafi\ooaa o 8Hoo. 88.8 88.8 o8.8 oo.k omHH\ooHH oH.NH 8o.8 omaa\omma m omoo. 88.8H 88.8H oH.~H 8o.8 omaa\omma 8o.oH o8.8 omHH\o8NH N omoo. No.8H mm.oH 8k.oH om.8 omHH\o8NH 88.o 8s.m omafixmofia a .um\.um mafls\.um .m>4 mHHs\.pm mafia H8\r8 mHHE\.us mafia H8\88 182532 macaw macaw onHm \.umaQ maon \.DmHQ cofluomm . I II II. IIII1|I r I- . . I . 1] I .III .IIIII (IL -I .I I|l .cflmmm mmocamuo mxmq cougmso: men so “8882 oasouo ~08 coflumusmaoo omonII.o 848.9 xoozuoom or 48 w.NhH m.mm oo.ooH m.HH HMDOB m.wm mo. oo.HH Unmm GBMHmmom m.mm mm. oo.HH Ucwm cooHQSm zoom mm.av mm.om oo.wm mm.aw HMDOB h.NN Ho. m. x058 GODQmsom o.~m 8H. 8o.HH ammo mauflm H.mH no. m.m boom ocflammnu AGONflnom va H.m HH. m.m comm Mosgmosmm h.mm mo. o.mv .om hamoa couBmz .omz mw.H «mm. .ooH 8.8H HMDOB o.H on. m.NH EMOH ocmamumm m. mm. n.m Emoa Hmummz Bog mma\.pm .Hm\.cH .Hm Hum meUGH QDOHO mo .Hz mcflamuosm omwe Hoom muouw .umz uswnmm mo momwcwouwm Hopoa mo muH>HDOSGGOU muonw .UQOU .Hsmnowm usooumm .mmua mxmq counmsom man no maflom How monono >DH>Hbosocoo oaasmnomonu.o momma xHozmmmm 49 APPENDIX TABLE E.--Selected Well Logs in the Houghton Lake Area for the 1973 Fence Diagram. Hydraulic Conductivity Low High l. (22N-4W-3), located at the end of Barkman Ave. Houghton Heights, installed by special projects unit and designated DL-05-01, Soil: Nester loam. 2-20' 0-2' 2. (22N-4W—2), Well St. off M55 Roscommon TWP., Owner: Floyd Engel. Well log on File Geological Survey. 10-20' 3. (22N-4W-2), Clarence St. Roscommon TWP., Owner: Carl Watters. Well log on File ‘ Geological Survey. 5-20' 0-5' 4. Boring taken by Williams and Works, under contract for Sewage Systems at Houghton Lake. Boring #10. 5.5'-l7.5' 0-7.5' 5. (22N-4W-11), located 800 Lakewood Drive, installed by special projects unit and identified as CM-l3-01. Soil: Bergland loam. 4-20' 0-4' 6. Boring taken by Williams and Works, taken under contract for Sewage System at Houghton Lake. Identified as B 16. 2—12.5' 0.2' 7. (22N-4W-1l), located at end of McKinley St. installed by special projects unit, and designed DH-Ol—02. 4-12' 0-4' 8. (22N-4W-13), 388' east of Madelin St., installed by Special Projects unit and identified as AM-75-Ol. Soil type: Newton loamy sand. 4-14' 0-4' 9. Boring taken by William and Works under contract for Sewage System, Houghton Lake, designated as B 29. 12-17.5' 0-12' 50 APPENDIX TABLE E.--Continued. Hydraulic Low Conductivity High 10. ll. 12. l3. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. (22N-13W-18), 338' east of Roscommon Ave., driven by Special Projects unit and identified as BM-12-01. Soil type: Rubicon sand. (22N-3W-18-5), on file- well logs, Geological Survey. (22N-3@-l7), located at end of Visnaw Ave., installed by special projects unit and identified as AH-72-01. type: Newton loamy sand. (22N-3W-l7), located at end of Beverly St., driven by Special Project unit and identified as AH-70-01. Soil type: Newton Loamy sand. (22N-3W~7-22), on file- Well logs at Geological Survey. (22N-3W-9-3), on file- Well logs at Geological Survey. (22N-3W-9-5), on file Geological Survey, Well log section. Denton TWP. (22N-3W-9-5), on file Geological Survey, Well log section. Denton TWP. (22N-3W-15) Tamarack St., Denton twp., Owner Lloyd Lee. On file Well logs Geological Survey. (22N-3W-15), located 137' west of Spruce Ave., friven by Special projects unit and identified as BH-10-02. Soil type: Grayling sand. Soil (22N-3W-15) same as above except designated BH-lO-Ol. (22N—3W—15) 5th Avenue. Denton TWP., 3 blocks from M18 Owner: Richard Koblen. 0-20' 0-20' 0-20' 0-20' 0-20' 0-20' 0-20' 0-20' 0-20' 0-20' 0-20' 0-20' 51 APPENDIX TABLE E.--Continued. Hydraulic Low Conductivity High 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. (22N-3W—15), located at end of 2nd street, driven by special projects unit and identified as BH-O9-01. Soil type: Grayling sand. (22N-3W-18) 300 yards north of M55 and M18, Denton TWP Owner: D.K. Sugar. Well log on file Geological Survey. (22N-3W-l4), 50' east of Bay St. in Prudenville, driven by special projects section and identified as AH-6l-01. (22N-3W—l4), Arrowhead Dr., Prudenville, Denton TWP. Owner: Terry Widdis. Log on file Geological Survey. (22N-3W-ll), located 200' east of Riviera Resort, located corner of M18 and M55, driven by special projects unit and identified as BM-07-Ol. (22N-3W-1l), Sunny Brook Estates. Denton TWP., Owner: Otto Schultz. Log on file Geological Survey. (22N—3W-ll), located 251' north of Matt Ave. driven by special projects unit and identified as BM-OS-Ol. Soil type: Rubican sand. (22N-3W, 2-12) log on file Geological Survey. (22N-3W—2-l4) log on file Geological Survey. (22N-3W—2-10) log on file Geological Survey. (23-3W-34-l) log on file Geological Survey. (22N-3W—34-22) log on file Geological Survey. 13-20' 0-20' 0-20' 0-13' 0-21' 0-20' 0-21' 0-20' 0-20' 0-20' 0-20' 0-20' 0-20' 52 APPENDIX TABLE E.--Continued. Hydraulic Low Conductivity High 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. (22N-3W—34), 15' east of Apacha St., driven by special projects unit and identified as AL-50-01. Soil Type: Newton loamy sand. (23N-3W-34-3) log on file Geological Survey. (23N-3W-28) Hammond St., 1 block south from McDonald St. Markey TWP. Owner: Ed Belill. Log on file Geological Survey. (23N-3W-28-2) log on file Geological Survey. (22N-3W-l8) end of Timbers Dr. Driven by special projects unit and identified as AM-47-01. Soil type: Newton loamy sand. (23N-3W-33) 1/4 mile west of Co. Rd. 100, 3 1/4 miles N. of M55, Markey TWP. Owner: George Simons. Log on file Geological Survey. (22N-3W-28), 20' N. of Dale Rd. near Roscommon Co. Airport. Driven by special projects unit and identified as AM-46-Ol. 4-6' (23-3W-28), 90' west of Breezy lane, 100' S. of Timber Dr. Markey TWP. Owner: Robert Hause. 10-20' (23N-3W-3403) log on file Geological Survey. 14-16' (23N-3W-21-l) log on file Geological Survey. (23N-3W—20) Lot #3, 450' S. of Co. Rd. 300 and 1/2 mile east of Flint Rd., Markey TWP., Owner: Harold Beny. (23N-3W-20), 360' E. of Flint Rd. driven by special projects and identified as BL-15-01. 0-20' 0-20' 0-21' 0-20' 0-20' 0-20' 0-4'-6-20' 0-10' 0-14'-16-20 0-20' 0-20' 0-20' 53 APPENDIX TABLE E.-—Continued. Hydraulic Low Conductivity High 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. 51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59. 60. (23N-3W-20), 388' W. of N. Shore ldg., driven by special projects unit and identified as BL-l4-01. Soil type: Rubicon sand. 16-20' (23N-3W-20), 1200' east St. James Ch., driven by special projects unit and identified as BL-13-01. Soil type: Rubicon sand. 8-16' (23N-3W-19), 1 1/2 mile E. of Co. Rd. 300 and long Pt. Dr., Markey TWP. Owner: John Snuverink. (23N-3W-l9-1), log on file Geological Survey. 7-14' (23N-3W—l9) log on file Geological Survey. (23N-3W-19-6) log on file Geological Survey. Boring made by Williams and Works as part of contract for Waste disposal system. B146. Same as above. B164 (23N-4W-24) located 1,084' W. of Byers lane, driven by special projects unit and identified as CL-05-01. Soil type: Bergland loam. (23-4W-24) Int. Co. Rd. 300 and Long Point Dr., Lake TWP. Owner: Don Jackson. 15-20' Boring made by Williams and Works as part of a contract for waste disposal system. Designated as B141. Same as above. Designated as B166 Same as above. Designated as B167 Same as above. Designated as B150 Same as above. Designated as B168 0-16' 0-8' 0-20' 0-7'-l4-20' 0-20' 0-20' 0-20' 0-20' 0-20' 0-15' 0-20' 0-20' 0-20' 0-20' 0-20' 54 APPENDIX TABLE E.--Continued. Hydraulic Conductivity Low High of N. Bay ldg., driven by special projects unit. Identified as CL-18-01. Soil: Bergland loam. 10-16' 0-10' 62. Boring made by Williams and Works as part of contract for Sewage Treatment System. B136 9-20' 0-9' 63. Same as above B66. 14-17.5' 0-14' 64. Same as above B62. ‘ 6-20' 0-6' 65. Same as above B59. .7-12.5' 0-7' 66. Same as above B129. 3.5-20' 0-3.5' 67. Same as above B33. 7-20' 0-7' 68. Same as above B34. 4-17' 0-4'-17-20' 69. Same as above B127. 0-10' 70. (23N-4W-l6) 262' N. of Water St. Driven the summer of 1972 by special projects unit and identified as AL-18-01. Soil type: Newton loamy sand. 6-10' 0-6'-10-20' 71. Boring made by Williams and Works as part of contract for Sewage Treatment System. Designated B124. 0-12.5' 72. Same as above. Designated B36. 0-20' 73. (23N-4W-21) off old 27, 1/4 mile on Bay St., Lake TWP. Owner: William Goodwin. Log on file Geological Survey. 0-20' 74. Boring made by Williams and Works as part of contract for Sewage Treatment System. B123 0-20' 75. (23N—4W—21) W. H1. Dr., 1 mile N. of U.S. 27, Lake TWP. Owner: Fred Groatt. Log on file Geological Survey. 0-20' 55 APPENDIX TABLE E.--Continued. Hydraulic Conductivity Low High 76. Boring made by Williams and Works as part of contract for Sewage Treatment System. Designated as B19. 9-12.5' 0-9' 77. Same as above. Designated as B18. 10-12.5' 0-10' 78. Same as above. Designated as B17. 0-12.5' 79. (23N-4W—34) Lake TWP. Owner: Joseph Yurgin. Log on file Geological Survey. 10-20' 0-10' 80. Boring made by Williams and Works as part of contract for Sewage Treatment System. Designated as B34. 4-17' 0-4'-17-20' 81. (23N-3W-34) 300' N. of Holiday Inn on old 27. Driven by special projects unit and identified as AL-05-Ol. Soil type: Newton loamy sand. 4-14' 0-4' Discharge in (cfs) - The Cut 56 L-/000 [000 [0,000 Discharge in (cfs) at Evart Gage (1215) Figure 2.--Discharge correlation for The Cut versus the gage on the Muskegon River at Evart. Data were fit by simple linear regression, where r is the linear correlation coefficient which is sig- nificant at P = 0.01. Data points represent biweekly measurements taken at the outlet of The Cut. ' 57 - Near Houghton Lake Heights, Mich. '40 Discharge in (cfs) - Muskegon R. IOO /000 l I 1 Discharge in (cfs) — Merritt Gage (1210) Figure 3.-—Discharge correlation for the gage near Houghton Lake Heights, Michigan versus the gage on the Muskegon River at Merritt Gage. Data were fit by simple linear regression, where r is the linear correlation coefficient which is signifi- cant at P = 0.01. Data points represent biweekly measurements taken at the outlet of The Cut. 58 Discharge in (cfs) - Spring Brook /,0 00 /QOOO L 1 Discharge in (cfs) - Evart Gage (1215) Figure 4.-—Discharge correlation for Spring Brook versus the gage on the Muskegon River at Evart. Data were fit by simple linear regression, where r is the linear correlation coefficient which is signifi- cant at P = 0.01. Data points represent biweekly measurements taken at the outlet of The Cut. 59 h/O PLO Discharge in (cfs) - Denton Crock 4000 10000 1 1 Discharge in (cfs) - Evart Gage (1215) Figure 5.--Discharge correlation for Denton Creek versus the gage on the Muskegon River at Evart. Data were fit by simple linear regression, where r is the linear correlation coefficient which is signifi- cant at P = 0.01. Data points represent biweekly measurements taken at the outlet of The Cut. 60 p70 bu? Discharge in (cfs) - Knappen Creek 4000 /0000 J 1 Discharge in (cfs) - Evart Gage (1215) Figure 6.--Discharge correlation for Knappen Creek versus the gage on the Muskegon River at Evart. Data were fit by simple linear regression, where r is the linear correlation coefficient which is significant at P = 0.01. Data points represent biweekly measurements taken at the outlet of The Cut. 61 7,000 I-IOC -I0 10 100 6000 1 I 1] Drainage Area — Square Miles Figure 8.--Drainage Area--Discharge correlation for the period October, 1970, to September, 1971. Data are from United States Geological Survey gages within a 50 mile radius of Houghton Lake. Numbers at each point are U.S. Geological Survey gage designations. Data were fit by simple linear regression, where r is the linear correlation coefficient and is significant at P = 0.01. 62 r/OOO E 195 f/00 13.95 153 1400- /0 /00 l000 1 I J Drainage Area — Square Miles Figure 9.--Drainage Area--Discharge correlation for October, 1970. Data are from United States Geological Survey gages within a 50 mile radius of Houghton Lake. Numbers at each point are U.S. Geological Survey gage designations. Data were fit by simple linear regression, where r is the linear correlation coefficient and is significant at P = 0.01. 63 -I000 Discharge (cfs) L“/00 I0 I00 [000 -. ' 1 . Drainage Area - Square Miles Figure 10.--Drainage Area—-Discharge correlation for November, 1970. Data are from United States Geological Survey gages within a 50 mile radius of Houghton Lake. Numbers at each point are U.S. Geological Survey gage designations. Data were fit by simple linear regression, where r is the linear correlation coefficient and is significant at P = 0.01. ~l000 Discharge (cfs) ~l00 1&00 6 IO [00 l000 Drainage Area - Square Miles Figure 11.--Drainage Area--Discharge correlation for December, 1970. Data are from United States Geological Survey gages within a 50 mile radius of Houghton Lake. Numbers at each point are U.S. Geological Survey gage designations. Data were fit by simple linear regression, where r is the linear correlation coefficient and is significant at P = 0.01. 65 -l000 Discharge (cfs) -/OO 1&00 0 l0 / /00 /000 l J Drainage Area - Square Miles Figure 12.--Drainage Area—-Discharge correlation for January, 1971. Data are from United States Geological Survey gages within a 50 mile radius of Houghton Lake. Numbers at each point are U.S. Geological Survey gage designations. Data were fit by simple linear regression, where r is the linear correlation coefficient and is significant at P = 0.01. 66 I-IOOO Discharge (cfs) bIOO 1400 l0 IOO moo l I Drainage Area - Square Miles Figure l3.--Drainage Area--Discharge correlation for February, 1971. Data are from United States Geological Survey gages within a 50 mile radius of Houghton Lake. Numbers at each point are U.S. Geological Survey gage designations. Data were fit by simple linear regression, where r is the linear correlation coefficient and is significant at P = 0.01. 67 -/000 Discharge (cfs) -/00 1090 ’0 IOO 1000 l l Drainage Area - Square Miles Figure l4.--Drainage Area--Discharge correlation for March, 1971. Data are from United States Geological Survey gages within a 50 mile radius of Houghton Lake. Numbers at each point are U.S. Geological Survey gage designations. Data were fit by simple linear regression, where r is the linear correlation coefficient and is significant at P = 0.01. 68 Discharge (cfs) I0 IOO IOOO I l Drainage Area - Square Miles Figure 15.—-Drainage Area-~Discharge correlation for April, 1971. Data are from United States Geological Survey gages within a 50 mile radius of Houghton Lake. Numbers at each point are U.S. Geological Survey gage designations. Data were fit by simple linear regression, where r is the linear correlation coefficient and is significant at P = 0.01. 69 -/,000 Discharge (cfs) ~l00 13.95 0 13am 1356 . IhOO o I0 Iqo 4000 I Drainage Area - Square Miles Figure l6.--Drainage Area--Discharge correlation for May, 1971. Data are from United States Geological Survey gages within a 50 mile radius of Houghton Lake. Numbers at each point are U.S. Geological Survey gage designations. Data were fit by simple linear regression, where r is the linear correlation coefficient and is significant at P = 0.01. 70 P "I,OOO 8 h g 1210 1525 '5 1357. 1upe -/C)C) 1395 . '1213 ' 3‘5 ' 1356 12m) ' 1uno O /0 / I00 4000 J Drainage Area - Square Miles Figure l7.--Drainage Area-~Discharge correlation for June, 1971. Data are from United States Geological Survey gages within a 50 mile radius of Houghton Lake. Numbers at each point are U.S. Geological Survey gage designations. Data were fit by simple linear regression, where r is the linear correlation coefficient and is significant at P = 0.01. 71 -/,000 Discharge (cfs) '100 /0 [00 40100 I Drainage Area - Square Miles Figure l8.--Drainage Area--Discharge correlation for July, 1971. Data are from United States Geological Survey gages within a 50 mile radius of Houghton Lake. Numbers at each point are U.S. Geological Survey gage designations. Data were fit by simple linear regression, where r is the linear correlation coefficient and is significant at P = 0.01. 72 r §§h 6‘ O. '- 4000 E ”’00 3 1405 13?‘ 13:5. 1253 1356 ' 1300 /0 IOIO (000 J 1 Drainage Area - Square Miles Figure l9.--Drainage Area--Discharge correlation for August, 1971. Data are from United States Geological Survey gages within a 50 mile radius of Houghton Lake. Numbers at each point are U.S. Geological Survey gage designations. Data were fit by simple linear regression, where r is the linear correlation coefficient and is significant at P = 0.01. 73 ~4000 é, -mo 1399 1356 1390 ' IO /00 4000 1 1 I Drainage Area - Square Miles Figure 20.--Drainage Area--Discharge correlation for September, 1971. Data are from United States Geological Survey gages within a 50 mile radius of Houghton Lake. Numbers at each point are U.S. Geological Survey gage designations. Data were fit by simple linear regression, where r is the linear correlation coefficient and is sig- nificant at P = 0.01. MAPS 74 ‘I " rI-HANUKE\\\ _. '1 I 111.. . V ' libq ' "‘““’ “Rank.” . ~ ' . + t: \ I60 i . hole ' ”M\. , i nw 2' D ' I 22 . - I s n L. i i ‘50 ’ ob n . '1 r AK'I‘ I ‘ i5 ' i ‘ GI ISO -1- ”— ._ ~ A K ; E s 23 I I. 1 y) L y\ 27 23 25 . = ALMEO M.,... i i .I / a!“ I mgrfvg rrrrr if “#E. ,1 ; t i i ' / y/ '''''''' 1 Hood "1 ' I. x i.“ /,/ // ‘5 K "I ”520 * ’ I I ' I3 . _ _ 1,- / . H 1 ; ”“30 , I I ' HS 9 ’ H7 0 H7 >116 1 H5 5 2i xmwmw*' / 23 W / .. _ 1... 1, I. 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'30 ~I: . \ 7. \ DC a C5 \ 3 a: \ OJO°_¢°°° \ o o " co: \ O ' 0o \ o 0 no \ 0 00°.03 3 \ 'c‘ 5°00 \ 0‘0 a o \ o,- Co 0 \ , 0°65 0° 30°: 00 Kg n“o ~ ~ , (‘5 0 o - e e ”a A D a Dc .0 , > D and LEGEND /74 / SOIL GROUPS A, B, c a. D // / FLOW-NET SEOHONS = Low = (L) HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY OF _ = M SOIL PARENT MATERIALS MED'UM ( I HIGH = (H) MAP HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY SYMBOL GLAC'AL SED'MENTS (Qualitative) Glo‘fizi: PREDOMINANTLY 5}}1201}: COARSESIZES HIGH 3 ,I.: PREDOMINANTLY 1 .. .- HNEEHZES Low rl HORIZONTAL SCALE I}2 l IMILE TED LEE SWEAR/N65” - M47 /.973 \ \ \ DEPTH BELOW IO'GROUND LEVEL \ (FEET) \ \ 32 313 3,4 \ \ \ o '00 o.o°-‘O° °oo°oa°o°° ° 0 o°o . O o o o 0 OD ‘ O 0.0 o °t) n 9 O o g °° oo <°°°o °‘o°00°°000'o o °I.D'0 ,001.. o oo°o°° o°o°’°?. 9°°°°°° 00.00000. od°°o°. °° °' °.'.ooo° 0° ’0 °°o 0 000 ° '0 0 ° .9 o o .,, ° 0 0° 0 o °° :9 O o o 00"" °° .o.o ° ° ° 0 0 9 ° 0 00 °‘ 09 o oo 3 o o o oo °o 0 . o 4O° on so . §°o° 00 ° °°° 0 ° 0 on o a° 9" ° o a. q o 0.00 0 o n o 0D oo o . O o ..o‘ ° o a 0 0.0000040‘, o 0 9° °o°.°o.° co to o °1.. o : Boo . . ooo °°o°°q a .°-.°o.o 0°, 0. . oo'.° o‘ 0 a .°q oo o’ o o ¢.o o o o . 0.. o o o C o. 000 .0 . .° 0 o 0 .- l l v 006.! rv—fio vov v 0000 .V.° 0° ““60 ova . v v°°°n° u p 0 e U on; u I. 0 O ‘ o °o 3 o 9" o 0 o g 0o D n no . a o . .00 0° 0 o 0' 0° o :79 o. o I) 0 0 ° o o. t 0 0° 0 On a . o o o n 6 Op - o 04 o o o ) o, °°oo° 00 o o 09"9. . omen" a o n 5(.M1‘o 4"...“ ° 0 o. o o , 0 " J‘o n 4’" Zoo °° . o 0 0° 0 ° ° . . o o .0 ° q o 0 o o .0 ’0 o o o 5 o a 0 ° 0 to o - . n 0 °.. 1 o o . 4 o . o .360 -IO' DEPTH BELOW GROUND LEVEL (FEET) "IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIS