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FAMILY AND ROLE SATISFACTION AMONG
YOUNG MARRIED WOMEN

Thesis for the Degree of M. A
MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY
ATRIGIA RESEK UPDYKE
1968.

     

 

     

 

 

 
 

   

 

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ABSTRACT

FAMILY AND ROLE SATISFACTION AMONG
YOUNG MARRIED WOMEN

Patricia Resek Updyke

Abstract of Master's Thesis Completed
Fall Term, 1968

This study was concerned with bridging an ob-
vious gap between the broad popular interest, but scant
scientific literature, concerned with how the varied
role commitments of young women influence their family
relationships. Important linkages seemed likely between
the satisfactions which a woman derives from her family
relationships and her commitments to such varied roles
as wife, mother, and career woman. Possible linkages
between role commitments, role satisfaction, and atti-
tudes toward child rearing and marital satisfaction were
explored, with a secondary emphasis on response defen-
siveness.

The instruments selected to measure these var—
iables included the Manifest Rejection Scale (MR), an

1

Patricia Resek Updyke

index of punitiveness toward children, the Family Con-
cept Inventory (FCI), an indirect index of marital sat-
isfaction, the MMPI L and K scales, and a biographical
information form. This latter elicited specific role
satisfaction data, including how "satisfied" (S) or "dis-
satisfied"(D) the respondent was with her current role,
and whether this role was principally that of a "home-
maker" (H) (exclusively occupied with homemaking activ-
ities) or whether she had major "externar'(E) commitments
in addition to homecare, such as employment or university
student status.

A booklet including these measures was adminis-
tered to a selected sample of upper middle-class-apart-
ment dwellers. Of 73 women initially contacted, 71
accepted booklets and 59 returned these completed. Sim-
ilar sets of data were obtained from 31 of their husbands.
Thirty—seven (63%) of these women fit the S classifica-
tion (expressed themselves as satisfied with their present
status, be it H or E), while the remaining 22 (37%) were
classified as D, having expressed a desire to make some

important change in their current role. Thirty-nine (66%)

Patricia Resek Updyke

were classed as "homemakers." while 20 (34%) had "external"
commitments.

Employing this dual classification of role satis-
faction (S or D) and role commitments (H or E). the tena-
bility of the null hypothesis was examined by applying a
two factor analysis of variance to nine variables: MR.
FCI. MMPI L and K. age. years of education. number of
years married. number of children. and Child Density
(number of children divided by number of years married).
The S women differed significantly from the D women in
terms of being older GS = 30.4 years; 5 = 26.3 years) and
in having lower Child Density ratios GS = 0.28; D'= 0.43).
The H women differed significantly from the E's in terms
of having less completed years of education (H = 14.2;

'E = 15.7) and higher MR scores (fil= 53.9; Eb: 44.1).

No significant interactions were Obtained between the
role satisfaction and role commitment classifications.
Nine of the 36 product-moment correlations among the

nine variables were significant. but the only ones uncon-
founded by age were: FCI vs. age (5 = -.34). FCI vs.

years married (5 = -.35). and K vs. years of education (5

.26). These unexpected FCI correlations suggested that

Patricia Resek Updyke

"dissatisfaction" varied according to age; the younger
women were more "dissatisfied" with their role commit-
ments while the older women were more "dissatisfied"
with their marriages.

The findings generally support the view that
family life features, including Child Density and child
rearing attitudes, relate importantly to women's role
commitments and role satisfactions. Response defensive-
ness indices (MMPI L and K) related to other measures in
the manner expected but may not have been subtle enough
to be effective for this upper middle-class, well-
educated sample (mean female educational level a 14.7
years). Surprisingly, woman's marital satisfaction cor-
related inversely with age and years married, although
it did not link to the role measures. While not attain-
ing statistical significance, the mean husband's marital
adjustment score of the role "satisfied" women exceeded
that of husbands of role "dissatisfied" women (§'= 149.1;
‘5: 140.8, E < .25).

Complexities among the present findings and dis-
crepancies with prior results caution against drawing
broad generalizations. These outcomes emphasize the need

4

Patricia Resek Updyke

for further investigation of female role commitments and
satisfactions using more refined definitions and measur-

ing instruments with varied samples.

Thesis Committee: Alfred G. Dietze, Charles Hanley, and

John R. Hurley

 

Approved

 

 

   

Chairman, T sis Committee

Date /¢§o}‘29 /f&f

FAMILY AND ROLE SATISFACTION AMONG

YOUNG MARRIED WOMEN

BY

Patricia Resek Updyke

A THESIS

Submitted to
Michigan State University
in partial fulfillment of the requirements
for the degree of

MASTER OF ARTS

Department of Psychology

1968

Acknowledgement

The author wishes to express her sincere appre—
ciation and deepest thanks to Dr. Hurley for his patient
guidance and interest during every phase of the prepara-
tion of this thesis.

Gratitude is also extended to Dr. Hanley and

Dr. Dietze for their willingness to serve on my committee.

ii

Acknowledgement. .
List of Tables . .

List of Appendices

Introduction . . .

Method . . . . . ..

Results. . . . . .
Discussion . . . .
Summary. . . . . .

References . . . .

Appendices . . . .

TABLE

OF CONTENTS

iii

Page

ii

iv

19
3O
48

52

55

List of Tables
Table Page
1. Means and Ranges of Specific Variables

for All Groups of Subjects. . . . . . . . 20

2. Pearson Product-Moment Correlations for
All Specific Variables. . . . . . . . . . 21

3. F-Ratios for "Satisfied" vs. "Dissatisfied"
Women . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

4. F-Ratios for "Externally Oriented" vs.
"Homemaker" Women . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

5. F-Ratios for Interaction of Role
Satisfaction and Employment Status. . . . 29

iv

List of Appendices

Appendix _ Page

A. QUESTIONNAIRE BOOKLET. . . . . . . . . . . 56

GENERAL INFORMATION . . . . . . . . . 56

BRIEF INVENTORY . . . . . . . . . . . 6O
FAMILY CONCEPT INVENTORY. . . . . . . 63
CHILD RELATIONS INVENTORY . . . . . . 66

B. Table 1. BIOGRAPHICAL DATA AND RAW
SCORES(FEMALES). . . . . . . . . . . . . 70

Table 2. BIOGRAPHICAL DATA AND RAW
SCORES(HUSBANDS) . . . . . . . . . . . . 73

FAMILY AND ROLE SATISFACTION AMONG

YOUNG MARRIED WOMEN

by Patricia Resek Updyke

Introduction

During the past decade, increasing attention has
been directed toward analysing the modern American female,
especially in her roles as wife, mother, and career woman.
It still remains a moot question whether or not today's
woman can successfully fulfill the duties of home and
career simultaneously. It is even debatable whether she
truly desires these two avenues of fulfillment. So much
has been written about this subject that the concept of the
"unfulfilled" female has permeated our culture.

One side argues that a woman's place is in the
home, especially when there are young children to raise.
Another side exhorts the tragic wastefulness of the un-
tapped resources of women remaining at home (whether by
choice, sense of duty, or guilt) to be "just" homemakers

l

(Friedan, 1964). And still a third viewpoint warns of the
unintentional "hoax" society has popularized, that marriage
and career can be successfully combined (Bloustein, 1968).
So, it seems, no matter what path the married woman chooses
to follow, somehow she will meet with frustration, conflict,
and a sense of unfulfillment. She can feel guilty because
she is neglecting her children, because she is competing
with her husband, because she "enjoys" staying at home . . .
ad infinitum.

All this, in turn, influences the American woman's
total life, as well as that of her husband and children,

and the totality of their interactions.

Background

The antecedent conditions which have contributed to
the changing roles of the modern American woman have been
numerous. At the beginning of this century, approximately
one married woman out of twenty was employed outside the
home. ‘World war I and WOrld war II provided the impetus
for women to seek employment away from home. This trend
toward economic emancipation was simultaneously aided by

the rapid industrialization of the American economy. By

1965, 34% of all married women were gainfully employed
(U.S. Dept. of Labor, 1965).

Another influence on the changing status of women
has been more leisure, due to industrialization, modern
inventions such as labor-saving devices for the home, and
the advent of the computerized age. Earlier marriages
and modern methods of family planning have also contributed
greatly to the increased freedom enjoyed by today's mothers.
Most of these women have also had much more education than
their female ancestors. In addition to better health,
they can look forward to a longer life, which means more
leisure time to fill after all the children have been
raised. Half of today's women marry by age 20.5, and more
marry at age 18 than at any other age. Half of the women
have borne their last child at about age 30, so they can
anticipate at least 30 or 35 years of active life after
their last birth.

As a result, more and more women are beginning to
search for some kind of identity outside the home, whether
it be through clubs or leagues, charity work, pursuit of
a creative talent or challenging hobby, furthering their
education, or an outside job. The reasons for a woman's

wanting to hold a job outside the home are many. She might

just want some activity or identity outside the home, or
she might need to supplement the family income. The need
for increased family income to help meet the higher costs
of educating children, health care, and the wider variety
of goods and services considered essential to the American
standard of living, also lead more and more women to seek
paid employment. About nine out of ten women work outside
the home sometime in their lives, and a wife's earnings
are definitely an important feature in a family's standard
of living (U.S. Dept. of Labor, 1965).

The more education a woman acquires, the more
likely she is to seek paid employment. The educated woman
contributes her skills and talents to the economy not only
for financial rewards, but even more for psychological re-
wards resulting from achievement, recognition, and service
to society.

The majority of women continue to be homemakers,
whether or not they also have jobs. When a wife decides
whether or not to work, the presence of young children in
the family seems a more important factor than her husband's
income. Most women do not work when their children are
very young. Whether this is by choice or because of lack

of adequate facilities for child care is an unanswered

question. Mothers with very young children seem to prefer
part-time work because this allows them to combine working
outside the home with care of their children. Highly edu—
cated mothers, even if they have young children, tend to
be more motivated to work outside the home than are mothers
with less schooling. Among mothers with five or more years
of college, one out of three was in the labor force by

1965 (U.S. Dept. of Labor, 1965).

Purpose

The purpose of this study was to try to determine
if any "role conflicts" were associated with working and
non-working mothers, and if so, to what extent they affected
marital adjustment and child relations. This seems to be a
fertile area for research because, although much research
has been conducted with respect to differences between
working mothers and non-working mothers, a survey of the
recent literature reveals a surprising dearth of research
related to these women's satisfactions with their roles and
how it affects their family interactions. A review of the
past five years of the Psychology Abstract§_yielded only

two pertinent leads to this research.

Hypotheses
The hypotheses proposed for this study were:

1. There are no differences between "satisfied" and
"dissatisfied" women as reflected by scores on

marital adjustment questionnaires.

2. There are no differences between "satisfied" and
"dissatisfied" women as reflected by measures of

child rearing attitudes.

3. There are no differences between "homemakers" and
"externally oriented" women as reflected by scores

on marital adjustment questionnaires.

4. There are no differences between "homemakers" and
"externally oriented" women as reflected by mea-

sures of child rearing attitudes.

Definitions

A "satisfied" woman (s) is defined, for the pur-
poses of this study, as either a working mother who wants
to work and is satisfied with her present job, or a non-

working mother who does not want to work.

A "dissatisfied" woman (D) is defined as either a
working mother who would prefer not to work, or a working
mother who wants to work but is dissatisfied with her pres-
ent job, or a non—working mother who wants to work, but is
presently not working.

A "homemaker" (H) is a woman who is exclusively
occupied with homemaking and who is presently not gain-
fully employed.

An "externally oriented" (E) woman is any woman
who is presently gainfully employed either part-time or
full time, or a woman who is a student. Students were
included in this category because a woman who is a student
is away from her home and family during the hours she de-
votes to her classes and studies, and this is comparable

to time working women spend at their places of employment.

Method

Subjects

The population selected for this study was an
eight building, 256 unit, apartment complex in Okemos,
IMichigan. This community is a suburban upper middle-
class residential area located near the state capital of
Lansing and near Michigan State University. This area
was chosen because at the time this study was being form-
ulated, the author was a resident of this complex, and it
provided a convenient and sizeable population.

Only the residents of the three and two bedroom
units in seven of the buildings were contacted, since
there were less likely to be children residing in the one
bedroom units, and the eighth building was for adults
only. There was a total of 84 three and two bedroom
apartments in this complex. The only criterion for par-
ticipation was having at least one school-age child living
at home.

At the time of initial contact of the residents

of the 84 apartments, 73 women were at home, and 71 of

8

these agreed to participate in the study. Subsequently,
49 of their husbands accepted, too. Of these, 60 women
and 32 men completed and returned the questionnaire book-
lets which had been distributed to them. This represents
returns of 84.5%.and 65.3%, respectively. The final group
of subjects in this sample resulted in 31 couples and an
additional 28 women whose husbands did not participate,
yielding a total of 59 women and 31 men. One woman's
questionnaire was excluded because she misunderstood the
directions, and one man's questionnaire was excluded be-

cause his wife did not return her booklet.

gpestionnaire Bodklet

A booklet was compiled to distribute to all par-
ticipating subjects (Appendix A). Each booklet consisted
of four questionnaires: l) a "General Information" sheet
(separate forms for husbands and wives) which was a bio-
graphical data form included primarily to classify family
status and ascertain the woman's role satisfaction; 2) a
"Brief Inventory," which consisted of the L and K scales
of the MMPI, to be used as a measure of frankness and de—

fensiveness, which might also be reflected in test behavior

10

on the FCI and MR questionnaires; 3) the Family Concept
Inventory (FCI), a measure of marital adjustment; and 4)
the Manifest Rejection (MR) Scale, a measure of child

rearing attitudes.

General Information

The General Information questionnaires provided
all the information necessary concerning pertinent bio—
graphical data of the subjects: age, number of years mar-
ried, number of children, and education level. The wives'
forms also included information concerning employment
status and role satisfaction. The husbands' forms were
included only to determine the social status of the family,
and, subsequently, that of the population, based on warner,
Meeker, and Eels' classifications (Krech, Crutchfield &

Ballachey, 1962).

Brief Inventory

This questionnaire consisted of the L and K scales
of the MMPI. All items were to be answered as either true

or false by the subject.

11

The L scale includes items designed to evaluate the
frankness of the subject and involves questions concerning
such feelings as bad thoughts, aggression, and conformity
(Dahlstrom and Welsh, 1960).

Some example itemsare: "I do not always tell the
truth."; "I do not like everyone I know."; "At times I feel
like swearing." This scale is sensitive to subjects who
tend to deny undesirable personal faults because most of
the items are socially unfavorable. Very low scores re-
flect poise in admitting social faults, while very high
scores reflect deliberate deception.

The K scale was used as a measure of personal de—
fensiveness and test-taking attitudes. Some example items
are: "People often disappoint me."; "I certainly feel use-
less at times."; "What others think of me does not bother
me." High scores presumably indicate defensiveness and an
attempt to "fake good" by denying personal inadequacies.
Low scores are assumed to reflect excessive frankness and

self-criticism or a deliberate attempt to "fake bad."

Family Concept Inventory

The FCI used in this study is a new adaptation of

the original Family Concept Q—Sort, using a reversed

12

subscales procedure to subdue "faking good" responses, as
reported by Van der Veen, et al. (1964). It consists of
48 items which are descriptive of the family unit. Each
subject responds to each item by indicating his degree of
agreement with the item as it applies to his immediate
family (strongly agree, tend to agree, neither agree nor
disagree, tend to disagree, strongly disagree). Some item
examples are: "We usually can depend on each other."; "We
do many things together."; "We are proud of our family.";
"There are many conflicts in our family."

The validity of this FCI was supported in a study
conducted by Hofman (1965) which reported substantial
product-moment correlations (Husbands"£.= .77; wives'

5.: .58) between Van der Veen's original Q-Sort and an
objective form of this test. Palonen (1966) found substan-
tial correlations (Husbands"£_= .74; Wives' £_= .75) be-
tween the multiple-choice FCI used in this study and the
Locke—Wallace Marital Adjustment Scale (Locke & Wallace,

1959).

Manifest Rejection Scale

 

The MR sclae used was that reported by Hurley

(1965), dealing with child rearing practices. Although

13

55 items were included on the questionnaire, only the first
30 items constitute the MR score. This measure also uses a
reversed subscales procedure to minimize the effects of re-
sponse sets. Each item requires the respondent to choose
the degree of agreement which he personally endorses con-
cerning that particular item (strongly agree, tend to agree,
neither agree nor disagree, tend to disagree, strongly
disagree). Hurley (1965) found that MR correlated sig—
nificantly with three independent measures of parental
punitiveness.

Some item examples of the MR are: "Children should
be spanked for temper tantrums."; "Making a child feel
loved is the surest way to get good behavior."; "Children

should not be allowed to argue with their parents."

Procedure

The author personally approached the woman in each
apartment. Seventy-one of the 73 women approached agreed
to participate in the study. Each woman was given a ques-
tionnaire booklet and asked to complete all the questions
at her leisure within two weeks, and without consulting her

husband for his Opinions on the questions. She was assured

14

that all information would be strictly confidential and
that she would be allowed adequate time to complete all
the questionnaires. When the booklets were picked up,

the woman was told that a comparable booklet had been pre-
pared for the husbands. In some instances, the husbands
were at home and were personally invited to participate.
Forty-nine husbands' booklets were initially accepted.
These, too, were left for two weeks, with the instructions
that the husband should not collaborate with his wife for
opinions and answers. The booklets were left with the
husbands and wives at different times to restrict collab-
oration of the spouses because the author wanted to corre-
late their marital adjustment and child relations scores.
In only a few instances, where the wife was not at home

to return her booklet and her husband personally accepted
a husband's booklet, were both booklets in the same house-
hold simultaneously. In these instances, the request for
not collaborating with the spouse was stressed. In all,

32 of the husbands (65.3%) returned completed booklets.

Compiling the Data

A total of 90 booklets were found to be acceptable

or completed correctly. The 31 couples' data were compiled

15

and recorded together, and separated from the data of the
28 women whose husbands did not participate. The women
were designated "women with husbands" and "women without
husbandsi? respectively. A code number was assigned to
each couple, numbers one through 31, and numbers 32 through.
59 were assigned to the "women without husbands."

Appendix B includes all the biographical data and
raw scores for the 90 participants. Table l in Appendix
B, for the women's data, includes one other entry which
needs an explanation. The "Child Density" (CD) entry is
defined as the number of living children divided by the
number of years of marriage. This is usually 1.00 or less.
One woman's CD was dropped from the calculations because
of the unknown lenght of a previous marriage, by which
she had had her present children. This atypical case was
omitted because it would have significantly latered the
means, and possibly have clouded the results.

The CD index was included as a possible influencing
factor on marital adjustment. In a sample of university
student parents, Hurley and Palonen (1967) found CD to be
negatively related to marital satisfaction, supporting the
view that high CD might contribute to lowered marital sat-

isfactions.

16

The employment status of each woman could be clas-
sified as unemployed (U), full time(F), part-time (P), or
student (S). For calculating purposes, the H category in-
cluded the data of only the women who held no job outside
the home, and the E classification included those women
who worked full time or part-time, or were students. In
this sample, there were eight full time and six part-time
employed women, and six students, for a total of 20 E and
39 H women.

All females were also classified as either "satis-
fied" (S) or "dissatisfied" (D) with their present roles,
as previously defined. Four H women said they would like
to return to work, but qualified their answers with "only
when children are in school." These women were classified
as D because they did express a desire to return to work.
Of a total of 37 S women, 12 were working because they
‘wanted to and 25 were not working and were pleased with
this situation. There were 22 D women; two were working
because they wanted to work, but they were dissatisfied
with their present jobs; three were students who preferred
to be gainfully employed; and 14 were not working but would

like to be.

17

Table 2 in Appendix B, for the husbands' data, in-
cludes only the raw scores and occupations of the 31 par-
ticipating men. Other biographical data was not obtained
from the male participants because it was not pertinent to
the major focus of this study.

As a result of these groupings of the data, each
woman could be classified three ways: 1) "with husband"
or "without husband"; 2) "externally oriented" (E) or
"homemaker" (H); and 3) "satisfied" (S) or "dissatisfied"
(D). Since husband's participation was primarily a matter
of finding him at home at the time of contact, there was
no reason to compare the two groups of women with respect
to this variable. Therefore, in analyzing the data, only
the latter two classifications were subjected to analysis.

In summary, there were 12 "satisfied-externally
oriented" women, 25 "satisfied—homemaker" women, 8
"dissatisfied—externally oriented" women, and 14

"dissatisfied-homemaker" women.

Analyzing the Data

Since there were two factors of interest, employ-

ment status and role satisfaction, a two-by-two analysis

18

of variance with unequal numbers of subjects was the me-
thod chosen to compare the S vs. D women, and the E vs. H
women (Hays, 1963, p. 429ff.). F ratios were calculated
for nine variables (L, K, FCI, MR, age, number of years
education) for each of these two classifications.

Pearson product-moment correlations were calcu-
lated for all possible pairs of combinations of these nine
variables, and interspouse correlations were also calcu-

lated for the L, K, FCI, and MR scales (Table 2).

Results

A summary of the means and ranges for all groups of
subjects and for all categories on the nine variables is
presented in Table l. The General Information data for men
and the classifications of "women with husbands" and "women
without husbands" were compiled but not used for further

detailed analysis.

Biographical Data
Education

The mean education level for the 59 women was 14.7
years, i.e. almost three years of college. The mode was 16
years (college graduate), and the median was a little more
than 15 years. Thirty women (52%9 had had at least a four-
year college education. Of these thirty, 21 were S (10 E,
11 H) and nine were D (4 E, 5 H). Twenty-nine women had
had some or no college, and 16 had had no college educa—
tion. There were only three women in the total sample (5%)

l9

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22

who had never finished high school. Of the 30 college
graduates, nine had gone on for post-graduate work. This
represents 15%.of the total sample.

The S women had only slightly more education than
the D women (S' = 14.9; D' = 14.4), but the E women had
significantly more education than the H women (E'= 15.7;
E = 14.2, p_ < .02).

The number of years of education of the women
correlated significantly with only one other variable, K

scores (£_= .26, p_< .05).

The ages of the women ranged from 21 to 50 years.
The mean was 28.9 years, the median was almost 27 years,
and the mode was 27 years. S women were significantly
older than the D women (S'= 30.4 years;'DW= 26.3 years,
p.< .02], and the H women were only slightly older than
the E women (H- = 29.3 years; E = 28.0 years).

Age of the women correlated significantly with
four other variables; number of children (3.: .70, pv< .01);
number of years married (£_= .90, p_< .01); FCI (5.: -.34,

p_< .01; and CD (£_= -.54, p.< .01).

23
Years Married

The mean number of years married of the total
sample was 7.6. The S women were married longer than the
D women (S— = 8.6 years; 5: 5.8 years, p_ < .10). Although
not statistically significant, the H women had been mar-
ried more years than the E women (H- =- 8.1 years; 15 = 6.5
years).

The number of years married correlated signifi~
cantly with four other variables: age (£_= .90, p_< .01);
number of children (£_= .71, p_< .01); CD (£_= —.49,

p_< .01; and FCI (£_= —.35, p_< .01).

Number of Children

Only non-significant differences were observed us-
ing the classification with respect to number of children.
Number of children did correlate significantly, though,
with three other variables: age (£_= .70, p_< .01); number
of years married (£_= .71, p_< .01); and CD (5.: -.26,
p_< .05).

The mean number of children for the total sample

was 1.8.

24

Child Density

The mean CD for the 59 women was 0.33. The S and
D women differed significantly with respect to this var-
iable (S = 0.28; 15 = 0.43, p < .05). The H women had a
non—significantly higher mean CD (0.35) than the E women
(0.31).

CD correlated significantly with three other var-
iables: age (£_= -.54, p_< .01); number of years married
(£_= -.49, p_< .01); and number of children (£.’ -.26,

E_< .05).

Test Scores

MMPI L and K Scales

There were no statistically significant F ratios
with respect to the L and K variables in this study.

The mean L score for the total sample of women was
3.5, and the mean K score for the 59 women was 15.1.

The L scores did not correlate significantly with
any other variables, and the K scores correlated signifi—

cantly with number of years of education (£_= .26, p_< .05).

25

The mean L and K scores for these samples were
both within one standard deviation of the normative sample

mean .

Family Concept Inventory

This study found no significant F ratios with re-
spect to the FCI variable. The mean FCI score for the
total sample of women was 155.5.

The FCI scores correlated significantly with age
(£_= -.34, p_< .01) and number of years married (£_= -.35,

p_< .01).

Manifest Rejection Scale

There was one significant F ratio with respect to
the MR variable, that comparing the E and the H women
(p.< .01). The H women had significantly higher scores
than did the E women on the MR scale.(HT= 53.9; E's 44.1),
while the S women differed only slightly from the D women

on this variable (5 = 50.9; D = 50.0).

26

Interspouse Correlations

Four interspouse correlations were computed. The
results were: FCI = .71; MR = .63; L = .21; and K = .70.
Of these four, three were significant, FCI, CR1, and K

(p_< .01).

Summaryjof Significant F Ratios

F ratios to compare the S and D women on the nine
variables of interest yielded two which were significant.
These were age (p_< .02) and CD (p_< .05), Table 3.

F ratios comparing the E and H women of the nine
variables also yielded two significant results. These
were MR (p_< .01) and number of years of education (p_< .01),
Table 4.

There were no significant interaction effects of

employment status and role satisfaction, Table 5.

27

TABLE 3

F Ratios Satisfied vs. Dissatisfied Womenzp.

 

 

 

Variable Sum of d.f. Mean F
Squares Square '-

L 13.3 13.3 3.41
K 1.02 1.02 0.05
FCI 524.8 524.8 1.17
MR 9.4 9.4 0.08
Age 210.9 210.9 5.40*
Years

Married 9887.9 9887.9 2.05
Number of

Children .71 .71 0.98
CD 3073.3 3073.3 4.39*
Years of

Education 345.6 345.6 0.73

#p_< .05 using the two-tailed test of significance.

28

TABLE 4

F Ratios Employed vs. Unemployed Women

 

 

 

Variable Sum Of d.f. Mean F
Squares Square

L .61 l .61 0.16
K 5.4 l 5.4 0.24
FCI 29.9 1 29.9 0.07
MR 1206.6 1 1206.6 9.55*
Age 19.5 1 19.5 0.5
Years

Married 3087.4 1 3087.4 0.87
Number of

Children .71 1 .71 0.98
CD 145.4 1 145.4 0.21
Years of

Education 2632.2 1 2632.2 5.6*

*p_< .05 using

the two-tailed test of significance.

29

TABLE 5

F Ratios Interaction of Role Satisfactions and
Employment Status of WOmen

 

 

 

Variable Sum Of d.f. Mean F
Squares Square

L .16 l .16 0.04
K 47.7 1 47.7 2.10
FCI 30.5 1 30.5 0.07
MR 97.1 1 97.1 0.77
Age 7.4 1 7.4 0.19
Years

Married 293.5 1 293.5 0.08
Number of

Children .01 l .01 0.01
CD 1965.3 1 1965.3 2.81
Years of

Education .37 l .37 0.00

 

Discussion

Biographical Data

Education

 

As anticipated, this middle-class sample was atyp-
ical with respect to education, since the mean approached
completion of three years of college. This was probably
due to the geographical location of the apartment complex
from which this sample was drawn, and the fact that many
of the husbands of the female subjects were either advanced
college students or professionals. This relatively high
educational level implies that these women were reasonably
sophisticated in test—taking procedures, including the area
of psychological testing. In fact, one female subject de-
clined to complete the L and K scales because she herself
had used it previously in her own research. Other subjects
had previously participated in other kinds of related re—
search. Still others had formerly resided in university
married housing and had partaken in studies conducted by
other students. These experiences, combined with the

30

31

sophistication of higher education, might have importantly
influenced the results and conclusions of this study. This

must be considered when interpreting the results.

The majority of the female subjects were under 30
years old (27- 28.9). Most of them had been out of college
only a few years, and since they all had young families,
most were devoting the majority of their time and energy
to their families. This may account for the significant
difference between the mean ages of the S and D women.
Perhaps the younger women were more "dissatisfied" because
they had not had the opportunity to pursue personal inter-
ests, education, or careers as soon as they would have pre—
ferred, wheras the older women, who expressed more satis-
faction, may have had more opportunities to pursue these
fields over the years as their children became older and
more independent. Another possible contributing factor to
the greater number of "dissatisfied" younger women could
be that they just had not yet found or decided what they
wanted to do in the way of a career or mode of living.

Then, too, the fact that young mothers are more tied down

32

to their homes when children are very young and totally
dependent could cause some feelings of dissatisfaction.
More and more of today's young mothers, especially college
educated women, want to pursue careers as well as raise a
family, but, although our society's views have become more
liberal in this area, adequate child care for those chil-
dren whose mothers desire to seek employment is nearly im-
possible to find. This is one major problem facing many
young mothers who have highly specialized skills and yearn
to enter the labor force, but still want their children to
have the best possible care and attention in their absence.
As a result, rather than leave their children in uncertain
or incompetent hands, they stay at home while their desires
lie elsewhere and their skills deteriorate, or their train-
ing becomes obsolete.

Of the four significant correlations involving age,
three were to be expected: age vs. years married; age vs°
number of children; and age vs. CD. Older women have usu-
ally been married longer and have more children than younger
women, and CD is inversely related to age. Unexpected,
however, was the negative correlation (£_= -.34, p_< .01)
between age and marital satisfaction (FCI). One would ex-

pect that as one gets older, and, presumably, has been

33

married longer, family bonds and cohesiveness would
strengthen and family concepts would be quite positive,
especially in this study which found the more "satisfied"

women to be older than the less "satisfied" women.

Number of Years Married

Since the women sampled were mostly young wives
with young families, they had a mean of only seven and a
half years of marriage. The S women had been married
longer than the D woman and, as a possible explanation,
the same reasons could be proposed here as were suggested
with respect to age, i.e. unfulfilled ambitions, younger
families, and indecisiveness about careers.

Here, too, three of the four significant coorela-
tions were to be expected: years married vs. age, years
married vs. number of children, and years married vs. CD.
The longer a woman has been married, the older she gets
and the more children she has, until she has borne her
last child.

Also, unexpectedly. as with the age factor, number
of years married correlated negatively (£_3 -.35) with FCI

scores. This finding, implicating that the longer these

A/_

34

women were married, the less satisfied they were with their
marriages, was perplexing because in this sample, the S
women were older than the D women, and satisfaction should
be intricately related to family life and the roles one
plays within the family. These inconsistent findings seem
to indicate a possible independent relationship between
"role satisfaction" and "marital satisfaction." The pres-
ent results imply that younger women are more "dissatis—
fied" with their role committments, while the older women
seem to be more "dissatisfied" with their marriages. Un-
doubtedly, more refined definitions and measures of "satis-
faction" are needed, and future research in this area will
have to take this into account. Although very "crude"
measures were used in the present study to ascertain "sat-
' isfaction" and "dissatisfactionfl an obvious difference was
implicated. Perhaps more refined measures could find if
any real distinctions are illuminated by this possible
difference between "role satisfaction" and "marital satis-

faction."

Number of Children‘

Almost half (N_~ 28) of the women sampled had only

one child, 19 had two children, 10 had three, and two had

35

four, yielding a mean of 1.8 children per family. Since
most of the women were young, this was to be expected.
Many were just starting their families, and two and three
bedroom apartments would not be adequate for large fam-
ilies, so living conditions restricted the number of large
families in the immediate area.

The three significant correlations involving number
of children were all to be expected: number of children
vs. age, years married, and CD. All these variables in-
volve aging, and the correlations were all in the expected

directions.

Child Density

The mean CD of 0.33 means an average of one child
per 3.03 years of marriage. This seems quite high, but,
one must remember, this was a young sample and most of the
subjects had not been married many years. Forty-three of
the 58 married women (74%) had been married less than 10
years, and more than one-third had been married less than
four years. Since there is an inverse relationship between
CD and number of years married, a high CD would be expected

in a young sample.

36

In a related study (Hurley and Palonen, 1967),
using a sample of university student parents (N;= 40),
the mean CD was .40, slightly higher than this study.
The mean number of children of the couples in Hurley's
study was 1.70, close to this study's mean (1.76), and
the mean number of years married was 5.98, lower than
this study's mean of 7.55. This yielded an average of
one child per 2.5 years of marriage for the university
student parents in Hurley's study, as compared to the
ratio of this study, one child per 3.03 years of marriage.
Hurley and Palonen used two marital satisfaction measures
and derived a total marital satisfaction score for each
couple. In their study, CD correlated negatively with
marital satisfaction, as reflected by family concept
scores. The present study, using only the wives' FCI
scores, found that the relationship between CD and family
concept was positive (£j= .25), though not quite statis-
tically significant. When the husbands' and wives' scores
were combined for a total marital adjustment score for
each couple that participated, CD and FCI remained posi-
tively correlated (5.: .26). Although different marital
satisfaction measures were used in these studies, perhaps

this difference in family concepts could be attributed to

37

the lower CD, as hypothesized by Hurley and Palonen. One
factor which possibly could account for the differences be-
tween the present families and Hurley's university student
parents, is the sampling procedure. In an upper middle-
class apartment complex, one finds more spacious living
quarters than those available in university housing. In
addition to more living space, the majority of families in
the present study were financially independent, a factor
which is quite often not the case with student parents.
Obviously, there would be fewer financial worries plaguing
a family with an employed male than there would be in fam-
ilies with "student" family heads. Along with financial
security, this independence means more recreation and lux—
uries for the family, including occasional nights out for
the husband and wife while the babysitter takes over at
home, a luxury not often feasible for student parents.

The constant pressures of studying, exams, term
papers, finances. growing families, and crowded living
conditions could all foster greater feelings of "dissatis—
faction" with family and marital adjustment.

These differences emphasize the importance of samp—
ling procedures in any study. Similar or identical studies

employing quite different samples of subjects could lead to

38

quite different results. Hence, warnings against broad
generalizations must be heeded when discussing results.
The three significant correlations involving CD,
mentioned previously under the categories of age, years
married, and number of children, were all in the expected

direction and require no further explanation.

Test Scores
L and K Scales of the MMPI_

There were no statistically significant differences
between the S and D women and the E and H women with re-
spect to their L and K scores, but the difference between
the mean L scores for the S and D women ('5’ = 3.9, D'- 2.9,
p_< .07) approached significance.

If one were to hypothesize whether the S or D women
would have the higher L scores. one would expect the S
women to have the higher scores. Being "satisfied" would
be more socially acceptable than being "dissatisfied," and
L scores reflect one's directness in dealing with questions
concerning socially acceptable attitudes. The items on the

L scale are based on making a favorable impression, so one

39

would assume that lower L scores, reflecting more frankness,
would be more frequent among D women, because being "dis-
satisfied" and admitting it would require more self-honesty
than being "satisfied" and admitting it. The results of
the L scores in this study seem to point in this direction,
although the difference is of marginal significance.

The significant correlation (£_= .26) between K
scores and number of years of education seems to indicate
that the more education a woman has, the more likely she
is to be personally defensive. Since L and K scores were
not abnormally high, it cannot be assumed that grossly
defensive behavior was exhibited on the other measures.

In recent years, considerable debate has centered
on the question of what the K scale "really" measures
(Sweetland & Quay, 1953) King & Schiller, 1959; Heilbrun,
1961; and Himelstein & Lubin, 1966). It was originally
intended to measure test-taking attitudes and defensive-
ness (Meehl & Hathaway, 1946). The authors agreed that
this test did work better on females;than on male subjects,
and that it was more effective with some scales of the
MMPI than with others. Sweetland and Quay (1953) proposed
that the K scale might measure something in addition to

test—taking attitudes. They suggested that K scores within

40

the normal ranges may be a measure of personality integra-
tion or healthy emotional adjustment. King and Schiller
(1959) expressed their uncertainty as to what the K scale
measures, and suggested it may measure "adequacy of ego
functioning" in addition to, or instead of, test-taking
attitudes. Heilbrun (1961) showed evidence to support the
K scale as a better measure of defensiveness among more
maladjusted subjects, and he also found K positively re-
lated to level of psychological health for females, but
not for males. Himelstein and Lubin (1966) suggested that
the K had "differential meaning for males and females; for
males a high K may indicate defensiveness, while for fe-
males a similar score may be an indication of good psy—
‘chological health." All the evidence seems to point to a
definite sex difference with respect to what K scores mea—
sure. But it is still uncertain as to what the K scale

"really" measures.

Family_Concept Inventory

There were no significant differences between the
S and D women, and the E and H women with respect to family

concept, a measure of marital adjustment. These findings

41

support the first and third hypotheses of this study, that
there are no differences between S and D women as reflected
by scores on marital adjustment questionnaires, and there
are no differences between E and H women as reflected by
scores on marital adjustment questionnaires. Therefore,
these hypotheses cannot be rejected.

These results would seem to imply that there is
little relationship between a woman's satisfaction or dis-
satisfaction with her roles and her marital adjustment, as
previously conjectured. Perhaps these women have the
ability to dissociate their own personal feelings about
their role satisfactions from their interactions with

their Spouses.

Manifest Rejection Scale

The S and D women did not differ significantly with
respect to MR scores, thus, the second hypothesis, that
there are no differences between S and D women as reflected
by measures of child rearing attitudes, cannot be rejected.
But the H women had significantly higher MR scores than the
E women (p_< .01). This would lead to rejection of the

fourth hypothesis, that there are no differences between E

42

and H women as reflected by measures of child rearing atti-
tudes. Since the H women had significantly higher MR
scores, one might hypothesize that the longer periods of
exposure and interaction with their children might foster
these greater feelings of rejection toward their children.
But, in fact, several studies have found that working
mothers actually spend more time with their children than
those who do not work (American Peoples' EncyclOpedia Re-
search Bureau, 1967). women who work outside the home
usually make the most of their hours with their children
and give them their undivided attention. In a recent re-
view, Bird (1967) reported a study conducted by Dr. Yarrow
which showed that working mothers were more apt to plan
activities around their children's interests than the
mothers who were with their children all the time. Per-
haps just the fact that the children of the H women are
present and nearby all day, even though the mother is not
directly interacting with them, might cause these feelings.
Since working mothers are around other people a large part
of the day, and, in most cases, primarily adults, they make
the most of the limited times they have with their chil-
dren. Bird also cited a study by Dr. F. Ivan Nye which

found that working mothers of pre—school children could

43

think of more things that were fun to do with their chil-
dren than the non—working mothers could. Also, the working
mothers were less apt to say that children made them ner-
vous. Dr. Yarrow also found that working mothers who en-
joyed their work were more permissive and sympathetic than
the non—working mothers matched with them.

This all seems to indicate that if a woman were
satisfied with her job, she would be satisfied with her
family and other interactions around her. Likewise, one
would assume, if an unemployed woman likes staying home,
she, too, would be satisfied with her family and other
interactions. If this were all true, then S and D women
should differ on their marital adjustment and child rela—
tions scores. But, this was not the case with the present

sample.

Interspguse Correlations

Spouses who participated in this study seemed to
have moderately similar, but not statistically significant,
L scores (£_= .21). The husband—wife correlation for FCI
scores was .71 (p_< .01). This high correlation reflects

favorable marital adjustment and family concepts. Van der

44

Veen et al (1964) stated that agreement by members of a
family on the way the family is perceived is an important
aspect of family adjustment. Of the wives of the 31 par-
ticipating couples in this study, 14 expressed role "dis—
satisfaction."

In a similar study, Palonen (1966) found a husband—
wife correlation of .65 on the FCI. Palonen's sample had
mean FCI scores of 148.4 and 154.7 for the males and fe-
males, respectively, and the present study found similar
means of 145.5 and 155.1 for male and female subjects,
respectively.

The other two interspouse correlations, K (£_= .70)
and MR (£_= .63) were also significant (p_< .01). The high
K correlation indicates similar degrees of defensiveness
among spouses, and the high MR correlation indicates that
the spouses have very similar views on child rearing prac-

tices.

Interaction Effects of Role
Satisfaction and Employment
Status

Of all the possible interactions between role sat-

isfaction and employment status, none were significant.

45

But, as suggested before, perhaps with more refined mea-
sures and definitions of "role satisfaction" and "marital
satisfaction," some relationships between these different

satisfactions and employment status might become pronounced.

Husbands' Data

 

Although the information obtained from the husbands
was not of primary interest, it was essential for the in-
terspouse correlations previously discussed.

A summary of the means and ranges for the variables
of interest can be found on Table 1. The raw data is all
included in Table 2 of Appendix B, as well as a list of
occupations, which was included to determine the social
status of this sample.

The husbands of the 31 couples were only slightly
older than their wives (RVs = 31.0 and 28.8, respectively),
and did not differ significantly on any of the other var-
iables for which information was obtained (L, K, FCI, MR).
The majority of husbands were professionals. Of the 31
husbands, only four were full time students, and four
others were part-time students also holding full or part—

time jobs. Several husbands who did not participate in

46

the study refused to accept a questionnaire booklet on the
grounds that they had previously been exposed to sociolog—
ical or psychological questionnaires, and felt that they
know too much about them to answer them honestly. This,
too, was an indication of the sophistication of college-
educated persons with respect to test-taking procedures,
previously mentioned when discussing the women's educa—

tion.

Implications for Further Research

The seemingly inconsistent findings of the present
study, as well as differences between present results and
previous studies, emphasize the need for further research.
In addition to the need for more specific definitions of
"satisfied" and "dissatisfied," a more refined measure of
"role satisfaction" and "marital satisfaction" will have
to take into account several additional factors which the
present study did not include. Among these could be his-
tory of previous marriages, personal interviews, including
some type of "projective" or open—end questionnaires, his-

tory of significant female role "models," husband's

47

attitudes about wife's roles, and the woman's aspirations
and goals.

When unrefined measures such as those employed in
this study point so clearly to differences between "mar—
ital" and "role" satisfactions, it undoubtedly is a var-
iable which needs further investigation.

No clear statement regarding relationships between
such variables as satisfaction, employment status, and
family relations can be offered at this time. Since the
future will undoubtedly see more and more wives and mothers
entering the labor force, it remains to be seen whether
the effects of her employment will be advantageous or

detrimental to her family and herself.

Summary

This study was concerned with bridging an obvious
gap between the broad popular interest, but scant scien-
tific literature, concerned with how the varied role com—
mitments of young women influence their family relation-
ships. Important linkages seemed likely between the sat-
isfactions which a woman derives from her family relation—
ships and her commitments to such varied roles as wife,
mother, and career woman. Possible linkages between role
commitments, role satisfaction, and attitudes toward child
rearing and marital satisfaction were explored, with a
secondary emphasis on response defensiveness.

The instruments selected to measure these variables
included the Manifest Rejection Scale (MR), an index of
punitiveness toward children, the Family Concept Inventory
(FCI), an indirect index of marital satisfaction, the MMPI
L and K scales. and a biographical information form. (This
latter elicited specific role satisfaction data, including
how "satisfied" (8) or "dissatisfied" (D) the respondent
was with her current role, and whether this role was

48

49

principally that of a "homemaker" (H) (exclusively occupied
with homemaking activities) or whether she had major "ex-
ternal" (E) commitments in addition to homecare, such as
employment or university student status.

A booklet including these measures was administered
to a selected sample of upper middle—class apartment
dwellers. Of 73 women initially contacted, 71 accpeted
booklets and 59 returned these completed. Similar sets of
data were obtained from 31 of their husbands. Thirty-seven
(63%) of these women fit the S classification (expressed
themselves as satisfied with their present status, be it
H or E), while the remaining 22 (37%) were classified as
D, having expressed a desire to make some important change
in their current role. Thirty—nine (66%) were classed as
"homemakers," while 20 (34%” had "external" commitments.

Employing this dual classification of role satis-
faction (S or D) and role commitments (H or E), the ten-
ability of the null hypothesis was examined by applying
a two factor analysis of variance to nine variables: MR,
FCI, MMPI L and K, age, years of education, number of
years married, number of children, and Child Density (num-
ber of children divided by number of years married). The

S women differed significantly from the D women in terms

50

of being older (3': 30.4 years; D'= 26.3 years) and in
having lower Child Density ratios (‘5' = 0.28; D' = 0.43) .
The H women differed significantly from the E's in terms
of having less completed years of education (Bf: 14.2;

E": 15.7) and higher MR scores (ET: 53.9; E": 44.1).

No significant interactions were obtained between the

role satisfaction and role commitment classifications.
Nine of the 36 product-moment correlations among the nine
variables were significant, but the only ones unconfounded
by age were: FCI vs. age (£_=-134). FCI vs. years mar—
ried (£_= -.35), and K vs. years of education (£_= .26).
These unexpected FCI correlations suggested that "dis-
satisfaction" varied according to age; the younger women
were more "dissatisfied" with their role commitments while
the older women were more "dissatisfied" with their mar-
riages.

The findings generally support the View that fam-
ily life features, including Child Density and child rear-
ing attitudes, relate importantly to women's role commit—
ments and role satisfactions. Response defensiveness in-
dices (MMPI L and K) related to other measures in the
manner expected but may not have been subtle enough to be

effective for this upper middle-class, well-educated sample

51

(mean female educational level = 14.7 years). Surprisingly
woman's marital satisfaction correlated inversely with age
and years married, although it did not link to the role
measures. While not attaining statistical significance,
the mean husband's marital adjustment score of the role
"satisfied" women exceeded that of husbands of role "dis-
satisfied" women ('5' = 149.1; 13' = 140.8, E. < .25).
Complexities among the present findings and dis-
crepancies with prior results caution against drawing broad
generalizations. These outcomes emphasize the need for
further investigation of female role commitments and sat-
isfactions using more refined definitions and measuring

instruments with varied samples.

References

American Peoples' Encyclopedia Research Bureau. Special
report. 1967.

Bird, C. What We're Finding Out About WOrking Mothers.
Woman's Day, September 1967, 56-111.

Bloustein, E. J. Man's Work Goes from Sun to Sun, but
Woman's Work is Never Done. Psychology Today;
1968, l. 10. 38-66.

 

Burgess, E. W., Locke, H. J., and Thomas M. M. The Family.
New YCrk: American, 1963.

 

Dahlstrom, W. G. and Welsh, G. S. An MMPI Handbook,
Minneapolis: University of Minnesota, 1960.

 

Eisenpreis, B. The Working Mother: 1967 Report. .My
Baby, 1967, 25, 3.

Friedan, B. The Feminine Mystique. New York: Dell, 1964.

Harpers Magazine. The American Female. Harpers, New York:
Harper and Row, 1962, 225, 1349.

Hays, W. L. Statistics for Psychologists. New York:
Holt, 1963, 422ff.

 

Heilbrun, A. B. Jr. The Psychological Significance of the
MMPI K Scale in a Normal POpulation. Journal of
Consulting Psychology, 1961, 25. 486-491.

Himelstein, P. and Lubin, B. Relationship of the MMPI K

Scale and a Measure of Self-Disclosure in a Normal
Population. Psychological Reports, 1966, 19, 166.

52

53

Hofman, K. An Investigation of the Construct validity of
Marital Adjustment and the Similarity Between
Marital Adjustment of Spouses. Unpublished Masters
Thesis. Michigan State University, 1965.

Hurley, J. R. Parental Acceptance-Rejection and Children's
Intelligence. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 1965, ll,
1, 19-31.

Hurley, J. R. and Palonen, D. Marital Satisfaction and
Child Density Among University Student Parents.
Journal of Marriage and the Family, 1967, 23, 3,
483-484.

Krech, D., Crutchfield, D. and Ballachey, E. Individual
in Society. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1962.

 

Lifton, R. J. (Ed.) The Woman in America. Boston: Bea-
con, 1965.

Locke, H. J. and Wallace, K. M. Short Marital Adjustment
and Prediction Tests: Their Reliability and val-
idity. Marriage and Family Living, 1959, 21, 251—
256.

 

Meehl, P. E. and Hathaway, S. R. The K Factor as a Sup-
pressor Variable in the Minnesota Multiphasic
Personality Inventory. Journal of Applied Psye
chology, 1946, 30, 5, 525-564.

Palonen, D. J. Interpersonal Perceptions and Marital Ad-
justment; Unpublished Masters Thesis. Michigan
State University, 1966.

Stein, R. (Ed.) Why Young Mothers Feel Trapped. New
York: Trident, 1965.

Sweetland, A. and Quay, H. A Note on the Minnesota Multi-
phasic Personality Inventory. Journal of Consult-
inngsychology, 1953, 17, 314-316.

U.S. Dept. of Labor. 1965 Handbook on women Workers.
Women's Bureau Bulletin No. 290, U.S. Govt. Print-
ing Office. Washington, D.C.

54

Van der Veen, F., Huebner, B., Jorgens, B., and Neja, P.
Relationships Between the Parents' Concept of the
Family and Family Adjustment. American Journal
of Orthgpsychiatry, 1964, 34, 45-55.

APPENDICES

Appendix A

GENERAL INFORMATION
(Females)

1. Apt number

 

2. Age

 

3. Number of years married

 

4. Number of children Ages

5. Highest educational level attained

 

6. Employment Status:
____Unemployed
Part-time; Number of Hours per weekp__-
____Full time
______Student

Other(Please clarify)
IF YOU ARE PRESENTLY EMPLOYED, ANSWER THE NEXT FOUR QUES-

TIONS. IF YOU ARE PRESENTLY UNEMPLOYED, OMIT THE NEXT FOUR
QUESTIONS, GO ON TO #11.
7. Satisfaction with job:
____Quite dissatisfied
____yfildly dissatisfied
Neither satisfied nor dissatisfied
____Mildly satisfied

Quite satisfied

‘Would prefer not to work

56

57
Appendix A (Cont.)

8. Reason for working: (check as many as are relevant)
____Want to work—-extra income irrelevant
____Want to work--like extra income
____Special training for job
____Other (Please clarify; e.g. help put-
ting child through college; paying for
handicapped child's special care and
treatment, etc.)
9. How do you think your husband feels about your working?
____Approves
____;Disapproves
____lndifferent
10. How do you think your children feel about your working?
____Approve
____;Disapprove

Indifferent

IF YOU ARE PRESENTLY NOT EMPLOYED ANSWER THE NEXT 3 QUES-
TIONS.

11. Did you work before you were married? Yes No

 

12. If Yes, reason for quitting:

Marriage

Pregancy

 

_______Moved

Other (please clarify)

 

58

Appendix A (Cont.)

13. Would you like to return to work? Yes No

 

If Yes, reason: (check as many as applicable)
____§hildren now in school
____Would like extra income
____Want outside stimulation
____;Further education

Other (please clarify)

59

Appendix A (Cont.)

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

GENERAL INFORMATION

 

 

HUSBAND
Apt number
Age
Employment status:
____;Unemployed

.____Part-time
____;Full time
____Student
____Other
Occupation

Number of years at present job

 

Satisfaction with job:
Quite dissatisfied

Mildly dissatisfied

Neither satisfied nor dissatisfied

Mildly satisfied

Quite satisfied

If your wife is presently employed, how do you feel

about her working?
Approve
Disapprove

Indifferent

60

Appendix A (Cont.)

BRIEF INVENTORY

TRUE OR FALSE ITEMS: Put a T or F in front of the items
which you consider to be true or false about yourself.

1.

10.

ll.

12.

13.

14.

I think a great many people exaggerate their misfor-
tunes in order to gain sympathy and the help of
others.

I worry over money and business.

I would rather win than lose in a game.

I think that nearly anyone would tell a lie to keep
out of trouble.

I am against giving money to beggars.
I do not like everyone I know.

I have had quite a few quarrels with members of my
family.

I find it hard to make talk when I meet new people.

Once in a while I put off until tomorrow what I ought
to do today.

People often disappoint me.
It makes me impatient to have people ask my advice or
otherwise interrupt me when I am working on something

important.

I like to know some important people because it makes
me feel important.

It takes a lot of argument to convince most people
of the truth.

I often find myself worrying about something.

61

Appendix A (Cont.)

15.

16.

l7.

18.

19.

20.

21.

22.

23.

24.

25.

26.

27.

28.

29.-

30.

31.

My table manners are not quite as good at home as
when I am out in company.

I find it hard to set aside a task that I have under-
taken, even for a short time.

It makes me uncomfortable to put on a stunt at a party
even when others are doing the same sort of thing.

If I could get into a movie without paying and be sure
that I was not seen, I would probably do it.

At times I feel like swearing.
At times I am all full of energy.

I do not read every editorial in the newspaper every
day.

Criticism or scolding hurts me terribly.
Sometimes when I am not feeling well I am cross.

I have often felt that I faced so many difficulties
that I could not overcome them.

I often think, "I wish I were a child again."

Often I can't understand why I have been so cross
and grouchy.

Once in a while I laugh at a dirty joke.
I certainly feel useless at times.

At times I feel like smashing things.

I do not always tell the truth.

At periods my mind seems to work more slowly than
usual.

62

Appendix A (Cont.)

32.

33.

34.

35.

36.

37.

38.

39.

40.

41.

42.

43.

44.

Most people will use somewhat unfair means to gain
profit or an advantage rather than to lose.

I gossip a little at times.

I have often met people who were supposed to be ex-
perts who were no better than I.

What others think of me does not bother me.

Once in a while I think of things too bad to talk
about.

I have never felt better in my life than I do now.
I like to let people know where I stand on things.

Sometimes at elections I Vote for men about whom I
know very little.

When in a group of people I have trouble thinking of
the right things to talk about.

I get mad easily and get over it soon.
I get angry sometimes.

I have periods in which I feel unusually cheerful
without any special reason.

At times my thoughts have raced ahead faster than I
could speak them.

63

Appendix A (Cont.)

FAMILY CONCEPT INVENTORY

Instructions: Indicate the degree of
your agreement or disagreement with each
of the following items as it applies to
your immediate family (husband or wife
and children) and encircle the letter(s)
representing the appropriate response.
First impressions are satisfactory, and
most people are able to complete this
inventory in ten minutes. It is quite
important that you give a response to
each item, even though it may sometimes
be difficult to make a decision.

 

1. We usually can depend on each other.
2. We have a number of close friends.
3. We feel secure when we are with each
other.
4. We do many things together.
5. Each of us wants to tell the other
what to do.
6. There are serious differences in
our standards values.
7. We feel free to express any thoughts
or feelings to each other
8. Our home is the center of our ac-
tivities.
9. We are an affectionate family.
10. It is not our fault that we are
having difficulties.
11. Little problems often become big
ones for us.
12. We do not understand each other.
13. We get along very well in the
community.
14. We often praise or compliment
each other.
15. We do not talk about sex.

16. We get along much better with persons

outside the family than with each
other.

lg
In:

I Strongly Agree

(00‘)
an,

arm
W m

SA

SA

SA

SA
SA

SA

SA
SA

SA
SA

SA

SA

Tend to Agree

9)

Neither Agree

[2

Nor Disagree

Zzl

Tend to Disagree km

040:

l Strongly Disagree I

m
U

(00)
UU

(DU)
UU

SD

SD

SD

SD
SD

SD

SD
SD

SD
SD

SD

SD

64

Appendix A (Cont.)

17.
l8.
19.
20.

21.
22.

23.
24.

25.

26.

27.

28.

29.

30.

31.
32.

33.
34.

35.

36.

37.

38.

39.

We are proud of our family.

We do not like each other's friends.
There are many conflicts in our
family.

We are usually calm and relaxed when
we are together.

We respect each other's privacy.
Accomplishing what we want to do
seems to be difficult for us.

We tend to worry about many things.
We are continually getting to know
each other better.

We encourage each other to develop
in his or her own individual way.
We have warm, close relationships
with each other.

Together we can overcome almost any
difficulty.

We really do trust and confide in
each other.

The family has always been very
important to us.

We get more than our share of ill-
ness.

We are considerate of each other.
We can stand up for our rights if
necessary.

We have very good times together.
We live largely by other peoples'
standards and values.

Usually each of us goes his own
separate way.

We resent each other's outside
activities.

We have respect for each other's
feelings and Opinions even when we
differ strongly.

We sometimes wish we could be an
entirely different family.

We are sociable and really enjoy
being with people.

SA
SA

SA

SA
SA

SA
SA

SA

SA

SA

SA

SA

SA

SA
SA

SA
SA

SA

SA

SA

SA

SA

SA

SD
SD

SD

SD
SD

SD
SD

SD

SD

SD

SD

SD

SD

SD
SD

SD
SD

SD

SD

SD

SD

SD

SD

65

Appendix A (Cont.)

40.
41.

42.

43.

44.

45.
46.

47.
48.

We are a disorganized family.

We are not really fond of one
another.

We are a strong, competent

family.

We just cannot tell each other our
real feelings.

We are not satisfied with anything
short of perfection.

We forgive each other easily.

We usually reach decisions by dis-
cussion and compromise.

We can adjust well to new situations.
Our decisions are not our own, but
are forced on us by circumstances.

SA

SA

SA

SA

SA
SA

SA

SA

SD

SD

SD

SD

SD
SD

SD
SD

SD

66

Appendix A (Cont.)

CHILD RELATIONS INVENTORY

The following statements are to be
judged by you to indicate how well they
agree or disagree with your own opinion.
The statements themselves are both
agreed and disagreed with by many people
so there are no "right" or "wrong" ans
swers. Please read each statement, then
show your opinion by circling the letters
which best represent you own View.

Your own sex is: male

1. It is hard to make some children
really "feel bad."

2. Children do not "act lazy" without
some important reason.

3. Children should not be allowed to
argue with their parents.

4. It is healthy for children to
sometimes express anger toward
parents.

5. A wise parent will teach the child
just who is boss at an early age.

6. When children get into serious
trouble it is really their parents'
fault.

7. Young children who refuse to obey
should be whipped.

8. Spanking children usually does more
harm than good.

9. Most children get more sympathy
and kindness than is good for them.

10. Making a child feel loved is the
surest way to get good behavior.

11. Most children need some of the na—
tural meanness taken out of them.

12. It is good for children to some-
times "talk-back" to their parents.

female .

SA

Strongly Agree

SA

SA

SA

SA

SA

SA

SA

SA

SA

SA

SA

SA

Tend to Agree

0)

Neither Agree

2

Nor Disagree

Tend to Disagree

0.:

Strongly Disagree

m
0

SD

SD

SD

SD

SD

SD

SD

SD

SD

SD

SD

67
Appendix A (Cont.)

13. A great deal of discipline is neces-
sary to train children properly.

14. Giving mischievous children a quick
slap is the best way to quickly end
trouble. ‘

15. An intelligent child should not be
shamed for poor school work.

16. Firm and strong discipline make for
a strong character in later life.

17. Most children enjoy helping their
parents.

18. Children must be constantly "kept
after" if they are to do well later
in life.

19. Babies rarely cry "just to get
attention."

20. Children should be spanked for
temper tantrums.

21. Often it is a mistake to immediately
punish a child who has been very bad.

22. A naughty child sometimes needs a
slap in the face.

23. It is normal and healthy for children
to occasionally disobey parents.

24. Most children need more discipiine
than they get.

25. Parents should not insist that young
children eat unwanted food.

26. When parents speak, children should
obey.

27. Sneakiness in children is usually
caused by poor training.

28. Children are happier under strict
training than they are under lenient
training.

29. Very strict discipline may destroy
what might have developed into a fine
personality.

30. Most children need more kindness than
they usually receive.

31. Children should be neat and orderly
at all times.

SA

SA

SA

SA

SA

SA

SA

SA

SA

SA

SA

SA

SA

SA

SA

SA

SA

SA

SA

SD

SD

SD

SD

SD

SD

SD

SD

SD

SD

SD

SD

SD

SD

SD

SD

SD

SD

SD

68

Appendix A (Cont.)

32.

33.

34.

35.

36.

37.

38.

39.

40.

41.

42.

43.

44.

45.

46.

47.

The sooner children are toilet
trained, the better.

Most children should have music or
other special lessons.

Children tend to neglect their
school work if parents do not keep
after them.

When children do not eat well it
helps to tell them how nicely
other children eat.

Early weaning and toilet-training
are important in preparing chil-
dren for life.

For their own sake children should
be pressed to excel in school.
Children should be trained early
to keep their toys in order.

The sooner children realize that
they must fight their own battles,
the better.

Almost any child who is not plain
lazy can do good school work if
he/she tries.

Older children are more fun than
babies.

Children should generally be en-
couraged to choose their own
playmates.

Few parents worry about hurting
their babies while handling them.
Children should be permitted to
have secrets from parents.

Women who like parties often make
good mothers.

Children who always obey parents
do not grow up to become the most
desirable kind of adults.

Even the best of parents make many
mistakes in dealing with their
children.

SA

SA

SA

SA

SA

SA

SA

SA

SA

SA

SA

SA

SA

SA

SA

SA

SD

SD

SD

SD

SD

SD

SD

SD

SD

SD

SD

SD

SD

SD

SD

SD

69

Appendix A (Cont.)

48.

49.

50.

51.

52.

53.

54.

55.

By the age of 7, most children are
old enough to spend part of summer
away from home at a camp.

Young people should choose jobs
which they really like regardless

of their parents' feelings.

Children must learn to do things on
their own without always waiting for
parents' approval.

It is the duty of parents to make
certain their children play only
with the "right class"of youngsters.
Children who do not keep up with
their classmates usually need spe-
cial tutoring more than anything
else.

It is foolish to push children to
stand upon their own feet at the
earliest possible age.

The sooner that children are weaned
from emotional ties to their parents
the better they will handle their
own problems.

Special after—school activities are
of greater character-building value
to the child than is ordinary neigh—
borhood play.

SA

SA

SA

SA

SA

SA

SA

SA

SD

SD

SD

SD

SD

SD

SD

SD

7O

 

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72

 

 

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ucoEMOHmEm mEHquumm n m
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«NmM
Sm mvH SH N m D NH mm. N m.m mN mm
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mm mmH HN S m D 0H MH. N mH mm Sm
ow MSH mH m m D NH mN. N w mN mm
mg mmH o v m m vH .DHD N .>HD mN mm
H@ mNH m m m D mH mN. _N m om vm
gm HmH m m m m 6H mm. H m mN mm
Hm NmH mH m D D vH mN. N w SN Nm
om va mH N m D 6H mm. m m mN Hm
0% @0H NH m D D 0H HH. N mH ow om
mm me 0H N D D NH NN. N 0 HM as
we mmH NH m m D NH «H. m NN ow mv
mm MSH NH m D m wH ow. H m.N NN Se
me mmH II II m m SH mN. H m.m vN mg
.mHumm .usoHno .ospm smHUHHDU UmHHHmz .02
ME Hum M A mHom oHoM .muw DO quESZ mumow mm< mpou

 

.ucooII.H mHnms m xfionmmmc

73

Appendix B.--Cont.

Table 2

BIOGRAPHICAL DATA AND RAW SCORES(HUSBANDS)

 

 

Code

 

No. Age L K FCI MR Occupation
1 24 3 18 175 47 Claims representative
2 33 4 11 126 53 Orthodontist
3 22 2 16 164 71 Recreation Director; student
4 25 3 15 156 55 Salesman
5 23 5 4 112 61 Court reporter
6 37 7 19 168 24 Physicist
7 29 2 16 152 40 Salesman
8 36 4 18 132 50 Research chemist
9 28 3 16 110 50 Intern
10 29 4 14 144 52 Budget officer;student
11 26 2 16 100 41 Mgt. Systems Analyst
12 38 5 20 144 44 Medical School Coordinator
13 36 O 16 171 63 Union Representative
14 23 2 18 164 43 Psychologist
15 32 4 11 143 69 Comptroller; student
16 25 1 16 170 70 Sales representative
1? 24 4 17 152 61 Minister
18 37 2 22 137 38 Teacher; student
19 26 3 16 144 58 Student
20 36 5 16 87 44 Vocational Rehabilitation
21 25 4 13 141 59 Physiologist
22 44 2 17 119 55 Student
23 28 4 15 134 68 Torch solder
24 31 6 14 177 68 Cost accountant
25 36 O 15 162 61 Journalist
26 23 3 21 159 57 Sales representative
27 56 4 20 143 56 College Administrator
28 31 1 15 161 36 Student
29 37 1 15 151 58 College Dept. Chairman
30 28 2 16 166 35 Student
31 32 3 17 --- 39 Professor

 

MICHIGAN STQTE UNIV. LIBRARIES

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3

l 111311111 MI

12 31031

111 Ill” 1 | ||
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