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A QUALITATNE STUDY 0F "EHE iNVERTEBRATE
POPULATEQN CF PARK LAKE,

CLINTON COUNW. MICE-i E GAN

Thesis For fine Degree of M. S.
MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY
Aibertus D. Bratt

1957

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A QUALITATIVE STUDY OF TUE INVERTEBRATE POPULATION
OF PARK LAKE, CLINTON COUNTY, MICHIGAN

By

Albertus D. Bratt

AN ABSTRACT

Submitted to the College of Science and Arts
Michigan State University of Agriculture and
Applied Science in partial fulfillment of
the requirements for the degree of

MASTER OF SCIENCE

Department of Zoology
1957

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Albertus D. Bratt

A QUALITATIVE STUDY OF THE INVERTEBRATE POPULATION
OF PARK LAKE, CLINTON COUNTY, MICHIGAN

ABSTRACT

Park Lake, Clinton County, Michigan, is a shallow,
eutrophic lake near the campus of Michigan State University.
For this reason it was selected for a qualitative survey
of the invertebrate population. This survey was made to
determine the types of organisms present in this lake, to
determine some of the physical and chemical conditions under
which these organisms lived, and to provide field studies
which can we used for comparison with other studies in
future work.

The surface area of the lake is approximately 120
acres, and 20 feet is the maximum depth. Ninety-one percent
of the surface area has a depth of less than ten feet. It
is a temperate lake of the third order (Welch, 1952),
eutrophic, and a hard water type with some marl precipi-
tation. No natural inlets or outlets are present, although
a dredged channel on the southwest side may provide an
outlet during periods of high water. The basin is fibrous
and pulpy peat. Much aquatic vegetation was present during
the summer growing season.

Standard methods were used in the physical and chem-
ical analyses. All chemical analyses were made during the
early afternoon. Water temperature at the surface varied

from 8.0 degrees C. to 28.0 degrees Centigrade. At the

Albertus D. Bratt

four foot depth it varied from 9.5 degrees C. to 25.5
degrees C., and at the twelve foot depth it ranged from 7.5
degrees C. to 19.0 degrees Centigrade. The pH of the water
varied from 6.9 to 9.0. Dissolved oxygen varied from 1.0
ppm. to 8.0 ppm. The values for free carbon dioxide varied
from 10 ppm. to 65 ppm. Methyl Orange alkalinity varied
from 70 ppm. to 137 ppm. No phenolphthalein alkalinity
was observed.

Four collecting stations were set up. Since Park Lake
is roughly triangular in shape, a station was set up on
each point of the triangle and in the high water outlet.
Specimens cellected were assigned the nearest station number.

Specimens were collected with a Turtox Indestructible
bottom net, an Ekman dredge, a plankton sieve funnel, a
plankton net, and an insect sweeping net. Seventy percent
alcohol and seven percent Formalin were used to preserve
the specimens.

~ The specimens were identified to the lowest possible
taxon, depending on the availability of taxonomic keys.
Following each taxon is the station number where it was
collected and the relative abundance.

Four Phyla, seven Classes, and 45 Families were repre-
sented. Of these, one group was keyed to Phylum, one to
Order, six to Family, one to subfamily, 47 to genus, and 32
to species. A total of 88 taxons was collected and iden-
tified.

Station two had 61 taxons, followed by station one

Albertus D. Bratt

with 50, station three with 48, and finally station four
with 22.
The highest number of individuals were recorded at

stations two, three, one, and four in the order listed.

REFERENCE CITED

Welch, Paul S. 1952. Limnology. McGraw Hill, New York.
xi+538 pp.

 

A QUALITATIVE STUDY OF THE INVERTEBRATE POPULATION
OF PARK LAKE, CLINTON COUNTY, MICHIGAN

By

ALBERTUS D. BRATT

A THESIS

Submitted to the College of Science and Arts
Michigan State University of Agriculture and
Applied Science in partial fulfillment of
the requirements for the degree of

MASTER OF SCIENCE

Department of Zoology

1957

5/49/57
6; /.;<Lc5K3

ii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The author wishes to express his sincere thanks to Dr.
T. Wayne Porter,of the Department of Zoology, for his
interest, supervision, and criticisms which guided this
investigation.

Grateful acknowledgment is also due Dr. R. C. Ball,
of the department of Fisheries and Wildlife, for his help-
ful suggestions and generous loan of equipment, to Drs.
G. Guyer and H. King, of the Department of Entomology, for
their assistance in one way or another, to Dr. M. Hensley,
of the Department of Zoology, and Dr. G. Prescott, of the
Department of Botany, for critically reading the manuscript,
to Mr. Lee Drew for his help in identifying the spiders, and
to Mrs. B. R. Henderson, secretary in the office of the
Department of Zoology, who aided in many ways.

Deepest gratitude is due the author‘s wife, Marilyn
DeGraaf Bratt, who aided in the typing and preparation of

the paper and provided encouragement throughout the study.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . .

List of Tables . . . . . . . . . . .

List Of Figures 0 C C O O O O O O O O

I.
II.
III.

IV.
V.
VI.
VII.

References Cited and Taxonomic Keys

Introduction . . . . . . . . .
Lake Morphometry and Features .
Physical and Chemical Features
A. Temperature . . . . . . . .
B. Hydrogen-ion Concentration
C. Dissolved Oxygen . . . . .
D. Free Carbon Dioxide . . . .
E. Alkalinity . . . . . . . .
Collecting Stations . . . . . .
Collecting Apparatus . . . . .
Results . . . . . . . . . . . .

Summary . . . . . . . . . . . .

iii

Page
01

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iv

LIST OF TABLES

Page
Comparison of water Temperatures . . . . . . . . . 4
Comparison of the pH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Comparison of the Dissolved Oxygen . . . . . . . . 7
Comparison of the Free Carbon Dioxide . . . . . . . 8
Comparison of the Alkalinity . . . . . . . . . . . 9

 

LIST OF FIGURES

Page
1 pH at the Four-Foot depth. Comparison of Open
Water and Weed Bed Samples . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

2 Map of Park Lake . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

I. INTRODUCTION

Park Lake, Clinton County, Michigan, was selected for
study because it is a shallow, rich lake, and is readily
accessible from the campus of Michigan State University.
The purpose of this study is threefold. First, a quali-
tative survey was made to determine the types of organisms
present in this lake. A quantitative or food availability
problem would be the logical follow-up of such a study.
Second, the water chemistry was investigated to determine
the range of conditions under which these organisms live,
and last, the study provides field data which can be used
for comparison of this lake to other aquatic habitats in
future investigations.

' The scope of this problem is limited to certain phyla
of invertebrates. Several groups are considered only

briefly owing to the lack of taxonomic literature and keys
to the specimens. Consequently, their significance cannot

be ascertained at this time.

 

II. LAKE MORPHOMETRY AND FEATURES

Park Lake is located in the southeast corner of
Clinton County, Michigan, (T. 5 N., R. l N., Sec. 28, 29.)
and is glacial in origin. The Michigan Institute for Fish-
eries Research surveyed the lake in 1938 and prepared a
hydrographic map at that time. The area given in this
survey was 185 acres and 25 feet as the maximum depth.
Fifty-eight percent of the surface area of the lake had a
depth of less than five feet, 33 percent between five and
ten feet deep, and only nine percent of the total area was
over ten feet in depth. These figures were calculated from
the 1938 map with a Dietzgen Polar Planimeter (Welch, 1948).
Since 1938, the area has decreased to approximately 120
acres and the maximum depth has been reduced to 20 feet. It
was considered beyond the scope of this study to bring the
lake survey map up to date.

According to the lake classification of Forel and
Whipple (Welsh, 1952) Park Lake is a temperate lake of the
third order. However, a temporary thermocline may be
formed when wind and wave action is limited. It is
eutrophic (Helch, 1952) and is a hard water type with some
marl precipitation. No natural inlets or outlets are
present, although a dredged channel on the southwestside

may provide drainage during periods of high water.

Floating, submerged, and emergent vegetation were very
prevalent during the growing season.

Fibrous and pulpy peat cover a large percentage of the
bottom. A Chamaedaphne sp. bog extends along the south and
west shores of the lake. Some pollution was present due to
effluent from chemical toilets and other domestic sources.
The Health Department closed the lake to bathing several

times in recent years because of this pollution.

III. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL FEATURES

A. Temperature

A Taylor maximum-minimum thermometer was used to
record temperatures. This device is accurate to the near-
est 0.5 degree F. when used in shallow water and when comp-
lications of the usual temperature gradient, such as inver-
sions, are not present. The thermometer was left at the
required depth for a period of five minutes to insure an
accurate reading. The readings taken were converted to the
Centigrade scale and are tabulated below in Table l accord-

ing to depth and date.

 

 

 

TABLE 1
COMPARISON OF WATER TEMPERATURES
Surface 4 Feet 12 Feet
Date Degrees C. Date Degrees C. ’ Date Degrees 0.
July 9 17.0 July 9 16.5
July 18 19.0 July 18 20.0 July 18 17.0
July 28 28.0 July 28 25.5 July 28 19.0
Aug. 16 24.5 Aug. 16 24.5 Aug. 16 19.0
Sept. 28 9.5 Sept. 28 9.5 Sept. 28 7.5
Nov. 16 8.0

 

 

 

These values do not suggest that a thermocline is
present. The inversion present on July 18 was probably

caused by atmospheric conditions and limited wind action.

B. Hydrogen-ion Concentration

These values were determined with a Hellige Pocket
Comparator Set and a Beckman line operated pH meter. The
colorimetric readings were checked against the meter read-
ings in the laboratory to determine accuracy. The readings
are recorded below in Table 2 according to date and depth.

TABLE 2
COMPARISON OF THELDH

 

 

Surface 4 Feet 12 Feet
Date pH Date pH Date pH
July 9 8.8 July 9 9.0
July 18 7.8 July 18 7.7 July 18 7.5
July 18 8.8
weed bed
July 28 8.8 July 28 8.8 July 28 7.6
Aug. 16 6.9 Aug. 16 8.0 Aug. 16 7.3
Aug. 16 8.8
weed bed
Sept. 28 8.7 Sept. 28 8.8 Sept. 28 7.6
Nov. 16 7.3

 

 

 

The values indicate that the water is quite basic.
Welch (1948) states that irregular fluctuations in the pH
are common. Rainfall and photosynthesis are important
factors. A marked difference in the pH occurs between
samples taken in the open water area and in a weed bed.

Figure 1 shows this difference at the four foot'depth.

 

 

 

 

 

 

[L— _.
pH i
é
?
9.0 g
8.9 ‘, open open
8 8 3 , water water
’° l weed weed
8.7 A . bed bed
8.6 “ ‘
8.5 I
8.4 '
8.3 f ‘
' 3 ~ / I
8 .0 V \\ ’1' open
7 9 A x“. /, water
7.8 1' \§[
7.7 i 0 en
7 6 .. water
7. 5 i .
DATE July July July Aug. Sept.
9 18 28 16 28

Fig. 1. pH at the four foot depth.
Comparison of open water and weed bed samples.

C. Dissolved Oxygen

Dissolved oxygen determinations were by the Rapid,

Unmodified Hinkler Method (Ellis, Nestfall, and Ellis, 1948).

The results are given below in Table 3.

 

 

 

TABLE 3
COMPARISON OF THE DISSQLVED OXYGEN
Surface 4 Feet 12 Feet
Date ppm. Date ppm. Date ppm.
July 9 4.8 July 9 4.5
July 18 3.9 July 18 4.2 July 18 1.5
July 18 4.8
weed bed
July 28 6.5 July 28 5.0 July 28 1.6
Aug. 16 4.5 Aug. 16 5.0 Aug. 16 1.0
Aug. 16 4.9
weed bed
Sept. 28 6.4 Sept. 28 6.3 Sept. 28 5.9
Nov. 16 8.0

 

 

 

The values indicate that a sufficient supply of

oxygen was present during the sampling period to supply the

organisms at the surface and at the four foot depth. The .

amount of oxygen at the 12 foot depth is not adequate for

all types of organisms.

D. Free Carbon Dioxide

Determination of the free carbon dioxide was by N/44
sodium hydroxide with phenolphthalein as the indicator
(Ellis, Hestfall, and Ellis, 1948). The results are
tabulated below in Table 4.

 

 

 

 

 

TABLE 4
“a 6014?me FREE W93 1.:
Surface 4 Feet 12 Feet
Date ppm. Date ppm. Date ppm.
July 9 45 July 9 35
July 18 34 July 18 32 July 18 45
July 18 L 10
weed bed
July 28 15 July 28 ' 20 July 28 40
Aug. l6 17 Aug. 16 45 Aug. 16 65
Aug. 16 15
weed bed
Sept. 28 13 Sept. 28 16 Sept. 28 15
Nov. 16 15

 

 

 

The results show rather high values for free carbon
dioxide. Carbon didxide is constantly being given off as a
product of decomposition, as a result of air absorption,
and by respiration. The samples taken in the weed bed show
a marked decrease in the amount of free carbon dioxide
apparently due to photosynthetic action of the plants

during daylight hours.

E. Alkalinity

Determination of alkalinity was by titration with
sulphuric acid, with Methyl Orange and phenolphthalein
being the indicators, described by Ellis, westfall, and
Ellis (1948). At no time was phenolphthalein alkalinity
observed. The Methyl Orange alkalinity ran fairly high.
The results are tabulated below in Table 5.

TABLE 5
COMPARISON OF THE ALKAIJNITY

 

Surface ' 4 Feet ~° 12 Feet
Date ppm. Date ppm. Date ppm.
July 9 113 July 9 120
July 18 115 July 18 135 July 18 112
' July 18 98
weed bed
July 28 110 July 28 110 July 28 115
Aug. 16 105 Aug. 16 105 Aug. 16 135
Aug. 16 70
weed bed
Sept. 28 130 Sept. 28 131 Sept. 28 133

Nov. 16 157

 

 

 

These figures indicate that only bicarbonate hardness
is present (Ellis,'flestfa11, and Ellis, 1948). These find-
ings are in keeping with the observations by Welch (1952)
that when free carbon dioxide is present, it combines with

the monocarbonates to form bicarbonate hardness.

10

IV. COLLECTING STATIONS

A preliminary survey was made in the fall of 1955 to
determine the location of the collecting stations. Four
sites were found to be suitable and stations were set up in
these areas. Specimens collected in the intervening areas
were assigned the number of the nearest station. Conse-
quently, all material collected had an assigned station
number. The collecting period extended from December, 1955,
to November, 1956.

Park Lake is roughly triangular in shape (see map).
Station one was located on the northeast point of the lake.
Heavy stands of Scirpus sp. and much wave swept debris
characterized the shoreline of this area and dense masses of
Potamogeton sp. existed in the offshore area. Benthic
organisms were sampled at depths ranging from two inches to
three feet.

Station two was located on the west contour of the lake.
Vegetation was similar to station one, but the north shore
was wave-swept, and it had a predominately sandy bottom
with little debris. The northwest shore of this station
consisted of a Typhg sp. marsh with much muck and debris. A
channel was dredged at the tip of the contour to serve as a
boat dock.

Station three was located on the south contour of the

11

lake. The east shore and the offshore area of this contour
wemasampled intensively. Vegetation was sparse. Much fila-
mentous algae and debris were present. The bottom was gravel
over muck. The water depth along this shore did not exceed
two feet. 01d docks and pilings provided sources of fruit-
ful collecting.. The south tip of the lake was also sampled.
Here the bottom was muck with.Typhg sp. being the predom-
inant vegetation type.

Station four was at the high water outlet of the lake.
This site was the dredged channel, approximately 400 feet in
length, where the depth of the water varied from six inches
to five feet. The extreme end of this channel provided rich
collecting of benthic organisms due to the presence of wind

blown debris and tangled masses of vegetation.

12

V. COLLECTING APPARATUS

An Indestructible Turtox bottom net was used to collect
in the shallow water. The net, with the flat edge flush,
was drawn over the bottom area to be sampled and proved to
be quite efficient for collecting most of the benthic organ-
isms present. Areas too deep for net collecting were sam-
pled with a standard Ekman dredge with a jaw area of 36
square inches. The materials collected were then transferred
to a sieve pan with 576 meshes to the square inch for
washing. This residue was placed in a white porcelain pan,
the organisms sorted, and subsequently preserved in a
mixture of 70 percent alcohol and glycerin.

Plankton was collected in two ways; through the ice
cover by pouring the water through a plankton funnel sieve
and by towing behind a boat, or casting off-shore a stand-
ard plankton net with #20 silk'bolting cloth. A seven
percent Formalin solution was used as a preservative.

The smaller forms were collected in the surface waters
by the use of the plankton net while a standard insect
sweeping net sufficed for the larger forms.

Collected specimens were placed in numbered-containers
and the station, depth, and time of day entered in the field
notes.

Water samples were taken with a 1200 ml. Kemmerer

13

sampler. The Kemmerer sampler, the Ekman dredge, and the
Taylor thermometer were operated from the boat by means of
a plastic Kordite clothesline which was marked off in feet

and fathoms for depth determination.

14

VI. RESULTS

Owing to the lack of taxonomic keys to some species,
the degree of classification has been necessarily limited
in some groups. In groups where keys were available, species
determination were made. Most determinations follow the
nomenclature as used by Pennak (1953).

In the following classification of each group, the
number of the station or stations where the collection was
made is given. Following each number is a Roman numeral
indicating the abundance of the organisms at the station
where they were collected. Roman numeral I indicates one to
ten individuals, II denotes ten to twenty individuals, III
indicates twenty to thirty individuals, and IV refers to

numbers in excess of thirty individuals.

PHYLUM Nematomorpha; 2:1.
PHYLUM Annelida
Class Oligochaeta
Family Tubificidae; 2:1V.
Class Hirudinea
Family Erpobdellidae; 1:11, 2:11, 3:11.
Family Glossiphoniidae; 1:1, 2:1, 3:1.
PHYLUM Arthropods

Class Crustacea

Order Cladocera
Bosmina spp.; 2:1V.
Order Eucopepoda
Cyclops spp.; 2:1V.
Diaptomus spp.; 1:IV, 2:1V, 3:1V.
Order Isopoda
Asellus sp.; 4:1.
Order Amphipoda
Hyalella azteca Saussere; l:IV,.2:IV, 3:1V.
4:IV.
Crangonyx sp.; 2:1, 3:1.
Order Decapoda
Procambarus ep.; 1:1. 3:1.
Class Arachnoidea
Order Hydracarina; 1:1V, 2:1V, 3:1V.
Order Araneida
Family Micryphantidae; 1:1.
Family Pisauridae
Dolomedes sp.; 1:1, 2:1.
Family Tetragnathidae

Tetragnatha sp.; 1:1, 2:1.

 

Class Insecta
Order Collembola
Family Isotomidae
Isotoma sp.; 3:1.

Isotomurus palustris Mfiller; 2:IV, 3:1V.

16

Family Poduridae
Podura ggugpgga L.; 1:11.
Order Ephemeroptera
Family Baetidae
Ameletus sp.; 1:1.
Callibaetis sp.; 1:11, 2:11.
Subfamily Baetinae; 2:111, 3:111, 4:11.
Family Caenidae
Caenis sp.; l:III, 2:11, 3:111.
Family Ephemerillidae
Ephemerella sp.; 1:1, 2:11, 3:11.
Family Heptageniidae
Stenonema tripunctatum Banks; 2:1V, 3:1V.
Family Leptophlebiidae
Paraleptophlebia sp.; 2:11.
Order Odonata
Family Aeschnidae
Anax ,Lunius Drury; 1:111, 2:11, 3:11.
Boyeria vinosa Say; 4:1.
Family Coenagrionidae
Chromagrion conditum Hagen; 3:1, 4:1.
Ischnura posita Hagen; 1:1V, 2:1V, 3:1V,
4:1V.
lgchnura verticalis Say; 1:IV, 2:1V, 3:1V.
Family Gomphidae
Gomnhus sp.; 1:11, 2:11, 3:II, 4:11.

 

17

Family Lestidae
Lestes sp.; 1:1, 2:1, 3:1, 4:1.

Family Libellulidae
Celithemis sp.; 2:111, 3:111.
Epicordulia princeps Hagen; 1:1, 2:1, 3:1.
Erythemis sp.; 1:111, 2:11, 3:111, 4:1.
Leucorrhinia sp.; 1:111, 2:111, 3:111, 4:11.
Libellula sp.; l:IV, 2:1V, 3:1V, 4:IV.
Pachydiplax longipennis Burmeister; 1:1,221.
flgthemig 11313.3 Drury; 1:1.
Sympetrum sp.; 2:11, 3:1.
Tetragoneuria sp.; l:I, 2:I, 3:1, 4:1.
Tramea carolina L.; 1:11, 2:11.

Order Hemiptera

Family Belostomatidae
Belostoma flumineum Say; l:IV, 3:IV, 4:IV.
Lethocerus americana Leidy; 2:1.

Family Corixidae
Arctocorixa sp.; l:IV, 2:1V, 3:1V.

Family Gerridae
Gerris buengi Kirkaldy; 1:11.
Metrobates hesperius Uhler; 4:111.

Family Mesoveliidae
Mesovelia mulsanti White; 2:1V.

Family Naucoridae
Pelocoris femoratus P.B.; 1:111, 2:111,

3:1V.

18

Family Nepidae
Nepa apiculata Uhler; 2:1, 3:1, 4:1.
Ranatra fusca P.B.; 1:11, 2:11, 3:11.

Family Notonectidae
Notonecta irrorata Uhler; 1:1, 4:1.
Notonecta lunata Hungerford; 1:1, 2:1, 3:11.
Notonecta undulata Say; 2:1.

Family Pleidae
Plea striola Feiber; 1:1.

Order Trichoptera

Family Leptoceridae

Leptocella albida Walker; 1:111, 2:111,
3:111.

Oecetis sp.; 1:1.

Family Molannidae
Molanna sp.; 2:1V, 3:1V.

Family Phryganeidae
Agrypnia vestita Walker; 2:1, 3:1.

Family Psychomyiidae
Polycentropus sp.; 3:1, 4:1.

Order Coleoptera

Family Dytiscidae
Copelatus sp.; 1:1, 2:1, 3:1.
Bidessus sp.; 3:111.
lgpcophilus sp.; 3:1.
Hydrovatus sp.; 4:1.

19

'Dytiscus sp.; 4:1.
Family Gyrinidae

Dineutus sp.; 1:1.
Gyrinus sp.; 2:1, 3:1.
Family Chrysomelidae
Donacia sp.; 2:111.
Family Hydrophilidae
Enochrus sp.; 1:1.
Tropisternus sp.; 1:11.
Family Haliplidae
Haliplus sp.; 2:111, 3:111, 4:111.

 

Pelodytes sp.; 2:11, 3:11, 4:11.

 

Order Diptera

Family Ceratopogonidae; 2:1.

Family Tabanidae
Chrysops sp.; 2:1.

Family Tendipedidae
Calopsectra sp.; 1:111.
Clinotanypus sp.; 1:11, 2:11.
Harnischia sp.; 2:11.
Pentaneura sp.; 1:1, 3:1.
Procladius sp.; 2:111, 3:111.
Tendipes sp.; 2:11, 3:11.

Family Tipulidae; 1:1.

20

PHYLUM Mollusca

Class Gastropoda

Class

Family Lymnaeidae
Lgmnea palustris Mfiller; 1:1.
Family Physidae
Physa sayii Tappan; l:IV, 3:1V.
Family Planorbidae
Helisoma trivolis Say; l:IV, 2:1V, 3:1V.
Family Viviparidae
gampeloma rufum Haldeman; 1:111, 2:111,
3:11.
Viviparus sp.; 2:1.
Pelecypoda
Family Sphaeriidae
Sphaerium sp.; 1:1V, 2:1V, 3:1V.
Family Unionidae
Anodonta grandis Say; 2:1, 3:1.

21

VII. SUMMARY

Park Lake, Clinton County, Michigan, was selected for a
qualitative study of the invertebrate population. The coll-
ecting period extended from December, 1955, to November,
1956. Water analyses were made from July, 1956, to Novem-
ber, 1956. '

Park Lake is shallow, eutrophic, glacial in origin, and
a temperate lake of the third order. The surface area is
approximately 120 acres in extent and approaches twenty feet
as its maximum depth.' No natural inlets or outlets are
present. The basin is covered by fibrous and pulpy peat
with submerged, floating, and emergent vegetation very
prevalent during the growing season. Selected chemical
analyses were made at the surface, the four foot depth, and
at the twelve foot depth. The analyses were made in the
early afternoon.

No thermocline was present when the water analyses were
made. The surface temperature varied from 8.0 degrees C. to
28.0 degrees C., at the four foot depth it ranged from 9.5
degrees C. to 25.5 degrees C., and at the twelve foot depth
it varied from 7.5 degrees C. to 19.0 degrees Centigrade.

The pH of the water varied from 6.9 to 9.0. These
values indicate that the water was quite basic with a con-

siderable fluctuation in the pH.

22

Values for dissolved oxygen varied from 1.0 ppm. to 8.0
ppm. and from 10 ppm. to 65 ppm. for free carbon dioxide.

Methyl Orange alkalinity ranged from 70 ppm. to 137
ppm. No phenolphthalein alkalinity was observed, thereby
indicating that only bicarbonate hardness was present.

Four sites were selected as collecting areas. Park
Lake is roughly triangular in outline. Stations were set up
on each point of the lake and in the high water outlet.
Specimens collected were assigned the nearest station num-
ber. Various habitats sampled were sandy, wave-swept shores,
marshes, mud flats, and debris choked channels.

Specimens were collected by a Turtox Indestructible
bottom net, as Ekman dredge, a plankton sieve funnel, a
plankton net, and an insect sweeping net. Seventy percent
alcohol and seven percent Formalin were used to preserve the
Specimens.

The specimens were identified to the lowest possible
taxon, depending on the availability of taxonomic keys.
Following the classification of each group is the station
number and the relative abundance. In this manner the dist-
ribution and abundance of each taxon was determined.

Four Phyla, seven Classes, 45 Families, 47 genera, and
32 species were represented. Of these, one group was keyed
to Phylum, one group to Order, six groups to Family, one to
subfamily, 47 to genus, and 32 identified to Species. This

gives a total of 88 taxons represented in this lake.

23

Station two had the highest number of taxons with 61
while stations one, three, and four recorded 50, 48, and 22
taxons, respectively.

Station two also had the highest number of individuals,
and, in order of abundance, was followed by stations three,

one, and four.

24

 

‘3 PARK LAKE
” Clinton County, Michigan
Area 120 Acres
” Modified from man by
......... ____==-__:____-—-:= ‘
Z4 8 3 Institute for Fisheries
” W Research
Michigan Cons. Dept.
8/16/38
‘o

Figure 3 -r

 

25

REFERENCES CITED AND
TAXONOMIC KEYS USED

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Burks, B. D. 1953. The Mayflies of Illinois. Bull. Nat.
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Call, R. E. 1898. An illustrated catalog of the Mollusca
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Ellis, M. N., B. A. Westfall, and M. D. Ellis. 1948.
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Goodrich, C. 1932. The Mollusca of Michigan. The Univ-
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Johannsen, O. A. 1934. Aquatic Diptera. Cornell Univ-
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1937. .Aquatic Diptera. Cornell University, Ithaca,
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Moore, J. P. 1912. The leeches of Minnesota. 2001. Series
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Needham, J. G., and M. J. Westfall, Jr. 1955. Dragonflies
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Berkeley and Los Angeles. xii and 615 pp.

26

Pennak, Robert. 1953. Fresh Water Invertebrates of the
United States. Ronald Press, New York. ix and 769 pp.

Pratt, H. S. 1935. Manual of the Common Invertebrate
Animals. Blakiston Company, Philadelphia. xviii and
85 pp.

Ross, H. H. 1944. The Caddis Flies of Illinois. Bull. Nat.
Hist. SurV. Div. 2331—326.

Welch. P. S. 1948. Iimnological Methods. Blakiston Comp-
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1952. Iimnology. MCGraw-Hill, New York. xi and 538 pp.

Williamson, E. B. 1899. Dragonflies of Indiana. Bluffton,
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