A REVISION OF THE saws mums.
J‘AENNICKE (0mm; momma
FOR AMERICA NORTH 05 MEXIGO

Thesis for the: Degree of M .. S
MECHEGAN STAIE UNIVERSITY
FQRREST WILLIAM RAVU‘N
1975

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ABSTRACT

A REVISION OF THE GENUS ARCHYTAS
JAENNICKE (DIPTERA: TACHINEAE)
FOR AMERICA NORTH OF MEXICO

By

Forrest William Ravlin

The 2 subgenera of.Archx§as, Archxtas sensu. stricto and Nemochaeta
van der wulp, including 12 species, are revised for America north of
Nbxico. A historical review is presented for North American species.
Keys are given for genera of the tribe Dejeaniini and species of
Archztas, all of which are described or redescribed. All available
biological information is summarized including mode of parasitism, host

records and rearing data.

A REVISION OF THE GENUS ARCHYTAS
JAENNICKE (DIP'IERA: TACHINIDAE)
FOR AMERICA NORTH OF MEXICO

By
Forrest William.Ravlin

A THESIS

Submitted to
Michigan State University
in partial fulfillment of the requirements
for the degree of

MASTER OF SCIENCE

Department of Entomology
1975

ACKN OWIEDGMEN TS

I would like to thank the following curators for the loan of
specimens and materials: P. Wygodzinsky, American Museum of Natural
History (AMNH); F. G. Werner, University of Arizona (UAIC); E. P. Rouse,
University of Arkansas (UADE); P. H. Arnaud, California Academy of
Sciences (CASC); R. O. Schuster, University of California, Davis (UCDC);
S. I. Frommer, University of California, Riverside (UCRC); D. M. Wood,
Canadian National Collection of Insects (CNCI); G. Wallace, Carnegie
Museum (ICCM); L. L. Pechuman, Cornell University Insect Collection
(CUCI); H. E. Evans, Colorado State University (CSUC); K. A. Welch,
Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station (CAES); J. F. Lawrence,
Museum.of Comparative Zoology (MCZC); P. P. Burbutis, University of
Delaware (UDCC); H. W. Weems, Florida State Collection of Arthropods
(FSCA); C. L. Smith, University of Georgia (UGCA);'W. F. Barr,
University of Idaho (UICM); D. W. Webb, Illinois Natural History Survey
(INHS); H. D. Blocker, Kansas State University (KSUC); G.'W. Byers,
Snow Entomological Museum, University of Kansas (SEMC); C. L. Hogue,
Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History (LACM); V. R. Vickery,
Lyman Entomological Museum (LEMC); R. L. Fischer, Michigan State
University (MSUC); I. J. Cantrell, University of Michigan (UMMZ); P. J.
Clausen, University of Minnesota (DEFM); B. C. Ratcliffe, University of
Nebraska (DEUN); D. A. Young, North Carolina State University (NCSM);

C. A. Triplehorn, Ohio State Collection of Insects and Spiders (OSUC);

ii

W} A. Drew, Oklahoma State University (OSCE); P. Oman, Oregon State
University (OSUO); D. C. Rentz, Academy of Natural Sciences of
Philadelphia (ANSP); A. Provonsha, Purdue University (PURC); H. R.
Burke, Texas A & M University (TAMU); C. W. Sabrosky, United States
National.MMseum (USNM); G. F. Edmunds, University of Utah (UUCS); W} J.
Hanson, Utah State University (EMUS);'W. J. Turner, washington State
University (WSUC); and J. R. Baker, University of Wisconsin (UWEM).

Special thanks go to: Dr. D. Ml'Wood of the Canadian National
Collection, Dr. C. W. Sabrosky of the United States National Museum,
and Dr. Roger'W. Crosskey of the British Natural Rheeum.of Natural
History for their assistance with type material and nomenclature.

I would also like to thank the following individuals for their
helpful comments and advice: Dr. J. R. Vbckeroth, Mr. P. S. Hughes,
Mr. G. A. Surgeoner, Mr. J. Newman, Mr. W3 C. Nettles, Jr., and
Mr. D. K. Young.

Thanks go to my guidance committee: Dr. Rbland L. Fischer,

Dr. James E. Bath, Dr. Stephen Stephenson, and Dr. Fredrick W. Stehr.

My gratitude goes to mw'major professor, Dr. Fredrick W. Stehr for
his patience and invaluable time and assistance.

Finally, many thanks go to mw'wife Susan and my parents Forrest and

Wilma for their understanding and interest.

iii

TABLE OF CONTENTS

List of Plates

Introduction

Historical Review for North America

The Tribe Dejeaniini

Key to the genera of Dejeaniini

Archytas Jaennicke

Natural History

Key to the genus Archytas for America north of Mexico
Subgenus Archytas sensu stricto

Arcgytas (Archytas) californiae (walker)

A. (A.) nivalis Curran

 

A. (A3) marmoratus (Townsend)

. (A,) apicifer (walker)

I? a»

(A,) plangens Curran

W>

. (A,) candens (Walker)

'5"

(A,) nonamensis sp. nov.

"b

. (A,) rufiventris Curran

Subgenus Nemochaeta van der wulp

A. (Nemochaeta) convexiforceps Brooks
A. (1)1.) lateralis (Macquart)

A. (N.) metallicus (Robineau-Desvoidy)

iv

Page

|_l

QUIUIN

10
15
20
22
25
28
30
3h
36
37
39
#1
41
43
1+5

Page

A. (AL) aterrimus (Robineau-Desvoidy) 47
A, (N,) instabilis Curran 49
Table I - Host Records 53
Figures 55
Literature Cited 77

LIST OF PLATES

Plate Page

I General morphological details of Archytas 55

II First instar sensory structures 57

III Cephalo-pharyngeal skeletons of first instar larvae 59
IV-V Male sternum 5 61-64
VI-VII Male postabdomen 65-68
VIII-XI Female postabdomen 69-76

INTRODUCTION

The genus Archytés Jaennicke is a comparatively large group,
restricted to the New world, with 12 Species in North America and 93
described in the NeotrOpics at the onset of this revision. Archyigs
has been divided in North.America into 2 subgenera, Archyias, with 7
species and Nemochaeta with 5. Unlike many other tachinid genera, the
outer limits of.Archy§§s have remained relatively stable, despite the
fact that other dejeaniine genera are morphologically'similar.

Adults, especially the females, of the genus have long been
notorious for their uniformity. Species complexes such as the so-
called "angiig_group" of Curran (1928) have plagued taxonomists
throughout the years, with no useable characters known and keys of
questionable utility. Species determinations of females could only be
done by association with males in series, pairs in copula, or simply'hy

guess work and distributional data.

HISTORICAL REVIEWIFQR NORTH AMERICA

Archyias was described with the monotypic species, bicolor
(=diaphanus F.) in 1867 by Jaennicke. Species other than diaphanus
were, at this point, scattered in 3 genera; Jurinia RobineauFDesvoidy,
Tachina Meigen, and.ggg;§.Meigen. Some 37 years prior to 1867,
Robineau-Desvoidy described 4 species in Jurinia: aterrimus, leucostoma
(=aterrimus), metallicus, and boscii (:metallicus) of which aterrimus
and metallicus stand todayu

By 1849 Meigen's Tachina had gained three species via Francis
walker: apicifer, metallifera and carbonifera of which the latter two
are synonomous with aterrimus Sabrosky and Arnaud (1965).

Between the years 1849 and 1897 10 additional species were
described in either Jurinia or Tachina and 1 species in Egg;§_(gggig
incertus Macquart).

Coquillett in his Revision 2.1: 3112 Tachinidae (1897) did much to
stabilize the mounting confusion in Archytas, although failed to solve
all of the problems. Species previously placed in the above genera
were now assigned to Archytas and narrowed down to 5 species of which
only 2 are valid species today (ie. aterrimus and lateralis Macquart).
The remaining 3 species will be discussed below. Based on the findings
of Sabrosky'(l955), Coquillett's usage of piliventris (van der Wulp) was
incorrect because piliventris was in reality a South American species
and synonomous with.A, incertus which does not occur north of Argentina.
This meant that the North American species Coquillett alluded to in
1897 had not been formally described, but was masked under the

synonymous piliventris auctorum, not van der wuip. This species was

later described in another of Townsend's many restricted genera as
Pseudoarchytas marmorata (Townsend 1915). Coquillett's composite
description of‘ggglig'was just that, citing the Opaque, gray vesture of
apicifer and the brassy, yellow tones of californiae (walker). Finally,
Aldrich's paper (1931a) gave a convincing argument for A, hystrix
auctorum.being synonomous with metallicus.

The appearance of Curran's revision of.Arcgytas (1928) is of
dubious distinction. It was already evident that grave problems lay
within the so-called."§gAAi§ group" and these difficulties were then
compounded by the nomenclatorial chaos that ensued. Since Curran had
not observed any of the Archytas types, he was unaware of the identity
of apicifer and californiae and hence called californiae apicifer.

This left no name for the true a icifer, which he then described as
vulgaris. To summarize, Curran incorrectly synonomized californiae
under apicifer and described vulgaris as new, which falls as a synonym
of apicifer.

In the same paper, metallicus (Jurinia metallica RbbineaupDesvoidy,
of Curran) was separated from.A, pgAg§3,(Drury) of Curran, which was an
erroneous conclusion based on Aldrich's findings mentioned above
(ie. piggggfimetallicus). Curran did mention, however, that the
nomenclature of these 2 species was quite obscure and that the types
should be examined. Five other species were described as new for
North America in Curran's revision, of which 4 appear tenable today.
Curran's contribution to the knowledge of.ArcAytas occured in 3 areas:
(1) he recognized that Aggiig'was a complex of species; (2) he saw the
utility of genitalic characters in the males; and (3) he scrutinized

the masses of material with enough vigor to find such species as

instabilis Curran and nivalis Curran which so closely resemble aterrimus

and californiae, respectively, as to be overlooked by previous authors.
Finally, convexiforceps Brooks was described in 1949 from 4

specimens (2 male and 2 female) collected in Miami, Florida by C. H.

Townsend.

THE TRIBE DEJEANIINI

 

The dejeaniines are a comparatively small tribe of closely related
genera with 24 species found in.America north of Mexico (Sabrosky and
Arnaud, 1965). Dejeaniini contains medium to large species which are
often profusely covered with pollen, brightly colored and maculated.
Diagnostic characters include well developed palpi and proboscis, the
absence of true facio-orbital bristles (though often with coarse hairs),
ocellar bristles which are either proclinate or absent, and crossing
inner vertical bristles. The thorax has a bare prosternum, prOpleura
haired and overall maximum.chaetotaxy. The North American genera of

Dejeaniini can be separated by the following key.

KEY TO THE GENERA OF DEJEANIINI

l. ocellar bristles presentOOOOOOOOOOOIOO0.0...OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOCOOOZ
1'. ocellar briStleS absentIOOOOOOOOOOOOOO0.0.0.0.0.000000000000000003
2. Abdomen yellow and black..................PROTODEJEANIA Townsend.

2'. Abdomen dark reddish brown....PARARCHYTAS Brauer and Bergenstamm.
3. Discal gggg_of abdominal tergum.3 (apparent 2) without bristles
or, if marginal bristles approach discal area then probosciS'
approximately 2X the height of the head and palpi distinctly
spatulate......................................................4
3'. Discal Aggg.of abdominal tergum‘B (apparent 2) with bristles.....6
4. Proboscis approximately 2X the height of the head; palpi
approximately .5X the length of the proboscis and distinctly

spatulate; large flies with bright orange abdomens, usually

5'.

6'.

7'.

with black maculations dorsally....ADEJEANIA VEXATRIX Townsend.
Proboscis not more than 1.5X the height of the head; palpi

not markedly'spatulate but usually'enlarged apically...........5
Abdominal tergum 3 (apparent 2) with more than 4 median

marginal bristles; apical scutellar bristles parallel to

divergent.................................JURINIOPSIS Townsend.
Abdominal tergum.3 (apparent 2) with 0-2 median marginal

bristles; apical scutellar bristles crossing...................

............................................ARCHYTAS Jaennicke.
Eyes bare; gggggA_bristles of abdominal tergum 3 (apparent 2)

continuous with lateral bristles and arranged in distinct

rows. .. . . . ... . .. ... .. . .. . . . .PARADEJEANIA RUTILIOIDES Jaennicke.
Eyes hairy; discal bristles of abdominal tergum.3 (apparent 2)

not continuous with lateral bristles and not arranged in

distinct rows..................................................7
Median marginal and discal bristles many in number...............

........................................JURINELLA LUTZI Curran.
Median marginal and discal bristles few in number (not more

than one pair of each)...............MICROTRICHOMMA Giglio-Tos.

ARCHYTAS

General Appearance
Medium.to large species, with silvery-white to golden-yellow

pollinose heads. Thorax subshining black to golden-yellow pollinose.
Abdomen subshining black to reddish-brown, often thinly pollinose
dorsally at the posterior border of tergum 1+2 and the adjoining
anterior margin of tergum 3. Tergum 5 often pollinose dorso-

laterally for the posterior 3/4.

HEAQ.(Figs. 1, 2, 8, 9).

Frontal profile subequal to facial profile; vibrissal axis subequal
to antennal axis; eye height .7X the head.height; head approximately
1.3X as wide as high when viewed from the front; epistoma protuberant;
ventral 3/4 of facial ridges evenly concave, with the dorsal 1/4
carinate when measured from vibrissae to antennal axis; facial ridges
bristled .10 to .15X the distance from vibrissae to the antennal axis;
2—5 frontal bristles extending below the apex of the ptilinal suture,
with the anterior and mesal bristles convergent to crossing and the
posterior bristles reclinate, ocellar bristles absent; inner verticals
reclinate and crossing at tips; outer verticals reclinate and divergent;

eyes bare.

III—01:325. (Fig- 3).

Lateral margins of prosternum bare with the entire surface covered
with a short indumentum; 6 humerals, usually arranged 1-3-2; 4
presutural, 3 postsutural acrosticals; 4 presutural and 4 postsutural

dorsocentrals; 2 posthumerals; 3 postsutural supraalars; 1 presutural

and 3 postsutural intraalars, the anterior bristle of the postsutural
group not as long and strong as the posterior two; postalars variable
but usually 5 postalars, 2 strong, with 2 weaker situated between the
strong pair and one weaker posterad of the hindmost strong; 4 marginal
scutellars on each side of the scutellum; 1 pair of crossing apical
scutellars which are shorter and finer than the marginals; 3
sternopleurals, the ventral bristle slightly behind the anterior bristle;

propleuron haired.

Wings (Fig. 4).
Apical cell greatly narrowed and Open at the apex; m crossvein less
than 1/2 the distance between ram crossvein and the wing tip, and at

approximately the same angle as Mi+2; cubitulus without an appendage.

Abdomen

Median dorsal depression extending to posterior border of tergum
1+2; tergum.3 with at most 2 median marginals; tergum.4 with
approximately 10 marginal bristles; tergum 5 with numerous discal and

marginal bristles.

MAAQ_Postabdomen (Figs. 5, 6, 26-49)

Epandrium.quadrate with the corners rounded and slightly higher
than long, the postero-dorsal surface membranous for at least .8X its
length (Figs. 26-49); hypandrium elongate with a pair of postero-dorsal
arms (Fig. 6); postgonite pointed at apex and .5 to .6X the length of
the pregonite (Fig. 6); pregonite pointed distally and subparallel-sided
(Fig. 6); basillifOrm sclerite pointed distally and bifurcate proximally
(Fig. 6); cerci fused, tapering to a distinct projection and varying

from pointed to truncate to notched at the apex (Figs. 26-37); surstyli

projecting beyond the ventral apex of the cerci, with the apices

convergent and the base with a distal article, except in instabilis

 

(Figs. 26-37).

Egmglg Postabdomen (Figs. 7, 50-73)

Segment 6 and 7 each with a dorsal longitudinal median membrane
dividing the segments in half; sternum 8 reduced and often set within
the concavity of sternum 7; tergum 8 reduced to at most a feW'hairs on
a thinly sclerotized plate; lingulae typically strap-like and
discontinuous with sternite 8 (Fig. 7); postgenital plate triangular to
strap-like and becoming membranous at the base, fusing with the lingulae
(Fig. 7); cerci convex and generally longer than wide, with setae

covering the apex (Figs. 50—73).

lO

NATURAL HISTORY

Adults appear from early to mid—summer, and remain in the field
throughout the rest of the summer (in Michigan).

Species, such as apicifer and californiae can be seen feeding
frequently on 232£E§_ggggtg L. (Queen Anne's lace), Aggthg_spp. (mint),
Solidago spp. (Golden rod), and many other flowers which have relatively
open nectaries (=actinomorphic type class of Leppik, 1964). Dissections
of the gut of apicifer and californiae have confirmed the findings of
Allen (1926) who Speculated on the nectar feeding habits of'A, gpggig
(=californiae). In all cases, no particulate matter of any kind was
observed in the gut. In the laboratory, adults may be kept alive quite

easily on sugar cubes or mashed bananas.

Segregation gi Lh_e_ §g§_c_e_s_

Collections made by Allen (1926) in Mississippi from the flowers
of clover, vetch, and other plants generally produced unequal male to
female ratios of californiae. Allen was the first to report this
phenomenon in Archytas. This aspect has also been observed in series
from other parts of the United States. Samples of apicifer from 13
states and 800 localities yielded 317 collections composed of all males,
374 all females, 34 were predominantly'male or female and 75 had
approximately equal proportions. This sexual segregation may be
influenced by some of the following factors. (1) Male emergence
appears to be a few days before female emergence, based on Hughes study
(1975) of marmoratus and collections of apicifer and californiae made in

Michigan. Therefore, collections made at this time will produce all

11

males. (2) Mating occurs as soon as the females' wings are expanded
(w; C. Nettles Jr., 1974; Allen, 1926). After mating the females
presumably leave the area to spend a prelarvapositional period before
seeking hosts, with the males staying behind to mate with subsequently
emerging females. Prelarvipositional periods in marmoratus range from
9 to 14 days (Hughes, 1975). It is not known what type of activity or
inactivity occurs during this period in the field. However, in the
genus Nowickia wachtl, (Tachinini) I observed females of‘fl, AAggng
(Wiedemann) under the loose bark of fallen Piggg'glgggg_(MOench)

(white spruce), in the Black Hills National Forest of South Dakota in
July of 1974. Dissection of the females produced no mature first instar
larvae. This could indicate that females of'Algggg spend a prelarvi-
positional period under bark and wait for their larvae to mature or
they may spend a precoital period under bark. The latter hypothesis is
unlikely since no teneral individuals were present and no host pupae or
tachinid puparia were found.

During the same period that females were found under bark, 1 series
of 10 individuals was taken from the flowers of Heracleum lanatum Michaux
(cowaparsnip), all of which were male. It may be that a similar
phenomenon occurs in Archytas during prelarviposition, but no evidence
is available to date. (4) The male life span, based on marmoratus and
californiae (Hughes, 1975; Allen, 1926), averages about 15 days.

Females of marmoratus averaged 62 days and californiae 24 days.
Consequently, toward the end of the generation (season) there are very
few, if any, males in the field and collections will be predominantly

female.

12

Larvipositiqg

Host finding by.Archytas is seemingly initiated by "infestation
odors" (kairomone-like substance)(Nett1es, 1974). Upon reaching the
site of infestation, Archytas, being a typical dejeaniine, deposits
great numbers of fully'developed first instars on the foliage. My
dissections of 20 adult females for 10 species averaged ca. 300 fully
developed larvae with numerous immature larvae largely filling the

abdomen.

After larviposition, lst instars lie in wait for a suitable host to
pass by, at which time they attach themselves to the host presumably by
means of spines and the cephalopharyngeal skeleton (Fig. 10, l3a-j).
After attaching itself to the host larva, the lst instar parasitoids
then burrow their way into (but not through) the host's integument. As
shown by Hughes (1975) for A, marmoratus, the entire lst instar is spent
Elihlfl.the host's integument, with the lst instar Archytas larvae having
to relocate and repenetrate the integument of the host with each molt.
First instar larvae of Archytas and other parasitoids with this type of
behavior possess outicular sensoria distributed about the body surface
of first instar larvae (Figs. 11, 12). Presumably'their sensoria enable
them to relocate the host with a minimum.of searching.

The 2nd instar is initiated by'host pupation, with the lst instars
positioning themselves in a wing pad of the host pupa and melting to the
second instar. Numerous larvae may attack a host larva and develop
through the 2nd instar but mortality through competition and inability

to relocate the host produces only 1 adult fly per host. Sometime after

13

the death of the host, a molt to the final 3rd instar and pupation
within the host pupa occurs.

The development of’A, aterrimus from lst instar to adult has been
followed in Heterocampa méptgg’(Doubleday) (variable oak leaf
caterpillar) collected in Lake Co., Michigan, 14 March 1973 (soil
sample). Pupation of‘H, méptgg.occured after 24 days in a constant
temperature chamber at 24°C with a 16 hour photoperiod. The pupation
of the host marked the end of the lst instar and beginning of the 2nd
for aterrimus. Pupation of aterrimus occured 8 days after host
pupation, and 23 days later a male emerged. This agrees with the
findings in marmoratus where a maximum of 8 days were required for 2nd
and 3rd instar completion (Hughes, 1975).

Before pupation, the aterrimus larva prepares a presumed exit in
the host pupa. In one case, 12 days after mégtgg_had pupated, the
parasitoid had made 2 holes at the caudal end of the host pupa. It
then oriented itself with the pseudocephalon nearest the holes and

pupated, thus allowing an easy exit for the emerging adult.

Overwinterigg

It has not been established for every species of.Archyt§s how
overwintering occurs. However, it appears to be governed directly by
the habits of the host. Heterocampa mgptgg, for example, spends the
winter in Michigan near the litter-soil interface and pupates in the
spring; therefore, any.Archytas larvae overwintering in them spend the
winter as lst instar larvae within the host's integument. Arc tas
lateralis has been reared numerous times from Malacosoma (Hubner)

(Stehr and Cook, 1968; Patton, 1958; Ross, 1953; Townsend, 1942). In

14

this instance, the host overwinters in the egg stage and as such cannot

accomodate lateralis.

HggA’Relations

Archytas species have been reared from individuals belonging to 5
families of Lepidoptera and over 30 species (Table I). This list is
probably a very small proportion of the potential hosts. Much like
Winthemia Robineau-Desvoidy (Guimaraes, 1972), Archytas is apparently a
niche-specific parasitoid as Opposed to species-specific (Townes,
1962), governed by its larvipositional habits, the availability of host
material and its ability to locate infestations. Archngs is attracted
to an area by the "host infestation odor" and then chooses any substrate
which appears suitable (foliage). It then relies on its high
reproductive capacity to ensure that some larvae will find hosts and
produce adult flies. A, metallicus and A, lateralis are 2 species
having very restricted host records of Dgtggg_spp. and Malacosoma spp.
respectively. It is not known why these 2 species are apparently genus-

specific.

Hypgrparasitoids
The only reference is that by Thompson (1943) for Eupteromalus

 

tachinae Gahan (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) Ex. Archytgs analis

auctorum.

l'.

2..

w.

15

KEY TO THE GENUS ARCHYTAS FOR

AMERICA NORTH g MEXICO

Proclinate fronto-oribital bristles present; females
(Figs. 8’ 9)....0...‘00.00.00.000...0.0000000000000000.00.0.0002

Proclinate fronto-orbital bristles absent; males................12

FEMALES

Basal aristal segment not more than .5X the length of the

2nd aristal segment; parafacial and pleural hair variable

though usually yellow to white.....Subgenus ARCHYTAS Jaennicke (3)
Basal aristal segment at least .75X the length of the 2nd

aristal segment; parafacial and pleural hair concolorous

brown to black................Subgenus NEMOCHAETA van der wulp (8)
Parafacial area with élzlflééi a few hairs differing in color

from propleural hair...........................................4
Parafacial and propleural hair concolorous white to yellow.......5
Calypters white; abdomen reddish-orange; abdominal tergum.5

(apparent 4) with conspicuous white pollen; parafacial

area with gtHAgggi a few dark hairs; propleural hair yellow;

thoracic notum pollinose, often with a dorsoamedian vitta......

.....................................ARCHYTAS RUFIVENTRIS Curran
Calypters smokyzcolored; abdomen subshining black; abdominal

tergum with inconspicuous pollen; parafacial hair yellow;

prOpleural hair dark brown to black; thoracic notum.with

inconspicuous pollinose vittae; Florida Keys...................

............OOOOOOOOOOOOO......OOOOOARCI‘IYTAS NOMNSIS Sp. nov.

l6

5. Discal setae on thoracic notumitfleek; parafacial pollen

silveryawhite to offewhite; usually 2 frontal bristles

below the apex of the ptilinal suture (Fig. 8); hair on

posterior margin of abdominal sternum 2 usually'dark

brown to black.................................................6
5'. Discal setae on thoracic notum yellow to white or mixed with

black, especially prevalent on the scutellar disc, when

viewed postero-laterally; parafacial pollen golden-yellow

to yellow; usually 3 frontal bristles below the apex of

the ptilinal suture (Fig. 9); hair on posterior margin of

abdominal sternum 2 usually yellow; the widespread and

common.........................................................

.........the widespread and common ARCHYTAS CALIFORNIAE (walker)

...........and the eastern and veny rare.ARCHYTAS NIVALIS Curran
6. Abdominal terga pollinose; median marginal bristles on

abdominal tergum.3 (apparent 2) usually absent.................

..................................ARCHYTAS MARMORATUS (Townsend)
6'. Abdominal terga subshining black to dark reddish-brown with

the posterior of tergum 1+2 (apparent l) and tergum 5

(apparent 4) pollinose; median marginal bristles on

tergum 3 (apparent 2) usually present..........................7
7. Sternum.8 greatly reduced and obscured by sternum 7

(Figs. 58, 59); abdomen reddish-brown with abdominal tergum

5 (apparent 4) distinctly pollinose; southern Texas, rare......

.....OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO......OOOOOOOOOOARCHYTA-S PIIANENS erran

l7

7'. Sternum.8 not greatly obscured by sternum 7 (Figs. 56, 57);

abdomen usually subshining black and often with metallic

blue tinge; widespread and common.....ARCHYTAS.APICIFER (walker)
8. Calypters smoky-colored....ARCHYTAS METALLICUS (RObineau_Desvoidy)
8'. Calypters white to off:white.....................................9
9. Thoracic terga distinctly pollinose; abdomen usually'reddish-

brown with a black dorso-medial vitta, though sometimes

subshining black (as in apicifer).............................lO
9'. Thoracic terga indistinctly pollinose except on the

prescutum (to the naked eye) and subshining black with

white pollinose vittae, usually'a metallic blue tinge.........ll
lO. Parafrontal region subshining black, with sparse white

pollen; tergum.7 with a sparse row of hairs (Figs. 72, 73);

sternum.8 at base approximately .5X the width of sternum 7

at its widest point (Fig. 73); Florida and rare................

..................................ARCHYTAS CONVEXIFORCEPS Brooks
10'. Parafrontal region with color obscured by dense white

pollen; tergum.7 covered with sparse hairs for at least

.5X its width (Fig. 70); sternite 8 at base .6 to .8X the

width of sternum 7 at its widest point (Fig. 71);

widespread and common throughout most of its range.............

...................................ARCHYTAS LATERALIS (Macquart)
ll. Abdomen somewhat globose dorsally and usually wider than long;

sternum 8 convex in lateral view but not extremely so

(Fig. 64); tergum 7 thickened in the pleural area, usually

with irregular lateral margins (Fig. 65); length variable

18

(5-15mm) though usually 7-12mm; widespread and common..........

..........................AREHYTAS ATERRIMUS (RObineau—Desvoidy)
11'. Abdomen elongate, longer than wide; sternum 8 extremely

convex in lateral view (Fig. 66); tergum 7 evenly

thickened, with the lateral margins regular (Fig. 67);

length 5-7mm; eastern and rare........ARCHYTAS INSTABILIS Curran

MALES

 

12. Basal aristal segment not more than .5X the length of the

2nd aristal segment; parafacial and pleural hair variable......

.n.u.u.n.u.u.u.u.n.u.u.n.n.u3flgmmsAMHEMS(LN
12'. Basal aristal segment at least .75X the length of the 2nd

aristal segment; parafacial and pleural hair concolorous

brown to black..........................Subgenus NEMOCHAETA (19)
13. Parafacial area with gt_l§A§A_a few hairs differing in color

from.the propleural hairs.....................................14
13'. Parafacial and propleural hair concolorous white to yellow;.....15
l4. Calypters white; abdomen reddish-orange; abdominal tergum 5

(apparent 4) with conspicuous white pollen; parafacial

area with at least a few dark hairs; prOpleural hair

yellow; thoracic terga pollinose with black vittae.............

.....................................ARCHYTAS RUFIVENTRIS Curran
14'. Calypters smokyhcolored; abdomen subshining black with a

metallic blue tinge; abdominal terga with inconspicuous

pollen; parafacial hair yellow; propleural hair dark

brown to black; thoracic terga with inconspicuous

pollinose vittae; Florida Keys......ARCHYTAS NONAMENSIS sp. nov.

15.

15'.

16.

16'.

17.

17'.

18.

18'.

19.
19'.

19

Discal setae on thoracic notum black; thoracic pollen gray

to yellowagray; parafacial pollen silvery-white to Off—

white.........................................................l6
Discal setae on thoracic notum yellow to white or mixed

with black (especially prevalent on the scutellar disc

when viewed postero-laterally); thoracic pollen golden

yellow to yellow; parafacial pollen golden yellow to

yellow........................................................l8
Abdominal terga white to gray pollinose obscuring the

reddish-brown base color..........ARCHYTAS MARMORATUS (Townsend)
Abdominal terga glabrous subshining black to reddish-brown

except for pollen on the posterior of tergum 1+2

(apparent l) and tergum.5 (apparent 4)........................17
Apex of cerci emarginate (Fig. 28); posteroamesal margins

of sternum 5 with 2 pairs of copulatory arms (Fig. l5).........

......................................ARCHYTAS.APICIFER (walker)
Apex of cerci pointed (Fig. 29); postero-mesal margins of

sternum.5 entire (Fig. 17); southern Texas, rare...............

........................................ARCHYTAS PLANGENS Curran
Apex of cerci shallowly emarginate (Fig. 26); width of

surstyli at least .5X the width of the apex of the cerci

(Fig. 26); wideSpread and comon...ARCHYTAS CALIFORNIAE (Walker)
Apex of cerci distinctly'emarginate (Fig. 27); width

surstyli at most .5X the width of the apex of the cerci

(Fig. 27); eastern and rare..............ARCHYTAS NIVALIS Curran
Calypters smoky colored....ARCHYTAS METALLICUS (Robineau-Desvoidy)

calypters White to Off-WhiteOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO......OOOOOOOOOOOOOOZO

20.

20'.

21.

21'.

22.

22'.

20

Thoracic notum distinctly pollinose (to the naked eye);

abdomen reddish-brown with a black median vitta...............21
Thoracic notum subshining black (to the naked eye) with

white pollinose vittae and usually with a metallic blue

tinge.........................................................22
Dorsal portion of cerci convex (Fig. 37); parafrontal

region subshining black with sparse pollen.....................

..................................ARCHYTAS CONVEXIFORCEPS Brooks
Dorsal portion of cerci concave (Fig. 36); parafrontal

region covered with dense pollen...ARCHYTAS LATERALIS (Macquart)
Surstyli with globose distal articles (Fig. 33); abdomen

somewhat globose dorsally and usually wider than long;

length variable (5-l5mm) though usually 7-10mm; widespread

and common throughout its range................................

..........................ARCHYTAS ATERRDIUS (Robineau-Desvoidy)
Surstyli without distal articles (Fig. 34); abdomen elongate,

longer than wide; length 5-7mm; eastern and rare...............

O............OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO......OARCI-IYTAS INSTABHJIS Cllrran

The subgeneric designations used in this revision have been

retained from.Sabrosky and Arnaud (1965) and are more than likely

artificial in nature. However, their utility is apparent and their use

separates Archytas into two morphologically well-defined groups.

Subgenus Arc s
The Subgenus Archytas is characterized by the short lst aristal

segment, which is less than .5X the length of the 2nd, the yellow

propleural hair except in nonamensis sp. nov. (dark brown to black

21

hair), and light parafacial hair except in rufiventris where a mixture
of light and dark hair occurs. The distal articles of the surstyli are
generally linear and subparallel-sided (Figs. 26-28, 31) though some-
times reduced as lan ens, (Fig. 29) or quadrate as in nonamensis

(Fig. 32).

Most of the difficulties within Arcms have centered around the
so-called M complex of Curran which includes apicifer, californiae,
and plangens in America north of Mexico. The complex is characterized
by a high degree of uniformity in gross features, which are as follows:
The parafacial and frontal areas are covered with silvery-white to
golden-yellow pollen and short, white to yellow hairs on the parafacials.
The thorax is covered with olive-gray to yellow pollen, with black
and/ or yellow hairs dorsally. The abdomen is subshining black to
reddish-brown with pollinose areas, usually on terga 1+2, 3 and 5.
Prior to Curran's 1928 revision, genitalia were not used, hence all of
the above mentioned species were, more than likely, lumped into M
auctorum. Workers subsequent to Curran were able to sort out males
belonging to 4 species with reasonable accuracy but females could still
be placed into 4 or 5 different species with no certainty.

Fabricius described Tachina M in 1805, with Macquart
describing a second EM and placing it in Jurinia in 1843. Based on
the descriptions, it appears that both belong in A. (ArcgzLas) with
Macquart's M being a secOndary homonym, which may or may not be
synonomous with M (F.).

The Macquart M was described from the M. Guerin collection
and is in the Museum National D'histoire Naturelle, Paris, France.

This type has been characterized by Aldrich as "A specimen in the Paris

22

Museum, marked Type, is an Arc as with pale hairs on the parafacials,
but mouldy'and dirty and abdomen gone." Taken from.Aldrich's
unpublished card catalogue (Sabrosky, 1975).

Fabricius' gpgAlg is in the Universitetets Zoologiske Musemm,
Copenhagen, Denmark, with 2 specimens (females), presumably types,
extant (Townsend, 1931; Zimsen, 1964). The types of both Fabricius'
and Macquart's ApAA;§.have, as yet, not been available for study.

Sabrosky and Arnaud (1965) treated amethystinus (Macquart 1843:
196) as a good but unrecognized species. Based on Macquart's
description and the type locality (Georgia) it is evident that
amethystinus is also a part of the'ApAlgp'problem and would have
priority over present day species (ie. apicifer, californiae, and
nivalis), although not over éfléli§.(F-)- The type is in the remnants
of Macquart's private collection ("Ma collection") in Lille, France, but
according to the manuscript ”Catalogue of the Diptera for Lille" the
specimen is severely damaged or even represented by remains (LOic
Matile, 1975) and examination of the remains has not been possible to

date.

Archytgs (Arcgytas) californiae (walker)

Tachina californiae walker, 1852, Insecta Saundersiana 1:270.

 

Archyiés analis auctorum, sensu.Allen, 1926:417-435; Greene, 1921:26.

For a complete synonomy see Sabrosky and Arnaud (1965).

General Appearance
Length 10-15mm. Facial and parafacial pollen yellow to golden-

yellow; parafacial hair yellow; parafrontals with discontinuous yellow

23

to golden-yellow pollen, allowing some of the base color (brown to black)
to show through; anterior half of frontal yellow to orange and darkening
slightly'in the posterior half; females usually with 3 frontal bristles
below the apex of the ptilinal suture (Fig. 9). Thorax gray to golden-
yellow pollinose, usually'the latter, with black and yellow hair on the
discal areas, especially prevalent on the scutellar disc; prOpleuron
with yellow hair; calypters white to offawhite. Abdomen subshining
reddish-brown to black and often with a metallic blue tinge; posterior
margin of sternum 2 with yellow hair; male sternum 5 with 1 pair of

mesally directed postero-mesal copulatory arms (Fig. 14).

MAAQ Postabdomen (Figs. 26, 38).

Epandrium.as in Fig. 38; cerci produced into 2 dorsal lobes, the
meson concave and narrowed into a subparallel-sided projection
ventrally, which is shallowly emarginate apically (Fig. 26) surstyli
with distal and proximal articles, the proximal pair with their apices
directed mesally and tapering to sharp points, the distal pair slightly
shorter and subequal in width to the width of the cerci, with their

apices rounded and directed ventrally (Fig. 26).

Eéflélfl Postabdomep'(Figs. 52, 53).

Mesal margin of tergum.7 with.much denser seta than apicifer, the
hairs covering much of the mesal portion; tergum.8 usually'represented
by 2 hairs; sternum.8 approximately 2X as wide as high and approximately
1/2 the width of sternite 7; cerci with long coarse subapical hairs, at
least 2X the length of the cerci and usually projecting beyond the

bristles of tergum.6 when in situ.

24

$192

The holotype male is from.California and is in the British Museum
of Natural History. The type of califOrniae has been examined by
Austen (1907) and Aldrich (1931b).

Distribution
Found throughout North America north of Mexico. No record of
californiae south of Texas (Guimaraes, 1971). I found no specimens

south of Texas.

AgpAt.Seasonal Activity

Apparently emerging slightly later in the spring in colder regions
than apicifer, and more than likely'multivoltine where temperature
permits. Allen (1926) speculated on the multivoltine nature of this

species in Mississippi.

Remarks

Males of this Species may be recognized by the mixture of black
and yellow hair on the thoracic disc and the shallowly emarginate cerci
(Fig. 26). Females are characterized by long, coarse subapical hairs
on the cerci and a relatively'dense setation on the 7th tergum (Fig. 53).
The above mentioned combination of characters separates californiae
from apicifer and plangens which have black hair on the thoracic disc,
differences in the male genitalia (Figs. 28 & 29), and females with much
finer and shorter apical hairs on the cerci (Figs. 56 & 58). Females of
californiae and nivalis are apparently inseparable; tentative
determinations are only possible when males and females are collected
together. Since californiae is by far the most abundant species,

females collected apart from.males are most likely'califOrniae.

25

Archyigs éflélli sensu Allen (1926) and Greene (1921) is without
doubt californiae, based on the description of the adult, the cephalo-
pharyngeal skeleton of the lst instar, and the caudal spiracles of the
puparium, The combination of the "tawny'yellOW'pollinose thorax", the
lst instar cephalOpharyngeal skeleton with a dorsal hump and prominent
downward curve (Fig. 13a), and the caudal spiracles of the puparium are
all characteristic of californiae. However, the possibility exists that
Allen Was working with 2 Species (ie. californiae and apicifer) and

included both them in analis. I have not seen Allen's specimens.

Biology

As mentioned earlier, some of the natural history of californiae
has been covered by'Allen (1926). Other aspects dealing with
sympatricity are discussed under the biology of apicifer. In numbers
of individuals, californiae is less ubiquitous than apicifer, but is

certainly one of the more common Species.

Host Records
Host records are somewhat obscure due to its misidentification as
analis by other workers (see analis complex p. 21). For a summary of

host records for analis and known records for californiae, see Table I.

Archytas (Archytas) nivalis Curran
Archytas nivalis Curran, 1928, Can. Ent. 60:203, 254.

General Appearance
length 10-15mm. Facial and parafacial pollen yellow to golden-
yellow; parafacial hair yellow; parafrontals with discontinuous yellow

to golden-yellow pollen allowing some of the base color (brown to black)

26

to Show through; anterior half of frontal yellow to orange and darkening
slightly'in the posterior half as in californiae; females usually with 3
frontal bristles below the apex of the ptilinal suture (Fig. 9). Thorax
yellow to golden-yellow pollinose, with predominantly'yellow hair
(males), though often mixed with black in the discal areas (females as
in californiae); propleuron with yellow hair; calypters white to off-
white. Abdomen subshining reddish—brown to black; posterior margin of
sternum 2 with yellow hair; male sternum.5 with 1 pair of mesally

directed posteroamesal copulatory arms (Fig. 16).

Asia Postabdomep (Figs. 27 & 39).

Epandrium as in Fig. 29; cerci produced into 2 dorsal lobes, the
meson more concave and cupped than californiae when viewed posteriorly
(Fig. 27); apex of cerci deeply'notched and much broader than in
californiae; surstyli with distal and proximal articles, the proximal
pair with their apices directed mesally and tapering to Sharp points,
the distal pair approximately 0.6X the width of the apex of the cerci

and slightly'shorter than the proximal articles.

Fpmé;g_Postabdomep (Figs. 50 & 51).

AS mentioned above, nivalis females are inseparable from
californiae females. The following notes are based on a mating pair
from.Swathmore, Pennsylvania, now in the American Nbseum of Natural
History and the allotype. The bristles on tergum.6 and the apical hair
on the cerci appear to be finer and Shorter in nivalis than most
californiae specimens, but variation in californiae appears to encompass
this character. Sternum 8 is smaller and less prominent in nivalis but

again the limits of californiae appear to include this variant. Many

27

differences may be observed in Figures 50-53, but the amount of
morphologic variation in californiae Obscures diagnostic characters

which may be present.

gypg

The holotype male is from washington, D. C., October 29, 1926, and
is in the Canadian National Collection, No. 2823. The allotype was
collected in Great Falls, Virginia, July 15, 1913, and is also in the
Canadian National Collection. It is not clear why Curran designated an
allotype when no characters were available to distinguish nivalis from
californiae (apicifer of Curran). The allotype was not taken in series
with the holotype, nor was it taken in series with any of the male
paratypes and therefore cannot be associated with any'of the male

nivalis.

Distributiop

CONNECTICUT: Redding; Stamford. NMRYLAND: Cabin John.
MASSACHUSETTS: Melrs. thds.; North Saugus. MICHIGAN: Owosso.
MINNESOTA: Lake Minnetonka, Enchanted Isle; Ramsey Co., University
Farm, MHSSOURI:* Columbia. NEw YORK: Cold Spring Harbor; Huguenot;
Ithaca. NORTH CAROLINA: Dillsboro; Lk. Junaluska. OHIO: Amherst;
Columbus; Marietta; Miami Co., Neotoma; Newark; Salineville; waterloo.
PENNSYLVANIA: All'y'Co.; Castle Rock; Corapolis; Del. Do.; Glenside;
Hunters Run; Linglestown; Ogontz; Swathmore; Washington Co. VIRGINIA:

Gt. Falls; Falls Church; Nelson Co.

Adult Seasonal Activity
late May through mid-September, with the majority of the records in

August.

28

Remarks

Males of this Species may be recognized by the usual predominance
of yellow hair on the thoracic disc and the deeply notched ventral apex
of the cerci (Fig. 27). As mentioned above, female nivalis are

inseparable from californiae.

Biology
Nothing is known of the biology of nivalis.

Archytgs (Archytas) marmoratus (Townsend)
Pseudoarchytas marmorata Townsend, 1915, Insec. Inscit. Menst. (1914)

 

2:186. For a complete synonomy see Sabrosky (1955) and Sabrosky and

Arnaud (1965 ) .

General Appearance
Length 8-15mm. Facial and parafacial pollen Silvery-white to Off-

white; parafacial hair white; parafrontals with continuous yellow to
golden-yellow pollen; anterior half of frontal yellow, the posterior
half yellow to orange; females usually with 2 frontal bristles below
the apex of the ptilinal suture (Fig. 8). Thorax gray pollinose with
black hair dorsally; prOpleuron with.yellow to offawhite hair; calypters
white to off-white. Abdomen grayish-pollinose; posterior margin of
sternum 2 with dark-brown to black hair; tergum.3 (apparent 2) with
median marginals usually absent in females; male sternum.5 with 1 pair

of posteroamesal capulatory arms (Fig. 18).

Male Postabdomen (Figs. 30 & 42).
Epandrium.as in Fig. 42; cerci produced into 2 dorsal lobes which

are evenly convex toward the meson, ventral apex of the cerci deeply

29

notched and slightly shorter than the distal articles of the surstyli
(Fig. 30); surstyli with distal and proximal articles, the proximal

pair with their apices directed mesally and tapering to Sharp points;
the distal pair subequal to slightly'shorter than the proximal pair with

their apices rounded and directed ventrally (Fig. 30).

Apmélg Postabdomen (Figs. 60 & 61).

Mesal margins of tergum.7 with Sparse hairs confined to the border;
tergum.8 represented by 2 hairs; sternite 8 approximately 2X as wide
as high and .5X the width of sternite 8; cerci elongate, approximately
5X as long as wide, with the subapical hairs subequal to slightly

longer than the length of the cerci.

gypg

The holotype female selected from a series of 2 specimens were
collected by Townsend from.Chosica, Peru, 20 January'1913, on the
flowers of Baccharis Sp. and is in the U. S. National.Nbseum; TD4226.
Two additional females were later collected on Mikania sp., 8 and 9

May 1913, again from Chosica, Peru. The holotype has been examined by
Sabrosky (1955).

Distribution
South of a line from Arizona to Kansas to North Carolina and south

to Peru.

Adult Seasonal Activity
Probably multivoltine and can be collected throughout the entire

year, though more commonly'during the summer months.

3O

Remarks

This Species may be distinguished from.all other Species north of
Mexico by its pollinose abdomen and male genitalia (Fig. 30). This is
the only species in which the median marginal bristles are usually
absent in the females. Out of 94 females that were examined by
Sabrosky (1955), 83 lacked both bristles.

Townsend's placement in a separate genus (1915) may have had some
validity, based on the accumulation of divergent characters from
typical Archytgs. The combination of a pollinose abdomen, usual lack
of median marginal bristles in females and the lst instar cephalo—
pharyngeal Skeleton (Fig. 139) may'merit subgeneric rank when the genus
is reviewed over its entire range.

Discussion of the nomenclatorial prOblems of marmoratus were

reviewed by Sabrosky (1955) and briefly outlined earlier (see p. 2).

Biology
AS mentioned previously (see p. 11), Hughes' (1975) paper on

marmoratus covered much of its biology, eSpecially larval.

Egg: Records

Species belonging to the Heliothis complex are commonly parasitized
(Bottrell and Arnold, 1968; Bibby, 1942; Miller, 1971; Parencia, 1964;
Quaintance and Brues, 1905; Shepard and Sterling, 1972) however, other

hosts have been recorded. For a summary of known hosts, see Table I.

ArcAflas (ArcAfias) apicifer (Walker)
Tachina apicifer walker, 1849, List of the specimens of dipterous

insects in the collection of the British Museum.4:7l8.

For a complete synonymy see Sabrosky and Arnaud (1965).

31

General Appparance
Length 10-15mm. Facial and parafacial pollen silvery—white to off-

white; parafacial hair offewhite to white; parafrontals with
discontinuous offawhite pollen, allowing some of the base color (brown
to black) to Show through; anterior half of frontal orange, with the
posterior half, dark orange to red; females usually with 2 frontal
bristles below the apex of the ptilinal suture (Fig. 8). Thorax olive-
gray to yellowagray pollinose with black hair on the dorsal discal
areas; propleuron with yellow to off-white hair; calypters white to
offewhite. Abdomen subshining reddish-brown to black and often with a
metallic blue tinge; posterior margin of sternum 2 with dark brown to
black hair; male sternum 5 with 2 posteroqmesal copulatory arms

(Fig. 15).

.MEAE Postabdomep_(Figs. 28 & 40).

Epandrium as in Fig. 40; cerci produced into 2 dorsal lobes, the
meson concave and narrowed into a subparallel-sided projection ventrally,
which is distinctly emarginate apically (Fig. 28); surstyli with distal
and proximal articles, the proximal pair with their apices directed
mesally'and tapering to Sharp points, the distal pair Slightly'shorter

and with their apices rounded and directed ventrally (Fig. 28).

Epmglg’Postabdomen (Figs. 56, 57).

Mesal margins of tergum 7 with Sparce hairs confined to the border;
tergum 8 represented usually'by 2 hairs; sternite 8 approximately 2X
as wide as high and approximately .5X the width of sternum 7; subapical
hairs of the cerci not much coarser than the surrounding hairs and

usually Obscured by the bristles of tergum.6 when in situ.

32

The
The holotype male is from North America and is in the British

Nbseum of Natural History. The type of apicifer has been examined by
Austen (1907) and Aldrich (1931b).

Distribution
United States and Canada, as well as Mexico and trOpical South

America.

Adult Seasonal Activity
Early Spring through late fall in colder regions, with the height
of the season in August and September. Where temperature permits,

apicifer is probably'multivotine and may be collected year round.

Remarks

Archytgs apicifer is without doubt the most common Species, hence
Curran's name ypAgaris (see p. 3). This species is most readily
recognized by its olive to yellowagray thorax, the all-black hairs on
the thoracic disc, and the characteristic 5th sternum in the males
(Fig. 15). Females are characterized by'having white to silveryzwhite
parafacial hair, usually 2 frontal bristles below the apex of the
ptilinal suture (Fig. 8) and relatively fine subapical hairs on the
cerci (Fig. 56) when compared with californiae (Fig. 52).

Thirty specimens from.the Tempe, Arizona area were found to have
the same color combinations as plangens, but the genitalia were
distinctly apicifer.

Archyigs lobulatus Curran was described in 1928 from.42 specimens

(5 male and 37 female). The holotype male was collected from.Chapada,

33

Brazil, in Nevember and is in the American Museum of Natural History.
The allotype is from.Yucatan, Mexico, with no collection date and is

in the SnOW'Museum, University of Kansas. The status of this Species

is questionable based on the following. The allotype and paratype
females were not collected in series with males and apparently are not
distinct from.apicifer females. Differences occur in males with the
dorsal lobes of the cerci closely approximated and the ventral
projection Slightly thinned in the lobulatus holotype. Examination of
3,000 Specimens of apicifer from the United States and Canada has Shown
variation in the above characters which approachs lobulatus. Reduction
in the postero-ventral copulatory arm of Sternum 5 is quite striking in
the lobulatus holotype, although there is some variability in this
character exhibited by apicifer. Curran exaggerates this point in his
description and does not figure it. No specimens Of lobulatus have been
examined other than the types. However, the distributions of the 2
Species do appear distinct though overlapping. A, lobulatus ranges from
Brazil to presumably'southern Texas (Sabrosky and.Arnaud, 1965) with

apicifer being a strictly Nearctic Species.

Biology
Adult apicifer have been collected commonly'on Solidago canadensis

L. (golden rod), AbptthSpp. (mint), Asclepias sygiaca L. (milk weed),
and Dggggglggpptg_L. (Queen Anne's lace). Large numbers of apicifer and
californiae were collected by Burriff and Davis (1974) (washington
Island, Wisconsin) with the use of a modified double-wing sticky trap
(Pherotrap IC) and baited with ca. 15ml of Maggottracttm I on cotton
wicks. The total number of tachinids captured was 382 in 10 traps hung

for 23 days (27 July through 17 August). It is interesting to note

34

that apicifer and californiae have also been found to occur
sympatrically in Michigan and were collected together on Mentha

arvensis L. in Ingham Co., Muchigan, 24 July 1974 around 12:00 noon.

Host Records
Host records are somewhat obscure due to its misidentification as
analis by other workers (see analis complex p. 21). For a summary of

host records for analis and known records for apicifer see Table I.

Archytas (Archytas) plangens Curran
Archytas plangens Curran, 1928, Can. Ent. 60:204, 255.

General Appearance
Length 12-l5mm. Facial and parafacial pollen Silverthhite to off-

white; parafacial hair white to yellow; parafrontals with discontinuous
yellow pollen allowing some of the base color (brown to black) to Show
through; anterior half of frontal yellow to orange and darkening in the
posterior half to a darker orange or red; females usually with 2 frontal
bristles below the apex of the ptilinal suture (Fig. 8). Thorax
silvery-offawhite to yelloW'pollinose with black hair dorsally;
propleuron with yellow hair; calypters white to off-white. Abdomen
subshining reddish-brown, the 5th tergite with a relatively'dense white
pollen, much more distinct than other "Apggggfi species; posterior
margin of sternum 2 with brown to black hair; male sternum.5 without

copulatory arms and punctate on the posteroemesal margins (Fig. 17).

Male Postabdomep (Figs. 29, 41).
Epandrium as in Fig. 41; cerci produced into dorsal lobes, much

like nivalis (Fig. 27) but with its ventral apex acutely pointed

35

(Fig. 29); surstyli with distal and proximal articles, the proximal
pair somewhat flattened and on the same plane as the lateral areas of
the epandrium, their apices directed mesally, the distal articles

highly'reduced to approximately .2X the height of the proximal pair

(Fig. 29).

F_e_m_a_l_e_ Postabdomep (Figs. 58, 59).

Tergum 7 with sparse setae restricted to the mesal margins, as in
apicifer (Figs. 56 & 57); tergum.8 often with 4 or more setae on a
distinct sclerotized plate; sternum.8 reduced and obscured by sternum

7; cerci often somewhat quadrate.

Ties
Both the holotype male and allotype are from Ecuador, and are in

the United States National Mbseum.with no other data.

Distributigp
ARIZONA: Continental. TEXAS: Brownsville; Alcedo; Laguna Madre,

25mi. S.E. Harlingen; Hildago Co., NbAllen; Mission; Pharr.

Adult Seasonal Activity
Probably'multivoltine, with scattered records throughout the
entire year. Few specimens of plangens (10) were obtained; therefore,

data is very scattered.

Remarks

This is the most distinctive species in the ApgAgg complex. Males
of plangens may be quickly'recognized by the pointed cerci and the
reduced distal articles of the surstyli (Fig. 29). Females may be

recognized by the reduced 8th sternum.and the usual presence of more

36

than 2 hairs (often 4) on a distinct sclerotized plate representing
tergum 8 (Figs. 58, 59). Species which may'be confused with plangens
are apicifer, californiae, and rufiventris, all of which have females
with a larger and readily visible 8th sternum.and males with emarginate

cerci.

Biology
Nothing is known of the biology of plangen .

Arcgypas candens (walker)
Tachina candens walker, 1849, List of the specimens of dipterous insects

in the collection of the British Museum 4:720.

2.29.9
The holotype of candens is a female in the British Museum.of

Natural History. The label data is Nova Scotia (Lt. Redman).

Remarks

Coquillett in his 1897 revision placed candens as a synonym.of
lateralis, but failed to recognize the light parafacial hair and the
small lst aristal segment which places it in the subgenus.ArcpytaS and
not in Nemochaeta. Aldrich (1931b) studied the North American walker
types and made note of this, as well as surmising that the specimen was
NeotrOpical in origin and not Nearctic. Aldrich based this hypothesis
on not being able to find Nearctic material to confirm.a North American
locality. He also mentioned discal abdomen bristles, although I saw
none. Examination of the type has yielded the following results. The
cerci and tergum 8 are highly developed and totally divergent from.any

North American ferm.seen in this study. The pollinosity of the

37

parafacials, parafrontals and thorax appear as in lan ens, as does the
reddish-brown abdomen with the white pollinose 5th tergum, However, the
genitalia are distinctly different. A specimen with the above set of
characters has been collected from.Nova Teutonia, Brazil, XII-1966 and
is most certainly'the same Species. Therefore, Aldrich's hypothesis
appears to be correct and candens probably does not belong to the
Nearctic fauna. The male of this species is, as yet, unknown and
possibly described under another name. Guimaraes (1971) does not
mention candens in the Catalogge _o_f _tAe_ Diptera p_f_ 3A2 Americas _S_9;1_t_h_

g Eye United States (Family Tachinidae).

Arcgytgs (Arcgytgs) nonamensis sp. nov.

General Appparance
Length 12-15mm. Facial and parafacial pollen golden-yellow;

parafacial hair yellow; parafrontals with continuous, dense, golden-
yellow pollen except at the vertex, where the base color (dark—brown to
black) shows through; frontal dark brown in entirety with some pollen
at the vertex; females with 2 or 3 frontal bristles below the apex of
the ptilinal suture (Figs. 8, 9). Thorax subshining black with
indistinct grayish pollinose vittae; propleuron with dark brown to
black hair; calypters smoky—colored. Abdomen subshining black with a
metallic—blue tinge; male sternum.5 without copulatory arms, the

postero-mesal margins serrate (Fig. 20).

Male Postabdomep.(Figs. 32, 44).
Epandrium as in Fig. 44; cerci produced into 2 dorsal lobes which

are evenly convex posteriorly, the ventral apex broad and coming to a

38

point (Fig. 32); surstyli with distal and proximal articles, the distal
pair mesally directed and evenly rounded, the proximal pair also mesally

directed, but tapering to sharp points (Fig. 32).

‘Fppglg Postabdomen (Figs. 62, 63).

Mesal margins of tergum 7 with Sparce hairs covering approximately
.33X the width of the tergum; tergum 8 represented by 2 hairs with well-
develOped sclerotized bases; sternum 8 reduced and somewhat obscured
from view by sternum 7, its width at most .25X the width of sternum 7;
cerci narrowed basally and approximately 2X as long as wide when

measured at their widest points.

23593
The holotype male is from Monroe Co., Florida, No Name Key,
February 24, 1972, w. H. Pierce. The allotype is from Menroe Co.,
Florida, No Name Key, April 13, 1971, W} H. Pierce. Both types have
been deposited in the Florida State Collection of Arthropods,
Gainesville, Florida. The paratypes are as follows: 2 males, No Name
Key, Monroe Co., Florida 5 February 1972, W. H. Pierce (MSUC); 4 males,
No Name Key, Menroe Co., Florida 24 February 1972, w. H. Pierce (USNM);
1 male, Key Largo, Monroe Co., Florida 26 February 1956, H. V. weems
(AMNH); 1 male, No Name Key, Menroe Co., Florida 1 March 1972, W} H.
Pierce (CNCI); 3 females, 13 April 1971 in MePhail trap, w; H. Pierce
(CNCI); 1 female, 1 March 1971 in MCPhail trap, W. H. Pierce (USNM);
1 male, 10 April 1970 in malaise trap, W. H. Wirth (CASC); 1 male,

Matheson Hamm., Florida 30 April, 1957 H. V. Weems (Ravlin collection).

Distribution

As listed above, Menroe Co., Florida.

39

Adult Seasonal Activity

Early February through April. Probably univoltine but more data

is needed.

Remarks
This species may be easily recognized by its yellow parafacial

hair, dark-brown to black propleural hair, and smoky-colored calypters.

Biology
Many of the Specimens were collected by means of a MCPhail trap

(MCPhail, 1937). No hosts are known.

Archytas (Arcpypas) rufiventris Curran
Archypgs rufiventris Curran, 1928, Can. Ent. 60:280, 281.

General Appearance
Length 11-16mm. Facial and parafacial pollen silvery-white to

off-white; parafacials with a mixture of dark-brown and off-white hair
or wholly dark—brown; parafrontals with discontinuous offawhite pollen
allowing the base color (orangish—brown) to Show through; anterior half
of frontal yellow to orange, the posterior half orange to red; females
usually with 3 frontal bristles below the apex of the ptilinal suture
(Fig. 9). Thorax gray pollinose with black vittae on mesal and lateral
areas of the notum; propleuron with yellow to offawhite hair; calypters
white to offawhite. Abdomen subshining brownish-orange, often with a
dark brown dorsoamesal vitta; posterior margin of sternum.2 with dark
brown to black hair; male sternum 5 without copulatory arms, the

posteroqmesal margins punctate with distinct postero-ventral calli

(Fig. 19).

40

MAAQ Postabdomen (Figs. 31, 43).

Epandrium as in Fig. 43; cerci produced into 2 dorsal lobes which
are evenly convex posteriorly, the ventral projection with its apex
deeply'emarginate and subequal in length to the distal articles of the
surstyli (Fig. 31); surstyli with distal and proximal articles, the
proximal pair .8X longer than the distal, with their apices directed
mesally and tapering to sharp points, the distal pair approximately .8X
wider than the proximal pair with their rounded apices and directed

ventrally (Fig. 31) .

[ngg g Postabdomgp (Fig. 54, 55).

Mesal margins of tergum.7 with sparse scattered setae; tergum 8
usually with 4 or more setae on a distinct sclerotized plate; sternum.8
comparatively large and subequal in width to the postgenital plate;

cerci with margins rounded and approximately 2X as long as wide.

The
The holotype male is from.Royal Palm.Park, Florida, April 12-18,

1923, and is in the Canadian National Collection. The allotype is from

Miami, Florida, Nov. 12, and is also in the Canadian National Collection.

Distribution
This species is found throughout Florida with 1 record in Dare Co.,
North Carolina; and 1 record from the extreme northwest corner of

Tennessee.

Adult Seasonal Activity
Recorded for all months of the year except August and September.

Probably'multivoltine.

41

Remarks
This species is most easily recognized by the dark parafacial
hairs. All other species in the subgenus Archytas have light parafacial

hair.

Biology
Nothing is known of the biology of rufiventris.

Subgenus Nemochaeta van der wulp

Nemochaeta van der wulp, 1888: 38 (as genus). Type-Species dissimilis
van der wulp (monotypic).
Arcgytas (Nemochaeta) Sabrosky and.Arnaud 1965: 1000 (as subgenus).

The subgenus Nemochaeta differs from.Archy§as by the length of the
lst aristal segment, which is at least .75X the length of the 2nd, and
the dark—brown to black parafacial and propleural hair. Most of the
species within the subgenus possess globose distal articles of the
surstyli (Figs. 33, 35, 36) except instabilis Curran and.gppyexiforceps

Brooks (Figs. 34, 37).

Arcpytgs (Nemochaeta) convexiforceps Brooks

Archytas (Nemochaeta) convexiforceps Brooks, 1949, Can. Ent. 81:23.

General Appearance
Length 11-12mm. Facial and parafacial pollen silveryawhite;

parafrontals subshining black with Sparse silvery-white pollen; anterior
half of frontal yellow to orange, posterior half dark-orange to brown;
females usually with 3 frontal bristles below the apex of the ptilinal

suture (Fig. 9). Thorax subshining black with the anterior of the

42

prescutum.whitish pollinose; calypters white to off-white. Abdomen
subshining reddish—brown with a dorsoqmedian black vitta as in
lateralis; male sternum 5 with a broad U-shaped excavation mesally, the
postero-mesal apices convergent with a rounded mesally projecting

copulatory arm (Fig. 21).

MAAg.Postabdomen (Figs. 37, 49).

Epandrium as in Fig. 49; cerci convex postero-dorsally and narrowed
into a thin truncated ventral projection; surstyli with yellow distal
articles, the proximal articles with their apices short and pointed

mesally (Fig. 37).

Female Postabdomep (Figs. 72, 73).
Mesal margins of tergum.7 with a single row of sparse hairs; tergum
8 represented by 3 hairs; sternum 8 slightly wider than high and

approximately .5X the width of sternum 7 at its widest point.

have
The holotype male is from Miami, Florida, 11 Nov. The allotype is

from Miami, Florida, 21 Nov. Both types are in the United States

National Nbseum,

Distribution
FLORIDA: Everglades Nat'l. Pk., Dade Co., Larkins; Mfiami; Royal

Palm Pk .

Adult Seasonal Activity
Adults have been collected in January, March, October, and

November.

43

Remarks

Males of convexiforceps can be recognized by the subshining black
parafrontals, the U-shaped mesal excavation of the 5th sternum (Fig. 21),
and the convex dorsal portion of the cerci (Fig. 37). Females can be
recognized by the subshining black parafrontals and the 8th sternum,
which is approximately .5X the width of sternum 7 at its widest point.
The 8th sternum of lateralis is approximately .6 to .8X the width of
sternum 7 at its widest point (Fig. 71).

The limits of variability of pgpvexiforceps are not well known due

to a lack of specimens (7 specimens were examined).

Biology
Nothing is known of the biology of convexifOrceps.

Arcpngs (Nemochaeta) lateralis (Macquart)

Jurinia lateralis Macquart, 1843, Soc. Roy. de Sci., de l'Agr. et des
Arts, Lille Mem. 1842:199.
Jurinia gonoides Bigo, 1887, Bul. Soc. Ent. France, (ser. 6), 7:cxl.

Echinomyia dispgr van der wulp 1890: 34.

General Appearance
Length 10-15mm. Facial and parafacial pollen Silveryawhite to

Offawhite; parafrontals with discontinuous silvery-white to yellow
pollen allowing some of the base color (dark-brown to black) to Show
through; anterior half of frontal yellow and darkening to reddish-
orange in the posterior half; females with 2 to 5 frontal bristles
below the apex of the ptilinal suture. Thorax grayish pollinose, much

denser than aterrimus and usually covering much of the notum; calypters

44

white to offawhite. Abdomen subshining reddish-brown with a black
median vitta dorsally; male sternum 5 with posteroamesal margins

serrulate to serrate (Fig. 23).

MAAQ Postabdomen (Figs. 36, 48).

Epandrium as in Fig. 48; cerci concave postero-dorsally and
narrowed into a rounded to truncated ventral projection (Fig. 36);
surstyli with yellow, globose, basal articles distally and a proximal

pair with their apices pointed and directed mesally (Fig. 36).

ngglp_Postabdomep_(Figs. 70, 71).

Mesal margins of tergum 7 covered with sparse hairs for at least
.5X the width of the tergum, the lateral margins often irregular;
tergite 8 represented by 2 or 3 hairs; base of sternite 8 3/5 to 4/5 the

width of sternum 7 at its widest point.

13:92
No trace of the holotype has been found in the Paris or Lille

Collections.

Distributiqp
California to Iowa, south to Mexico; also British Columbia,

Mentana, Georgia and Florida.

Adult Seasonal Activity
late March through October in colder regions (possibly more than
one generation); probably'multivoltine where temperature permits with

collection dates essentially year-round.

45

Remarks

This species may be recognized by its pollinose parafrontals and
thorax, and reddish-brown abdomen with a dorso—median vitta. The male
cerci are concave dorsally, and the apical projections of the surstyli

are consistently longer than those of aterrimus or convexiforceps

(FigS- 36, 37).

Biology

AS stated earlier (see p. 14) lateralis has a restricted host
record of Species in the genus Malacosoma. Since Malacosoma overwinter
in the egg stage, alternate hosts are presumably sought. The only
record of a possible alternate host is that given by Townsend (1942) for
Chloridea Sp. which is a synonym for either Heliothis Hubner or Raghuva
walker (Noctuidae). The known hosts for lateralis are summarized in

Table I.

Arcpypgs (Nemochaeta) metallicus (Robineau-Desvoidy)

Jurinia metallica RObineau-Desvoidy, 1830, (Paris) Inst. de France,
(Cl. des.) Sci. Math. et Phys., Acad. Roy, des Sci., Mem. presente par
divers Savans (ser. 2) 2:35.

Jurinia congruens van der wulp, 1892, Biol. Centralri-Americana
Zooliogia, Insecta Diptera. 2:192. NEW SYNONOMY

For a complete synonomy see Sabrosky and Arnaud (1965).

General Appearance
Length 11-16mm. Facial and parafacial pollen Silveryawhite to off-
white; parafrontals with discontinuous yellow to offawhite; parafrontals

with discontinuous yellow to offewhite pollen allowing some of the base

46

color (brown to black) to Show through; anterior half of frontal brown
to dark-brown, posterior half reddish-brown to dark-brown; females with
2 or 3 frontal bristles below the apex of the ptilinal suture (Figs.

8, 9). Thorax subshining dark-brown to black and pollinose on the
prescutum.with pollinose vittae on dorso-mesal and lateral areas;
calypters smokyhcolored. Abdomen subshining reddish-brown to black,
sometimes with a metallic blue tinge; male sternum 5 with postero-mesal

margins punctate to serrate (Fig. 25).

.Mélé Postabdomep (Figs. 35, 47)

Epandrium.as in Fig. 47; cerci concave postero-dorsally and
narrowed into a pointed ventral projection (Fig. 35); surstyli with
yellow to brown, globose, distal articles and a proximal pair with their

apices pointed and directed mesally.

Epmglg_Postabdomep'(Figs. 68, 69).

Tergum.8 covered with sparse hairs on the mesal margins for
approximately .33X the width of the tergum, with the lateral margins
often irregular; tergum 8 represented by 2 or 3 hairs; sternite 8

3/5 to 4/5 the width of sternum 7 at its widest point.

2X22
The female holotype is from "Carolina" and is in the Paris Museum,

No. 195. The specimen has not been available for examination. The

type was examined by Aldrich (1931a).

Distributiop
California to Ontario and New Hampshire, south to Mexico and

Florida.

47

Adult Seasonal Activity
Late May through October in colder regions and early May to mid-
November where temperature permits, with the height of the season from

July through September. Probably l or 2 generations per year.

Remarks
This is the only species in A, (Nemochaeta) which has its

calypters smokyacolored.

Biology
As stated earlier (see p. 14) metallicus has a restricted host

record and would appear to be genus-specific (ie. Datana spp.). Datana
overwinters in the pupal stage (Baker, 1972) and would therefore allow
metallicus to overwinter as a 2nd or 3rd instar larva or puparium. For

a summary of known host records see Table I.

Arcgytas (Nemochaeta) aterrimus (RObineau-Desvoidy)

Jurinia aterrima Robineau—Desvoidy, 1830, (Paris) Inst. de France,
(Cl. des.) Sci. Math. et Phys., Acad. Roy. des Sci., Mem. presentes par
divers Savans (ser. 2) 2:35.

For a complete synonymy'see Sabrosky and Arnaud (1965).

General Appearance
Length 8-l7mm. Facial and parafacial pollen white to yellow;

parafrontal pollen concolorous with the parafacial pollen but
discontinuous allowing some of the base color (black) to Show through
and often approaching subshining; anterior half of frontal yellow to

orange, the posterior half dark orange to red; females usually with 3

48

frontal bristles below the apex of the ptilinal suture (Fig. 9). Thorax
subshining black to the naked eye, often sparse grayish pollen on
prescutellar and postscutellar areas, especially when viewed posteriorly.
Abdomen subshining reddish-brown to black and often with a metallic blue
tinge; male sternum 5 with postero-mesal margins serrulate to serrate

(Fig. 22).

Mags; Postabdomep (Figs. 33, 45).

. Epandrium as in Fig. 45; cerci concave postero-dorsally and
narrowed into a truncated ventral projection (Fig. 33); surstyli with
yellow, globose, distal articles and a proximal pair with their apices

pointed and directed mesally (Fig. 33).

Fimg_l_e_ Postabdomep (Figs. 64, 65).

Tergum 7 covered with Sparce hairs for at least . 5X the width of
the tergum with the lateral margins often irregular; tergum 8
represented by 2 hairs; sternum 8 approximately .8X the width of sternum

7 at its widest point.

23:22
The female holotype is from Carolina and is in the Museum Nationals

D'histoire Naturelle, Paris (No. 196). The type has been unavailable

for study.

Distribution
Manitoba to New Brunswick, south to Florida and Mexico. Isolated

Specimens have been taken from Arizona and southern California.

49

Adult Seasonal Activity
April to OctOber in colder regions; probably multivoltine where

temperature permits, with collection dates year round.

Remarks

Archytas aterrimus may be recognized by its subshining black thorax
and abdomen. The sparse thoracic pollen in postscutellar and scutellar
areas separates it from lateralis, which has prevalent pollen on the
thoracic notum.when viewed with the naked eye. The characters found in
the surstyli are variable, though the majority of the specimens examined
have a relatively Short apical projection with a prominent flange
(Fig. 36). A study of character variation in surstyli has shown that
differences are quite subtle in some cases. The thoracic pollen is
easily viewed and more discernible. Another closely related species is
instabilis which lacks basal articles of the surstyli (Fig. 34).
Females of aterrimus may be differentiated by the relatively large
tergum 7 with irregular lateral margins; tergum.7 in instabilis has
regular lateral margins (Fig. 67). A character easily viewed is the
width to length ratio of the abdomen as well as its shape. The abdomen

of aterrimus is generally'globose and wider than long.

Biology
The biology of aterrimus is at best, incomplete, although the data

from reared specimens (Ex. Heterocampa manteo) is given earlier (see

p. 13). Host records for aterrimus are summarized in Table I.

Arcgypas (Nemochaeta) instabilis Curran

Archyias instabilis Curran, 1928, Can. Ent. 60:203, 224.

50

General Appearance

Length 9—1lmm. Facial and parafacial pollen golden-yellow pollen,
allowing some of the base color (brown to black) to show through;
anterior half of frontal yellow to orange and darkening to reddish-
orange in the posterior half; females usually with 3 frontal bristles
below the apex of the ptilinal suture (Fig. 9). Thorax subshining black
to the naked eye, and often sparsely pollinose on prescutellar and
postscutellar areas, especially when viewed posteriorly; calypters white
to off-white. Abdomen subshining black and often with a metallic blue

tinge; male sternum 5 with posteroamesal margins serrulate (Fig. 24).

MAA2_Postabdomen (Figs. 34, 46).

Epandrium.as in Fig. 46; cerci convex postero-dorsally and narrowed
into an apically rounded ventral projection (Fig. 34); surstyli without
distal articles, the apex of the proximal pair with their apices pointed

and directed mesally (Fig. 34).

EppgAA’Postabdomqp (Figs. 66, 67).

Tergum.7 covered with sparse hairs over much of the tergum, more
sparsely so than aterrimus (Fig. 64), the lateral margins evenly convex;
tergum 8 represented by 3 hairs; sternum 8 approximately .6X the width

of sternum 7 at its widest point.

2222
The holotype male is from Hewitt, New Jersey, 18 June, 1904, and

is in the Canadian National Collection, No. 2828.

51

Distributiop
NEW JERSEY: Atco; waterloo. NEW YORK: Tuxedo; Keene Valley.
NORTH CAROLINA: Highlands. PENNSYLVANIA: Lehigh Gap. ONTARIO:

Lanrk Co.; Thunder Bay B'ch.

Adult Seasonal Activity

Early May through August. Probably 1 generation Per year.

Remarks

Arcgytas instabilis is the smallest Species within the North
American element of the genus (9-11mm) and can be recognized by the
absence of distal articles of the surstyli in the males. The abdomen
is longer than wide, contrasting with aterrimus which has distal
articles (males) and an abdomen which is somewhat globose and subequal
to wider than long.

Curran's character of pollinosity on the 3rd abdominal tergum
(2nd apparent) is of limited value based on examination of 1,200
specimens of aterrimus. Numerous Specimens have been examined which
possess pollen on the basal half or more of the 3rd abdominal tergum.in
aterrimus.

One specimen of instabilis was found to have aberrant cerci with
as prominent apical notch on the ventral projection. The label data is
as follows. Atco, New Jersey, 6.6.97, C. w. Johnson Collection and is
in the MMseum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University. Since only
1 Specimen of this form.was observed, and little is known of the

variation in instabilis, I choose not to name this variant at this time.

52

Biology

Nothing is known of the biology of instabilis, however, it is
possible that host records may be hidden in misidentifications of

aterrimus.

53

TABLE I
Host Records

Archytas analis auctorum

Ex. LASIOCAMPIDAE
Malacosoma californicum (Packard) (Thompson, 1943)
M. fragile (Stretch) (Thompson, 1943)
The above 2 species were more than likely parasitized by
A, lateralis)
NOCTUIDAE
Elaphria nucicolora Guenee (Thompson, 1943)
Leucania juncicola —Guenee (Thompson, 1943)
L.1atiuscu1a Herrich-Schaeffer (Thompson, 1943)
L. multilinea Walker (Thompson, 1943)
Peridroma saucia Hubner (Thompson, 1943)
Pseudaletia uni uncta (Haworth) (Thompson, 1943)

Spodoptera ornitho alli Guenee (Thompson, 1943)
raefica Grote (Thompson, 1943)

Archytas californiae (walker)

EX. NOCTUIDAE
Trichoplusia ni (Hubner) (Burriff and Davis, 1974; Metcalf and
Luckman, 197 57'
Spodoptera praefica Grote (Metcalf and Luckman, 1975)

Archytas apicifer (walker)

EX. NOCTUIDAE
Peridroma _s____aucia Hubner (Thompson, 1943)
Pseudaletia unipuncta (Haworth) (Burrell, 1967, Patton, 1958)
Spodoptera ornithogalli Guenee (Botrell, 1969)

Archytgs marmoratus (Townsend)

Ex. NOCTUIDME
Agrotis ypsilon Hufnagel (Thompson, 1943)
Heliothis virescens (Fab. ) (authors)
H. zea (Boddie) (authors)
Laphygmg frugiperda Abbot and Smith (Thompson, 1943)
Leucania latiuscula Herrich-Schaeffer (Thompson, 1943; Vickery,
192
Spodoptera_1atifascia Grote (Patton, 1958)
Pseudaletia_ unipuncta (Haworth) (Thompson, 1943)

Archytas aterrimus Robineau-Desvoidy

Ex. ARCTIIDAE
gycnia ternera Hubner (Thompson, 1943)
LASIOCAMPIDAE
Malacosoma americanum.(Fab.) (Thompson, 1943) (Probably parasitized
by A. lateralis .

54

 

MEGALOPYGIDAE
MegalOpyge crisgta Packard (Coquillett, 1897)
NOCTUIDAE

Acronicta interru ta Guenee (Coquillett, 1897)

A. ovata Grote (Coquillett, 1897)

Catocala neogama Abbot and Smith (Tho son, 1943)

Plathypena scabra Fab. (Thompson, 1943
NOTODONTIDAE

Cerura sp. (Coquillett, 1897)

Heterocampa manteo (Doubleday) (Surgeoner, 1975)

Archytas lateralis (Macquart)

Ex. LASIOCAMPIDAE
Malacosoma americanum (Fab.) (Patton, 1958)
M, californicum (Packard) (Stehr and Cook, 1968)
M. galifornicum lutescens (Neumoegen and Dyar) (Stehr and Cook,
19
M. californicum fragile (Stretch) (Stehr and Cook, 1968)
M. constrictum constrictum (Henry Edwards) (Stehr and Cook, 1968)

M, disstria Hubner (Ross, 1953)
M, incurvum incurvum (Henry Edwards) (Stehr and Cook, 1968)
NOCTUIDAE

Chloridea Westwood (=Heliothis Hubner or Raghuva Walker)(Townsend,

1942
Arclgflas metallicus (Robineau-Desvoidy)

Ex. NOTODONTIDAE
Datana an Sii Grote and Robinson (Thompson, 1943; personal
observation)
2. integerrima Grote and Roginson (Thompson, 1943; personal
observatiorD
_D_. ministra Drury (Thompson, 1943; personal ofiservation)
Q. ers icua Grote and Robinson Thom son, 19 3; personal
observation) p

Figs. 1-9.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.

Fig.

55

PLATE I

General morphological details of Archytas.

Head, frontal aspect.

Head, lateral aspect.

Thorax, dorsal aspect.

'Wing.

Male postabdomen (external), lateral aSpect.
Male postabdomen (internal), lateral aspect.
Female postabdomen, lateral aspect.

Female head, frontal aspect.

Female head, frontal aspect.

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57

PLATE II

Figs. 10-12. lst instar sensory structures.
Fig. 10. Pseudocephalon of Arcgy’pas apicifer (2000X).
Fig. 11. Dorsal aspect of 3rd abdominal tergum in Arcpytas
rufiventris (1000X).

Fig. 12. Caudal sensoria of Arcfls apicifer (5000K).

 

59

PLATE III

Fig. l3a—j. Cephalo-pharyngeal skeletons of first instar larvae.

 

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Fig.

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15.
16.
17.
18.

19.

61

PLATE IV

Male sternum 5, ventral aspect.

Arcgytgs californiae
A. apicifer

A. nivalis

A. plangens

A. marmoratus

A

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63

PLATE V

Figs. 20—25. Male sternum 5, ventral aspect.

Fig. 20.
Fig. 21.
Fig. 22.
Fig. 23.
Fig. 24.

Fig. 25.

Arc as nonamensis
A. convexiforceps
A. aterrimus

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27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33-
34.
35.
36.
37.

65

PLATE VI

Male postabdomen, posterior aspect.
Archytas californiae
A. apicifer
A. plangens
A. marmoratus
A, rufiventris
A. nonamensis
A, aterrimus
A, instabilis
A. metallicus
A. lateralis

A. convexiforceps

  
  
   
  
    

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67

PLATE VII

Figs. 38—49. Male postabdomen, lateral aspect.

Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.

Fig.

38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.

Arcpytas californiae

_. nivalis

 

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A
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A. marmoratus
A
A. nonamensis
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69

PLATE VIII

Figs. 50—55. Female postabdomen, lateral and posterior aspects.
Figs. 50—51. Archfias nivalis
Figs. 52-53. A. californiae

Figs. 54-55. A. rufiventris

  
   
        

   
  

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71

PLATE IX

Figs. 56-61. Female postabdomen, lateral and posterior aspects.
Figs. 56-57. Archytas Apicifer
Figs. 58-59. A. plangens

Figs. 60—61. A. marmoratus

 

 

 

73

PLATEX

Figs. 62-67. Female postabdomen, lateral and posterior aspects.
Figs. 62—63. Arch as nonamensis
Figs. 64-65. A. aterrimus

Figs. 66-67. A. instabilis

 

 

 

 

 

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75

PLATE XI

Figs. 68-73. Female postabdomen, lateral and posterior aspects.
Figs. 68-69. ArcAytas metallicus
Figs. 70-71. A. lateralis

Figs. 72-73. A, convexiforceps

      
     

             

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LITERATURE CITED

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1931b. Notes on Francis walker's types of North
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77

78

Greene, C. T. 1921. An illustrated synopsis of the puparia of 100
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Hughes, P. S. 1975. The Biology of Archytas marmoratus (Townsend).
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79

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80

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HICHIGQN STRTE UNIV. LIBRRRIES

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