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ABSTRACT

This study was an attempt to relate historical re-
cords to ecological factors influencing productivity of
‘HcCoy Creek. Information about the stream's past history
was compared to present conditions. The study area was
divided into nine units and morphometric data including
pool locations and water types were determined for each
unit. Where possible, this information was given as the
percentage of composition for each unit. Complete data
were obtained for the distribution of substrata, and per-
manent and non—permanent stream.cover. This was ex-
pressed as the percentage of coverage per unit. Physical
data were correlated with.biological information obtained
from electrofishing, seining, bottom fauna sampling and
the relationship between ground water and spawning beds.
A questionnaire was used to obtain additional information
about the fish population. The main limiting factors
appeared to be: a deficiency in available trout spawning
facilities, inadequate food production during the critical
portion of the year, and lack of protective shelter for
adult trout. These deficiencies were compounded by the
deleterious effects of man's activities. Recommendations

for management are also discussed.

 

AN ECOLOGICAL SURVEY OF A SOUTHERN
MICHIGAN TROUT STREAM

By

Raymond E. Reilly

A Thesis
Submitted to
Michigan State University
in partial fulfillment of the requirements
for the degree of
MASTER OF SCIENCE
Department of Fisheries and Wildlife

1962

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

I wish to thank Dr. Peter Tack, chairman of the
Fisheries and Wildlife Department for his technical
advice during the course of this study. Acknowledgments
are also due the many local residents who gave freely
of their time to volunteer information regarding his-
torical sidelights of McCoy Creek. I am indebted to
Dr. Gordon Guyer for his assistance in checking the
identification of the numerous aquatic insect specimens.
Recognition is due Mr. Henry J. Vondett for the in-
formation he provided from Conservation Department
records on McCoy Creek. I am.also grateful to Mr. Leo
Jones, Soil Conservation Service, for his information
regarding the McCoy Creek watershed; also the Berrien
County Drain Commission and Berrien County Road Com-
mission for allowing me to search their records, and
the Berrien County Record for supplying the project
with publicity.

11

(“'15

:‘

IKTRCDUC‘
Descr

Let
C11
Get
So!

Histcfi

Int
Str

Physio

Obj
Met
Ler
Hid
De;
Sub
V91
V01
Gra
Str
Wat
Poo
Tem
Hat

 

BiOIOg

Obj
Bot1
Dim
Bot:
TI‘m
Pia!
E161
Min]
GPO]

TABLE OF CONTENTS

F:
m
0

INTRODUCTION. 0 O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O 0 O O O 0 O O O O O O 0
Description of the Study Area..................
Location 0 O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O 0 O O O O O O O

Climate.OCOOOOOOOOOOOOOO...OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO.

Geological Description of the Area..........
Soil and Land Description...................

History of the Study Area......................

Introduction................................
Stream AlterationSOOOOOOOO.00.0.0000...0.00.

\10‘ 0‘ uwwm N H

Physical Characteristics....................... 15

Objectives.................................. 15
MathOds...00....OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO...O 15
LengthOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO000......OOOOOOOOOOOOOO 28
WidthOOOO...00......OOOCOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO... 28
Deptheeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee 28
Substrata................................... 31
Velocity.................................... 32
velmeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee 32
Gradient.................................... 35
stream coverOOOOOCOOOOOOCOOOOOOOOOOOCOOOOOOO 38
water Types................................. #3
POOIBeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee hb
Temperatures................................ 9
Water Analysis.............................. 5

Biological conditionseeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee 67

ObjectivesOOOOO0.0000000000000000...00...... 67
Bottom Fauna................................ 67
Discussion of Productivity.................. 79
Bottom Fauna and Velocity................... 82
Trent Food Preferences...................... 85
Fishing..................................... 86
Electrofishing.............................. 99
Minnow Seining.............................. 106
Ground water and Spawning................... 11h

111

 

 

 

Sugges

Env
Tm

 

83101.33

\ee

LIST OF I?

LITEPAT’JP.

Limiting FactorSOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO.

Suggestions for Management.....................

Environmental Improvement...................
Trout Populations...........................

SMARY. O O O O O O C O C O I O O O 0 O O O O 0 O O O O O O O O 0 O O O O O 0 O O O O O O 0
LIST OF INFORMANTS O C O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O I O O O O O 0 O O O O O O O
LITmTURE CITED. 0 O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O 0

iv

11.

12.

13.

1h.

LIST OF TABLES

Geographical features demarcating stream
sections.0.00.00...0.0.0...00.000.000.000...

Summarization of certain physical charac-
teristics of McCoy Creek, by sections.......

Velocity of water flow......................

Volume of water flow. By section, in
Gable feet/secondOOOOOOOOOOO000.000.00.00...

Stream gradient and cross section types.....

Percentage of cover based on total
stream.1ength and cover.....................

‘Uater types based on total stream length

and area....................................

Pool survey indicating their abundance,
probable mode of formation, and relative
abundance or Shadingeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee

Horphometric pool data......................

A comparison between water temperature
gradients and water shading.................

Summarized data for chemical analysis
orwaterOCOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO0.0.0.000.

Synoptic list of aquatic fauna collected
from h9 substrate and h vegetation samples..

Percentage comparisons of the stream's
total substrate composition, with samples
from.different substratum...................

Number and percent of samples by bottom
and vegetation types in each food grade.....

Page

17

3O
33

3h
39

hl
11.5
h?
MB
63
66

7O

77

80

m—s

15.

16.

1?.
18.

19.

 

Her.
loca

Table
15.

16.

17.
18.

19.

Record of trout plantings for McCoy Creek,
19u-8-1962000OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO000......

Summarization of catch data from fishermen
questionnairesOO...OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO...O..000

Results of electrofishing by sections.......
Minnow seine dataOOOOOOOIOOOO00.0.00...0....

Morphological data for ground water areas

locatedOOOOOOOOOO0.000000000000COOOOOO0.0...

vi

Page

92

97
101
109

118

6T)

 

Firm
1. Ma;
boa.
Sui
2- KEJ
811‘:
sarL
3- Lor
)4-12. Dali}
nor
13- 1'10:r
11;. Sutr
gra
15- Vel
tol
16- Re:
to

 

 

13.
11L.

15.

16.

LIST OF FIGURES

Map of McCoy Creek showing watershed
boundary and relationship to
surrounding areaOOOOOOOCOOOOOOOOO000.000..

Map of McCoy Creek showing sectional
subdivision locations and various
sample site locations.....................

Longitudinal profile of McCoy Creek.......

Daily water and air temperatures for
months of October through June............

Monthly air and water temperatures........

Substrate samples in relation to food

gradGSOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO.0.0...

Velocity and bottom type relationship
to insect numbers: by genera.............

Relationship of seining productivity
to substrateOOOOO00.00000...OOOOOOOOOOOOOO

vii

Page

19
36

50-58
60

78

8h

112

f.)

Plate I

Figure

igure
Plate II

Figure
Figurg

Plate III

Figure 1

Fizure 4

Plate IV

Figure .

Plate I

Figure 1.

Figure 2.
Plate II

Figure 3.

Figure h.

Plate III

Figure 5.

Figure 6.

Plate IV

Figure 7.
Figure 8.

Plate V

Figure 9.
Figure 10 .

Plate VI

Figure 11 .

Figure 12 .

LIST OF PLATES

Section I. Natural portion of
creek upstream from Curran Road.....

Looking east

Section II.

creek downstream.frmm Curran Road...

Section III.

from Station BOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO

Section IV.

near permanent station..............

Section IV.

down Curran Road.......

Dredged portion of

Looking upstream

Looking downstream

End of "Bakertown

Drain." Downstream from
station13......0......0000000000000

Section V. Shows stream emerging
from under dense shrubbery..........

One of the more "open" portions
or Section VOCOOOOOCOOOOOOOOOOOOO...

Section VI.
near Station

Section VI.
near Station

Section VII.
near Station

Section VIII.

Looking upstream

17.00.00.00000000000000

Looking downstream

17.....................

View'downstream

19.0.000000000000000000

M111 RaCGOOOOOOOOOOOO

viii

Page

20
2O

21

21

22

22

23

23

25
25

if)

Plate VII

Figure 1;

 

Figure 1...

Plate VIII I
Figure 15
Plate IX 1
Fisure 1.:
Figure 1'
Plate I
Figure 14
Plate XI

Figure 1:

 

Page
Plate VII

Figure 13. Section IX. Creek flowing through
Clark's property; upstream view...... 26

Figure 1h. Section IX. Upstream.view (dif-
ferent location than Figure 13)...... 26

Plate VIII

Figure 15. Section IX. Downstream view......... 27
Plate IX

Figure 16. McCoy Creek trout catch--19h2........ 89

Figure 17. McCoy Creek trout catch--19h7........ 89
Plate X

Figure 18. McCoy Creek trout catch-~195h........ 90
Plate XI

Figure 19. Illustrates set-up for obtaining
information from fishermen........... 9h

ix

Much
conducted
western1 1
only seen.
suitabili'
cation).

Some
carried o]
I"MAS” C1
cm“); a:
"‘1': is ¢
"mu.

Aces:

cord. do“
‘3 being I
1879 the 1
They Were

chm“ (a;

“63‘

in M0) c

 

INTRODUCTION

Much trout stream.research and survey work has been
conducted in northern Michigan. But there exist in south-

western1

Michigan twenty streams, for which, in many cases,
only casual surveys have been conducted to evaluate their
suitability as trout habitat (Vondett--personal communi-
cation). ‘1

Some trout populations and food studies have been
carried on for the southern Michigan streams of Augusta and
Portage Creeks,‘Kalamasoo County; Donagiac Creek, Cass
County; and Silver Creek, Lllegan County. ‘McCoy Creek how-
ever, is one of the trout streams receiving only a casual
survey.

According to Smedley (1938), a survey of early re-
cords does not indicate brook trout (Salvelinus fontanalis)
as being native to the Lower Peninsula of Michigan. In
1879 the first plantings were made in this peninsula.-
they were in southern Michigan; Berrien County was in-
cluded (specific locations are not known).

in early report (8) states that brook trout occurred
in McCoy Creek at least since 1920.

Berrien, Cass and Van Buren Counties.

i

 

the envir

Inn‘s inf
present a
Itreaa re
this the:
“MP" l r
2) Survey
“Mon, 6

1“Freud

W
HOCo

8‘1?!” c,

“th 11:”

“Mush a
lad 7

8 803
into the Lj
”Euro 1 I!

the "'8. . E

 

Visual evidence of thezmandmade environmental changes
are easily noted by any experienced observer. what then
is the streamfls present biological and physical condition
regarding trout habitat? Can accelerated degradation of
the environment be demonstrated? If so, what has been
man's influence? If a wide disparity exists between the
present and former environment, is it feasible to attempt
stream.restoration? These questions form the structure of
this thesis. The approach for this study was to: 1) At-
tempt a reconstruction of the streamfis past history.'

2) Survey the stream's present physical and biological con-
dition, discussing their ecological significance. 3) Pre-
pare suggestions, based oniall segments of the study, for

improved management of the streamt
Description of the Study.Area

Location
A .UMcCoy'Creek is located in southwestern Michigan's

Berrien County. It has headwaters at the Indiana-Michigan
state line. The stream.flows in a northeasterly direction
through sections 21, 16, 9, h, and 3 in Bertrand Township,
and sections 3h, 35, and 25. Buchanan Township; Town 8
and 7, south, respectively; Range 18 west. It empties
into the St. Joseph River, which flows into Lake Michigan.

Figure 1 represents the streamis relative location in

the area.

main

The
inches u
average a
ring in .‘
uxumm 1
26° (11. s

Gsologica

Len
Hichigan
13 index-1
Period ,
lost who].

th! lat.

 

 

Climate

The county has a mean annual precipitation of 33
inches,usually evenly distributed throughout the year. The
average snowfall is 51.6 inches, more than one-half occur-
ring in January and beruary (Kerr g§_gl., 1927). The mean
maximum for July is 72° and the mean minimmn for January is
260 (U. S.‘Heather Bureau, 1961).

Geological Description of the Area

Lane (1907), in his summary of the geology of southern
Michigan states that the‘western portion of Berrien County
is underlain by Antrim.shale formed during the Devonian
period. The surface features of the area were formed al-
most wholly by deposition from.the Lake Michigan lobe of
the late'Wisconsin glacier, and by shore features of the
waters impounded by the melting glaciers. Glacial outwash
aprons of gravelly and loam.soils are characteristically
distributed between.moraines which have been formed on a

north-south pattern.

Soil and Land Description

A 3 The major—portion of the stream flows through land
types characterised by a gently rolling plain dotted with
numerous, relatively deep basins which are features of
glacial origin. A large percentage of the steeper slopes
still remain in forest. Much of the peat and musk retain

a cover :
cleared ?
pasture 1
Il'he
tetes G
on Pigm-
The
types we
of Ben»:
The
except be
content c
The
1‘0 have g
1&3”! a
land lhd 1
it Wide 1“

1
Fox

““110st
“Epcot“
5011 ooh”
“d drama
lupply or
the “my
“‘0 ei
occurring .;

  

a cover of trees, shrubs and herbaceous vegetation. The
cleared land has been used for general farm crops and
pasture (Veatch, 193h).

The total watershed estimated from a 1927, United
States Geological Topographical Survey map and delineated
on Figure 1, consists of approximately 15 square miles.

The following description of the area's six.main soil
types were obtained from.Kerr g§_gl. (1927), Soil Survey
of Berrien County. . {A 1

_ The:muck soils are nearly typical in composition
except nearer the stream where they may contain a larger
content of silt clay or marl than is common.

The Plainfield sand and sandy loam.both are reported
to have good to excessive underdrainage. The rainfall is
largely absorbed and carried away through the substrata of
sand and gravel. Drainageways were reported to occur only
at wide intervals.

Fox loam and sandy loam have unweathered substrate
composed of calcareous rocks, gravel, and beds of sand,
respectively. The clay in the lemm's B layer results in
soil coherence, allowing good but not excessive absorption
and drainage. Both soils are capable of retaining a good
supply of moisture. Springs are commonly associated with
the sandy lcmm. ‘

The survey also mentions Bellefontaine sandy loan,

occurring in the steeper slopes, having good underdrainage.

Figure 1

Map of McCoy Creek showing watershed boundary and

relationship to surrounding area

 

«L

 

 

 

 

 

 
 

ST. JOSEPH
RIVER

   

  
 

 

 

   

   

 

 

: BucHANA ‘
| l LV—
l l
I
. A I _
l l
E I
I
E l
04; I --.._ -J I
Q )l
0' .
I I// I /
a" [”525 BAKERTWN h -e_ .r «we NILES
, 0°
’ 1"
I
‘ To new surmise c‘
\ ‘9
RE gr u
e“ . a"
I Q
‘ to 3
I \
'. °°
I o
5 9‘"
gouge gasp Q
//
M HtGAN
IND A

to

I
a

SCALE 0F Mil—ES

1L»

 

Its what
end stony
hilly per
3311!.
The

sting aft
This pare
generally
subsoil a

Without a

 

my"

Its substrate is composed primarily of unassorted gravelly
and stony glacial drift with.mueh limestone. Much of the
hilly portions of the study area are composed of these
soils.

The Miami silt loam.is composed of a silty loam gradu-
sting after three feet in depth into heavy unweathered till.
This parent till is calcareous but the top and subsoil is
generally leached of its line. The drainage is good; the
subsoil allowing absorption and distribution of moisture

without accumulation of excessive amounts.

Histcgy of the Study Area

Introduction
I Historical data were obtained from.two public agencies
and utilizing verbal information from eleven individuals.
These individuals have had close contact with the stream
through long-tune area residency and/or consistent stream
fishing over a period of from five to forty-five years.
Their information was compared for accuracy'by cross-
checking their data for agreement on certain points. Most
informants admitted knowing only about specific sections
of the streame Only one person (8) offered information
regarding certain conditions of the whole stream,

Most queries were directed at obtaining information
regarding the altered strewn sections. It appears that
these changes had the greatest effect on the overall

Q-

strean c1
ficent ht

The
concerniz
The Counl

the brid;

Stream A?

Pric
Stream cc
l lillpo;
and an ex
BQChanan.
aaetion 3

"”1! Is

stream character and therefore should be the most signi-
ficant historically and biologically.

The Berrien County Drain Comission provided data
concerning the dates of drainage and cleaning activities.
The County Highway Department gave information regarding
the bridge and road-work on 11-60.

Stream Alterations
. ‘Prior'to 1891i most of McCoy Creek followed its natural

stream course. The exceptions tothis were the location of

[a millpond in section 3 covering approximately 20 acres,2

and an excavated mill race location within the city of
Buchanan. It is not known how long prior to 1891; the
section 3 millpond existed but it appeared on a deed as
early as 18117.

In 18911 a group of local residents owning property
through which the stream flowed, petitioned the Berrien
County Drain Commission to straighten and dredge. the stream
comencing from Curran Road (which bisects section 16 in
an east-west direction) downstream to the point of Junction
of the lew York Central Railroad grade and the Bakertown-
Buchanan road. This was a total of 19,011i feet.3 The
portion of the stream dredged was to be known as the Baker-

town Drain. It was to be maintained by direct tax

2 Atlas Plate Book of Berrien County, 1929.

3 Berrien County Drain Commission Report, 1897.

 

essessmen
lowed.
first rej
benefit f
The 1
from dred;
(in secti
these two
in contra
3536 two
Buffalo R
Stated pr
streams
r3“ widtf

[1111mm

’ 1

 

12 test me

It1

 

1""

assessment of the landowners through whose land the stream
flowed. It is interesting to note that the petition was
first rejected because the Commission felt no one would
benefit from the dredging.

The most marked change in the streamis course resulted
from dredging the portion from Curran Road to Buffalo Road
(in section 9). The newly straightened section between
these two points had a length of approximately 8,000 feet,h
in contrast with the original streamis length (between the
same two locations) of about lh,000 feet. The work from
Buffalo Road to the termination of the drain work, con-
sisted primarily of dredging and widening the existing
streamfis course. The channel, after dredging, had a sur-
face width of approximately 25 feet maximum, to 1h feet
minimum, compared to the original surface width of from
12... feet maximum to 5 feet minimum.

It is impossible to determine what effect the dredging
had on the standing crop and carrying capacity of the
stream, since no such records are available.

_Data from dredging operations in Indiana (Murray,
1938) .stated that the inediate results were quite striking
with a tendency to decrease both the numbers and kinds of

organisms present. Bees (1959) in a‘Washington saLmon

L

h This and all other distances, unless otherwise speci-
fied, are based on measurements from an aerial photo
map; scale 1:660, obtained with.the use of a map
measure.

stream at
immediate
months. E
covered 0

titative 1

 

night hav

Prom‘
Hand due 1
in an att.
tu1‘31 use
and hot m.
but“ com.

Br 1'
“wine t

Info

”in!

stream study, found a 97 percent reduction in bottom fauna
immediately after dredging and a reduced level for 5
months. After 10 months the streamfls bottom fauna had rc-
covered completely. lo data is given regarding the quan-
titative or qualitative changes in the substrate which
might have influenced their overall results.

From 189k to 1930 the "drain" remained untouched.
Hand dug side ditches were excavated in sections 9 and 16,
in an attempt to drain the muck bottom lands for agricul-
tural use. The ditches were few in number, small in size
and not.maintained (5). However, they undoubtedly contri-
buted some siltation to the streamt

By 1930 part of the streamfis dredged portion, ac-
cording to information from residents (1, 2, 5, 8, 11)
again developed many characteristics of its former course.

Informants state that upstream.from Buffalo Road, the
streamfis substrata and banks were composed of’muck and marl
(l, 2, 3, 8). There were many large holes extending hori-
zontally into the bank where trout sought refuge (8). The
mode of formation of these holes is unknown. 3 I

It was reported (1, 2, 8) that the stream bottom from
Buffalo Road downstream to the present state highway M-60,
consisted mostly of gravel with some sand and silt edges.
Several hundred feet of stream, flowing at right angles to
the slope of a usually plowed hillside, had relatively

more sand than other portions immediately upstream, It

{‘75

was sugge.
side cont
From
water cou.
formant a
of the its
structure
Versus hi:
help acco‘
61‘1de as '

The

gravel mi...

 

0|

10

was suggested (1) that the frequent erosion of the hill-
side contributcd to the deposition of sand.

From.the present M-6O to the railroad grade, the
water course was described as follows (h, 5, 8, 11). The
channel was much deeper and somewhat winding. Each in-
formant attempted to verify their conclusion on the basis
of the water level then and new related to some physical
structure still present in the stream; or water depth
versus hip-boot height. This greater reported volume may
help account for the deep holes and undercut banks des-
cribed as formerly existing.

The substrate was composed primarily of medium-sized
gravel.mixed with some sand. Little silt occurred along
the edges. There were occasional patches of watercress.

The creek's channel downstream.from the railroad
grade to about the west edge of the city lhnits of Buchanan
remained untouched. 3

Approximately 7900 feet (stream measurement from map)
east of the west edge of the city, the stream.divides its
flow. The original channel flows southeast and the other,
called the mill race, flows east-northeast. Both, flowing
underground in culverts, again Join under the city of
Buchanan and emerge as one from the Portage Road culvert.
The mill race was established about 1820 to provide a mill,
located in Buchanan, waterpower. The race has been cleaned

out by hand and dredged periodically over the years.

Prom
flows intE
taken plad
Company's
Portage R‘
six feet .
level. A‘
is locate
feet of 1’;

there the

 

dredge?“ th

blnkg 9 D8

Ohiy 5118-
In 1

undertake

1

bunt as
tltiea or

the “Me

Of Sand e‘

11

From.the point at which the stream emerges until it
flows into the St. Joseph River, only two alterations have
taken place; both at an early date on Clark Equipment
Company's property. A few hundred feet downstream.from
Portage Road, a small pond of about one acre in size and
six feet deep had been created. A dam controls its water
level. At the east edge of Clark's property, another dam
is located creating a cascade with approximately 10-15
feet of fall. Part of the water enters the factory Just
above the dam, is used for industrial purposes and then
discharged further downstreamt

In 1930 the Drain Commission was authorized to re-
dredge the stream from the railroad grade upstream to ap-
proximately the present M-60 highway. This was a distance
of about 5,600 feet. This cleaning removed the undercut
banks, natural holes, stumps and logo (11). However, it
only slightly modified the width of the stream.

In 1932 significant road and bridge construction was
undertaken approximately h,600 feet upstream from the
Bakertown-Buchanan Road. A heavy duty concrete bridge was
built as part of M-60, across McCoy Creek. Large quan-
tities of sand and gravel were hauled in to build a roadbed
approaching the bridge. This bed is about 15 feet above
the surface of the creek and surrounding low land. In
order to situate the building forms etc., large quantities

of sand and gravel were pumped from the stream.bed; the

sand r681
It appeal
tron the
I result
slower eu'

In 1‘
creek up
sisted o
bends th

The
lentioned
Prior to
Us: locat
This devi
race.

T'Ho
formerly
of “tor.
haz‘rdoug

Van PM}.a1
I'°¢ks

 

12

sand residue being deposited in and along the stream (ll).
It appears that the thick sand deposits in the stream
from the bridge to approximately 2,1400 feet downstream are
a result of the combined construction activities, and
slower current. _

In 1935 additional work was done by the VPA on the
creek'upstream from 14-60 to Buffalo Road. This—work con-
sisted of removing logs, cutting brush and removing stream
bends that had reformed in the creek (1, ll, 9).

The mill race was dredged by dragline in 19h1. As
mentioned, this race had been hand-cleaned many times,
prior to 1911.1. A water diversion structure (now defunct)
was located where the mill race and main channel separate.
This device regulated the amount of water entering (the mill
mo.

‘i'wo observers (8, 11) noted the main branch was
formerly (prior to dredging) a very fast flowing stretch
of water.“ Due to its velocity and depth, wading was
hazardous. .Undercut banks were common. The bottom type
was primarily medium to large gravel, scattered with large
rocks. The water area was heavily shaded by long and
dense overhanging sedge.

The bottom is now primarily sand. The undercut banks
are gone. The swiftness and volume of water has been
greatly reduced. Whether the dredging of the mill race

and abandonment offlthe water diversion structure were

entirely
water is
approxime
dredged

the etre
driven b

 

13

entirely responsible for the reported decreased flow of
water is speculative.

In 1936 the Pike Lake outlet flowing into the creek
approxbmately 600 feet dcwnstream.from Buffalo Road, was
dredged and straightened. The original outlet flowed into
the stream.and must have carried a fair volume of water
driven by a velocity great enough to scour a good sized
pool at the point of Junction with the creek. This pool
was used as a swimming location (1). The bottom.was firm
and the water approximately h feet deep and cold. Almost
immediately after this outlet was dredged, the pool became
unsuitable for swimming due to the deposition of muck and
silt dislodged during the dredging. The wider outlet, now
having less velocity, apparently could not keep the pool
scoured out.

According to the Drain Commission's records, scattered
work was done on the stream.during l9hl and l9h2. It is
not known where this work was carried out. ‘

A small one-quarter acre pond was dug within the last
15 years, 3,200 feet westerly from the mill race sep-
aration. It is fed by a diversion channel leading from
the creek into the pond. The outlet goes back into the
creek a short way down from.the pond's inlet.

Only minor scattered cleaning work has occurred on

the main stream since l9u2.

Appr

and a an?

upstream

 

the land:
extremely
below the
data to (3
original
recent or

In 1

We]! land

 

attempt t
b! dredg:
Channel.
approxima
Frog”! ‘1
in a 31m
Acco
section 0
110110",e d
ailted in
8° heavu
in Many a

1h

Approximately 11 years ago, a portion of the strewn
and a small pond was dredged out about one-quarter mile
upstreamifrom the Bakertcwn-Buchanan Road. According to
the landowner (7), the dragline operator commented on the
extremely thick layer of gravel occurring about 3 feet
below the present muck substrate. There is insufficient
data to definitely say that this gravel was the streamis
original substrate and the 3 feet of muck is a result of
recent erosional deposition.

In 1955 an agricultural venture was initiated on the
muck lands between Curran and Buffalo Roads. This was an
attempt to drain the land for use in a corn growing program
by dredging a network of side ditches at angles to the main
channel. The work between 1955 and 1960 accounted for
approximately 5 lineal miles of ditches being dug. This
program.was a failure and abandoned by 1960. Some interest
in a similar project has been revived by new landowners.

According to a local resident (8) who has fished this
section of the stream.for about 30 years, all the former
hollowed out holes extending horizontally into the banks
silted in. This area's bottom,banks, and pools are now
so heavily silted over that navigating the stream by canoe,
in.many stretches, is very difficult or impossible. Its

character is now that of a ditch.more than a stream.

A
previou.
for McCc
analysis

The
length,
the 8008
Signific
of large
water cr<
bank cove
debrig, ‘
ersce
dolly se

The
six-gal '
or these
Mm tr
8amPlea a

w .
The
o°t°ber t;

continued

i
r

 

15

Physical Characteristics

Objectives

A survey of the published literature revealed no
previous work of an intensive nature having been completed
for McCoy Creek. A prime objective then was a thorough
analysis of the streamis physical characteristics.

The stream survey included: 1) ascertaining its
length, average width and depth. 2) Sketching in detail
the geographical course of the stream. 3) Mapping in all
significant characteristics such as location and abundance
of large beds of aquatic vegetation, and in the case of
water cress, its water surface area coverage; location of
bank cover and its degree of stream.ehading; logs, stream
debris, undercut banks; pools-~their approximate water
surface area and depth, and types of substrate. 3) Ran-
domly selecting stations throughout the stream's length.

The data to be collected at each station included:
stream velocity, width, depth, and substrate types. Some
of these stations were to be later used as collection.
points to obtain water for chemical analysis, bottom.fauna

samples and minnow samples.

Hethods
The major portion of this survey extended from mid-
October to the first of November, 1961. Certain phases

continued into the summer of 1962.

A. c
I depth
taken da
Air and
afterno:
taken fr
inches b
will be
peratura
l’or'
dISSeI-ta
into see
This
and mess:
Iine gec1
graphics]
and the d
Their re
Ille
length e
Buffalo F'
Where he
the “tree
Plant to
In the“

p0013.

 

16

A convenient permanent station site was selected and
a depth gauge installed in mid-stream. Readings were
taken daily; the water depth recorded in tenths of a foot.
Air and water temperature were recorded morning and late
afternoon at the same location. ‘Hater temperatures were
taken from the bank, with the thermometer held several
inches below the surface of the water. Further details
will be given and discussed under the topic of "temp
peratures." .

For convenience of reference during the course of this
dissertation, a discussion of the division of the stream
into sections will be given at this point rather than later.

The stream.was divided into sections based on visual
and measured differences noted in the streamfls character.
line sections were defined. Table 1 gives their geo-
graphical points of demarcation, the length of each section
and the dominant characteristics used to identify'theme
Their relationship to the stream.1s shown in Figure 2.

The survey was accomplished by wading the streamis
length except for the following areas: upstream.from the
Buffalo Road bridge to the headwaters. A canoe was used
where practical, and the remainder was surveyed by walking
the streamis bank. Downstream from the Buchanan sewage
plant to the St. Joseph reservoir the bank was traversed.
In these areas stream depth was recorded only in larger

pools.

Table 1

Geographical features demarcating stream sections

Innrvnflmnifl

 

..__“._Lcn- nhnrncteristlcfi

17

 

. noon nacho nope:
ammonnu tonne: van Hosanna ova:
.wuamene hops: ho pnzoad suave:

somewhat nausea
Sonioeom Em

 

 

 

 

 

 

.Eeonpn wnacnus_aeaawano on emmahn mecca: 0005 o H>
embahn neooos
n.3eaun< song
Hennsmo seamen .newme aaam Buchanan pooh
.wnumenu memo: no masons emaoq com on oeom use»
.Eoenpu wuaoaat Headwano inexemunememusm come w >
. -upneHm cassava no Aeoenw neon
npzonw canon .noaac emanaeno laden new boom
eeHnEeuom .oHoom renunsoau mendnoamnnzop
unmaeaam wwnficema never eduuaa inexem on 00:! coed. .m >H
. eensoo
ranches Housman e eeansenem 00:: on
.mnucemu some: no masons shame: oeom caehnsm com: .d HHH
-ne>oc ounce and : ewcunn
ocean e333 .sooeon Eon: eeom Sudden
.nopav emenaehn seanaenem on poem damage 000» N HH
enema Henupea ma hannem 41 neom_nenaso o»
wnaonaslahnnsnninsoahen knob naeuesueen.aonm ooao H H
. noun-endaec no Hpeeh mam .ow
noaananepoeAeme unannaswsaueun amass decanneamoom damned casuah noaaeem
, A . y . w A . emmaauonmnw .

 

 

J II-Juoztiooeoc emLoE Hmouzaoawoeo
Ideal-1141!!! I

 

. nomcofl, tandem soeoeon
cu IEHNOLQQ‘

18

 

moon» omnoa no hmonee

hp mnaconm .uuoammnw macaw
.uoupsaaoa owusou no\pnm
assumescna on neonnse noon

non nouaooe no pros haaeoanhnm
nsoonomoaon cop non swoonpam

nebam

smooch .am on
canard emeaaom

0000

MA

NH

 

season
ream .muaoeno none: onooen
.Heuee seamen neanaeuom

owne>< stennano
on eoom Haas

ooom

NH

HHH>

 

museums nosed
serene» send endow .noeae
seamen .nOaphom memos ma
madman» hope: no unsoaw sauces
--wueoue3 as._seonee Handmade

canard when
on mesons can:

com: ,

HH

HH>

 

neapnaaopeenano msunaasmsaauan

moancenaaev no
exams Heoanmeawoeo

Auto.“ :3
newton
epmmmwonamd

.en
enamah

qoaaoem

,Figure 2

Map of McCoy Creek showing sectional subdivision

locations and various sample site locations

 

 

'3‘,

\q

 

 

  

 

. ‘ e -
section ‘\ “‘ $ECI'ION
Buchm- '11
$1“ \f'mT
Section ‘21 ‘ \
‘\‘ ‘m \ .
_ M 56010:;
---~- ..5 52m? '9
. e .
Sac-noel I
. .1
5 ‘/
SGCTTON 1'!
SC!“
on. GO
Sec-now m:
/ .9!"
3f
('1
L9“ .
SGC‘UW n
5 we.
(I
E LEGEND
S‘suaemm Focus; Somme
L--- J? E~ {\ectaoeish'we semen
m- (“Ransom SG‘Na fihmefle
r. Mann-my TQM peRnWRé
Pa Pcamaueur 'SYRTRON
5““‘W I ---'- section BOUNDRRY
Q i j.-

 

Sceic o? maes

a

7"?

I'm
_ hrs-1

Iilit'h'llr'e

Fleur

20

% Plate I

'3‘.
{"3
' ’1'.'

14‘s

 

 

Figure 1. Section I. Natural portion of creek
_. upstream.from Curran Road.

 

 

Figure 2. Curran Road looking east. Bump in road
indicates presence of underground
springs.

.1

l“

 

 

Figure

 

- P181135 ’4

A

21

Plate II

 

 

.Pigure 3. Section II. Dredged portion of creek
downstream.from Curran Road.

896! NV!

 

{P J f fv J‘fifv wiry—Ky"

\‘

Figure h. Section III. Upstream view near
Station 8..

'1' 1Euro 5

 

' “an. 6

Figure 6 .

L

22

Plate III

8961 NY!

 

1 ‘ \

Section IV. Looking downstream towards
permanent station.

8961 NY!

 

" "— -\' “-

Section-XIII.- End "of "Bak‘ertown Drain."
Downstream view fromStation 13.

,-

I“

Figure 7.

Figure 8

23

‘ Plate IV

a",

8961 NV!

 

\ .Pigure 7. Section V. Shows stream.emerging from
. under dense shrubbery.

8961 NY!

 

} Pigure 8. Section V. One of the more "open”
8 . portions of this section. a ,

' ”We 10,

 

Mem 9. Se

new

2h

, Plate V

'V

8961 NV!

    

 
      

    

'0'
.34 _ ’

. '.A.““ ( I I .l ,' ‘ ‘;
‘:-‘~4_.;‘”‘;'; 115‘. ‘1. air
{ ‘ '1‘“ fi 4». .‘
FN--‘-\

V a to. ‘ I . J ' ' 'A;
’ its ’ h f' 5 r ’ "
'4 ' 15; W\‘ ,‘i a -7) ‘8 3"

, Figure 9. Section VI. Looking upstream toward
. Station 17.

896! NY!

 

Figure 10. Section VI. Looking downstream.near

.. Station 17. Note dense mate of water
cress. Dotted lines indicate approxi-g
mate extent of ice coverage.

§

'9'

”Sure

.-

Figure 11.

.Figure 12.

25

Plate VI

9961 KY!

 

——\K ’ ‘kln

Section VII. View downstream near
Station 19. Dotted lines indicate
approximate extent of ice coverage.

2296! XV!

 

\Mill Recon-Section VIII: This
section completely frozen over
during part of winter.

Figure 13

Fl1811M 1h

0""

26

.Plstc VII

896! NY!

 

Figure 13. Section II. Upstream tiew through
. Clark's property.

9961 NY!

f"

' Ward w '
o sir-V1.5?
'\ R‘k" er?-
35" ‘Ws‘

 

Figure 11;. Section IX. Upstream view) through
. Clark's property.

27

Plate VIII

 

£961 NVl’

 

Figure 15. Section IX. Downstream view through

Clark's property. Dotted lines indi-
cate approximate extent of ice
coverage.

28

A description of the methods used to measure the
streamfis physical characteristics, and discussions of
each, follows.

Length
" See footnote h, page 8.
use
This measurement was made at the selected stations
only from solid bank to bank. Readings were recorded to
the nearest one-half foot. Beds of water cress were in-
cluded as part of the strewn since they were growing in
the water. A total of 27 measurements were taken. The
average widths per section is summarized in Table 2.-
Results and Dieoueeion.--widths in Sections II, III,
and IV show the results of earlier dredgings. They are
much greater than would normally be expected compared to
relative widths in adjoining upstream.and downstream
sections. It appears that this stream width change has
decreased the streamis velocity from that which.wou1d
have occurred had it not been widened.
222m
‘Ilneasurements were taken frequently while wading the
stream in:
a) the main channel and/or the center of the stream,

b) all pools.

c) 8‘
The deptl
center a;

All 1
nearest 1
clear waf
In those
the sele<

figsgg
Table 2 e
V compare
that the
Stream 13.
greater 1
Itcent 8e

Field
depth “I
The chanr
much or 1
”Minder
"”880 d
Present P

be 8118330
5\

EdSe d
6

The at
“Dy u:

29

e) stream edges5
The depth was also recorded at each station for the stream
center and at each edge.

All measurements were made with a yardstick, to the
nearest inch. In the case of stream edges, only the
clear water flowing over the semi-solid silt was measured.
In those sections not waded, depth was recorded only at
the selected stations.

‘Results and Discussion.--Analysis of the data in
Table 2 shows a noticeable difference in depth in section
V compared to other adjoining sections. The data suggests
that the bank cover has acted as a stabilizing agent. The
stream.basin in this section is therefore subject to
greater scouring action (in the main channel) than ad-
jacent sections. ‘

Field data show this data section to have the greatest
depth variation between the main channel and the edges.
The channel was approximately 31 to 3k inches throughout
much of its 1ength.but usually only 3-h feet wide. The
remainder was quite heavily silted bringing the depth
average down considerably. How much of this silt was
present prior to "recent" dredging activities can only

be guessed.6 ‘

 

5 Edge defined here to mean the approximate mid-point
between center and bank.

6 The stream.was randomly divided into units; one to
many units composed a section. 'Within each.unit

Table 2

Summarization of certain physical characteristics

of McCoy Creek, by section

on

fifggompggjfion averageffiecf

 

substrata-.erce

 

 

30

 

 

 

m 0 ma : mm mm ooo.om _~upma
mm m mm .. mm 0H Hm m.~H coco le
-- -- mm -- on m: ma m.:a coon HHH>
ma ma 0: a -- mm Ha 0.:H com: HH>
s as mm o :H mm aH m.aH coma H»
a 9 mm a a me am o.MH come >
-- : ma ma 3: ma :H o.ma coo: >H.
-- e m -- me am mH o.mH com: HHH
-- -- m -- :H as 0H o.o~ coop HH
-w -4 u» -w om ow m m.m ooao H
mxmwh Hobmrm HobquWrndh cmmw aHm» ammw umumuw “MM“: nwmmwa uncuuoom
HHmmm summon was waam tunam .‘ owaAo>< emanobd noaaoom

 

nOHvoom\omaho>a nomwmnomaooAmmoOhomrncnuhumnvm

Subst

deter]
by ac:
were:
the sa
silt 11
but son
Proport
with an
sand 1m
Due
sewage I
three pg
Tab
tota1 d1.
A mltum
‘ Sand-81

percent 8

31

Substrate

Results and Discussion.--The bottom character was
determined visually and by the degree of abrasiveness felt
by securing the bottom with the foot. The types mapped
were: silt; sand and silt mixture (usually stratified with
the sand overlaying the silt); sand--usually some mineral
silt intermingled; sand--gravel.mixture--usually fine gravel
but some medium-sized gravel intermingled--always a large
proportion of sand; medium-sized gravel-~mostly occurring
with an admixture of sand; small rocks--normally little
sand intermixed.

Due to the turbidity of the water below the Buchanan
sewage plant, the bottom types were not mapped except at
three points.

Table 2 shows that silt composes 33 Percent of the
total different types of substrata (25 percent loose silt7).
A mixture of sand-silt makes up 32 percent, sand h percent,
a sand-gravel mixture 18 percent, mediumrsized gravel 8

percent and small rocks 5 percent.

 

certain physical characteristics (e.g., water types, water
cross beds, etc.) were mapped as to their approximate area
of water coverage. This was based on their visually esti-
mated width from the bank towards the streamis center,

times the lineal distance they occurred in a streamis unit.
Areas of physical characteristics per unit were combined to
compute their percent occurrence for a total stream.section.

7Loose silt refers to silt not forming soil media for
watercress beds.

Velocit‘
Cu:
using a
of nylon
extend t]
A series
The surfs
time in 5
Table 3 8!
R_e_s_u_g
moderately
average ye
for Sectio.
8fictions (1
III) "”38
checked, M
on “19 Hate.
cause, s cm

do" the cez

%

This 33
(19510 metho‘
was collect“.

linal Point O

 

32

Velocity

Current was measured in midstream at 27 stations
using a light plastic float attached to a 5 foot length
of nylon line, .01 in diameter. The length of time to
extend the line's full 5 feet was measured by stopwatch.
A series of 3 trials were made and the results averaged.
The surface velocity was computed by dividing the average
thme in seconds into the distance traversed by the float.
Table 3 summarizes the data for the different sections.

Results and Discussion.--On1y two sections had a
moderately swift (approximately l-l.5 feet per second)
average velocity. A two foot per second average velocity
for Section IX could be considered swift water. Three
sections (I, III, IV) were moderately slow and two (II and
III) averaged slow water. The headwater section was not
checked. Much of the dense shrub cover in Section V lies
on the water's surface along the stream's sides. This
causes a current speed-up by channeling most of the water

down the center of the strewn.

Volume

(This was determined, using the Robins and Crawford
(l95h) method, as outlined by Lagler (1956). This data
was collected at 7 locations near the geographical ter-

minal point of the sections designated in Table h.

Table 3

Velocity of water flow

Flow
CPS

Less th;
.S-.9
1- 1.1L
1.5 - 1.
2+

33

 

 

 

. __§ections
Flow in I I I I_l_V .. IX
. CFS Averagg_velocity:;feet[secondi_
Less'than .5 x ' ' x
,5 - .9 x x x
l - l.h X X
105 - 1.9 X

2+ X

 

Table h

Volume of water flow

By section, in cubic feet/second

cps—r

N01
measx

34

 

*Section

 

CPS I

Not Not
measured measured 3.3 5.0 7.3 11.0 6.0 nth 17.0

 

D“

Gradient

A t
contour '
gradient
of strea:
contour :
and the '.

R_e_e_1
the stre:
the gradi
course 1,
one thou:
increase;
Streamva
thousand‘

Alle
that in E
Der one t
GI“filing
feet Per
do"intuit
1.5 feet
one thong

A11s
that “1th
(mud to

35

Gradient

- A topographical map (U. 8. Geological Survey) with a
contour interval of 20 feet was used to determine the
gradient of the stream. It should be noted that the rate
of stream.fall is not necessarily uniform between mapped
contour intervals. This is especially true for Section VII
and the lower part of Section VI.

Results and Discussion.--A longitudinal section of
the stream.1s pictured in Figure 3. This illustrates that
the gradient for the upperBh percent of the streamls
course is quite uniform, averaging 1.2 feet of fallper
one thousand feet of stream length. The average gradient
increases sharply for the remaining 16 percent of the
streamis course; the gradient being 5.9 feet per one
thousand.

Allen's (1951) reference to Huet's (l9h6) work stated
that in Belgium, waters with a gradient greater than 3 feet
per one thousand are predominantly occupied by trout.
Grayling and chub also occur in gradients less than 6.5
feet per one thousand. He further mentions trout being a
dominant species in streams having gradients as low as
1.5 feet per one thousand. Between this and a .75 feet per
one thousand trout occur in only small numbers.

Allen (1951) summarizing Hobbs and Huet's work reports
that with increasing volume a decreasing gradient is re-

quired to produce a given velocity. It is the velocity

Figure 3

Longitudinal profile of McCoy Creek

A" ‘a

74 O

720

 

 

«5.060

35000 401000

000

C
30,

Get

000

\

7
2.5
Sfigaam #64ma I.» F

D00

2.0

95.000

T

cofooo

5000

 

 

740 -

V I if I I

8 ° 8 3 -°
b- E ~c \9 S

1333 NI '(1‘1A3'1 V39 'MOQV) MDIJVAB‘IS “93mg

v’z' ‘\

produced
that is
Ana
Appears
Section '
therefor
tetion.
the envi:
of fish t
No 1
Volume an
velocity
Acco
and a Oro
lineato b
The
dhided 1
he“histor-
“at of t
milewme
Indiana.
”mm 11
lboy. the
General d;

Riv” [tya

37

produced by gradient or a gradient-volume relationship
that is the important factor.

Analyzing McCoy Creek first on gradient alone, it
appears as though the last 16 percent (plus one-half of
Section VII) of the stream.ehows proper gradient (and
therefore velocity) specifically suited for trout adap-
tation. The upper reaches appear suitable for trout but
the environment will hold a greater variety and abundance
of fish competitors than one of higher gradients.

No known technique is available for reconciling
volume and gradient data so as to arrive at a common
velocity factor as an end result.

According to Huet (1959) European's stream profile
and a cross section of their valley can be used to de-
lineate biological zones.

The cross section of the McCoy Creek valley can be
divided into four zones. The first some extended from.the
headwaters, downstream approximately 29,000 feet (60 per-
cent of the streamfls length). It is a relatively flat
mile-wide valley, part of a prairie soil area of northern
Indiana. Approximately one-half mile to the east of the
stream lies a series of forested ridges 100-160 feet
above the stream plain. These hills are parallel to the
general direction of stream flow towards the St. Joseph

River [type 3].

The
(25 pert
hills tc
northwes
in width
ably [ty
by very
The
valley c
bills [15;
m:
the previ
The
waters t‘;
or condu
Section 1
trout Vat

to treats

W

38

The second zone extends approximately 12,000 feet
(25 percent of the streamfls length). Closing in of the
hills to the southeast and formation of hills on the
northwest side reduces the valley to only one-fourth.mile
in width. The current in this stretch increases notice-
ably [type 2]. In the third zone, the stream is enclosed
by voey steep banks 10-20 feet high [type 1A].

The last zone winds through a narrow (300 feet wide)
valley completely surrounded by the now converged bordering
hills [type 10].

Table 5 summarizes the survey's results obtainedfor
the previously discussed topics. I

The anomaly here is that the upper reaches are quieter
waters than the lower stretches. This appears the reverse
of conditions for most trout streams. Unfortunately,
Section IX, which assays physically to be more typically
trout water, is the section which is frequently exposed

to treated sewage and industrial discharges.

Stream.Cover

Permanent cover was considered to be primarily beds
of aquatic vegetation and bank shrubs.

'Uater cress (Nasturtium officinale) was the pre-
dominant aquatic plant. .During the survey all cross beds
were mapped. Their stream.surface area coverage was esti-

mated by pacing their length and estimating their

Table 5

Stream gradient and cross section types

22’

39

 

Gradient
stream.fall
in thousands
of feet

Valley type
cross
section

‘Section
V .

1.h 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.1 1.1

Type 3 Type 2

X

1.1 5.9

Type IA
. & lC

mar-kc:
nethm
dense
in Sea
obserw

1
Offer
of at]
Rated

1
cut b.

as to

ho

approximate width. Their coverage in percent of each
section was noted.

Other aquatic vegetation which afforded cover in the
order of their observed abundance and frequency: Vallisi-
gagig’americana; Potamogeton pusillus; Anacharis canadensis:
Potambgeton spa; fiymphea adorata; Podostementum spa, and
925:5. . ..

Location and abundance of these vegetation beds were
marked. Criterion of abundance was based on the general
method in part from Lagler (1956); abundant-growing in a
dense distribution on the streamis substrate, common-growing
in scattered dense patches in the stream; sparse-seldom
observed in a stretch of stream.

Bank shrubs extending over the stream.which.would
offershade were located on the survey map. Their extent
of stream.ehading, in percent, for each section was esti-
mated by previously outlined methods.

Temporary cover included brush piles, debris, under-
cut banks and logs. All such types of cover were mapped
as to location.

These results are summarized in Table 6.

Results and Discussion.--0nly in Sections I and V
were there high percentages of shrub shading (vegetation
in leaf). These two sections represented the "original
stream," Most of Section III was well lined with trees

providing "unmeasured" shading.

m:Ca£ amen mnflho H llllllll

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

none GD smog neshm no a cmeb unshte
a o owweMUH sous: Scam
homfifi 3 HMII JIJV. _ anewao
22:13... e... Emfisu :5? .e
pHo>flUU ll
‘ .‘u
.b
e
1
b
a O
T

Percentage of cover based on total stream
length and cover

hl

.oensasea no: .wnaoonu meal undoubown cued acumen oeo003.ha«>eem at

 

 

 

 

_ .essnee
oceans: as voeuue heaaaan men moo-Hana head: no wnueeaneuaa manna. H0 anlan *
canebhenno “m
e an H sex. one» sees a NH.
nu a In cosine m m HHHb
: m -- esteem ea mm HH>
mach. Oflbm
n me e an ceases o: on as
am
shaman : m # enasam sen» seen 00 >
one: o m oncogene mm o >H
psonunoanp
Haas. m an a season m mm HHH
: m ON ON HH
A .eeaHH-u be: ceases» so: on ma H
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psoneomb omen Amman neapavoueb means. amen
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anemones use:

 

HOPOD

onenesuem

Th
over 70

Mu
pruned.
with 3-
vhich i
devoid
stream
kept pr
I dense
Shrubs.

Th
lonly d
Survey
the Btr
mid-sap

3181;th

h2

The cross and shrubs in Sections I, V and VI cover
over 70 percent of the water surface.

Much of Section VI flowing through Buchanan is kept
pruned. Some of the banks along its course are lined
with 3-6 foot high wooden and concrete retaining walls
which inhibit shrub growth. Section VIII is almost
devoid of bank cover. Although Section IX is a natural
stream section, the bank shrubs on Clarkis property are
kept pruned. Below the sewage plant, large trees form
a dense canopy excluding much light and light-requiring
shrubs.

The aquatic vegetation beds in Section IV were com-
monly distributed at the time of the initialstream
survey (November). However luxuriant growths covered
the streamis substrate during the months from.May through
mid-September. Sections III, VI and VIII had sparsely
distributed beds of vegetation for 3 seasons but had
common distribution throughout the stream for the period
from.fiay through mid-September. In the rapid water
portions of SectiOn VI, little vegetative growth was
noted during any season.

Temporary cover occurred sporadically throughout
the stream in small amounts. Section III provided this
type of cover most frequently.) ‘

The bmportance of cover to trout is well understood.

Boussu (195h) found that removing brush cover along a

small at
fish, eV
creased

removal

vegetati
of value
effect 0
effect 0

Water Ti
Var

lated,
monly us

1956),

P00

0
n)
(n
O

h3

small stream.resulted in a decrease in the numbers of
fish, even though the fish in the control section in-
creased in numbers. Similar results were observed with
removal of under-cut banks. In the same study, aquatic
vegetation (mainly water cress) was cited to be primarily
of value to fingerlings. This cover had no apparent
effect on the abundance of legal-sized fish: bank cover's

effect on temperature will be discussed in another section.

‘Hater Types

variations in the character of the water were tabu-
lated. Descriptions of these types are in terms com-
monly used by fishermen and biologists (in part, Allen,
1956). ‘
Aggglgr-water depth at least 20 inches and 8-10
3 inches deeper than that of the main channel.
Current sometimes turbulent, usually slight.
§1£t§--Generally smooth flowing water of moderate
if to slight current--less depth than pools.
agar-Moderate to rapid current and fairly deep,
flow usually turbulent. Uncluttered water
area usually of less than average width.
Riffles--Shallow water with a rapid current and
usually a broken flow.
Cascades-~Hater in which a steep gradient combined

with a bed of stones or rocks produces a very

rapid, broken flow, often with white water.

These
regular at

Table

w
III, IV, I
frequent 4
III).

The 1
described

The :
deep. fair
rowing ob
help acco
gradient

The
and lubst
°r Substr
Percent-,8E
sections
were comp
II. III,
IMS is d

under the

trees bed;

silt is p:

These water types were mapped during part of the
regular survey.

Table 7 summarizes the data by sections.

Results and Discussion.--In the dredged Sections (II,
III, IV, VIII) flats predominate; riffles are very in-
frequent as are runs (except for a small area of Section
III).

The abundance of runs in Section V has already been
described on page31»

The flats in Section IX are a result of relatively
deep, fairly straight stretches. The lack of stream nar-
rowing obstructions and relatively uniform.width also
help account for this condition in a section with a high
gradient factor.

The data suggests a correlation between water types
and substrate. The sections with the greatest percentage
of substrate in medium gravel and rocks have the greatest
percentage of riffles (Sections VI, VII, IX). Those
sections with the highest percentage of silt and sand,
were composed primarily of the "flat" water type (Sections
II, III, IV, VIII). Section v seems-t0 be an exception.
This is due to the large areas of relatively still water
under the shrubs which allow accumulation of silt. This
is comparable to the semi-solid build-up of silt in the
cross beds. In the active stream flow channel, little

silt is present.

Table 7

Water types (in percent), based on total

stream length and area

Sections

 

II
III
IV

VII

VIII

IX
Average

percent
tOt‘I 8

#5

 

Water t as

 

 

 

Sections . FIits Runs es Cascades
1%
I . Not completely recorded
II 100 -- -- --
III 82 15 3 --
IV 93 6 l --
V 28 72 -- --
v1 27 so 17 --
VII 10 35 55 --
VIII 9S 3 2 --

IX Sh 10 2h 12

 

Average in
percent for
total stream. 51 39 10 .5

 

Cor

flats 81

riffles

23311
Da
locatio
This we
through
surface
The tot
88 well
151il'umen
2g
data 1;
unit 01
greats:
Proxim
aVGrag.
I1
Shatte:
a°°t1o
are“ 0.
surfac.

ratio ‘

trout l

M6

Considering the entire stream, the data indicated
flats are the predominant water type, followed by runs;

riffles being the least frequent.

29.2.1.1
Data obtained for pools were mapped according to
location, depth and approximate water surface area coverage.
This was accomplished by measuring the various depths
throughout the pool and their approximate maximum width,
surface shape, and length. Their area was then computed.
The total number of pools per section was also tabulated
as well as the amount of their overhead cover. The in-
strument of p001 formation was noted if observable.
Results and Discussion.--Analysis of the summarized
data in Tables 8 and 9 show a low density of pools per
unit of stream length and area. Section V contains the
greatest number of pools (30). This section had an ap-
proximate pool-stream.surface area ratio of 1:27. The
average individual pool surface area was 113 square feet.
In an evaluation study of stream.1mpr0vement devices
Shetter g§_gl. (l9h6) lists statistics from a 1600 foot
section of "improved" streami The 29 pools had a total
area of 5,720 square feet and an average individual pool
surface area of 238 square feet. Its pool-stream.erea
ratio was 1:5.2. Better fish yields and increased brook

trout numbers were attributable to a greater survival of

Table 8

Pool survey indicating their abundance, probable

mode of formation, and relative abundance of shading.

 

 

h?

282 0 H35

 

 

mm cm .. mm mm : HH>
c on em on ma mm Ho
a as co mm mm cm s
o mm mm m: mm o cH.
-- co 0H _ on we ow HHH
essences» eoz HH
. ceeessneo.ocz _ _ . v H
heave adamwc cpmoo ansmnm hoboo moonnobo nHmMm encupoom
meson . Ana: «doom nonasz

noapsahom Hoomfi

Sectior

 

Has

'2

‘ Table 9

Morphometric pool data

 

 

Approximate
Average pool surface Pool/stream area
Sections depth in area in ratio
inches sq. ft.
I Not tabulated
II Not tabulated
III 26 1,000 1:65
IV 22 400 1:207
V 3b, 3,400 1:24
VI 32 1,800 1:75
VII 24 130 l:h52
VIII None
IX 38 1,800 1:64

 

young t
tative
Th
for Sec
depth a
It
water 1

pool f:

Temgert
T1

Permane
Daily 1
and 5-4
Hornets]

15). 1

Mo]

#9

young trout. These results were apparently from quanti-
tative and qualitative improvements.

The remainder of the stream.bad few pools and, except
for Sections VI and IX, they were generally smaller in
depth and area. ‘

These results could be expected since the "flat”
water type and low stream velocity are not conducive to

pool formation.

Eggpgratures

Temperatures were recorded daily and monthly at the
permanent station and monthly at six other stations.
Daily readings were recorded at approximately 7-8:00 A.M.
and 5-6:00 P.M. All readings were made with a glass ther-
mometer, mercury type, graduated in degrees F0 (see page
15). Figures h through 12 present the daily changes
recorded for the months of October, 1961 through part of
June, 1962. These temperatures g2 22! necessarily denote
daily maximum or minimum temperatures. Since water temr
peratures lag somewhat behind that of air, they would more
nearly indicate maximum.and minimum.water temperatures.
lo adjustment was made for seasonal changes in the length
of day and its effect on recordings for these specific
tunes.

Monthly temperature data were collected during the
latter one-third of the month in the afternoon, at the

Figure )1

Daily water and air temperatures for October, 1961

permanent station

— e _
k“

‘ A- — — o _
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Figure 5

Daily water and air temperatures for November, 1961

permanent station

 

 

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59

stations designated in Fig. 2. If possible, days were
selected on which the air temperature was above or below
normal. It was postulated that the moderating effect of
ground water could then be detected more readily.

Figure 13 illustrates graphically the data collected
monthly for the 7 stations.

Results and Discussion.--There seems to be only gen-
eral agreement in the literature regarding habitable temp
perature for brook and brown trout (§glmg trutta). Embody
(1921) stated that brook trout prefer waters with.maximum
temperature of no greater than 70°F., optimum for growth
being equal to or less than 70°F. They will tolerate
75°F. water under certain 02 and 002 conditions. At 83°
heavy mortality occurs and produces a deleterious delayed
action effect on the remaining population. Brasch‘g§_g;.
(1958) summarize the literature, stating that exposure to
temperature above 780 for more than a few hours will kill
brook trout. Fry (l9h7), states that increased temp
perature above766o results in decreasing brook trout
activity; this activity declines until lethal temperatures
are reached. He found that brook trout could withstand
77° temperatures. '

It is recognized that brown trout will tolerate and
thrive in warmer water than brook trout. Embody (1921)
refers to optimum temperature as equal to or less than 75°,

but growing in waters which reach 80°F. Needham.(l938)

Figure 13

Monthly air and water temperatures

from seven stations

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61

also found the 75-800 range suitable for the growth of
brown trout. He gives 81°F. as the maximum safely tol-
erated temperature.

An examination of the daily air and water temperature
data for the permanent station, shows a generalized pat-
tern on warm days. 'When the recorded air temperatures
were between 75-810, the water tenperature did not rise
above 69°. When the daily air temperatures exceeded 820
the water temperature rose over 700 but on the hottest
days, the water temperature did not exceed 75°. The
morning water temperatures following the previous day's
high air temperature always declined to 55-650. The warm
months then, showed an approximate 120 difference between
afternoon air and water tenperature; the water temperature
not surpassing 75°. Two spot checks in late August, during
high air temperatures (90-950P.) showed a water temperature
no higher than the same reached during 900 weather in May.
The nininnn.water temperature during this period also
corresponded with those during May.

The significance of these high, late summer air temp
peratures appears to be that the water does not store up
much heat energy as the summer season progresses. This
suggests that the influx of cool ground water is sufficient

to offset stored heat energy in the stream.

 

8 Eight days in May, recorded with afternoon temperatures

reaching 85-9h°.

62

While the air temperatures in January varied con-
siderably for different periods of the month (a 510
variation), the water temperature only fluctuated 13°.

The lowest water temperature reading was recorded at 33°
on a day when the air was ~120.

Monthly winter water temperatures for different
stations, showed a gradual decrease in temperature as the
stream flowed towards its mouth. Streamredge ice increased
in area downstrean.from the permanent station, reducing the
main channel to a 2-3 foot width. These lowered down-
stream water temperatures and increasing ice coverage might
be correlated with minimal ground water activity. More
seepage apparently is present upstream from the permanent
station, thus preventing stream-edge ice from forming and
maintaining a higher winter water temperature.

Except for the headwater area, the water temperatures
during the warmer months show slightly cooler temperature
downstream than those of upstream stations. No definite
explanation can be given for this apparent anomaly of
summer-winter temperature reversal. However, one factor
may be that diffuse ground water supplies are only active
as they diffuse from shallow surface seepage. When the
ground freezes, this seepage stops until a general spring
thaw takes place.

The lower stream sections may be retaining their

coolness, in part due to better shade conditions. Table 10

Table 10

A comparison between water temperature gradients and
water shading gradients have been computed using
Section I as the base. A + number indicates the
number of degrees higher the water temperature is
compared to that found in Section I. Temperatures

are from stations located near the end of the Section

listed.

63

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~+ m+ oa+ m+ o m- on o: H>
nu nu u: an I: nu mo m >.
m+ oa+ HH+ m+ m+ H+ mm o .>H
5+ oa+ oa+ m+ m+ o m: m aHHH
s+ mH+ HH+ m+ o+ H+ o: om HH
0 o o o o 0 mm OH H
oeuaea uueaueea
pmsws¢ enabl. bamF anam¢ none: .hsuanmmh. sputum enshmm
apneaoenw chapeuegae» nope: manages ”neat oceans noapoem

«one eeahnnh
aemsfirmo ewenneenem

61!-

compares monthly water temperatures with shade development.
The headwater branch is arbitrarily given a zero value against
which other water temperatures are compared. The dif-
ference between the base (0) and the recorded temperatures
is the temperature gradient. These gradient values are the
highest for Sections II and III, decreasing with increasing
length of stream. Comparing these gradients with the per-
cent of water shaded and/or covered, two things are sug-
gested: 1) that the stream.ehading helps suppress maximum
daytime water temperature; 2) the greater the degree of
water shading, the slower is the seasonal rise in water
temperature. By.August, the stream's water temperatures
reacted quite uniformly to high air temperature except for
Section I.

This data suggests the importance of stream shading
to water temperature.

Examination of the temperature data for McCoy Creek
indicates tolerable temperatures exist for both brook and
brown trout. During the hotter days, brook trout may
congregate in the vicinity of spring water sources (Brasch
g£_gl., 1958), deeper pools and possibly in cress beds.
Spot checks showed these beds to be about 5-60 cooler than
the main strewn. Brown trout should find the streamfis
temperature suitable for a high physiological rate of
activity. Temperatures are higher than ideal for brook

trout.

Water Analysis

 

A routine water analysis for various chemical cro—
nerties was conducted during Fecember, 1961. Samcles were
collected at eight stations and tested for dissolved
oxygen, free carbon dioxide, nhenolnhthalein, and methyl
orange alkalinity.

The oxygen content was determined by use of Alsterberg's
modification of the Winkler method, described in the tenth
edition of "Standard hethods for the Examination of Water
and Sewage" (1955, no. 250-251). The free carbon dioxide
content was analyzed by the methods described by Lagler (1956).

A summarization of the data is presented in Table 11.

Results and Uiscussion.--The stream was found to be

 

‘I

nearly saturated with dissolved oxygen at tne stations
sampled.

Carbon dioxide content varied between 5 and 9 com.
with the execution of the water taken from the last samoling
station; here it was 1h com.

The then nartially treated sewage, discharged near the
last samnling station, may have had some effect on the oxygen
and carbon dioxide content further downstream where oxidation
of the residue would be taking place. At this site a some-
what oily, grey discharge was beind circulated into the stream
from Clark's factory. This discharge aooarently did not
affect the oxygen suonly but may have been in cart resoonsible

for a higher carbon dioxide content.

Table 11

Summarized data for chemical analysis of the water

66

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.henw aoHoo acne:

 

 

 

 

as

.noHoe nope: :« emceno chansons onunaeeape can“ oemasnemac wagon usesanhe 09h» snow

m: .ose a

tone

mm mm 0.0 0.:H +ooH m.ma m: mm em\ma seem
mm mm 0.0 o.o ooH ~.:H 0: mm e~\ma aw
am an 0.0 o.m ooH m.ma 0: mm em\ma smm
m: m: 0.0 o.o OOH m.ma mm mm em\ma mm
o: o: o.o o.» co m.mH mm mm mm\mH ma
mm mm 0.0 o.m on ma on em mm\mH e
H: a: 0.0 -- no NH H: mm Nm\ma m
H: a: 0.0 0.» mm 0H a: an .mm\ma .m
3mm. Ema Ham Ham m _Emm meomwec moeawoo

Hausa Amooaov aces soapA one» one» area .on

haananexae LII nunsuem neaemaep neaouEe» even soapapm

amasaaasHa Hamoa

67

The total average alkalinity content (he ppm.) ap-
proached the minimal average values (h5 ppm.-200 ppm.) for
waters in mid-continental United States (Ellis gt_gl.,
l9h8). This relatively low alkalinity value may have some
biological significance. Taft and Shapovalov's (1935)
general findings indicated that a stream's richness in
bottom fish foods are generally correlated with high alka-
linity reading. Armitage (1958) concluded that for the
Yellowstone River, CaCO3 alkalinity appeared to be the
main factor in determining total quantity of stream
organisms.

This topic of productivity‘will be discussed in the

next section.
Biological Conditions

Objectives

A survey of the stream for biological information
included: analysis of the streamis bottom fauna produc-
tivity in relation to the substrate and aquatic vegetation;
obtaining data regarding the fish population, past and
present conditions; surveying the stream's potential
spawning ground areas and their relation to ground water.

No sampling of the stream's plankton was undertaken.

Bottom Fauna
The objective of this phase of the project was to

obtain an overall picture of the stream's production of

t‘

68

benthic macroorganisms, especially the insects. Further
comparative analysis of these data would aid in deter-
mining the ecological condition of the stream.

Although total agreement is lacking, late fall and
early winter appears to be one of the periods of greatest
immature aquatic insect abundance (Maciolek and Needhmm,
1951; Ellis and Gowing, 1957; Armitage, 1958; Needham,
1938). The samples for this study were collected during
mid-November, 1961.

Needham.and Usinger (1956) demonstrated that for one
riffle, 2 or 3 samples were sufficient to be reasonably
certain of obtaining representatives of the principal
groups of bottom organisms present. From.this, it ap-
peared that the samples from the 27 randomly located
stations would contain representatives of the prhmary
groups present in the stream.eubstrata.

Using a Surber sampler and the method described by
Welsh (19MB), h9 bottom samples were collected. Unless
the substrate appeared very homogeneous, two samples
were taken at each station, as suggested by Lagler (1956);
one each from.the center and west (or north) side of the
streams The material collected was washed in the stream
while still in the net of the sampler. It was then placed
in a Jar, labelled, and later refrigerated for future

use .

69

When the material was to be sorted, it was emptied
into a large, bright aluminumsbottomed pan, then flooded
with a sugar solution. This modified floatation method
is described by Anderson (1959). All insect fauna and
crustaceans were removed and placed in a 5 percent formalin
solution containing borax. Most mollusk shells were empty,
therefore, none were enumerated.

Two separate samples of each of the four common types
of aquatic vegetation were collected. One substrate sample
also contained mostly Odostemumceratophyllum.9 Approxi-
mately a one-half square foot area of vegetation was up-
rooted and bottled for each sample. Later, the plants
were washed thoroughly over cheesecloth.which served as a
net to catch falling organisms.

Identification of all fauna was accomplished with the
aid of Pennak's "Fresh‘Water Invertebrates of the United
States" (1959). "The insect identifications were checked
by Dr. G. Guyer of Michigan State University.

A synoptic list of all organisms collected and re-
corded is presented in Table 12.

Results and Discussion.--The data collected from
sample analysis showed Tendipedidae (Diptera) to be the
most numerous insect type collected. Cylloepus (Coleoptera)

was the second most numerous insect while gydropsyche

9 The substrate sample was taken on a flat rock. This
plant comprised most of the material sampled.

Table 12

Synoptic list of bottom fauna collected

7O

 

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onoHnuooz

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H onchmoooohm
m N H H N osHHmoanHH

Hm : a: m n O m onossoosesm
«EomoueoHo

oHHnaooohnm

m m H oHHeHm
oooHuoaopooHom

H H H oooHHHpoo

H onoHnoopoSom
H ousqnoH

nonH

oaoooaoum

oHnomoKom

cacaonam

adamaeon

«HpoHnmopooHoaom

H ospoHoE¢

quoem

H oaoumonesonmm

N N H H : usaoafioo
oHHoHohm

usHHom<

oonHosaHm

oecHoHansa

oooHHSoHaossq

H H H H H oeoHcon

m s H a H H osOHpasonHoo<
m «coanoomHHO

mm OH mH NH OH mH lawn mH NH HH OH O O m m m m m m H sHossm
LH OH 0 m ..Hli m m m m H compepm

In HHH

 

 

 

 

71

 

cocHHOHEm

oHnoHapooz

oHaopooHHum

odaopmowHHo

H H onothOGOhm
H H osHHnnonfiHH

HN N onohomonphm
«Souomoon

H «HHnoooaaom
uHHon

H oocHuoEopmoHom

o oooHKHaoo
ohoHnoopoaom

oasnnoH

aoaH

N cacaououm
oHnowoKom

ohofionmm

osasnnon

oHnonmouooHoaom

edueHoB<

oHpoem

anoamonoaonam

m o N N N m m H condense
H H H «HHoHasm
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m oooHpoaouoHood

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N

 

:Nm om +Wm mm mm mm Hm Om om mm mm mm mm mwmnumwunmmlaww oHossm
H H H aH MH mH - noHeasm

 

 

72

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H N oaoooonHo

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m N oHcomoHom
m oneEonam

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H H sHpoem

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on m: ON NH H m H H H m accuseso
HO NHN H «HHoHssm

NH O msH H msHHom<
N m N N socHessHm

a esOHoHoHnsa

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m N H HH 3 H O m mm onHOst
oooHpoEOmOHoo¢

ovoonoowHHo

_ImmIIMMIIHmIomlo: may we mmllm: mm. m: N: H: on om mm OHmsem
em eN mN mm: mm ,NN cOHmaom

 

H

 

 

73

 

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osOHHssoesc<

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H H escapee
H osOHHasoHsOopO
H eoOHaoonOpohoo

NH O OH ON m N . a H .N e N N osOHOoOHOcoe
N m oOOHHHaeHm

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oHcHoom

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oHHnaonfiHHoosoem

m OOOHHsoHa

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osnoHHom

H . N m H usQoOHHho
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HH Owl O, O O! O (m m N .w, qusssm

7h

 

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ms

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76

(Tricoptera) ranked third. Samples containing crustaceans

indicated Asellus (Asellidae), Hyalella (Talitridae) and

 

Gammarus (Gammaridae) to be the most common forms (listed
in order of occurred frequency) in the collections.

In Table 13, the amount of substrate types (in per-
cent)10 for the whole stream.1s compared with the pro-
portion of substrate types (in percent) for all samples.
This comparison indicates that loose silt and sand-silt
types were undersampled. Sand and fine gravel-sand mixtures
were oversampled. Medium and small rocks were sampled
slightly disproportionately to the stream's substrata com-
position.

Judging from the conclusions of Needham and Usinger's
(1956) riffle study, statistically significant productivity
data for McCoy Creek's substrate probably would not be
obtained from.h9 samples. However, a food grade scale
(Lagler, 1956) was used to arrive at some basis for com-
parative substrate and vegetation productivity.

Figure 1h compares the bottom type of each sample
with its calculated food grade rating. Each bar, repre-
senting the degree of food scale rating is divided into the
total number of organisms tallied and their volume (in cc.).

Data from Figure 1h is further broken down for comparison I

 

10 From Table 2.

Table 13

Percentage comparisons of the stream's total substrate

composition with samples from different substratum

77

 

 

 

Loose Sand- Sand-fine Medium Small
siltfi silt Sand gravel gravel rocks
Composition
of streamls
substrate--
in percent 25 32 h 18 8 5
Composition
of substrate
samples-~in
percent 16 25 16 28 12 2
*

Silt not in water cress beds.

Figure 1h

Substrate samples in relation to food grades. Vertical
bars in the food grade scale are divided into: bottom
half--volume of the sample (in cc.); top half--the
number of organimms collected per sample. Vertical
substrate bars represent the principle soil type of

each sample.

S:

L b
a:

 

 

UUIJ._"JIJ\JJ.
‘ I

'.I sup,-

2%

161713 {9 26 Z! 2

OUUO'JUOoOOoo-e'oc
0 Q 0 v a‘

\ \ . \

. , . , \ \_ “
> , ~. \ y \ \\, e
\ -- \ \N \\\
V _. \H. V \‘ _
. ‘ e ‘\ \‘ \x‘

        

 

(55s send-5mm some m 0:
Rue CARMEL a madman mm ROCKS 83 F090 (..ng

79

in Table 1h. This table indicates the number and percent

of samples by bottom.type, in each food grade.

Discussion of Productivity

Pennak and Van Gerper (19h?) found that gravel
yielded two and one-half times more bottom fauna than sand
per unit area. Shetter g§_gl, (l9h6) noted that as the
current exposed additional gravel bottom in the stream,
the bottom fauna population eventually increased in
quantity and quality. Morofsky‘g£_gl. (19h9) mentions
similar results as does Tarzwell (1937) from.his studies.

Analysis of the data suggests results concurring
with the literature regarding general productivity. Sixty-
seven percent of the medium gravel samples and 100 percent
of the rock samples were in grade II.

Silt represented 16 percent of the total substrate
samples of which 12 percent of the silt type was in
grade III, 88 percent in grade I. Sand-silt comprised
25 percent of the substrate samples of which 8 percent
was in grade II and 92 percent in grade I.

These results tend to agree with the summarized
findings of other workers (Murray, 1938; Tarzwell, 1938;

Tebo, Jr., 1955; Cordonc and Kelley, 1961), which indicate

that sand and inorganic silt substrata were very low in

bottom fauna productivity.

Table 1h

Number and percent of samples by bottom and

vegetation types in each food grade

8O

 

 

 

nu un nu anomaom munhaauhonow canamm msH
noeazmnnhaaaeoa pnuunsn< none oaspom

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 
 

nn un uu anomeom mnuhaaeooa noafioo esooHaoSo
aoaaamnuhaaeooa anavnsnd museumHHHa>

nn mooa u Amy nu haaaneuem mmncemaneo

oneness Haannennamm uaamnoand

.. mom n AHV mom n AHV mangoes owsswoacoo

unomuom HHuuunoHEoo asfipnspamz

mam n Ao:v «as n Amy mm u may «suspense Has sou seasw eoou
. some a“ paeohem and 9035:: Hence

. nu Rooa n AHV nu N exooh HHeSm

umm n Am. mac n Any un NH Hopasm asses:
Row u ANHV Rda u ANV nn mm Aeaauvaebaaw
. one oaam
mooan Amy nu u- on enam
mwo u many an n AHV -u mm pflaa\eqsm
puma n Rev nn : .. mma n Adv ea anew

H sumac room HH ooahw pooh HHH enema coom _ mome epunpnnfiu can“ conEam

noose coon pceaonuao on» ma moa San Apneoaem hnv oopeapaeneuuac soapwuewep
openpuASm ho unooaem one hopes: aeuoa nonEem Hence no euanpnpsn

_mo e93.

81

The one silt sample in grade III contained a very
high estimated11 number of Oligochaetes. It was collected
from.substrate in water subject to industrial and sewage
wastes and far enough from the waste discharge source to
allow the material to decompose. Goodnight and Whitley
(1960) state that it is thought that Oligochaetes may
serve as indicators of pollution.

Two percent of all samples were in food grade III,

17 percent in grade II, and 81 percent in grade I. This
data suggest low substrate fauna productivity.12l '

An analysis of the vegetation sampled suggests their
importance for harboring aquatic fauna. Data recorded in
Table 1h show the 2 cress samples in grades III and II
respectively. Both Anecharis samples were in grade II.
Vallisneria and Potamogeton pusillus did not yield any
organisms in November. However, visual inspection in
June of these two submerged species, as well as two other
species of Potamogeton not present in November, showed
lgggg_numbers of clinging Simulidae larva and cases. This
food adds measurably to the total summer's standing crop

in the stream.

The presence of a few species of stream vegetation

 

11 Number of organisms in one square in, counted and total
organisms estimated on this basis for the rest of the
sample.

12 Prom.rig. 1h; 87 percent of total stream substrate in
sand mixtures or silt.

82

during the months of June through mid-September is very
noticeable. However, except for cress and Anacharis, the
volume of vegetation declined drastically during the
months from.mid-September through.Hay. As noted, Anacharis
is scarce at any season. Water cress, however, begins ex-
tending their growth during April and reach maximum growth
in July, which they maintain until approximately October.
The beds then decline gradually until a low point is
reached around the first of April.

The limited data collected suggests agreement with
Lagler's (1956) summary of Needhamfls (1930) work, indi-
eating a seven times greater productivity for stream
bottoms supporting vegetation than substrate barren of
rooted plants. It must be remembered however, that com-
parable productivity of vegetation and substrate in this
study is difficult since the quantities sampled are not
comparable. 8

It appears as though aquatic fauna samples for McCoy
Creek would best be obtained in early spring prior to
hatches.

Bottom Fauna and Velocity

‘ Both.Rees (1959) and Curry (19Sh) found that the
principal factors affecting the distribution of insects
in a stream.eppeared to be current and bottom type. Rees
found Diptera to predominate in slow sandy bottom.areas;

Coleoptera preferred gravel, Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera and

83

Tricoptera, swift flow and gravel bottom. His data does
not include possible variances in substrate preferability
based on insect generic differences. Curry's work with
Tendipedidae found individual species were restricted by
current and bottom types.

The data in Figure 5 portrays the relationship of
velocity and substrate to insect numbers classified by
order. The predominant insect genera comprising these
orders are listed on page 81. Based on these predom-
inating genera, the greatest number of Tendipedidae (Dip-
tera) and Hydropsyche (Tricoptera) were found in gravel
substrate and slow water. Cylloepus (Coleoptere) was
common in both gravel and sand~-fine gravel mixture, ap-
pearing to show a preference for moderately fast water.
Seventy-eight percent of all samples (38 out of h?) were
from slow or moderately slow water (this water type com-
prised most of the stream--12 percent (6) from.moderately
fast water, and 10 percent (5) from fast water.13

Six and three-tenths times as many samples were taken
from.slow water as from.moderate1y fast water. For a
better comparison, assume the insects will be taken from
the moderate velocity water in the same proportion as the
actual sampling. Then 38 samples from water of moderate
velocity might yield approximately 6.3 times the numbers

already presented or:

 

13 From water subject to pollution.

 

 

Figure 15

Velocity and bottom type relationship to

insect numbers--by genera

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n

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923

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Che.

 

 

  

 

 

    
 

92%. w .5295 wzfi .3335 .95 PF .32
- v 0d” 8 _ .
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85

662 Diptera vs. 319 for slow water in gravel
13 " vs. 151 " ' " " " gravel-send
32 " vs. 36 " 8 " " sand
3h? Coleoptera vs. 21 for slow water in gravel
h79 " vs. 7 “ " " " gravel-sand
6S " vs. 16 " " " " sand
227 Tricoptera vs. 55 8 " 8 " gravel
32 O " vs. 67 8 " V * gravel-sand
0 8 vs. 12 8 8 " * sand
The actual numbers have no significance except to
show the trend of environmental preference by the insects

concerned.

Trout Food Preferencgg

Another method of evaluating the food value of a
stream.is to consider its faunal production in terms of
preferred trout foods. Although no stomach analysis data
were collected, it appeared that a comparison of preferred
trout foods with a sampling of invertebrate fauna from
McCoy Greek might be a useful evaluation tool.

Judging from stomach analysis data, Horofsky (193k)
found brown trout to prefer Triooptera and Ephemeroptera.
These two orders were also the most commonly distributed
groups in the study area. Ellis and Gowing (1957) stated
that where plentiful, crustaceans and mollusks also seem

quite important in a northern Michigan stream, Brook

86

trout in a southern Michigan stream.elso showed this food
preference (Morofsky, 193k) as did larger browns in an
English study area (Frost, 1939), Shetter gt_gl. (l9h6)
quoting Leonard's findings stated that apparently certain
species of Tricoptera, Tendipedidae and Hyalella (Tali-
tridae) were favored by brook trout in Hunt Creek, Michigan.
A western United States rainbow (S3122 gairdnerii) and
brown trout study (Maciolek and Needham, 1951) indicated

the importance of Tendipedidae; being preferred even

though low sometimes in availability.

Although sampling data based on a food scale rating
indicate low food production values for McCoy Creek, two
out of three most common insect types sampled seem to be
good trout foods. The same type fauna (Asellus and
Hyalella) harbored by some of the vegetation in the study
stream.eppeared to be readily eaten by trout in other
Michigan stream.studies. Since water cress,anacharis and
other aquatic vegetation seemed to provide habitat for a
greater population than did most other substrates, any
change in the volume of vegetation present in the strewn
may play an important part in effecting the stream's faunal
population.

Fishing

Verbal information from the previouslyrmentioned

cooperators aided in obtaining a generalized relationship

87

between trout fishing success and changes in stream.ehar-
acteristics.

_Originally, it was reported that the stream offered
good trout fishing throughout most of its entire length
(6, 8, 11). However the area flowing downstream through
and beyond Clark's property has been and still is, subject
to industrial wastes and to a lesser extent sewage dis-
charge. This waste has ruined all aesthetic values of
fishing in these areas and may have been responsible for a
lower catch (8).

Stream conditions were different prior to 1935 than
these existing now, and have been previously described.

Prior to 1900, bluegills (Lepomis app) and bass
(Micropterus app) were caught in the stream below the mill

 

pond (Section III) dam (9). Reports from the years after
1925 indicated that the most abundant trout species caught
were rainbow and brown trout (2, 5, 11). Brook trout were
taken from certain areas throughout the stream.but more
commonly upstream from M-6O (8). Limits of 15 rainbow
trout per day were caught frequently (3, 8, 11). Summer
fishing, using grasshoppers as bait, was very good (5, 11).
Fish size varied in the catch from less than 7 inches to

an occasional 16-18 inch brown or rainbow trout (3, 8, 11).
It was the consensus of the cooperators that undersized

trout of any species had not been caught for 15-20 years

88

(5,8). However, very little fishing has been done by any
of these people in recent years. All informants (3, S,
8, 11) emphasized the fact that fishing was very good in
earlier years.

As physical changes in the stream occurred, smaller
catches became the usual. Fishing interest waned. Prior
to l95h the sections north 6f M-60 still provided fair
catches of brook trout (8). As this stretch became silted
in from.ditching operations, the fish yield--and fishing
interest, declined.

The area from the railroad grade downstream to the
city limits of Buchanan may still hold a fair population
of fish.with some large trout (5, 8). Much of this area is
almost impossible to fish in any fashion due to shrub
tangles covering the stream.

0f the "non-game" fish, suckers were the most abun-
dant, especially during the spring. Presumably they
entered through the Pike Lake drain, spawning in the creek.
Horny head chubs and grass pickerel were frequently caught
(5, a, 11).

Although the major fishing effort is apparently di-
rected towards catching trout, other species are sought.
As in former years, suckers can be found in the creek
during the spring. At this time they seem.to be present
in catcheble numbers and sought by younger fishermen.

Bass can be taken in a small dredged-out connecting pool

It.

89

nonopeo poems

.psoa ea pounce arena .FH .maa

 

 

Macao have:
.Apnwaav ocean
use Anneav tonnaea one
each» peemasa o3» one
.msoa as nausea paces .ea

gnu.

‘_?. . IA ‘
\
i p
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1 . 4
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n n .
. a a
s _ .§
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Plate X

 

Fig. 18. Trout caught in 19Sh
from McCoy Greek .

ll! |[l‘l‘

91

one-fourth mile upstream from the Bakertown-Buchanan Road
bridge. These bass are only in evidence during a certain
time in the spring. This may correspond to their spawning
period. Other warm.water fish.may be present in the two
ponds in Buchanan

McCoy Creek has been stocked1h with trout by the Con-
servation Department as early as 193k. Since l9h8, the
department has, as policy, managed McCoy Creek as a trout
stream, Table 15 lists all trout stocked since l9h8. A
total of 1,000 legal size (7 inch) rainbow and lh,h00 legal-
sized brook trout have been planted--no rainbow stocked
since 1955. In 1959, 20,000 brook trout fry were released
as well as the larger fish. These additional small fish
represented utilization of a hatchery over-production
situation. The 1961-62 program called for two plants of
300 each; one just prior to the opening of the season and
the second during May. Each plant was divided equally
between the Buffalo Road bridge site and the Bakerstown-
Buchanan Road bridge site. Fish size in the first plant
was between 8 and 9 inches; those of the second plant were
slightly smaller. All were over minimum.1egal size. None

of the fish were marked for future identification.

 

In All information regarding stocking was obtained from
communications with Henry J. Vondett, Michigan
Department of Conservation.

8' nl I I‘ ll"

Table 15

Record of trout plantings for McCoy Creek
l9h8-1962

92

 

Date Brook trout Size Rainbow trout Size
191!-8 hOO Legal -- --
19h9 700 Legal 200 Legal
1950 900 Legal -- _-
1951 1,200 Legal 100 Legal
1952 1,300 Legal 100 Legal
1953 900 Legal hOO Legal
l95h 1,200 Legal 100 Legal
1955 1,200 Legal 100 Legal
1956 600 Legal -- --
1957 600 Legal -- --
1958 1,200 Legal -- --
1959 1,200 Legal -- --
20,000 Fry

1960 1,200 Legal -- --
1961 600 Legal -- _-
1962 600 Legal -- --

 

(i'llunr

93

To provide some data regarding a general index to
fishing pressure, species and size of the fish harvested,
a fisherman questionnaire form.was prepared. A sample

form is duplicated below.

 

Date n_:“_

Time spent fishing

Number of legal size trout caught

Size of trout: 7-10 in. ll-lh in. 15-25 in.
(check one or more)

Number of sub-legal size trout caught and

 

 

 

 

 

released
Kinds of fish: Brook trout Brown trout
(Check one Sucker (Chub Other

or more)

 

Four easily accessible locations were posted with
streamrside signs soliciting information regarding fishing
results. Questionnaire forms were located in metal con-
tainers along with a pencil, at each station. It was
requested that upon termination of fishing, a form be
completed and deposited in the box provided (Figure 19).

Due to limitations of time, no attempt was made to
contact fishermen personally for interviews or to check
on the percentage of fishermen actually complying with
the request.

The general prankster who completes questionnaires
fellaciously introduces errors. Forms obviously of this
type were discarded. Data from the station in Buchanan

were primarily of this type.

flu

 

Plate XI

 

Fig. 19. Set-up for soliciting
information from fishermen.

95

Undoubtedly, some data were inaccurate due to in-
adequate knowledge of fish identification.

Some data were "missed" due to an absence of some
piece of equipment from the-station. All stations were
checked frequently to reduce occurrence of this situation.
It was almost impossible to keep the Buchanan station con-
stantly supplied with materials. After the second week of
the trout season, no more attempts were made to keep this
station "active."

Unfortunately the wooden box at the Bakertown-Buchanan
bridge site was destroyed by vandalism. .All data were lost.

Results.--The author resided withhobservation distance
from.the M-6O station and drove by the Bakertown-Buchanan
bridge15 daily. Comparing the observed amount of fishing
activity with the total number of returned questionnaires,
it appears that many fishermen did not comply with posted
requests. or the 39 usable forms returned, 95 Percent of
the 36 fishermen indicated they had some success. It is
highly doubtful if this high success ratio can be pro-
jected to all McCoy Creek fishermen. Needham.(19h7) re-
ports that over 80 percent of the fish taken in any given
watershed are taken by less than twenty-five percent of
the anglers. This would tend to corroborate the author's

personal observations of high use, but few returns.

 

15 By visual observation, the most heavily used fishing

site.

96

Shetter (1951) stated that streams with concen-
trations of large adult trout will receive the greater
part of their angling pressure and the greater part of
the season's total catch will be removed during the first
four weeks of the trout season. Morofsky gt_gl. (l9h9)
found in a southern Michigan study that lhh of the total
180 brook trout reportedly taken for the season, were
reportedly taken on the opening day. This evidence tends
to explain the marked decrease of fishermen visually noted
using the stream after the second week. Fishermen were
visually observed to concentrate at the two fish release
sites. Cooper (1952) noted similar results stating that
planted areas attracted about three tbmes as much fishing
as unplanted sections.

Analyzing the data obtained and summarized in
Table 16 a total of 82 legal sized trout were reported to
have been caught. Ninety-four and five-tenths percent of
these were brook trout and 6 percent were brown trout.
Eighty-nine and five-tenths percent of the brook trout
were of the size planted (7-10 inches). The next size
group represented 10.5% of the reported catch. This
class could be survivors of last year's plant, extra
large fish of the 1962 plant, or another age class from
natural reproduction. Since no brown trout had been
stocked in recent years, those of legal size reportedly

caught must have been the result of natural spawning.

Table 16

Summarization of catch data from fishermen

questionnaires

97

 

 

 

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98

Unfortunately, the sub-legal size trout were not listed
as to species. Other fish listed as caught were chubs,
suckers, and mud pickerel mentioned in the order of des-
cending frequency.

Discussion.--Under "normal" population conditions, it

 

could be expected that bait fishermen would be catching
trout other than just "keepers." Shetter and Leonard (19h2)
published results from a brook trout population study from
a limited area indicatinglé; 2.3 percent were 7 inches or
more in length, 22 percent between h inches and 6 7/8
inches; and 75.7 percent were less than h inches. Schuck's
(19h5) findings for brown trout showed approximately 56
percent of the fish in age class 0; 23 percent for I; 11
percent for II; 6 percent for III; 2 percent for IV and 1
percent for V. This information suggests that data ob—
tained for McCoy Creek's trout pepulation shows it to be
primarily an artificial one. Assuming the sub-legal length
trout reported 1232 trout and not chubs, only 1h percent of
the total catch was sub-legal, while 86 percent was legal.
It must also be considered that the hook size would tend

to eliminate catching some of the smaller fish.17 Generally

 

16 The authors stated that for their study it was impos-
sible to predict accurately the ages of the various
elements of the brook trout population from their
total length.

17 Problems of Trout Management, Michigan Department of
Conservation, Fish Division Pmmphlet No. 13, l95h.

99

though, it appears that the native population is materially
augmented by the planted trout.

Assuming all sub-legal trout were brown trout (they
evidently spawn in the creek), they would represent 70
percent of the total brown trout catch reported. Sizes
7-10 inches, 2h percent; and sizes ll-lh inches, 6 percent.
This seems to be more in line with data presented from.the
literature. On this basis, the McCoy Creek native popu-
lation might be considered following a somewhat general

and standard pattern, but one of very low productivity.

Electrofishing

Thepurpose of this phase of study was to obtain
samples of the streamfls larger-sized resident fish popu-
lation, arriving at some indication of their abundance.
Estimates of the total population by species were beyond
the scope of this project.

Six areas were selected for sampling: one each in
Section II through V; two areas for Section VI, and the
largest and deepest pool in the stream (also in Section
VI). The areas in each section were chosen for their
accessibility as well as being representative of each
section.18 The work was carried out in December, 1961.

A pair of hand-held electrodes each connected to

100 feet of insulated wire leading from the generator,

4

18 The pool being an exception.

100

served as the "shockers." A portable 500 w, 110 v, 60 cycle
AC generator provided the power. By locating the generator
midway in the section to be worked, it was possible to

shock a total stretch 200 feet long. A blocking not was
anchored across the stream 200 feet upstream from.the in-
tended starting point. The 100 foot leads were stretched
out on the bank prior to entering the stream to reduce the
chance of scaring the query.

Two men worked in the electrodes upstream.towards the
not. They strived to cover the entire stream without al-
lowing fish to swim out and around the effective "charged"
area. The distance between the electrodes varied. Where
pools were encountered, a narrower but more intense
electric field was desired. In clear, clean-edged, shallow
stretches, a wide field sufficed. One man followed, netting
the fish. Very few fish that were observed to have been
stunned, were lost. No estimate is available of how many
unobserved stunned fish were missed. No attempt was made
to not all the smaller fish, but a note was made regarding
their observed frequency of occurrence.

Approximately 1,250 feet of stream.were shocked.

This represented about a 2 percent sample of the total
stream's length.

A summary of the results is tabulated in Table 17.

Results and Discussion.--Electrofishing using an AC
generator (500 w, 110 v capacity) has proven valuable for

Table 17

Results of electrofishing--by sections.
Ratio of stream.worked to total area

of stream comprising each section

101

 

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102

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103

fish capture. Its efficiency is variable, being more
successful in turning up the larger fish (Shetter gt_gl.,
l9h6; Cooper, 1951; Pratt, 1951; Benson g£_gl., 1959).
Larimore (1961) studying a warm.water stream in Illinois
found its efficiency to vary with the behavior, habitat
and morphological characteristics of each fish species.
Pratt's (1951) work on two southern Michigan trout streams
with AC and DC generators also indicated species variation
in relation to ease of capture. Trout listed in apparent
order of difficulty of capture were brown, rainbow, and
brook trout, the brook trout showing the best capture
rate--lOO percent.19 Shetter g§_gl. (l9h6) working with
brook trout in the Pigeon River obtained excellent results;
efficiency of capture averaged 96.7 percent, varying with
the size of the fish. Benson g£_gl. (1959) found no sig-
nificant difference in recovery rates between brown and
rainbow trout. It might be conjectured that warier browns
moved upstream.out of the area in greater numbers, since no
blocking not was used. Cooper (1951) publishing on two
year's data regarding brook and brown trout shocking re-
covery, indicates-no significant difference between

species in the rate of recovery.
The collector's ability to see and collect fish, the

weather and water conditions can vary the computed

 

19 Very small sample.

10h

effectiveness of the shocker and data obtained (Shetter
g§_gl,, 195k; Larrimore, 1961).

Considering the reported efficiency the most signi-
ficant results were negative-~no trout! Since 600 legal
brook trout were planted during 1961 and they may be some-
what easier to capture, it was assumed that some would have
been taken. The absence of trout from the catch suggests
several things: 1) a high percentage of fish planted are
caught by fishermen soon after planting. Lemmien gt_gl.
(1957) published a recovery rate of 66 percent for rainbows
in a southern Michigan stream. Cooper (1951) showed a 6k
percent recovery rate for brook trout and 67 percent for
rainbow trout in the Pigeon River. Cooper (1953) also
found a 59.5 percent return in the same stream for 1951.

He stated that rainbow trout planted in Michigan during

the angling season at accessible points should give a
return in excess of 67 percent. This seemingly would be
applicable in McCoy Creek where the initial angling pres-
sure is heavy and the plants are made just prior to and
during the open season. However some recovery rates in
southern Michigan streams (Shetter, 19h?) showed much lower
percentages; 17 percent for rainbow trout and 12 percent
for brown trout. 2) A high rate of mortality for planted
fish has been thoroughly demonstrated in the literature.

It seems reasonable to believe that assuming 30-h0 percent20

20 Based on Cooper's estimated 67 percent return.

105

of the trout planted escaped the fisherman, a large

number of these would have succumbed by December. With
only a 2 percent sample shocked, the probability of taking
any of these seems slight.

Another explanation may be:

3) An absence of native brook trout and brown trout
in the sections sampled. Section V was very difficult to
sample effectively. This section, however, appears to
contain certain characteristics of a more favorable trout
environment.

h) The trout moving out of the colder waters into
warmer sections. "Typical" samples were shocked however,
in upstream.warmer;water sections without results.

5) Still another explanation for not recovering any
trout is an inherent sampling error, i.e., although trout
were present in the large sections sampled, none were in
the units shocked.

Mud pickerel (E325 americanus), were recovered in all
sections, appearing to be the most universally distributed
and abundant fish in the stream. This concurred with the
opinion formulated by the author from fish observed during
survey trips. Other fish listed in order of frequency of
capture were: Northern Creek chub (Semotilus atromaculatus),

white sucker (Catostomus commersonnii) and horny-head chub

 

(Nocomis biguttatus). One sunfish (Lepomis spp) was

captured, but lost.

106

Dace and sculpin (Cottus bairdii) were the most fre-
quently observed smaller fish associates.

It appears that the trout population in McCoy Creek
consists largely of planted brook trout. After these trout
are caught or succumb naturally, the creek's trout popu-
lation will be very low. What trout that may exist might
be located in the more inaccessible regions of the stream.

In general, the data suggest an overall fish popu-

lation composed of few species and low numbers.

Minnow Seining

Various workers have described the significance of
the presence or absence of smaller non-game fish. These
forage fish assist in designating the ecological en-
vironment of a stream. They also serve as forage for the
larger, carnivorous fish. Conversely they compete with
the same carnivorous game fish for the streamis food
organisms. Because of this competition the best brook
trout streams would be those which contain only trout and
no forage fish. Brook trout make very satisfactory growth
on bottom organisms without foraging on smaller non-game
fish. Certain cold water associates such as Northern
Mudder and Miller's Thumb are thought to be destructive
to trout fry (Murray, 1938).

Collecting took place on June 13 and 1h, 1962. The

seining was done at certain previously located sampling

107

stations which represented visually different habitats
(see Figure 2).

A six foot by four foot Common Sense minnow seine
was used having a 0.125 inch square mesh. Two men, each
handling one of the seine's two poles, made 3 to h sweeps
approximately 6 feet long along the streamis bottom. All
individual sweep samples were collected and placed in sep-
arate jars. Later, living material was transferred to
jars containing a 5 percent formalin (with borax) solution.
Identification took place at a later date. ‘
I Data recorded at each sampling site included bottom
type; air and water temperatures; water depth; number of
sweeps at each location; approthate velocity (using
velocity data for stations obtained at time of November
survey).

Table 18 summarizes the data collected.

Results and Discussion.--Data of Table 18 indicates

the app. in order of abundance to be:

 

 

 

 

Number
*Rhyinicthys attratulus g. ............... 37
igyprinidae larvae ....................... 23
Catastomidae larvae ..................... l6
_Etheostoma caeruleum..................... ll
trimephales notetus g, ................... 10
Cottus bairdii g. 6

GOttidae larva. ......OOOOOOOOOOOOOOO.... 2

108

 

 

 

 

Number
Etheostoma nigrum g, .................... 3
Etheostoma blennoides ................... 1
*Etheostoma microperca ................... l
Semotilus atromaculatus g. .............. 1
egggg_americanus 1, ...................... l

 

Summarizing from.Troutman (1957) all of the species
in this list (except those marked with an asterisk) typi-
cally occur in streams with a steady flow, medium gradient
and clear, unpolluted water having sand and mixed gravel
bottoms. Pimephales is reported to tolerate a wide variety
of silt bottomed degraded habitats. Etheostoma microperca
is more typically a species of low gradient streams with
silt bottoms. Egg§_americanus is characteristically found
in clear, densely vegetated streams whose bottoms are
composed chiefly of organic debris. This latter species
because of its size and ability to elude the seine probably
represents an accidental capture.

Figure 16 portrays the relative productiveness of
the seining. As the graph indicates, there is a general
correlation between the number of fish captured per sweep,
the percentage of seining sweeps producing fish and the
type of substrate. Since the stream is composed predom-
inately of sands and silts, the data suggest environments
not conducive to high potential populations of forage
fish.

Table 18

Minnow seine data

Obtained June 13 and 1h, 1962

I- .
A . *
a.

109

 

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113

Hallum.(l958) and Cooper (1952) list some species
typically associated with trout in streams such as
Rhynichthys atratulus, Semotilus atromaoulatus, Cata-
stomidae and Cottus bairdii. All of these occur in McCoy
Creek. Some Percidae (Ethestoma spp.) are also evident
in the stream's gravel riffle area.

As previously stated it is generally agreed that
high quality trout stream habitat usually has a high
trout/forage fish ratio. Invasion by Per-cidae has been
stated (Gutsell, 1929) as an indication of declining
trout habitat.

McCoy Creek has a low trout/forage fish ratio and
Percidae inhabiting the gravel riffles. It is therefore
postulated that this trout/forage fish ratio suggests a
marginal trout stream environment. Those trout that do
exist have to face considerable competition in the various
stream habitats, i.e., water cress beds--fingerling pre-
dation by Esox; food competition in gravel riffles by
Ethestoma spp., and in sand, silt and gravel bottoms with
the other array of fish.

Possibly with environmental improvement favoring
higher trout populations, their competing fish might
become forage for an increasing trout population and
therefore become more limited in their distribution and
abundance. Shetter g£_al. (l9h6) noted that after stream

improvement work had been in part completed on the river,

llu

brook trout and sculpins increased in numbers; the trout
had a corresponding increase in weight and rate of sur-
vival. The associated minnow population failed to in-
crease in weight per fish and showed only a slight increase

in numbers.

Ground water and Spawning

 

A study by Benson (1953) indicated that ground water
seepage influenced trout populations in the Pigeon River
by controlling the location of brook and brown trout redds.
Population estimates indicated that trout abundance was
correlated with the number of redds per area.

Recent investigations have indicated that for salmon
spawn to hatch (Wickett, 195h) and the embryos to develop

2 22 1960; Coble,

successfully (Shumway, 1 1960; Silver,
1961) certain stream bed conditions regarding oxygen and
velocity of ground water percolation must be met. These
conditions seem even more important in the case of brook
trout than brown trout.
Various workers (Pollard, 1955; Terhune, 1958;

Gangmark, 1958) were prompted to develop apparatus and
techniques to measure the velocity and oxygen content of

the stream bed. Although these techniques provide more

 

21 Unpublished H.S. thesis.

22 Ibid.

[I I [ll-I. ll.

115

refined data, it was not within the scope of this survey
to utilize these methods.

Using the general survey methods of Benson (1953).
e.g., winter water temperature, surface ice cover, summer
water temperature, and gravel substrata temperature, areas
with ground water seepage were located.

Winter and summer water temperatures have been dis-
cussed more fully in an earlier section of this disser-
tation. In general, only the main feeder stream defi-
nitely showed evidence from seasonal temperatures, of sig-
nificant amounts of ground water influence. However,
because the substrate in this section seemed unsuitable
for brown and possibly brook trout spawning, no further
investigations were conducted in this section.

Most of the stream.was observed frequently through-
out the winter months. Dates of stream.ice formation and
its coverage was noted and are depicted in Figures 9
through 1h.

Only on the coldest mornings were there evidences of
streamredge ice upstream from station 12. The ice cover
formed at places of reduced water current (cress beds)
and around protruding stream brush, bushes and logs.

Below station 12 stream—edge ice was more noticeable.
During the coldest periods Section V had an ice-free
channel (2-3 feet wide) but an ice layer frozen to the

interlacing branches on the water's surface. Section VI

116

had an ice-free channel 2-3 feet wide. The ice was cov-
ered with 8-10 inches of snow except during parts of
February. A few isolated areas in this section contained
no ice and were noted for future inspection.

Section VII retained a 2-3 foot open channel with
conditions similar to those in Section VI--but there were
no areas of "open water."

Section VIII was solidly frozen for most of its
length during the most of January and February. Section
IX had some edge ice present. Industrial and sewage
effluents discharged into the stream.epparently warmed
the water enough to prevent ice formation except for short
periods of time.

Extent of ice cover did provide general information
about where not to look for ground water seepage.

Since all gravel areas (potential spawning areas)
had been mapped, a check of the substrata temperatures
in these locations was undertaken. Special attention was
given to those stream portions which had little or no ice
cover during the winter.

A battery operated thermometer on which were con-
nected 2 wire electrodes was used to take substrata tem-
peratures. One electrode was attached to a sharp stick,
then probed 2-3 inches into the substrate; the resulting
temperature was recorded. The second electrode was kept

in the stream to record general water temperature compared

117

with that of the substratum. Tabulation of the survey's
results are given in Table 19.

Of the gravel beds present in Section III, only one
stretch approximately 75 feet long, downstream.from
station 7 (see Figure 2) was there ground water seepage
through the substrata. The soil temperatures here were
50° compared to 660 stream.temperature. Many stream bank
water seepages were noted, but these seeps were flowing
directly into the stream's surface water and not entering
by way of the substratum,

Three substrata water seepage areas were located in
Section VI between stations 18 and 19. All three were in
the ice-free areas noted during the winter survey and
located in the south banks and substrata. These seeps
varied in bottom surface area coverage from 120 square
feet to 350 square feet. All seeps percolated through
gravel of various sizes intermixed with varying amounts
of sand. The water depth over the seepages varied between
S to 12 inches of medium surface velocity. The substrate
in the seepage beds was noticeably'more loosely packed
compared to other gravel beds having no ground water
activity. Table 19 summarizes the morphometry of the
ground water areas located.

According to previously mentioned investigations,
seepage through the stream.eubstratum.is a very important

ecological factor affecting trout populations. Apparently

Table 19

Locations of ground water areas graphically

located in Figure 3

118

 

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um 0:0 w 0:0Hu0pm :003H0m HHH
00xoono po:nu00on H0>0aw 02 HH
0030030 ao:nnm0on H0>0aw oz H
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090apm nope: :0p03 pooh eh0zdw

Imam

119

from earlier years' fishing, many more trout were caught
in McCoy Creek, including those of sub-legal size. If
the stream.former1y produced a native trout fisheries a
decline in suitable spawning areas may be a major factor
in a decreased trout population. Reduced spawning areas
may have been a result of a heavy build-up of additional
substrate from erosion etc., a decrease in the ground water
seepage, and/or a combination of both. The problem of
erosion and siltation in the stream.has already been dis-
cussed. To fully investigate the second hypothesis would
require investigations beyond the scope of this project.
However, we can examine some ground water facts and local
records and opinions.

Spring fed streams receive their water supply pri-
marily from the ground water zone known as the zone of
saturation (Ackerman gt_gl., 1955). This zone is at the
surface level in some lakes, ponds and swamps acting as
ground water storage units, feeding streams continually.
It is "recharged" from precipitation percolating into the
ground. These interactions are part of the hydrologic
cycle.

The rate of seepage into the streams is determined
in part by the hydrostatic pressure (pressure caused by
the weight of water above). With proper geological con-
ditions existing, sufficient pressure occasionally occurs

to cause the water to rise in a well above the land

120

surface creating a flowing or artesian well (Ackerman,
1955). Elementary physics indicates that this pressure
which feeds water to wells and ground seepages or to tur-
bines at a dam.site can be reduced, if the stored water
(zone of saturation in the case of wells and seeps) is
exploited faster than it is replaced.

How much do we know about water conservation and
hydrology? Harrold (l9Sh) states that ". . . our stock-
pile of data for meeting water conservation planning needs
is distressingly inadequate." Thomas' (1955) views re-
garding this lack of information are ". . . that hydrolo-
gists can see no farther underground than other people."

Information regarding spring activity, well flow, '
stream flow, and general water conditions were solicited
from the aforementioned local residents. Of those who
felt qualified to answer, all mentioned a reduction in the
total volume of stream flow. Many specific incidents were
cited, e.g., present stream level (already discussed in an
earlier section); reduced frequency of spring floods
(3, h); disappearance of swimming holes (11). Former
flowing springs in close proximity to the creek have ceased
to exist (1, 3, h, 9). These springs according to in-
formation received, had a very strong, large flow of water
during all seasons. Much of the now ditched muck land was

covered by water, cattails and sedge. Now the same area

121

supports a stand of cherry trees, grey dogwood and some
crab apple trees (2).

Results and Discussion.--Where has the water gone?
Examination of the population statistics for the town of

23 shows a 36 percent increase in population from

Buchanan
1930 to 1960. Added water demands come from an enlarged
Clark Equipment factory and the addition of several "new"
factories. On the McCoy Creek watershed in Buchanan”
Township, an 80 percent increase in home numbersah has
occurred since 1930; an approximate 11h percent increase
has occurred in Bertrand Township.

Two local well drillers (12, 13) who have been con-
nected with the business for 15 to 20 years provided some
additional information which is summarized below.

1) Spring water activity has decreased.

2) Wells in close proximity to McCoy Creek are

still supplying water at 25-30 feet.

3) Hells along the north part of the watershed

are about 60 feet deep and fairly stable.

h) Periodically they are called to redrill old

drilled wells because they have gone dry.

 

23 City water is pumped from deep wells near the stream.

2h Figures determined by comparing the number of houses
indicated on a 1927 0.3. Geological Survey map with
those now present on a 1960 aerial photograph.
Results expressed in percent.

122

5) It was their opinion that very few hand-dug

wells were still producing. Most of them
have had to be drilled deeper.

Undoubtedly, increased tiling of farm lands_adjacent
to the creek has added to the reduction of hydrostatic
pressure as has ditching activities.

From.the preceding data it appears that the ground
water supplies in the vicinity of the creek, seem adequate
for human consumption. The data suggest however, that
hydrostatic pressure in the watershed has been reduced.
This pressure (or head) has been stated by Pollard,(l955),
to be very important in determining the velocity of the 6
ground water seepage, along with permeability of the
gravel. Reduction in the stream's substrate permeability
has already been demonstrated to be a logical aftermath
of the erosionésiltation of former and recent years.
Reduction in water head could also account for lack of
pressure to force ground water through the streamis sub-
strata. This in turn might explain an increase in stream
temperature, a reduced stream depth, and a decrease in

suitable trout spawning areas.

Limiting Factors

 

The foregoing data presented and their discussions
suggest certain seemingly outstanding deficiencies in the

stream's ecology. l) A shortage of adequate spawning

12}

areas. 2) Inadequate production of bottom fauna deter-
mined from a food scale rating. 3) Low density of ade-
quate adult trout shelter. Pools present are generally

small in surface area and only sporadically distributed.

Suggestions for Management

Arranged in the suggested order of completion.

Environmental Improvement

Headwater Hanggement.--It should be quite obvious to

 

the reader that little can be accomplished to improve
McCoy Creek for trout unless the lands in the headwater
area are stabilized. Of prime concern are the bottom
lands (Sections 16 and 19) from which much spring water
emanates--and is the major source of siltation. The fol-
lowing discussion will concentrate on this area.

The author suggests several possibilities:

1) Through joint cooperation between the State
Department of Agriculture and one of the State Conser-
vation agencies, these bottom lands might be put into a
soil bank trust or lease predicated on a long term.man-
agement basis. Only after reaching a mutual agreement
between the land owner, department, and the administering
conservation agency, could these lands be put back into
production. This should insure future safeguards against
a recreation of the siltation problem once costly imp

provement measures are completed to "restore" the stream.

12h

2) Elimination of the open ditches by installation
of a network of tile drains. According to the local Soil
Conservation agent, tiling would provide a more effective
drainage system, discharging only relatively clear, cold
water onto the stream. To accomplish this, some ar-
rangement might be worked out through one of the conser-
vation agencies, department, and local landowners.

3) A multi-purpose recreation area might be de-
veloped. The area would have to be purchased or leased
on a long-term.basis to assure proper management. The
area is ideally suited for the establishment of a managed
water fowl marsh. One water control structure would be
needed near Buffalo Read. Only a limited amount of diking
would be necessary because of the nearly ideal surrounding
terrain. This area, administered by the Conservation
Department could provide a fine water fowl nesting area.
If desired, regulated (or open-to-the—public) shooting
would create excellent local interest and recreational
opportunities.

This arrangement would undoubtedly raise the water
temperature of the stream. This increase, due to a read-
justment of the streamis heat budget, could be approxi-
mated by computation. This increase could be offset, in
part, by tapping the spring water under the large mounds
scattered through the marsh. The water has varying
amounts of vertical pressure which could conceivably be

capped and controlled.

125

Literature has already been discussed concerning
optimum and maximum.water temperatures for brown trout.
Near optimum.water temperatures for brown trout could be
maintained by installation of stream improvement devices.

The many cress beds now present are valuable for
trout fingerling cover. Shelter for adult trout is
greatly needed. Properly located stream.1mprovement struc-
tures should increase the number of pools, undercut banks,
etc.

Increasing_Production of Bottom Fauna.--l) The pre-
ponderance of silts and sands forming the substrata ap-
pears to offer an inhospitable environment for most aquatic
fauna. It is the author's opinion that to assure water
velocity of sufficient swiftness to maintain an unsilted
bottom, the total stream width in Sections II, III, and IV
should be reduced 3-h feet and 5 feet respectively.

2) Addition of rocks on the scoured bottom could
create riffle areas and in general, a more suitable habitat
for bottom fauna. Gravel size similar to that used along
railroad grades should prove adequate.25

Creation of Spawning Areas.-—Various workers (Needham,

 

1961; Stuart, 1953; Webster, 1962) have demonstrated the
possibility of creating artificially attractive trout
spawning situations. Further field application of these

 

25 Figure 12, results of sample #9.

126

methods may provide the necessary additional spawning
grounds in McCoy Creek which now appear to be very limited
in their distribution. Investigations by the author using
field tiling systems to simulate ground water upwelling
through the substrata are being contemplated.

Trout Populations
I Recommendations for management of the game fish popu-
lations would vary with the methods used to stabilize the
watershed. If the present water temperature is maintained,
or decreased through various measures outlined, a native
brook trout fisheries along with improved brown trout con-
ditions, might be developed. If the water temperature
permitted only brown trout inhabitation, pro-season and
early season stocking with brook trout would provide fast
but short-lived sport for the first two weeks. The brown
trout would provide a good native population testing the
skill of the trout fisherman and providing him with a good
residual population which contained older and larger fish.
An alternate to the trout management program.would
be a serious evaluation of the stream.for northern small

mouth bass (Micropterus dolomieu) occupancy.

SUMMARY

Investigation of an eleven mile long stream.(McCoy
Creek) in southwestern Michigan was prompted by the scar-
city of trout stream information available for this
portion of the state.

The stream's past history was compiled with the aid
of two public agencies and eleven selected local residents.
Historical information indicates major dredging occurred
in 1897; other significant bridge construction and dredging
work was carried out in the mid-thirties and early forties.

All survey and map work was completed by wading or
canoeing in the stream, and walking the bank. The stream
was divided into nine sections and morphometric data were
compiled for each section. Little attention was given
the last section due to the water's constant exposure to
industrial and sewage wastes.

The substrata were composed primarily of silt and a
sand-silt combination. Other types in their order of
abundance: sand-fine gravel, sand, medium gravel, and
small rocks. Medium.gravel and rock harbored the most
bottom fauna; silt and sand-silts were the least pro-
ductive. Water cress and Anacharais yielded good samples
of fauna-~primarily crustaceans. Vallisneria and

Entamggetgn pusillus harbored a rich fauna in the summer

12?

128

only. Tendipedidae, Cylloepus and Hydropsyche were the
most common insect types found in the samples. This
stream appears to be low in aquatic fauna production.

Most of the stream was composed of moderately slow
water (under one foot per second). The fastest water
(over two feet per second) was in the lower one-sixth of
the stream.

The gradient averaged 1.2 feet per 1,000 feet for
upper 8h percent of the stream's course; 59 feet per 1,000
feet for the lower 16 percent.

Water shading by bank shrubs was fairly good, ranging
from very little (Section IV) to almost 100 percent cover-
age (Section V). Shading apparently had some effect on
water temperature during certain warmer months.

Water cress was fairly well distributed and spor-
adically plentiful. Most other aquatic plants varied in
abundance with the seasons.

Very few logs, undercut banks or stream debris, were
present.

The predominant water type for the stream was flats,
and much less common runs and riffles. The streamrpool
area ratio was very poor.

Results from fishermen's questionnaires indicated
the catch to consist primarily of brook trout, 7-10 inches
long, and some slightly larger. A few 7-1h inch brown

trout were reported. A small number of sub-legal sized

129

trout were reportedly caught. The native trout population
appears to be composed of brown trout with a low popu-
lation density.

A sampling of 2 percent of the stream by electro-
fishing returned no trout. Mud pickerel was the most
common fish with a few horny-head chubs and white suckers
recovered.

Seining results indicate a correlation between forage
fish abundance and distribution with substrate type. The
trout/forage fish ratio appears to indicate an unfavorable
competition situation for the trout. The species of for-
age fish inhabiting the stream suggests it to be one of
marginal value for trout.

Crayfish appeared to be quite abundant in the sand
and gravel substrata..

Only h substratum seepage areas were located. Their
importance to trout spawning was discussed. A general
reduction in hydrostatic pressure in the creek's water-
shed seems to have occurred over the years. This re-
duction was evaluated in terms of increases in rural and
urban populations.

The major limiting factors appeared to be: 1) a
shortage of adequate spawning facilities. 2) Low aquatic

fauna production. 3) Lack of shelter for adult trout.

‘ ‘
r

LIST OF INFORMANTS

 

 

 

Length of—_9 Fished stream
Names of Informants** residence consistently
yrs. Yes* No
1. Coleman, John 50 X
2. Ferguson, Ivan 66 l925-l9h0
Buffalo Road to
M-6O
3. Frame, William,Sr. 80 X
h. Haas, Walter ‘ 55 X
5. Hanover, Roscoe no 1928-1955
M-60 to city
limits
6. Hassinger, Victor 18
7. Kingery, William 20
8. Klasner, Floyd hO 1920-1961 X
1.Entire stream
9. Redden, John 81 2.More recently
_ upstream from
10. Reinholdt,Lawrence 25 H-6O X
11. Rohl, Edward h3 1928-1930
1.M-6O to RR
grade.
2.Inside city's
limits
12. Ferris, Carl Well driller
13. Schutze,Fred J. ‘Well driller
*

Includes years in which the stream fished most con-
sistently and the area of the stream most utilized.

All currently residing in area except William.Frame,
Sr. who died in January, 1962.

130

LITERATURE CITED

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1951. The Horokiwi Stream. New Zealand Karine
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1959. A modified floatation technique for sorting
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1958. Ecology of the riffle insects of the Firehole
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1958. The Eastern Brook Trout. Wis. Cons. Dept.,
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131

132

Coble, Daniel W.

1961. Influence of water exchange and dissolved
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Cooper, Edwin L.

1951. Rate of exploitation of wild eastern brook trout
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Cooper, Edwin L.

1952. Growth of brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis)
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Cooper, Edwin L.

1953. Returns from plantings of legal-sized brook,
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13h

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