loo. COMMUNITY SATISF'AC‘ficN AND M‘GRATION This: far the Dear» of M. A MICHIGAN STATE UNWERSITY Ralf- H, K. *SChUS-ze ,1950 ' ‘ -7. , . ’.c"',,,"“:j OVERDUE FINES ARE 25¢ PER DAY PER ITEM Return to Book drop to rgnove this checkout from your record. CCNMUKITY SATISFACTION AhD MIGRATICS By ROLF H. K. SCHULZE AN ABSTRACT Submitted to the College of Science and Arts Michigan State University of Agriculture and Applied Science in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS Department of Sociology and AnthrOpology 1960 Approved: ABSTRACT Due to the great mobility of the population of the United States, demographers and other social scientists have been greatly interested in migration and related aspects. This thesis exam 1es some of the social-psychological aSpects of migration which had heretofore received relatively less attention than demographic factors. The focus of this study is the migration behavior of rural high school seniors about to graduate. The decisions ar- rived at by these rural youths may be held to be indicative of rural to urban migration patterns of rural high school seniors of other states as well. Logical and theoretical considerations led to the following general hypotheses: I. Community satisfaction is inversely associated with the desire to migrate. II. A. Community satisfaction is inversely associated with occupational aspirations. II. B. Community satisfaction is inversely associated with educational aspirations. A sample of 150 respondents was selected at random from a group of 5A5 graduating high school seniors which represents 87 percent of the total number of high school seniors within the four county area selected. A self-administering questionnaire was given to the group of 5A5 students from 14 out of the 15 high schools in the sample area. This questionnaire tapped data on the future residential, occupa— tional and educational plans of the sample. The data was tabulated and analysed using punch cards, tape, and electronic data processing equipment. The community satis- faction dimension was ascertained by means of scalogram analysis while the other variables at issue, occupational and educational aspirations, were measured via the Hatt—North occupational rating scale and the type and amount of education beyond high school graduation desired. The variables thus derived were associated by means of Chi-Square analysis which yielded the following findings; namely that community satisfaction is indeed inversely associated with the desire to migrate. Hypothesis II A and II B were rejected since the results did not meet the pre—established criteria of our analysis. On the basis of these and further related findings we char- acterize the sample as being relatively dissatisfied with their community of residence and consequently desirous of migration. In addition we find significant differences when we control for sex. Females appear to fit our hypotheses to a greater degree than the males of our sample. Finally we may note that we have accepted (or rejected when considered in the null form) one of the three major hypotheses while we have accepted one of the 6 remaining hypotheses which controlled for sex. COMATNITY SATISFACTION AND MIGRATION By ROLF H. K. SCHULZE A THESIS Submitted to the College of Science and Arts Michigan State University of Agriculture and Applied Science in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS Department of Sociology and AnthrOpology 1960 ACK 310241330CEHTITS The author of this thesis wishes to thank Dr. Jay W. Artis of the Department of Sociology and AnthrOpology, his major advi- sor, for the valuable advice and guidance extended throughout the writing of this thesis. His competency in matters of research design and methodology were of great help in the analysis of the data. Special thanks must go to Dr. J. Allen Beegle also of the Department of Sociology and Anthropology, who has given up much of his valuable time to read the thesis and to offer editorial suggestions which were greatly appreciated. The author wishes to express his Special indebtedness to Dr. Frederick B. Waisanen of the Department of Sociology and AnthrOpology, who has been largely reaponsible for the writer's induction into sociology as a field of study. Dr. Waisanen's continued assistance in matters of scaling, methodology and his general procedural suggestions were most helpful and appre— ciated. Thanks are due also to Dr. Milton Rokeach of the Depart— ment of Psychology, who, along with the aforementioned faculty members served not only on the thesis committee, but also took time from his own work to critically evaluate and appraise this study. Last but not least I wish to thank my wife for her unceasing efforts in the typing of the thesis, which was accomplished despite the many distractions attendant to the care of our two young sons. TABLE OF COHTEITS Page JACI:::O:ILEDGEIIJ:TT . o o o o . . . o o . . o . o o . . . a . ii LISTOFTABILES.oo......o....o.o.... iv I. INTRODUCTION . o . o . o o . o o o . o o o o o o o 1 II. BACKGROUND OF RESEARCH . . . . . . . . . o . . o . 2 III. T:{E;C’fihTICAL F “LEE OF EEEEJCE . o o . o o o o . o 4 IV'. I11?OIHIESES . . . o . . o o o . . . . . . . o . . . 7 'V. SAI‘HDIIE DESCRIPTION . . o o o o . o o . o o o o . o 1.0 VI. I‘ETI’iODOLOGY . o o o o . o . . . o . . o . o o . . . 1.2+ Data Collection The Questionnaire Data Processing VII. ALIALYSIS o o o o o o . . . . o o o o o . . o o o o 2.1. Presentation of Tables Discussion of Findings Limitation of the Study VIII. SUI‘RJEARY . o . . o o o o o . o o . o . o . . . . . . [+1 ‘{0 APPHHIJIX O O O O O O O O O O O O I O O O O O O O 0 [+3 X. BIBLICGPLAHIY O O O O O O O I O O O O O O O O O O O 51 iii Table 10. ll. 12. 13. 11+. 15. 16. LIST OF Abbreviated Scalogram . . Community Satisfaction by Community Satisfaction by Community Satisfaction by Aspiration} . . . . o . Community Satisfaction by Community Satisfaction by Community Satisfaction by Community Satisfaction by ticns - 1:83.83 0 o o o 0 Community Satisfaction by tions — Females . . . . Community Satisfaction by I':8~leS..ooo.... Community Satisfaction by Females . . . . . . . . Community Satisfaction by Community Satisfaction by Community Satisfaction by Community Satisfaction by Community Satisfaction by Community Satisfaction by tiOIlS "' Ila-188 . . o . . Community Satisfaction by tions "‘ Fendes . . o . iv Vr' migrate . . . . Desire to Desire to Migrate . . . . Ideal Occupational O O O O C O O O O O O O 0 Educational Aspirations . Desire to Migrate - Males Desire to Higrate - Females Ideal Occupational Aspira— Ideal Occupational Aspira- Educational ASpirations — Educational Aspirations - . . . . . . . . . . . . . Desire to Migrate . . . . Desire to Migrate . . . . Educational Aspirations . Desire to Migrate — Males Desire to Higrate - Females Ideal Occupational ASpira— Ideal Occupational Aspira— Page 3 17 K) H to to (\J \‘7 to \R 2 CK I‘J C\ (0 03 to o; r) ‘v 30 30 30 Table LIST OF TA; ES 17. Community Satisfaction by Educational Aspirations Plale S O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O I 18. Community Satisfaction by Educational Aspirations F elnal e S O O O C O O I O O O O O O O C O O O O O 19. Sex by Community Satisfaction . . . . . . . . . . 20. sex by DeSire t0 lfigr‘abe o o o o o o o o o o o o 21. Sex by Ideal Occupational Aspirations . . . . . . 22. Sex by Educational Aspirations . . . . . . . . . I. ‘ .iLUDUCJ. IL/I‘V The purpose of this thesis is to examine some of the attitudi1al factors involved in the decision-making process as related to the mi5ra— tion or young people from are 8.3 of con t:nt out—migration. It is :;oped. the at some correlates of the deei isic n—ruui 5prmce ‘ tendlu" migr tion will be isolated. Here specifically, this thesis, a continuation of similar research carried out by the Social Research Service and the Agricultural Experi- ment Station at Kichigan State University, exanines the residential, occupational and educational plans of a sample of hi5h school se1mi rs from four rural counties of central Hicnigsn.l 1. James Cowhig, Jay Artis, J.1111an beesle, andl Iarold Goldsmith, Driem‘ati n3 T» .1rd Cccupcti:n and Residence: A L' ”‘ School Seniors in F. 111r :Lur; 1 C unt ies of 1111;151:1211], Last Lansii 1.115; Mlbulo.fl State LniW rsity, Agricultural Egperiment Station, Department of Sociology and Anthro mlo5y, 1960. -1- II. BACKGROUND OF RESEARCH The population of the United States is the most mobile among contemporary societies and promises to become still more mobile in the future. This mobility has brought with it both advantages and problems. The advantage of seeking and moving to areas of better education, employment and location and the problems of adjustment and integration within a new community. Our study of the "why" of migration may therefore aid our ability to understand migration behavior. Migration has been the concern of social acientists for many years. However, migration has been studied mainly by demographers, who Ldontributed much to the sociology of 11dgration but who did not analyze their data from the social psychological and more specifi- cally from the attitudinal point of View. Perhaps this is due to the traditional and somewhat arbitrary division among areas of social research and the attendant specialized training of demo- graphers. Consequently we find a wealth of material dealing with demographic and ecological explanations of migration but virtually nothing on the attitudes associated with migration. The lack of social—psychological "explanations" of migration has been one of the chief factors in the development of research by Eicher, Beegle and Goldsmith. These authors have dealt with the migration of young people from rural areas. In doing so they have .3- used the suggests” frame of reference of the hC-ld report. This frame of reference lends a unity of research procedure and analysis to the work of the aforementioned authors which it is hoped will be continued in this thesis. The first study to be completed within the framework suggested by hC—lS was the dies rtation by Joanne B. Eicher dealing with non- migration.2 A second dissertation still in progress is harold Goldsmith's research utilizing data of high school seniors from Cntenagon County.3 J. Allan Beegle has presented a paper entitled, "Social Com- ponents in the Decision to Migrate", to the Fourth World Congress of Sociology which also utilizes the hC—lB theoretical framework extensively. , Finally, James Cowhig, et al, have written a descriptive paper utilizing the same population and data on which this thesis will be basedf+ The research undertaken here will strive to continue and add to the work of the above authors by exploring further the attitu~ dinal correlates of migration. 2. Joanne B. Eicher, Social Factors and Social Psychological Egplanations of Non-higraticn, unpublished Ph.D. disserta— tion, Department of Sociology and Anthropology, Michigan State University, 1959. 3. Harold Goldsmith, nThe Heaning of Higration: A Study of the Higration Emlectations of High School Students“, a disserta— tion propose , Department of Sociology and Anthropology, Kichigan State University, 1960. A. Cowhig, et a1, op. cit. a n“! n - - :1 *fi i‘fi‘f‘lf""3"“ r1"? ILIO .LALWiLJLTKJ‘LI—I ELL. I Dr PWllgiLLJL-uL/LJ It is evident that migration cannot be treated from tlw do1" LO— graphic viewpoint alone. Ian is sound by cultur ally prescribed limits and subject to attitudes and goals furnished by his social environment which a~e not evident from the study of demographic data alone. To reacn an unde tendina of ngrati on we n1ust delve oeper than the level of pepulation statistics -- we nust -Xplore the inpetus to migrate frwm the attitudinal frame of reference also. For our purposes the following definition of migration will suffice. Jigrction "is any relatively permanent change of resi— dence which an actor (or set of actors) makes that necessitates severance of face-to~face and day—to—day contacts with members c?‘ ,_... ’n— f tz"1eir concrete interaction system, and associated communities 0 .L who do not correspJnCingly change their residence3. "5 \/ Deegle and Eicher utilize the three following concepts as the basic facets of the decision—La :ing process inr ngra t:Lon. "The phenomenon of nigr ation is viewed as an on—going procew of decision—making in which satisfaction‘ with life in the conmmnity of residence are weigied against the 3001 31 cos ts of leaving the comnlunity of residence This evaluation pro— cess occurs in relatic )n to the level of ””erCojmuw, rooted in the value orientation, range of} :nowledge, and experience of groups and individuals." 5. Harold Goldsmith and J. Allan Beegle, Orientat i )n to Ccnmurifig as a Fa Ht r in \Jlunt““v Iigrat tion, Unpublisl 0 d1 Inanuscript, Department ofS ociolu3a ' and Antn~opoloby, hick igan State Univers ty, 1959. (u 6. Ibid., p. -5- This theoretica orientation is also based on the North Cent‘al Regional Project report. In the interest cf maintaining continuity and unity it has been decided to approach this research using the same frame of reference as the one cited above. The satisfaction-d}ssatisfaction continuum.is the first of the three factors to be discussed. he assume here that if the social cost and aspiration factors are held constant then low community satisfaction (or dissatisfaction) would result in the wish to migrate. Conversely, if the community satisfaction of the individual is high he may express the desire to remain in the community. Since the data collected includes the Vernon Davies community satisfaction scale it will be ossible to ascertain the relation~ ship of this factor (community satisfaction) with-other attitu— dinal variables, notably the desire to migrate. an ’— J. The evaluation of the anticipated social COSUS of migration is the second factor in this framework. The social costs to be evaluated by the migrant consisL essentially in his severance of group ties, both primary and secondary. In other words, the indivi— dual may perceive of migration as an undesirable act since it will sever his day—to—day affiliations within his community. On the other hand, the potential migrant may consider the social cost of migra- tion low if he has few ties to other individuals and groups, or dislikes the affiliations he must maintain while in the community. Often the social cost of moving is alleviated or negated to some extent by the movement of friends, peers or relatives with the migrant. Or perhaps the community of destination offers suitable substitute affiliations in the form of relatives, friends and/or various social groups. Essentially then, the appra’sal of the social cost of migration can be said to consist of a weighing of the anticipated affiliations to be severed and replaced at the community of origin and destination, respectively.7 The last factor to be considered are the aspirations of the individual. ”Aspirations refer to desired future conditions or situations."8 The aspirations of an individual may be toward social and material objects such as occupation, jobs, education, a desirable location and position. If the aspirations cannot be fulfilled in the community the individual may seek to satisfy his aspirations elsewhere. Conversely if his spirations are attainable within the community he will tend to remain within the community. 7. The discussion of social cost 'n this section was included for purposes of conceptual clarification only since this study focused exclusively on satisfaction and aspiration. d. Goldsmith and Beegle, op.cit., p. ll. IV. HYPOTHESES P It is implicit in the literature cited above that satisiaction with the community of residence is taken to be inversely associated with migration. This assumption appears to be quite logical. The term ”community satisfaction", however, seems to indicate more than one factor at issue in community satisfaction. The Vernon Davies scale which consists of a wide variety of items all designed to tap community satisfaction purports to measure this dimension.9 Assuming that the items which Vernon Davies used are indeed a valid measure of community satisfaction we now had the task of ascertaining whether the scale was also "unidimensional."lo V/ The use of scalogram analysis could have been foregone since a community satisfaction score was obtainable without scale analys—— ing the responses to the Vernon Davies scale; however, it was felt that establishing a unidimensional measure of community satisfaction would provide a sufficiently sharp tool, i.e. a more discriminatory scale for the needed analysis.11 9. Vernon Davies, "Development of a Scale to Rate Attitude of Community Satisfaction", hural Sociology, Vol. 10, pp. 246—255. 10. See p.16 for an explanatory note on unidimensionality. ll. Samuel Stouffer, et al, heasurement and Prediction, Princeton: Princeton University Press, l950. -7- Consequently the first I‘mmoneois to be 'ested read a“ 4"" o3 follows: I. Community satisf 3ction is inversely isocistsd sith the desire to migrate, i.e. the greater the satisfaction with the community of residence the less will be the desire to migrate.13 Hypothesis I was tested using the scale types obtained from the community satisfaction scale and ther ,ponooo to questi)ns designed to ascertain the subjects community preference, i. e. the desire to migrate. The relative desire to migrate was determined on a four point scale according to the subject's response to a question which ranges from."eager to stay" to "eager to leave" with appropriate responses in between. 'erton, while discussing the prevailing values in our American culture, states that monetary success (the“American Dream") is the major goal in our society. He goes on to se ay that this goal can be reached chiefly through education which in turn will lead to occupational and monetary success.13 Since further education, or education beyond high school obviously could not be obtained locally by the group studied here, it was expected that those respondents who aspired to further educa- tion and the consequent occupational and monetary rewards would 12. All hypotheses tested were put in the "LulI'form before analysis. See Appendix for complete list. cial Th 0 cry a Social Structure, Clencoe: I, p. 30 8ff. l3. F. K. 2.7ert ton, Free Press, 19 -9- (D s eh to move to areas in which these aspirations can be fulfilled. Furthermore, to the degree that the respondent perceives his com- munity as lacking in Opportunities for the attainment of th,se major goals he would be less satisfied with his community of residence. Therefore it was hypothesized that: II. A. Community satisfaction is inversely related to the prestige ranking of the occupation aspired to. B. Conmmnity satisfaction is inversely related to the quantity and quality of education aspired to. vaothesis II. A was tested by correlating community satis- faction with occupational aspiration as ascertained by rating the occupation given by the respondent as his (ideal) choice according to the prestige commonly assigned it (in the U.3.A.). Hypothesis II B was ested by correlating community satis— faction with the number of years of education beyond high school graduation desired by the respondent. The above hypotheses were subjected to chi—square analysis of association and were rejected if they did not meet the five percent level of significance or the expected direction of asso~ ciation. V. SAMPLE DESCRIPTICK (7‘ -' A. The Area of the study. In order to enable us to generalize from this sample to other and similar pepulations of rural high school seniors it was neces— sary to classify the area and population of the sample according to a standard and reproducible typology. The HC—lS report provides us with a typology of areas based on migration patterns, living standarfis and industrial productivity prevailing in each area. Study areas were thus classified with respect to the above three criteria of (l) in—or out-migration, (2) level of living, and (3) factory employment. Taking the year 1950 as a base we find that the four counties studied are marked by out—migration, a low level of living and a comparatively small proportion of workers employed in manufacturing. This particular area is thus classified as type "out-lo-lo". Needless to say that other combinations of these factors and the resulting types exist within Hichigan as well as in the other states of the project. I Due to the necessary division of labor and the accessibility of the aforementioned four county area which fit the out—lo—lo type, Hichigan State University's Department of Sociology and Anthropology fell heir to this research problem. -10... -11- The four county area can be characterized as follo his: (1) The counties were completely rural and he d no urban population in 1950. (2) All the counties dhad exhibited sharp declines in rural—farm population between 1940 and 1950. (3) Between 1950 and 1957, there was net out-migration from the four—county area and from thz so of the four counties within the area. (1+) The counties were sufficiently distant from any metro- politan area so that urban influence would be only indirect. Rot only was the metropolitan influence minimal, but there are only six urban places in the adjacent counties; the largest of these had a pop tion of lh,300 in 1950. (5) Agr iculture was the dominant industry, but the counties were neither as depressed agriculturally as some of the Rural Development Counties of the Upper Peninsula nor as subject to urbanization and suburbanis' ation influence~3 as those counties in the southern part of the st ate. B. T‘he Stud y lopulation. The study populw ion consists of 5A5 high school seniors from 14 out of 15 high schools in the four county area who sub— mitted schedules. This constitutes 87 percent of the total high school population of the four county area. Some of the salient characteristics of this group of high school seniors are listed by Cowhig, et al, as follows: 1.. About one-fifth of the high school age youth in the area had terminated their education prior to high school gradua— tion. 2. About 70 percent of all senior high school students said that they planned to leave the community after the smmner follow— ing their graduation. Nale students who lived on farms were most lLl-O COP-51151.57, CI. 8.1., Op. Cite, p. 50 -12.. likely to say that they planned to renain in their home community and female students living in towns or villages were most likely to repo It that they planned to leave their home comaunity. 3. espi"e plans to leave the community, about six out of ten studen ts said that they .Iould like tne coI.IIIaII__cy as a place to live after graduation and after marriage. Term males had the st favorable accitud toward their none community and village, L‘Wrictleu bile l6 act fcinOraDle ctUulJ/Ll’l 3.3. J F43 E; (11 C) ey wsuld availa‘b is there. (4. 1» v « ,_) f) C EL A. Well over half of alls tudents said Ie;11ain in tl'xeir home community, 51.33ng were 5. ”uhite—csllar" jobs were the preferIed occupacienal choices of both males and femalIs. 6. The occupations being considered seriously by the stu— dents were eit :1er in t1 ‘Ie white—collar or skilled categozy. Farm Opera tor was the occupation considered by msb1ut ten pere cent of the students, all but four of whom were farm residents. 7. About one out of three males and one out of five fen? es planned to go to college. Cf the 33 students who name farming as the occupation they are considering, only one plans to attend college. 8. Lo association was found between annual fanily income as so 'e, ‘ h Sc -c1 a1 ans I“ - a cttenIan . a” report d o t e *ude1t 1d 1 for coils r- a c ce 9. The educational ate inme nt of the father was directly related to the student's plans to Utte 1d college. The students were bout evenly divided between males and fe» m“ so, with an average ag e of about lo. About one-half of the students lived on farms, about one—fifth were Open-country non— farm residents, and the remainder lived in towns or villages. There were no urban residents in the area. Four out of ten students reported their father's primary or secondary occupation as that of farm operator.- Almost all (9h percent) of the parents of these students were born in the U.S., and a substantial proportion was born in Michigan. The median grade of school completed was 9.0 for fathers and 9.7 for mos hers. Average annual family in- come was QL,100. The religious preference was dominantly Protestant, and Hethodi ts comprised the largest single denomination. From this very general description, it can be seen that this group of high school students is relatively homogeneous. They all live in the same area and are all aoout the same age; and their general social environment is quite similar. There are no important ethnic, religious, or racial differences in these com— munities, and the dominant industry is agriculture. The average -13- student had received more formal schooling than dii ethe average pa rent; that is, all of tile student13 coz'g11eted 12 Ms of formal schooling. Although all but one of the high schools in the community were included in the mudy, this group of young pe<:pl3 13 a - select one, in that the students havec-1p1e33o high 3c}1oo1.l) There is a substantial number of pe'scns in the high school age group who are not in school. If it is assumed that the age dietr ibutien of high school graduates in' the general population is the same as that of th students v11o are high school seniors, then abeut 26 percent of the persons aged 17 or 18 in tl1e communities had terminated thei education prior to graduation from high school. This pe1centcue compares very closely with that for the entire stase.lC This then is a general description of the group which was earch. Frym.these 515 high school seniors a (J) used for this re random sample of 150 was selected to form the basis for this c+ O C? P o 0) O 15. It is ass mod that the students did graduate from high school, even though the interviews were completed befo e actual graduation. 16. School Census. Michigan Department of Public Instruction, 1957, For Comparative p "poses, note that for the entire state the number of students enrolled in the ninth grade in 195h declined by about 23 percent by 1957 when they were in the twelfth grade. (See: ”Enrollment by Grades at Close of Year." Hichigan Department of Public Instruction. No date) These data were icindly made ave ilable by Dr. John F. Thaden of the Institute for Community Development and Services, Continuing Education, hichigan State University. A. Data Collection. In the Spring of 1958, the questionnaire described under section IV B was submitted to high school seniors in fourteen out of fifteen high schools in the counties of Clare, Gladwin, Missaukee and Osceola in central Michigan. The questionnaires are self—administering and were completed by the students within the classroom.whereby 545 schedules were obtained. Since the total enrollment consisted of 628 senior students at the time of the questionnaire administration, the number of 545 completed sche- dules represents about 87 percent of the total number possible among these high school seniors. It must be remembered, however, that a substantial number of persons of high school age are not in school. If we assume that the age distribution of persons eligi- ble to attend high school but who are not presently in school is like that of the seniors in the sample then about 26 percent of the persons aged 17 or 18 in the sample area had interrupted (terminated) their education prior to graduation from high school. (This compares with 28 percent drop—outs from.the ninth to the twelfth grade)l7 Consequently this research is applicable primarily to the somewhat select group of high school seniors about to graduate. 17. School Census. Michigan Department of Public Instruction, “Anrollnent by Grades at Close of ’ear" No date. See also footnote no. lo. -11? -15- B. The Questionnaire. The questionnairela which contained 80 questions, was sub- divided into five sections as follows: 1. Identification data. 2. Vernon Davies' community satisfaction scale. 3. Plans for immediate future. A. Long range plans. 5. Personal and background information. The questionnaire is self-administering and was submitted to high school seniors of all but one of the high schools in the four (“'1 county area.19 ihe questionnaire was designed to obtain informa— tion about the reopondents intentions to remain in or leave the conmmnity and some of the ressons for this decision. Information on community satisfaction, occupational, residential and educational aspirations was obtained also. C. Data Processing. The first step in the processing of the data was the randomz0 extraction of 150 respondents questionnaires from the 545 schedules 18. See appendix for partial. copy of questionnaire schedule. 19. Due to scheduling difficulties, one high school with 25 seniors was not included in this esearch. In the remaining schools, approximately 90 percent of the seniors enrolled completed the schedule. 20. The random extraction of the 150 h from 5A5 h was conducted using the table of random numbers from.nllcn L. Edwards, Statistical Nethods for the behavioral Sciences, new York: lilinehard , 1751+ . -16.. available. This random and representative sample of 150 was used as tn’ ebasis of all lalJul for this research. Next, Guttman's scalogram analysis utilazing haisanen's type— writer notation21 was applied to the Vernon Davies community satis— faction scalez‘2 in order to classify all respondents in terms or scale types of community satisfaction. At this juncture we should perhaps add a few words about scalog ram anal"si is. Guttman's scale analysis or scalogram method, of which the naisanen type riter nota- tion is an approved and easy to manage version, ai pri: arily to establish whether the attitude studied is indeed unidimensional, i.e. scalable. If the scale is indeed unidimensional we arrive at a number of items which provide us with a ranking of our res— pondents on an ordinal scale. The ranking of the respondents accord- ing to the resulting types (there is always one more type than there are items in the scale) tells us at a glance whether the individua.l can be ranked "high" or "lOJ" on a given attitude. here precisely speaking, it is possible to tell from any given respondents score which items the respondent endorsed, provide , of course, that the “1 scale has a perfect coefficient of reproducibility of 1.0. This is rarely the case. Since Guttman speCi Mi a minimum coefficient of reproducibility ("rep") of .90 it is in most cases not possible to predict each respondent's score with any greater accu'acy than 21. F. B. Waisanen, "A Technique for Scalogram Analysis", Socio- logical Quarterly, Vol. 1, ho. a, 1960. I“) R) . Vernon Davies, "Development of a Scale to Rate Attitude of Community Satisf F ction", Rural Sociology, Vol. 10, pp 240—255- ~17— the "rep" indicates. To return to this study again. It was felt that a unidimen- _ sional "score" of community satisfaction was needed in order to provide us with the required variable for our hypotheses. Since Vernon Davies himself stated that "while there is some basis for assuming that a reasonable useful scale to rate (the) attitude of rural community satisfaction has been developed, there can be no pretense of finality," it was decided to utilize his items as the basis for scalogram analysis with our sample in order to have an indication of the respondent's community satisfaction. The nine scale types obtained by this method classified all 150 individuals in nine separate types from high to low community satisfaction. The table below represents the scalogram.resulting from this technique.23 ABBREVIATED SCALOGRAM Number of Number of Scale Types Respondents Errors 1 XXXXXXXX 9 10 2' XXXXXXX X 10 3 3 XXXXXX XX 12 9 A XXXXX. XXX 10 ll 5 XXXX XXXX 13 15 6 XXX XXXXX 36 .20 7 XX XXXXXX 37 14 8 X XXXXXXX 16 12 9 XXXXXXXX 2 ;§ Total Number of Respondents. .. . 150 Total Number of Errors .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 97 Coefficient of Reproducibility .. .. .92 (.9191?) 23.' In order to test the "face validity" of this scale—analysed community satisfaction scale, Dr. F. B. Waisanen volunteered to select those items from.the nineteen item Vernon Davies ' (X With all reSpondents thus classified into community satisfac-— tion scale types there remained the task to similarly classify the other reSponses concerning occupational and educational aSpirations and the desire to migrate. The occupational aspirations of each respondent were ascer— tained on the basis of the subject's response to a question which asked for his ideal occupational choice. These occupational choices were then ranked in terms of the occupational rating scale developed by Paul K. Matt and c. C. north.2h This resulted in the assignment of a numerical value to the occupational choice of each respondent. These numerical values were then combined into eleven categories similar to the categories used in the Hatt-North scale. The educational aspirations were determined in a similar 1 fashion. The responses to a question on the type and amount of further education desired (beyond high school graduation) were classified and ordered into a six—category scale which typed each subject's educational aSpirations along this six category scale from high to low educational aspirations. Finally the reSpondent's desire to migrate was measured, using a four part question on the desire to move from the community scale which on the basis of their "face similarity" appeared to test the attitude configuration of community satisfaction. Dr. Waisanen had no prior knowledge of the identity of the items selected via Guttman's scalogram analysis yet he in- dicated sev.n of tne eight iteis which had been selected earlier by the scalogram method. This amazing correlation is quite significant and is a further indication tiat the eight item scale derived from.Vernon Davies? original scale indeed measures community satisfaction. 2A. Paul K. Matt and C. C. North, "Jobs and Occupations: A Pop- ular Evaluation": Bendix & Lipset, Class,_Status and Power, pp 411—426. -19- of residence which resulted in a scale indicating the desire to migrate for each respondent using a four category scale. This material was then punched into IBM data cards. These cards were used to obtain accurate counts on all variables (Marginals) and cross-tabulations of all variables with one another. These cross-tabulations, bivariate, or contingency tables then served as the basis for the Chi-square analysis reported be— low. The cross tabulation or contingency tables were then collapsed from the original.multi~cell tables to two by two tables. All these tables were collapsed in a similar manner which left an equal number of categories (or nearly so) on both sides of the dichotomy of cells. In this way uniformity was maintained and comparison was made possible. As can be seen under Section V A all tables are A cell tables (two by two) with one degree of freedom. All measurements such as community satisfaction, occupational aspirations, educational aspira- tions and desire to migrate were dichotomized from the original multi—categorical form into a high (HI) and low (LO) dichotomy. In this way the X2 values were obtained in a uniform.manner which made comparison among all tables possible. All Chi—square values were obtained after the contingency tables had been punched into data type which was submitted to "MISTIC"25 As a check for accuracy and further verification several problems (X2) 25. Michigan State Integral Computer (An electronic calculator or "brain" capable of performing a wide range of statistical Computations). -20- were also done with a desk calculator before and after the HISTI calculations in order to compare the results. In all cases M STIC proved to be quite accurate. The categories based on the raw scores from the Vernon Davies scale were collapsed into 12 classes of equal intervals and then punched into IBM data cards. In effect this produced a scale with more categories than the scalogram ersion of the Vernon Dav'es scale, but also amenable to cross tabulation and eventual Chi— square analysis. The following section will present the results of the Chi-square26 analysis and the findings based on tais statis- tical analysis. 26. Whenever one of the cell frequencies fell below 5 cases 9 following formula with correction was use X4 ~2:(_(E—O -.5 ~ This correction has been suggested by Yates (193A) and an also be found in A. L. Edwards, Statistical Methods for the Behavioral Sciences, New York: Rinehart & Co., 195h, pp 383-38h. VII. ANALYSIS A. Presentation of Tables and Findings. In order to test hypothesis I, the community satisfaction scale types yielded by scalogram analysis and the responses re— lating to the desire to migrate were cross tabulated and analysed using the Chi—square method of analysis. Table 1 presents the breakdown by numbers of respondents and categories. TABLE 1 COMMUNITY SATISFACTION BY DESIRE TO MIGRATE DESIRE TO MIG FATE eager leave stay eager to but not but not to stay stay eager leave High Community 1 6 2 l Satisfaction 2 2 5 3 3 2 7 2 Community A 3 A l 2 Satisfaction 5 A 3 A 2 SCALE TYPES 6 5 17 8 6 7 A 12 ll 8 8 A A A A Low Community 9 l 3 l 2 Satisfaction 1‘3 3 IA? _22_ TABLE 18. DESIRE TO MIGRATE LO HI HI 31/24 9/16 40 COMMUNITY SATISFACTION Lo 57/ 64 50/13 107 88 59 1A7 = N The Chi-square value for the two—by- two table above is 7.11371. At one (1) degree of freedom the probability of this occuring by chance is less than 2 percent.27 Km?“ = 7.11371 .01 >p>.OOl The distribution of table 1 was collapsed into the "two—by- two" contingency table above which yielded a X2 value of 7.11. At one degree of freedom this value falls above the 99 percent level of confidence. In other words the probability of this result being due to chance is less than 1 percent, and since this figure exceeds the previously accepted limit of 5 percent established 27. The direction of association was established by machine analysis with MISTIC utilizing a program (K5M) which through correlation analysis (Pearsonian r) established the direction of association for each variable combination. The direction of association may also be determined by inspection of each table. This is made possible by the inclusion of the theo- retical frequency for each cell which appears as the second number (in each cell) separated by a slash from.the observed frequency in the two "HI-LO" cells which form the main diagonal. This is indeed the case — we note that the observed frequencies exceed the theoretical frequencies in the HI-LO cells while the Opposite is the case in the other diagonal. -23_ as the lower limit of the level of confidence we may thus note that the findings in this case are consistent with and support hypothesis No. I.28 The above table illustrates the method used to collapse all the other) distributions. The dividing line was drawn in such a manner as to leave an equal, or nearly equal, number of categories on each side of this dichotomy. This resulted in four cell tables ("Two—by-two") with one degree of freedom. Since all tables re- lating to the hypotheses are collapsed in the same manner, mean— ingful comparison is made possible. hypothesis II A, the thesis that community satisfaction is inversely associated with occupational aSpirations was also tested using Chi-square analysis. TABLE 2 IDEAL OCCUPATIONAL ASPIRATION LO HI HI 6/4 33/35 39 COMMUNITY SATISFACTION Lo 9/11 86/84 95 15 119 134 = r: X(l)2 a .9699? .50> p> .30 As can be seen from.this table the expected direction of association was obtained but the degree of the association is not 28. All hypotheses and results are reported in the positive form although the original analysis was conducted utilizing the null form of hypothesis (See appendix for complete list of null form hypotheses and the action taken on them). —2A- significant. We must therefore accept hypothesis II A in the null form, i.e. reject the hypothesis as stated in the text. Hypothesis II B, the association between community satis— faction and educational aspiration was tested. Table 3 gives the cell by cell breakdown. TABLE EDUCATIONAL ASPIRATIOHS LO HI HI 20/24 21/17 41 CONMUFITY SATISFACTION LO 66/62 43/47 109 86 64 150 = N Hypothesised direction of association: — Obtained direction of association: + 2 . Here we note that the direction of association is Opposite to the hypothesized and expected direction, i.e. it is a direct association. However, here too the X2 value obtained is not signi- ficant. Therefore the null form of hypothesis II must be accepted. The above hypotheses tables and results pertain to the entire sample irrespective of sex. It was felt that perhaps sex would be a significant variable in terms of the responses obtained. In order to derive some understanding of the role sex playes in this research all hypotheses and variables were also controlled bysam The resulting tables and the attendant Chi—square values are reproduced below: {ALss COHTU‘ITY SATISFACTICI stALss co"IU1 TY SUXTIS ACTION 29. See footnote 26. -25- TABLE A ESIQL O MIGRATE LO HI HI 13/10 3/6 16 Lo 34/37 22/19 56 47 25 72 = N Hypothesised direction of association: - Obtained direction of association: - 29 X(l)2 : .30 >p> .20 with Yates correction. TABLE é DES? LTO MIGRAE LO HI AI 15/13 6/11 24 L0 23/23 28/23 51 Al 3A 75 = N Hypothesised direction of association: — Obtained direction of association: - X(1)2 -_- 5.88514 . ~2>p>.01 W CONHUNITY SATISFACTION COMEUNITY SATISFACTION " A h r‘ Id ILL-S COMHUXITY SATISFACTION IDEAL OCCUPATIONAL ASPIRATIO 5 L0 HI HI 4/3 12/13 ' 16 Lo 7/6 41/40 43 ll 53 64 = H X(l)2 : .32933 .70) p>.50 with Yates correction. TABLE IDEAL CCCUPAT ORAL ASPIRATIONS LO HI III 11/10 12/13 23 L0 - 13/19 29/28 47 29 41 70 = N X(l)2 = .57779 .50 >p> .30 TABLE 8 EDUCATIONAL ASPIRATIOHS LO HI HI 9/10 8/7 17 L0 34/33 23/24 57 A3 31 74 = N X(1)2 = .24205 .70>p>.50 -27- TABLE 9 m 111-14133 EDUCATIOE-TAL ASPIRATIO‘I-B 10 HI HI 11/14 13/10 24 COT-EIUTZITY SATISFACTIOI‘J Lo 32/29 20/23 52 A3 33 76 = N Hypothesised direction of association: - Obtained direction of association: + X(l)2 .. 1.6A863 .20>p>.10 When thus controlling for sex as in the above tables (A, 5, 6, 7, 8, & 9) we note that the same hypotheses produce different results when we control for sex and view the sexes separately. Females appear to fit hypothesis I as expected while males do not. This can be interpreted in a variety of ways but for the time being we shall confine ourselves to the factual reporting of the results of our analysis. We shall delve into the meaning of these results in a later section. As for our hypotheses when controlling for sex we must conclude that hypothesis I can be accepted for females only while hypothesis II A and II B must again be rejected for males and females alike. In order to obtain some measure of the effectiveness of the scale analysed version of the Vernon Davies community satisfac- tion scale versus the raw scores from the Vernon Davies scale, all tables (and variables) which previously had used the nine categories of the scalogram analysed Vernon Davies scale, were -33- also associated with categories based on the raw scores of the unsealed Vernon Davies scale collapsed into similar two-by—two contingency tables. The results are given below. TABLE 10 DESIRE TO MIGRATE L0 III HI 60/50 ' 3/33 "3 com-mum SATISFACTIOL‘T L0 28/38 36/26 64 88 59 147 = N Hypothesised direction of association: - Obtained direction of association: - X(l)2 = 12.24963 .01>p> .001 TABLE 11 IDEAL OCCUPATIONAL ASPIRATIONS LO HI HI 19/13 60/61 79 COMMUNITY SATISFACTION LO 11/12 44/43 55 30 104 134 = N X(l)2 = .30617 .70>p>.50 -29- TAB IE 12 U) EDUCATIONAL ASPIRATIOH LO HI m: 50/49 35/3 6 85 COKNUWITY SATISFACTION LO 36/3 29/28 65 e6 64 150 = N X(l)2 = .17307 .70>p> .50 Again we first group males and females together whereas later we control by sex. The results are similar to our find— ings based on community satisfaction as measured with the scalogram analysed Vernon Davies scale. However, using the raw scores we find that the Chi-square values have increased somewhat in the case of hypothesis I while the other contingency tables have remained largely the same. TABLE 1 MALES as IRE To moan L0 HI HI 29/26 10/13 39 COEGIUEEITY SATISFACTION L0 18/21 5/12 33 A7 25 72 = N Hypothesised direction of association: - Obtained direction of association: - X(l)3= 3.09597 .10>p>.05 -30- TABLE 1A FETO‘IIBS 7313‘s T0 IIICFATE L0 HI HI 31/24 13/20 44 COMMUNITY SATISFACTION LO 10/17 21/14 31 Al 3A 75 Hypothesised direction of association: — Obtained direction of association: - X(1)2= 10.70679 .01>p>.001 TABLE 12 MALES IDEAL OCCUPATIOI-IAL ASFIFATIOIS LO HI HI 17/16 22/23 39 C TE-‘ZUT‘IITY SATISFACTIOI‘I LO 9/10 16/15 25 26 3s 64 = N szz .3633?. .70>p>.5 TABLE 16 Furs IDEAL OCCUPATIOAL ASPIPATIOI-ES LO HI H 20/17 20/23 40 C0:1:C:-:ITI SATISFACTION LO 9/12 21/18 30 29 Al 70 = N Hypothesised direction of association: - Obtained direction of association: - X(1)2- 2.82590 .10>p>.05 -31- IA; 1113.112 L122. EDUCATIONAL ACPIFATIOHS LO HI HI 24/ 24 17/17 41 COI-E-IINITY SATISFACTION ID 19/19 14/14 33 A3 31 7A = N X(l)2= .00694 .95>p>.90 TABLE 18 FEMALES EDUCATIONAL ASPIRATIONS LO HI HI 26/25 18/19 4A COT-Tammy SATISFACTION . L0 17/16 15/14 32 43 33 76 = N X(1)2= .26839 .70>p>.50 The tables and results above could be interpreted to mean that the Vernon Davies scale in its unsealed form would fit our original hypotheses better - as indeed it does. However, we cannot neglect the fact that the scalogram analysed version of the Vernon Davies scale is a unidimensional scale which is more discriminating than the parent scale from.which it emanates and therefore it should measure community satisfaction with greater accuracy, i.e., be more valid. Since the association between community satisfaction and the desire to migrate was indeed found to be as hypothesised the some- what greater association obtained when using the Vernon Davies -32- scale raw scores does not detract from.our findings but serves as a further substantiation of our hypothesis. We note that the contingency tables which control for sex produce divergent results from those which do not control for sex; in addition these tables reveal some sharp differences bet- ween the sexes in terms of the tested variables. This led to the assumption that sex as an independent variable may furnish some additional data helpful in this research. Despite the fact that no hypotheses had been postulated in regard to sex it was decided to explore the relationship between sex and the other variables of this study. Sex was therefore associated with the desire to migrate and the occupational and educational aspirations of our sample. The tables relating to sex are reproduced below. TABLE 19 COPE‘TUELI'I‘Y SI‘I'I‘ISFACTIOi-J LO HI muss 57/54 17/ 20 74 3‘35- FEE-TALES 52/55 24/21 76 109 1+1 150 = :e . 2 x. , A Au)- = 1.39506) .jO>p>.ZO Females appear to be more satisfied with the community of.residenee than expected, while males are less satisfied; however, not significantly so. C“ " 0.1.14" .33... TABLE 20 ESIRE TO I-CEGELA ‘3 LO HI Isms 47/63 25/29 72 Fn‘aLEs ASL/1+5 31+/30 75 88 59 147 = N X(l)2= 1.7293 .2o>p>.10 Females have a greater desire to migrate from their community of residence than ex- pected; males have a lower desire but not to a significant degree. TABLE 21 IDEZHL OCCL’ r TRIAL AOPImTIOf_;s LO HI 2321:4133 26/11T 3e/5O 61+ m F 4/16 66/51+ 7O .30 10h- 134 X(l)2 2 “1.1.8601 .Ol)p>.OOl Females have significantly higher ideal occupational aspirations than eXpected while males have lower ideal occupational aSpiratiens. ma T‘T ‘T‘ JJiLiLAl'J 22 W EDUCATIONAL ASPIRATTONS LO HI m In 43M: 31/32 "A F Miss 16/1111 33/32 76 66 6a 150 = F -34- The tables reproduced above indicate that females generally outrank the males of our sample in community satisfaction, desire to migrate, occupational aspirations and educational aspirations. However, all but the occupational aspiration differences are insig— nificant. In other words the females of our sample have signifi- cantly higher occupational aspirations than the males. This is believed to be due to the comparatively large number of females who indicated nursing and secretarial jobs as their choice of occupation, while many of the males picked occupations such as autoamechanic and factory worker as their occupational choice. The prestige ratings of these occupations therefore effects the sexes in a significantly different way giving the females higher occupational aspirations. Since nursing and secretarial work generally require educa- tion beyond high school and above ttat required for the bulk of the male respondents it also affects the educational aspirations of the sample. Here too we find that the female portion of our sample dhas higher aspirations than the male portion. However, the difference between the sexes is indeed small since many males although not planning to attend college in as great a number as the females, will nevertheless attend a trade school or the like to pursue their occupational aspirations via this educational route. A somewhat unexpected result was the great community satis- faction eXpressed by the females although the differences between males and females are not significant —- the trend nevertheless .35- exists. One may recall that it was originally hypothesized that community satisfaction is inversely related to educational and occupational aspirations. This leads one to expect that females would have relatively low community satisfaction when compared to males since the female portion of the sample also is marked by somewhat higher educational and especially higher occupational aspirations than the male contingent. An explanation of this un— expected phenomenon may be sought in Goldsmith's notion of the "obligatory role-structure" of the male high school graduate who is expected to seek employment and to become .more independent of his family than the female high school graduate. This greater enforced dependence of the male on the facilities and opportuni- ties of the local community with its small shops and businesses versus the females expected migration (regardless of the degree of community satisfaction) to a larger city with a college or business school to continue her higher educational training, may very well be the reason for the comparatively greater community satisfaction of the female. However, we must not lose sight of the fact that 73 percent of the sample indicated low community satisfaction. The differential desire to migrate is a further indication of the aforementioned obligatory role playing expected of the male high school graduate. While males are less satisfied with their community of residence (when compared to females) they nevertheless indicate a lesser desire to migrate. Something must hold them in the community. Is it the social cost of leaving, the obliga— tory role structure or perhaps the inability to find a job due to the as yet unfulfilled military obligation? Whatever the 'reasons are, the picture which finally emerges from our findings will be discussed more fully in the following section. B. Discussion of Findings. It will be recalled that the first hypothesis put forth was the expected negative association between community satisfaction and desire to migrate, i.e., the expectation that a high level of community satisfaction would be significantly associated with a low desire to migrate and inversely that a low level of community satisfaction (Community dis-satisfaction) would be significantly associated with a desire to migrate. This expectation did indeed obtain to a high degree. The Chi—square analysis reveals that the hypothesis of no association can be rejected, since the Chi~square value of 7.11_is well beyond the .95 level of confidence which was previously set as the lower limit (standard) of acceptance, and the association is in the hypothesized direction. We turn now to a closer inspection of the tables in section V A, which reveals that Table 1, despite its significant end result, does not come up to our empirical expectations. To be more specific, the null form hypothesis in question states that "there is no association between community satisfaction and the desire to migrate". Which hypothesis was rejected due to the obtained X2 value of 7.11 which exceeded our lower limit of the level of confidence considerably. However, we also note that the majority of the cases, 73 percent, -37- fall in the low community satisfaction category. Ideally we should have a more nearly equal distribution of the community satisfaction marginals. Furthermore, we find that more cas-s fall into the Lo—Lo cell (Low Community datisfaction - High Desire to Eigrate) which would have been expected. As may be seen from.Tables A and 5 this is a function of the male portion of our sample which does not conform to our hypotheses when separating the sexes. We had also expected that an inverse relationship between community satisfaction and occupational aSpiration would obtain. However, our analysis revealed that this association, although present and in the expected direction, was not significant. There- fore hypothesis II A was rejected. Hypothesis II B met a similar fate, i.e., had to be rejected since an unexpected direct association between community satis— faction and educational aspiration obtained. In addition the de- gree of association was not significant. we may ask ourselves why the expected association for hy— pothesis II A did not obtain to a significant degree —— but our answer can only be speculative. Perhaps our instruments had some- thing to do with the low degree of association. Or perhaps, which is even more likely, the.majority of the high school seniOPS have relatively high occupational aSpirations. The distribution of the cases seems to bear this out.30 Judging from the distribution of ColumnIELO the appendix it appears that only a small number of 30. See appendix C for the distributions of all cases arranged in tables according to their respective variables. _33_ subjects chose low ranking occupations. As has been pointed out above this is partially due to the influx of the female portion of our sample which includes a relatively large number of girls who picked nursing and secretarial occupations as their choice —- both of whom rank fairly high. When controlling for sex, females reaph a higher level of association on the variables at issue than the males. This means that the hypotheses fit females to a greater degree than males. In fact if it were not for the females in the sample none of the hypotheses could have been accepted, since the males by themselves did not fit our eXpectations to a significant degree. he find a clue to this unexpected phenomenon in our subsequent analysis of the four main variables: community satisfaction, desire to migrate, occupational aspirations, and education aspirations associated with sex. In this analysis we noted that females again produce a higher than expected association with these variables. Paradoxically “enough females show a higher degree of community satisfaction as well as a greater desire to migrate than the male portion of the sample. Again this may be due to the greater desire to migrate than the male portion of the sample. Again this may be due to the possibility of a greater number of obligations resting on the shoulders of the male high school graduate who is forced to re— main in the community to seek work in order to fulfill these obligations. Added to this is the ever-present reluctance of potential employers to hire young males on a permanent basis prior to their military service discharge. This in turn may add _39_ to their dissatisfaction with the community. Furthermore, this military service obligation may prevent the male subject from giving much thought to his occupational aspirations since that too depends to some extent on his military eXperience and training. Females on the other hand, have a more limited range of occupations to chose from most of which are probably decided upon sometime before most males have settled on an occupation. The preceding thoughts are speculative only and must necessarily await the testing of further hypotheses before we can be sure of them one way or the other. C. Limitations of the Study. Perhaps the major shortcoming of this study is the fact that survey research was carried out based on data which was already collected by means of a questionnaire which was not designed with this particular thesis in mind and which therefore did not always prove sufficient to answer all questions asked of it. To give an example: While the subjects desire to migrate or remain in the community was obviously of great importance in this research, the question designed to ascertain this particular di- mension was poorly designed. The question reads as follows: 1h. How eager are you to stay or move from your community after graduation? a. Eager to stay b. Probably stay, but not eager to stay c. Probably leave, but not eager to leave d. Eager to leave _40- As can be seen from this question, the two intermediary responses b and g are "double barreled" and somewhat similar. The two ex— treme responses §_and g_are quite clear and concise but the two intermediary positions are rather difficult to interpret. hese two responses seem to be difficult to distinguish from each other and very possibly did lead to some ambiguity and possibly caused many respondents to err due to this ambiguity. Some respondents probably treated h's item as a continuum from high to low with the two intermediary positions in order, while others may have read the question more carefully and answered it as it was subsequently coded with the two intermediate positions reversed. It would have been far more desirable to present the respon- dents with a five point item ranging from a) eager to remain, b) probably will remain; through c) don't know, to d) probably will leave, and e) eager to leave. This type of item lends itself very well to scalogram analysis and certainly is not as ambiguous as the item used. As can be seen from the scalogram in the appendix, item number 3 (J) has a high proportion of errors and perhaps should have been left out entirely. However, in order to approach the criterion of an adequate number of answer categories (Guttman suggests ten dichotomous items) the item.was left in. This, of course, still leaves us with an undesirably high number of errors in this item. It would be advisable to replace this item in any further research utilizing this community satisfaction scale. VIII. SYNKARY This thesis aimed to shed further light on the migratory behavior of farm.youth from areas of high out—migration. The study was conducted within the theoretical framework of the "North Central Regional Project Concerning Field Studies of Migration" in order to achieve an overall continuity of theory and research. Theoretical considerations led us to the assumptions that 1) community satisfaction and the desire to migrate are asso— ciated in an inverse manner, 2) community satisfaction and occupa— tional aspirations are similarly related and 3) community satis— faction and educational aspirations are likewise associated. These assumptions were the basis of our formulation of the fol- lowing hypotheses: I. Community satisfaction is inversely associated with the desire to migrate. II. A. Community satisfaction is inversely associated with occupational aspirations. II. B. Community satisfaction is inversely associated with educational aSpirations. To test these hypotheses a sample of 150 high school seniors was randomly selected from a group of SAS graduating seniors which represented 87 percent of the total groups of high school seniors .41- .42- enrolled in the four county study area of 1958. The self-admin— istering questionnaire which was employed contained several questions the answers to which were analysed utilizing I32 and MISTIC data processing and calculating equipment. The results confirm hypo- thesis I to a significant degree while II A and II B had to be re- jected. In other words our expectation of the inverse relationship between community satisfaction and the desire to migrate was born out. The picture which emerges here of the rural high school senior with regard to some of his plans is one of somewhat low community satisfaction and a corresoondingly high desire to migrate.31 When we view males and females separately we find that fe— males are more motivated to migrate than males despite their somewhat higher community satisfaction than that of the dmales. An eXplanation of this phenomenon was sought in the differential obligatory role structure of m9 es and females. 31. Bohlen and Wakely have shown that the actual migration of rural high school graduates is highly correlated to their intentions to migrate measured a year earlier. Rural Sociolo J, Vol. 15, pp 328-334 -43- A. The Questionnaire The partial questionnaire schedule here reproduced contains all those items which were actually utilized in this study. In- cluded are the eight items of the Vernon Davies community satis- faction scale which were found to produce a uni-dimensional scale. The following items represent only a small portion of the total questionnaire, but since the remaining items were irrelevant to this study, they were not included. Number & section No. of item in Question or item questionnaire 1 Residence A 2. Do you A 6. B B. C. F. I. J. M. O. Q. Live on a farm? Live in the country, but not on a farm? Live in a village or town? Sex Check: Male Female Community Satisfaction With few exceptions the leaders are capable and ambitious. -t is difficult for the people to get together on anything. The future of the community looks bright. No one seems to care how the community looks. It will never seem like home to me. Not much can be said in favor of a place this size. The community is not located in a very desirable place. , There are not many families you would care to marry into. . - The above eight statements which were answered by placing a check in one of the following five answer categories, were the items remaining after the entire 21 item scale shad been subjected to scalogram.ar“ *sis. Strongly Agree Undecided Disagree Strongly agree disagree A Educational aspiration C 11. Do you intend to get further training after high school or after you have finished your time in the Military Service? A. Yes No Don't know Will stay in Military Service pe'manently (If YES, answer question B through D; IF no OR DOh'T KNOW OR MILITARY SERVICE PERMALEITLY, skip to question 12) B. What type of training? College. Where? Trade School. Where? Apprentice. Where? Other. Where? I I QOU‘CD 5 Desire to migrate C 14. How eager are you to stay or move from your com- munity after graduation? a Eager to stay b Probably stay, but not eager to stay 0 Probably leave, but not eager to leave d Eager to leave 6 Occupation ideally desired D 2. If you could have any job you wanted, regardless of location or the amount of training or ex— perience required, what job would you pick? 7 Occupation realistically chosen D A. What jobs are you ESE seriously considering as a lifetime work. a First choice -1“)... ’N b. The Scalogram The scalogram on the following page is divided into three equal parts due to the difficulty of presenting the original scalo- gram, which presented all 150 respondents in one fairly long table, within the confines of the standard thesis page. It is suggested that the reader visualize the three parts in connection with each other in such a way that the left section is at the top, the middle section below it, and the right section forming the bottom of the total scalogram. The use of a ruler will greatly facilitate the visual inspection of the scalogram in either the divided form or in toto. A comparison with the abbreviated scalogram on page 17 of the thesis will also aid in the visualization of this scalogram. Perhaps it should be pointed out that the digits below the abbrevia— tion "RES" refer to the identification number assigned to the res- pondent. The capital letters at the tOp of the scalogram refer to the item presented in part A of the appendix (the item designation of the questionnaire schedule). Respondent number 417 is the first subject representing scale type "1" while number 531, the last respon- dent represents scale type "9" with the rest of the respondents arranged between these extremes. We thus have an orderly arrangement of respondents according to their scale types from high community satisfaction, scale type "1" to low community satisfaction, scale type "9". In our Chi—square analysis we established the "breaking point" between high and low community satisfaction between scale types A and 5; which means that the dichotomization in this scalogram occurs between respondents 163 and 209. RES. 617 633 630 628 612 560 110 206 12 378 366 317 621 617 509 276 617 99 612 376 227 527 610 606 623 709 306 656 576 706 323 260 566 ”\r' .\ CL) 616 74A 728 506 6 3 357 163 209 61.1. r\t‘ U) 54 £22 52 363 743 97 ITEMS JMJIOCFB 12365678 xsocccccc xxxxxxxx :ccccccc< XXX DOOC DOOOC DOOC DOOOC DOOC DOOC DOOOC DOOOC X DOOC DCOC DOOOCX X DCOOOOOC OOOOCOC DOOOOC X DOOOOOOC DOOOOZDOC DOOOOOOC DOOCXXX XDOOOOOC DCC-COOC XDCDC... DOC DOOC DOCOCDOC DOC DOOC DOOOOOC DOCK—CDC XDOOOCX DOC DOOC DOC X X DCOCD’OOC DOC DCXDC DC DOOOOC X JCCC X DCX'X x.xxxx icsccx xx x x xx xxxx EDCCC ;xxxx N N N XDOC DCDOC.CC XXX XXDOC QHJIOCFB 123656’8 N N g N JOCDC p N Q N N N N N N N N N N a 6 h x i i i N N E 6236? h 9 x s N s N N N XX ‘r JL th 713 370 299 262 361 All 621 723 185 26 175 607 752 662 159 ll 19 380 7A 235 558 373 EC) 2;) 381 158 553 307 717 10 627 523 517 736 7&2 329 204 562 28 273 225 17h 218 352 626 320 653 391 114 QNJIOCFB ~70 / :' ass. 123656’6 XDOOOC DCDOC N N X 1'- -47- DOOC DOOC DOOC JOCK “r 5—1 L DOL‘C DC‘OC DOOC DOCC DCCC DOE DOOC DCOC ZCOC DOCK. 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Residence 71 l - on farm 32 2 - non—farm, but country A7 3 - village or town 150 6 All cards representing lample of 150 re- spondents coded "l" in this column 150 1 7—8 Scalogram raw score totals 9 Scale types (from.scalogram) O 9 l — high community satisfaction 10 2 2 3 9 1+ 13 5 37 6 37 7 l6 8 7 9 — low community satisfaction 150 10 Scale errors, numbers of 77 0 52 l 18 2 _2. 3 150 ll Ideal occupation aspired to 6 l — government official 59 2 - professional and semi—professional workers 12 3 — proprietors, managers, and officials (except farm) 1‘ Deck 1 Column 27 15 H 0 FJ \h 0 5 \CN 28 m HwFE \u) C) I.._J \n C 13 +4 tax» meow 6 (if:6> T Th A. ' 1 116.735 11163118 Exom-chvn?‘ OE <4 E\OO$'\DO\U?P LO NH 12y O clerical, sales, and kindred workers craftsmen, foremen, and kindred workers farmers and farm.managers protective service workers operatives and kindred workers farm laborers service workers (except domestic and protective) laborers (except farm) no answer, don't know government official professional and semi-professional workers proprietors, managers, and officials (except farm) clerical, sales, and kindred workers craftsmen, foremen, and kindred workers farmers and farm managers protective service workers operatives and kindred workers farm laborers service workers (except domestic and protective laborers (except farm) no answer, don't know Educational aspiration types Om-P‘WNHO low educational aspirations high educational aspirations Desire to migrate l 2 3r1 A O eager to stay in community probably leave, but not eager probably stay, but not eager eager to leave no answer Deck 1 Column 15 -50- I »' ..‘1 n . Marginais Undo Vernon Davies seple raw c from_column 7 and 8 into 12 categories — low community sat f A) to 'ch><30;~ao\th-CJAJFJ l CO H I; l high community satisfaction D. T able 7.? no 0 1 10 Null Form Hypotheses Variable by df X2 Value Variable Community satisfaction 1 7.11371 is not associated with the desire to migrate Community satisfaction 1 .96997 is not associated with ideal occupational aSpirations Community satisfaction 1 1.68722 is not associated with educational aSpirations CCNTRCLLED BY SEX Males only - comm. 1 1.49300 satisf. is not assoc. with the desire to migrate Females only - comm. 1 5.53814 satisf is not assac. with the desire to migrate Males only ~ conm.satis. 1 .32933 is not associated with ideal occup. aspirations Females only — comm. 1 .57779 satis. is not assoc. with ideal occup. aSpir. Males only - comm. 1 .24205 satisf. is not assoc. with educa. aspir. Females only — comm. 1 1.64863 satisf. is not assoc. with educa. aSpir USING VERIOH DAVIES SCALE RAH SCO Comm. satisf. is not 1 12.24963 assoc. with the desire to migrate Comm. satisf. is not 1 .30617 assoc. with ideal occup. aSpiration. *0 .001 .40 .02 .50 .70 73770 16.13;) .01 Action Taken Reject Accept Accept Accept Reject Accept Accept Accept Accept Reject Accept Hypothesis Ihmber I II A II B II A II A II E II 3 II A 15 16 17 1“.) O B usage- Comm Satisf. is not assoc. with educa. aSpirations Males only - co.1. atisf. is not assoc. with the desire to migrate Females only — comm. satisf. is not assoc. with the desire to migrate Males only — comm. satisf. is not assoc. with ideal occup. sepira. Females only - comm. satisf. is not assoc. with ideal occup. spire. Males only - comm. satisf is not assoc. educa. aspire. Females only — comm. satisf. is not assoc. with educa. aSpira. SEX BY OTHER VARIAD 73 Sex is not assoc. with comm. satisfaction Sex is not assoc. with the desire to migrate Sex is not assoc with ideal occup. aSpira. Sex is not assoc. with educa. sepira. 1 F10 amass SCALE 7762-; H l 1 l 1 cm uKJ 10.70679 2.82590 1.79806 1.7293 .03584 .70 rlevmr‘ \JL‘.‘ 1 l .10 .01 .10 070 .01 .90 Accept {CLLIEG Y SEX Accept Reject Accept Accept Accept Accept Accept Accept Reject Accept 74 F4 U; 11 II II B IBL IOG RAPHY -51- bInLIC'”‘FHICAT E.'IRIL BOOKS Bendix, Reinhard & Lipset, Seymour K1rtin (Edi -tors). Class, Status Pgnd Pr)1'.rero Glencoe, 111.: Free PI‘ 1») C), 1.59 7 0 Edwards, A. L. Statistic a1 Methods for the Reh avior lf>ci011ces. Few York: :1 1ehart & Co., Inc., 1954. Guttman, Louis. "The Principal Components of Scalable Attitudes, in Paul F. Lazar? feld (sch) I'1‘her1'1t1c'11 Thin.;ir1.g in the Social Sciences. Clencoe, 111.: The Free Press, 1954. hawley, Amos H. F Lman Foolo"v. New Yorc: The Ronald Press Co., (1 QC. / / ' Landis, Paul H. & Matt, Paul K. Ponulation Problo1r. New York: American Book Co., 1954. Loomis, C. & Beegle, J. A. Rural Soc3010«v; The Strategy of Change. Englewood Cliffs, Lew Jersey: Pre en tice hall Inc., 1957. . Merton, Robert K. Social Theory and Social Structure. Glencoe, 111.: Free Press, 1957. Kerton, Robert K., Broom, Leonard & Cottrell, Leonard S. Jr. Sociolorv Today. New York: Basic Books, 1959. Sorokin,Pitirim.A. Social 11nd Cultura- D m £1103. Hew York: American Book Co.,1937. Thompson Warren. Population Problems. New York: NeGraw—Hill,l953 Torgerson, warren S. Theory and Nethods of Scaling. New York: Wiley & Sons, 1955. -53.. JOURKAL ARTICLES ARD OTHER PAPERS Beegle, J. Allen. "Social Components in the Decision to Migrate" Paper presented to Fourth World Congress of Sociology, 1959. Beegle, J. A., and Ralsted, Donald. "Michigan's Changing Population", Special Bulletin 415, June '59, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Agricultural EXperiment Station. Blau, Peter M. et a1. "Occupational choice; a conceptual framework", Industrial Labor Relations Review, 9: 195 0 31—43. Bogue, Donald J. and Thompson, warren S. "Kigration and Distance", merican Sociological Review, Vol. 14 (April, 1949) pp 236-44. Bohlen, J. M. & Wakeley, Ray E. "Intentions to Migrate and Actual Migration of Rural High School Graduates", Rural Sociology, Vol. 15 (Dec 1950) pp 32 8-334. Bruner, Edmund. "Higr ation and Education", Teacher's College Record, Vol. 49 (Nov. 1947) pp 98-100. Centers, Richard. Woducation and Occupational Mobility", Americ n Sociological Review, Vol. 14 (Feb., 1949) pp l43—4. Cowhig, James et a1. "Orientations Toward Occupation and Residence; A Study of High School SeniOrs in Four Rural Counties of Michigan, Michigan Agricultural EXperiment Station, Michi- gan State University, East Lansing, Michigan in cooperation with Farm Population and Rural Life Brunch, Agricultural Marketing Service, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. Bulletin #428. Davies, Vernon. "Development of a Scale to Rate Attitude of Com— munity Satisfaction" Rural Sociologx, Vol 10 (Sept 1945) Eyell, L. B. & Tate, R. 1. "High School Students look to the efuture", Journa 1 of qucational Research, Vol 49 (19 55) pp 217— 222. Firey, Walter, "Review of Rezsearch in Demography and Human Eco;0~vn, American Sociological RevieJ, Vol. 1] (April 1952), pp212—15. Guttman, Louis. ”The Cornell technique for scale and intensity analysis" Educ1tion and Pm 'choldg1c1l ”e1surenert Vol. 7 (19h?) pp 2h7—2QO. Cuttman, L. & Suchman, E. A. "Intensity and a Zero Point for Atti— tude Analvsis." Arcrican S1ciolo ical Revieu, Vol 12 J 2" (Foo 19'?) ppp 57—cl. -54- Holler, Archie O. "T 7 1957) pp 137-141. The Influence of Planning to Enter Farming on Plans to Attend College", Rural Haller, Archie O. Sociology Val. 22 (June tResearch Problems on Level) of Farm—Reared People", (Dec. 1958) pp 355-362. the Occupational Achievement C. Horace. Rural Sociolocz Vol. 23 iamilton, ”The Annual Rate of Departure of Rural Youths from their Parental Homes", 1936) pp 164-179. Rural Sociology Vol.1 (June Hatt, Paul K. "Occupation andSocial Stratifications", American Journal of Sociology Vol. 55 (May 1950) pp 533-5n3. Heberle, Rudolph. Migratory Aobility: Theoretical Aspect: lems of Eeasurement, World Population Jonference and Prob—— Kirkpatrick & Boynton. Proce- "Rural Young People Face Their Own Situation" Rural Sociology Vol. 1 (June 1936) pp 151-163. Divers, Uiillim E a "High School Students I‘, hose Vocations Unrealis— tically", Occupations, Vol. 25 (Mar 19H7) PP 332—33. nelson, Lowry & Mitchell, Don. “migration of Minnesota Rural Youth" Rural Sociology, Vol 5 (June 1940) pp 229-232. Pihlblad, C. T. & Gregory, V. L. "Changing Patterns in Occupational Choice" Journal of Teacher Education (1955) Vol. 6 pp 286-92. Porter, J. Richard. "Predicting Vocational Plans of High School Senior Boys" Personnel Guidance Journal Vol. 33 (195L) pp. 215—218. Report of Procedures Committee of NC—18, North Central Regional Project Concerning Field Studies of Migration, J. Allan Beegle, Chairman, East Lansing,Hichigan: Mich'gan State University social Research Service,(1957) Steffler, Buford. 'Wocational aspiration and level of interest scores on the Lee Thorpe Occupational Interest Inventory" Personnel Guidance Journal Vol. 33 (1955) pp 335-333- Thomas, Dorothy Swain. esearch Memorandum on Mig New York: Social Sci A3, p A23- 'ration Differentials ence Research Council, 1938. Bulletin Sociology Vol A (1939) pp 166-178. Williams, Robin M. "Rural Youth Studies in the United States. Rural Youmans, E. Grant. "Occupational Expectations of 12th Grade Michigan Boys" Journal of Experimental Education Vol 2A (1956 pp 259-4(l. -55- UHPUBLISHED MATflRIALS Diekema, Anthony J. "A Study of higration and Commuting in the Rural— rban Fringe of Flint, Michigan" Pastor's thesis. Michigan State University, East Lansing, 1958. Eicher, Joanne B. "Social Factors and Social Psychological Explanations of Hon—Kigration" Ph. D. dissertation. Yichigan State University, 1959. Goldsmith, Harold. "The Meaning of Migration: A Study of the Migration axpectations of High School Students" A dissertation proposal, Michigan State University, 1960. Halsted, Donald Lyle. ”The Selectivity of Michigan Migrants" Naster's thesis. Michigan State University, 1958. Miller, Irwin William Jr. "Level of Occupational Aspiration: Problems in its Conceptualization and Measurement" Naster's thesis. Michigan State University, 1960. “TIT TTTIIT Tl“ ITEM! Tull? @111 \i“ 312931032