A CRITICAL EVALUATIQN OF THE PACKAGING
0F CGMF‘ONENTS IN A KIT, FIRST AID,
$URVWAL CARE, INDIVIDUAL

Yhasia for I‘m that” M M. S.
MECHIGAIQ STATE UNIVERSITY
Fares? I... Neal
1962

€33,037

A CRITICAL EVALUATION
OF THE PACKAGING OF COMPONENTS IN A
KIT, FIRST AID, SURVIVAL CARE, INDIVIDUAL

By

Forest L. Neal

AN ABSTRACT OF A THESIS

Submitted to
Michigan State University
in partial fulfillment of the requirements
for the degree of

MASTER OF SCIENCE
School of Packaging

1962

Approved/<fi2::;fiy/:éa//7<;:zzx<:4,//4
/ / fir
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A CRITICAL EVALUATION
OF THE PACKAGING OF COMPONENTS IN A
KIT, FIRST AID, SURVIVAL CARE, INDIVIDUAL

This study was undertaken for the purpose of in-
vestigating the possibility of reducing the weight and
cube of one of the military first aid kits.

It was found that the size of the kit was largely
influenced by the containers used for the components.
Accordingly, the investigation was centered around the
packaging of the individual items making up the kit.

Various packaging materials were evaluated. A
selection of the most effective materials was made, con-
sidering such factors as conformance to the shape of the
items, toughness, temperature use range, moisture vapor
transmission rate, gas transmission rate, resistance to
acids, alkalies and grease, machineability, printability,
compatibility, and ease of opening.

The component items were repackaged in the materials
selected and a significant reduction in weight and cube was
obtained. It was found that weight of the components can
be reduced from 227 to 188.6 grams and the cube of the
components reduced from 44.4 to 35.1 cubic inches.

Changes in military procurement documents are
recommended in the study. These changes are essential,
providing industry with detailed packaging instructions

which will insure the minimum weight and cube utilization.

A CRITICAL EVALUATION
OF THE PACKAGING OF COMPONENTS IN A
KIT, FIRST AID, SURVIVAL CARE, INDIVIDUAL

BY

Forest L. Neal

A THESIS

Submitted to
Michigan State University
in partial fulfillment of the requirements
for the degree of

MASTER OF SCIENCE
School of Packaging

1962

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The writer wishes to express his appreciation for
the assistance and guidance extended to him by the follow-
ing members of the staff of the School of Packaging:

Dr. James W. Goff, Dr. Harold J. Raphael, and Mr. Hugh
E. Lockhart.

In addition he wishes to thank Colonel John H.
Trenholm, Medical Service Corps, U. S. Army, for being
the sounding board for ideas expressed by the writer.

Finally, the writer is grateful to his wife and
children for their patience and encouragement throughout

the pursuit of this work.

ii

Chapter

II.

III.

IV.

V,

TABLE OF CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION .

Background .
Description of ProtOtype First Aid Kit
Method of Evaluation . . . . .

MILITARY PACKAGING CCMPARED WITH COMMERCIAL
PACKAGING. . . .

The Product

Merchandising, Storage, Handling, .and
Distribution. . .

The Package and Its Components .

SELECTION OF PACKAGING MATERIALS .

Minimizing Weight and Cube .
Material Toughness .

Use Range . . . . . .
Printability and MaChineability.
Compatibility . . . . .

Ease of Opening. .
Selection of Packaging materials .

EVALUATION OF COMPONENT ITEM PACKAGING .

Item FSN, 6505-663-2636, Sodium Chloride,
Sodium Bicarbonate Mixture, 4.5 gm, 23.
Item FSN, 6510-597-7468, Bandage, Absor-
bent, Adhesive, 3/4 x 3 inches, 18 5
Item FSN 6510-201-7A55, Dressing, First
Aid, Individual Troop, 4 x 7 inches .
Item FSN 6510- 201- 1755, Bandage MUslin,
37 x 37 x 52 inches . . . .
Iteg (No FSN), Water Purification Tablets,
8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
PACKAGING FOR DISTRIBUTION .

Item FSN 6505-663-2636, Sodium Chloride,
Sodium Bicarbonate Mixture, 4. 5 gm. ,
2 s .

Item FSN 6510- 597- 7468, Bandage, AbSorbent,
Adhesive, 3/4 x 3 inches, 183 . . .

Item FSN 6510- 201- 7455, Dressing, First
Aid, Individual TrOOp, 4 x 7 inches .

iii

Page

(raw;

00

29
32
35
38
42
43

AA
A6
A8

Chapter Page

V. PACKAGING FOR DISTRIBUTION, cont.
Item FSN 6510— 201- I755, Bandage MUslin,
37 x 37 x 52 inches . . . 49
Item (No FSN), water Purification Tablets,
25 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
VI. CONCLUSIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
Component Packaging . . 52
Unit Packaging For Storage and Distribution 54
VII. RECOMMENDATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
Component Packaging . . 55

Unit Packaging for Storage and Distribution 56
BIBLIOGRAPHY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
APPENDIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65

iv

Table

LIST OF TABLES

Compatibility Test, Water Purification Tablets

Compatibility Test, water Purification Tablets
With Polyethylene, Foil, Kraft Lamination

Summary of Weight and Cube Data, Items Packaged

In Prototype Kit ...

Summary of Weight and Cube Data, Items Packaged
With PrOposed Changes . . . . . . . . . .

Weight and Cube Comparison, Large Interior Con-
tainer Contents . . . . . . . . . . . .

Weight and Cube Comparison, Small Interior Con-
tainer Contents . . . . . . . .

Weight and Cube Comparison, Total First Aid Kit
Contents . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Page
24

25

66

66

67

67

67

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
Figure
1. Prototype First Aid Kit . . . .

2. Heat Sealed Package With Notched Edge . .

3. Item FSN 6505- 663- 2636, Sodium Chloride, Sodium

Bicarbonate Mixture, 4. 5 gm. , 23

4. Item FSN 6510-597-7468, Bandage, Absorbent,
Adhesive, 3/L x 3 inches, 185 . . . .

5. Item FSN 6510-201-7455, Dressing, First Aid,
Individual Troop, 4 x 7 inches . . . . . .

6. Item FSN 6510- 201- 1755, Bandage, Muslin, 37 x
37 x 52 inches . . . . . . . . . . . .

7. Item (No FSN), water Purification Tablets .
8. First Aid Kit With Proposed Packaging Changes.
Size Comparison, Prototype First Aid Kit and

The First Aid Kit With Proposed Packaging
Changes . .

vi

Page

27

31

34

. 37

39
Al
57

69

CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
Background

Prior to the development of nuclear weapons, the
first aid kit for the individual soldier consisted of a
pressure bandage which was carried in a canvas case attached
to the individual's pistol belt. The bandage was considered
sufficient for emergency first aid type care for chest
wounds, gun shot wounds, lacerations, abrasions, and other
injuries eXperienced by the fighting man.

Under nuclear warfare coKditions, the individual
may experience radiation exposure, thermal and radiation
burns, accompanying shock, in addition to those injuries
incurred under conventional warfare situations. To pro-
vide for these hazards, Army Medical Service personnel con-
sidered that additional items were required for the indivi-
dual's first aid kit.

The requirement for the additional items for the
first aid kit was reviewed by the United States Seventh
Army, Europe, and the United States Continental Army Command.
Both commands recommended that a new first aid kit be deve-

loped to include items for use by nuclear type casualties.

The Armed Services Medical Materiel Coordination

1

Committee established a development project to develop the
first aid kit.1 This first aid kit was to consist of two
interior packets which would fit into an outer container of
such shape and size to permit attachment to the standard
pistol or rifle belt.

The smaller interior container was to contain:

One packet, first aid, field, brown dressing.
Six gauze, absorbent, adhesive, 1 x 3 inches.
Eight water purification tablets.

The larger interior container was to contain:

Three electrolyte salt packets.

One bandage, triangular, muslin.

One burn ointment, bland.

One packet, first aid, field, brown dressing.
Six gauze, absorbent, adhesive, 1 x 3 inches.
Sixteen water purification tablets.

In addition to the above components, the Armed
Services Medical Materiel Coordination Committee established
guide lines for the development of the kit. They were in
the form of military and essential characteristics, as

follows:

 

1Armed Services Medicgl Material Item Review Report,
Serial E681a, Subtask 6-59-04-049.102, 26 June 1957. Washing-
ton: Armed Services Medical Materiel Coordination Committee,

1957-

1. Shall be of such size and shape as to permit
attachment to standard pistol and rifle belts without
interfering with the wearer's efficient discharge of
duties under combat conditions.

2. Closure shall be such as to remain fastened
while carried by the soldier under field conditions,
yet capable of being easily opened by an injured
soldier.

3. Shall be of such size and shape to accommodate
the necessary components.

4. Shall contain two inner packets which shall be
waterproof and capable of protecting their contents
from extremes of temperature, dust, mildew, and
humidity.

5. Inner packets shall be made in such a manner
as to permit their easy and quick withdrawal.

6. Inner packets shall be capable of being easily
opened by an injured individual even when gloves
are worn.

7. The larger of the inner packets shall be
capable of being reclosed in such a manner as to
protect contents once the seal is broken.

8. Components shall be labeled so as to be
readily identifiable by individuals not familiar
with the Federal Item Identification.

9. The larger inner packet shall include direc-
tions as to the proper use of the components.2

Subsequently, a prototype of the first aid kit was

developed by the Medical Equipment Development Laboratory,

Fort Totten, Flushing, Long Island, New York.

The first aid kit was inspected by the author and it

was evident that a reduction in the cube of the first aid

kit could be attained through certain changes in the packaging

 

2Ibid.

of components. Accordingly, it is the evaluation of the com-

ponent packaging that is the subject of this thesis.
Description of Prototype Kit

The exterior container of the first aid kit consists
of a canvas pouch, approximately 8 x 2 x 5 inches, equipped
with fasteners for the pistol belt and a nylon friction type
closure. (Item A, Figure l.)

The larger interior container is made of a rigid
plastic material in a telescopic style. The exterior
dimensions of the larger container are 4 3/4 x 2 x 4 1/4
inches. (Item B, Figure l.)

The smaller interior container is a plastic bag
with a string tie closure. Approximate dimensions of the
smaller interior container are 3 x 2 x 4 1/4 inches. (Item C,
Figure 1.)

Individual items, with the exception of the water
purification tablets, are in unit packages used for distri-
bution as described in applicable federal and military
specifications. The water purification tables are in wax
coated strip type packages, develOped by the Quartermaster
Corps for this first aid kit.

Due to professional considerations, components of
the first aid kit were changed from the original listing.
The items in the prototype first aid kit are as follows:

1. Smaller Interior Container

One each-FSN 6510-201-7455, Dressing, First Aid, Field,

Figure 1
Prototype First Aid Kit

This photograph illustrates the various containers utilized
for the kit. "A" is the canvas pouch which holds the two
interior containers,£3and C. The pouch dimensions are

8 x 2 x 5 inches. "B" is the large interior container
fabricated in a telescopic style with dimensions of

4 3/A x 2 x 4 1/4 inches. "c" is the smaller interior
container which consists of a polyethylene bag with a
string tie closure. Dimensions of this container are

approximately 3 x 2 x 4 1/4 inches.

 

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PROTOTYPE KIT

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Individual Troop, A x 7 inches, "First Aid Packet."

One package-FSN 6510-597-7468, Bandage, Absorbent,
Adhesive, B/L x 3 inches, 183.

One strip-(No FSN) water Purification Tablets,
Iodine, 63.
2. Larger Interior Container

Two packages-FSN 6505-663-2636, Sodium Chloride,
Sodium Bicarbonate Nflxture, 4.5 gm., 23.

One package-FSN 6510-597-7468, Bandage, Absorbent,
Adhesive, B/L x 3 inches, 183.

One each-FSN 6510-201-7455, Dressing, First Aid,
Field, Individual TrDOp, 4 x 7 inches, "First Aid Packet."

One each-FSN 6510-201-1755, Bandage, Muslin, 37 x
37 x 52 inches.

Two strips(No FSN) Water Purification Tablets,
Iodine, 68.
A Specific description of the packaging of these items

will follow as each item is discussed.
Method of Evaluation

The overall size and weight of the first aid kit is
dependent upon the components. Accordingly, the first con-
centrated effort was eXpended on reviewing military and
federal specifications which prescribe the packaging of the
component items.

Commercial literature was then reviewed for the

possibility of there being materials, other than those

indicated in specifications, which might be applicable for
component packaging.

Where applicable, laboratory tests were performed to
determine the effectiveness of materials.

Components were then repackaged utilizing materials
which provides as much protection as the current packaging
and which reduces significantly the weight and cube of the

first aid kit.

CHAPTER II
MILITARY PACKAGING COMPARED WITH COMMERCIAL PACKAGING

For most of the items making up the stock list for
military medical materiel, there are similar commercial
items.3 Should a comparison of the items stocked at a local
surgical supply house or pharmacy be made with those stocked
in a military supply activity many identical items in both
activities would be observed. Further examination of the
commodities would reveal that the basic difference in
commerical and military medical items is in the packaging.
In commercial packaging of medical materiel, there is a
large diversity of package design with product identifica-
tion accomplished through use of proprietary names. In
military packaging of medical materiel, standardization of
packaging and utilization of chemical and generic terms
for identification of the products are common procedures.

DevelOpment of a package which is to contain a
military item has much in common with package development

for a commercial item. The techniques used are essentially

 

3Department of the Army, Department of the Army
Supply Manual, SM 8-03, Washington: Government Printing
Office, 1951, p. 2.

 

 

the same but in most instances the degree of protection
afforded the military item will be much greater than for
its commercial counter part.
There are three general areas to be considered in the
development of a package:4
1. The product.
2. Merchandising, storage, handling, and use factors.
3. The package and its components.
It is within these general areas that military and

commercial packaging will be compared.
The Product

Basic to both military and commercial packaging are
the characteristics of the product to be packaged. In this
area a full knowledge of the product and available packaging
materials is required. One of the most important considera-
tions for both military and commercial packaging is the
control of liquid moisture and water vapor. This is of
greater importance in military packaging because of the
additional length of time in storage and the greater potential

for eXposure to handling and climatic hazards.
Merchandising, Storage, Handling, and Use Factors

Merchandising. The greatest apparent difference in

 

military and commercial packaging falls within this classi-
fication. The design of the unit container in commercial

packaging must consider point-of-sale attractiveness. The

 

. 4"Package Design," Medern Packaginngncyclopedia, 1951,
Chilton Co., 1957. pp. 8-19.

 

10

commercial package today is considered a silent salesman
and much research is being done in color, container shape
and printing to make the package more attractive to the
consumer, thus stimulating his or her impulse to buy. This
consideration in many instances results in the use of a
container larger than that needed for basic protective
packaging of the item, more expensive material processing
because of the elaborate printing and design, and a possible
compromise in the choice of packaging materials to assure
the ultimate of sales appeal to the customer. These con-
siderations thus have a greater impact on weight and cube
requirements which in turn result in more storage space
and higher transportation requirements than would be the
case if the merchandising aspect received less emphasis.

Military packaging is primarly concerned with pro-
viding the desired protection at the least cost with mini-
mum weight and cube utilization. Sales appeal is not a
consideration. However, item protection, identification and
user utility are factors of concern in the development of
the military package.

Storage. Storage facilities for commercial products

5

may be classified as:

 

5Fredrick, John R., Using Public warehouses. Phila-
delphia: Chilton Co., 1957. pp. 8-19.

ll

1. General Merchandise Warehouses.

2. Cold Storage and Refrigerated Warehouses.

3. Special Commodity Warehouses.

These storage facilities may be public warehouses
or warehouses owned or leased by the manufacturer or dis-
tributor. They are designed to accommodate the in-storage
protection desired for commercial commodities. Storage time
for commercial commodities is in general relatively short
because of the desire of the seller to maximize profits
through high inventory turn-over.

Storage facilities for military products follow the
same type classification. In the United States, and at
fixed installations overseas, the protection provided by
the warehouses is essentially the same. However, the
quality of military storage facilities drastically changes
in overseas areas during hostilities. Military storage
facilities then become extremely limited. Material is
stored in abandoned buildings, under tents, covered with
tarpaulins, and in the open. Under these storage condi-
tions military material is exposed to extremes of climatic,
chemical, and biological deterioration forces. The lack of
adequate warehouses or improved storage facilities makes it
imperative that packaging of military material provide pro-
tection under the most unfavorable storage conditions.

The length of time in storage for large quantities of
military material exceeds that for commercial commodities.

A large percentage of military materiel is procured against

12

mobilization requirements. Because of this, the length of
time in storage for these items is indefinite. To assure
availability of medical materiel, for example, there have
been in storage since World War II large quantities of many
items which would be immediately required should a mobiliza-
tion of our forces be initiated. It is obvious that the
packaging for this long-term storage must provide a greater
degree of protection than that required for similar items

in the commercial distribution system.

Climatic Hazards. Commercial packaging, except for

 

those items to be eXported, is concerned with protection
against the climatic conditions existing in the United
States. These conditions are relatively severe in some
areas. For example, the Western desert has 5 to 10 inches
of rain per year and 300 days of sun and temperatures to
120° F, and the Northern states expa~ience temperature
drops to -30° F. in the winter? While these conditions are
severe, the material is stored and transported under
conditions which can be controlled and which are probably
the best in the world.

Military materiel on the other hand, may find itself
riding the deck of a ship in movement to an overseas desti-
nation, stored in the open on a beach, then moved by in-
digenous personnel to a distribution point where it receives

the only protection available, coverage by a tarpaulin.

 

6Greathouse, Glen A., and Wessel, Carl J., Deterior-
ation 2; Materials. New York: Reinhold Publishing Co.,

1951+, pp' 3‘69-

 

 

13

At the destination storage area climatic conditions
may be severe. Should the materiel be in a tropical rain-
forest area, it would be subjected to an environment charac-
terized by an average temperature between 80° F and 85° F.,
and abundant rainfall with continual high relative humidity.7
This environment is the optimum or near optimum for
flourishing microbial life as well as that required for
extreme metal corrosion reactions. An example of this
environment is presented by Greathouse and Wessel8 in their
description of deciduous forest areas in the Philippines
being practically free of leaf mold owing to microbial
action keeping the mold reduced to slime.

Should the materiel be in extremely dry climate
areas, the desert regions, it would be subjected to an
environment characterized by the situation where the evapor-
ation exceeds precipitation.9 Problems in the desert result
from high day temperatures, ultraviolet radiations, dust
and sand combined with sudden violent winds, and large
daily temperature fluctuations. Greathouse and Wessel also
report temperatures of black finished objects reaching
200° F., when the equipment was in operation. Increases in

chemical reactions and heat aging of equipment are common

 

7Ibid., pp. 55-60.
81bid., p. 56.
91bid., pp. 61-62.

14

in the desert areas. Meisture and fungus problems are
rare, although termites which nest well below the surface
have been found in extremely dry climate areas.lO

Should the materiel be in an extremely cold climate
area, it would be subjected to changes in physical and
mechanical properties due to the cold rather than actual
destruction of the materials by other components of the
climate. Moisture control in this environment is extremely
important beCause condensation occurs when cold equipment
is brought into a warm enclosure or by personnel breathing
on light and delicate equipment. This condensation can
contribute to corrosion. Many plastics loose their desirable
characteristics in extremely cold areas. Accordingly,
care should be exercised in the selection of films for
military packaging. Mildew and insect problems are rare in
extremely cold areas.ll

Because of the possibility that military forces may
be committed in these areas of extreme climatic conditions,
military packaging must be of the quality that will protect
materiel against the extremes of deterioration forces found
in these varied environments.

Handling_and Shipping Hazards. In the distribution

 

system in the United States, the handling and shipping hazards

 

lOIbid., pp. 62.
llIbid., pp. 62:64.

15

are essentially the same for military and commercial
materiel. Both military and commercial materiel move
through similar distribution, transportation and handling
systems. Accordingly, packaging for immediate consumption
or for a short storage period may be essentially the same
for military and commercial requirements. But military
materiel is not, for most items, procured for intended
use in this country. Therefore it must be packaged for
protection against hazards that exist anywhere in the world.
Shipping and handling hazards can be most severe
and are associated with mechanical damage to the items or
containers. In general, the shipping and handling hazards
are impact, shock, vibration, and forces which crush or
distort. Shipping and handling hazards are intensified
by climatic conditions, with moisture being the most sig-
nificant factor to the mechanical failure of a package.
From personal observations the author has seen
dunnage being ripped from a freight car door by the forks
of a lift truck, allowing the materiel to fall from 8 to
10 feet onto a hard stand; cargo being unloaded from a ship
by cargo net where one end of the net is loosened and the
cargo tumbles onto the dock; stock handlers dropping items
from approximately 3 feet to the ground; and material
falling from the tail gate of a truck to the ground. Because
of the extensive use of indigenous personnel and facilities
provided by host countries, these are normal hazards encoun-

tered by military shipments. Such hazards must be considered

16

when the military package is being designed.

Protection against pilferage and tampering is also of
greater importance in military packaging because of the
greater eXposure in the world wide distribution of military
materiel.

Use Factors. In commercial packaging, as has been

 

previously discussed, much effort has gone into making the
package attractive for stimulation of the impulse to buy.

In many instances useless gadgetry is included in the package
design. In these areas, the container size is increased
considerably. Such cost and size luxuries have little

place in military packaging.

Another factor which affects the quality of the
package is the availability of replacement items to the user.
For the commercial product, there usually is available a
replacement from the store where the item was initially
purchased. Or, in the United States, a replacement may be
obtained from any place in the United States and be moved
to any other place in the United States within a few hours
by Air Freight or by some other premium means of transporta-
tion. Replacement of the military item may not be so
simple.

The military item may have been transported by train
and truck across the United States, moved by ship to Korea,
and moved again by train and truck to an outpost in the
mountains. At some point it is transferred to the back of

a man who carries it to the unit where it is later distributed

17

to the individual who will use the item. The transportation
line may be over 5,000 miles, with many potential hazards
for the item in route. It is essential that when the indi-
vidual opens the package he finds the desired item in a

servicable condition for immediate use.
The Package and Its Components

For the life saving items to be carried by the
individual soldier, a package which contains the wrong item,
or the right item in a deteriorated condition, may result
in the death of an injured soldier needing the item in an
emergency. Getting an immediate replacement life saving
item under battle field conditions may not be accomplished
in time to save the life of the injured individual.

To assure that the above situation does not occur,
packaging of military first aid items requires positive
identification and the ultimate of protection against the
hazards of distribution and the wear and tear given the
containers when carried on the pistol belts of soldiers.

The packaging must provide protection for the items when the
soldier is wading swamps in the jungle, in a snow bank in
the Artie, in the sand storms and intense heat of the desert,
or when he is crawling through the rugged terrain on a moun-
tain side.

0f significant importance is the ease of opening
of the container. Because the soldier may be alone when

injured, each first aid item must be readily accessable to

l8

him even though he has limited use of his hands and has

no cutting or puncturing tools for opening containers.

CHAPTER III
SELECTION OF PACKAGING MATERIALS

The various mechanical and climatic hazards to which
the items in the first aid kit may be eXposed were discussed
in the previous chapter. With these hazards in mind, the
following prerequisites were established for materials to
be used for component packaging:

1. The material should conform to the shape of the
item to be packaged so as to minimize the weight and cube.

2. The material should be strong enough to provide
protection for the item against mechanical hazards that may
be encountered.

3. The material must have a wide temperature use
range, from ~40° F. to +120° F.

A. The material must have a low moisture vapor
transmission rate.

5. For the Sodium Chloide, Sodium Bicarbonate
Mixture, and the water Purification Tablets, the material
must have a low gas transmission rate.

6. The material must be resistant to acids, alkalies,
and grease.“

7. The material must have good machineability.

8. The material must have good printability or be

transparent for item identification and user instructions.

19

20

9. The material must be compatible with the item
being packaged. There should be no chemical reaction.

10. The material must be such that the container can
easily be Opened with the hands.

Against these prerequisites, commercially available
packaging materials were evaluated for possible use. The
best summary of the qualities of the various packaging

materials was found in the Modern Packaging Encyclopedia.12
Minimizing Weight and Cube

As will be discussed in Chapter IV, several items
in the first aid kit are packaged in chipboard cartons and
fiber board sleeves. These containers do not conform to the
shape of the items. As a result, the packages are larger than
they would have been had flexible materials been used for
the containers. Accordingly, cartons should be eliminated
from consideration as suitable unit containers for components
of the first aid kit. Weight and cube savings are presented
as the packaging of each component item is discussed in the

following chapter.
Material Strength

The first aid kit will be carried on the pistol belt

of the soldier and the components will be subjected to a

 

12"Properties of Packaging Films." MOdern Packaging
Encyclopedia, 1962, Vol. 35, No. 3A.

 

21

significant amount of punishment. It will eXperience violent
impacts, tensile and compressive forces as it comes in con-
tact with the ground, vehicles, weapons, etc. To protect the
contents, the packaging materials should be very strong.

Because of the low resistance to impact, the following
materials can be eliminated from consideration:

High density polyethylene

Cellulose acetate

Polystyrene

In addition, the chipboard cartons readily absorb
moisture and fail upon exposure to high humidity environments.
Because of this, their resistance to mechanical hazards is

limited.
Temperature Use Range

The first aid kit may go with the soldier to various
stations in the world where extremes in temperature are
experienced. Therefore protection for the items should be
provided for environments where the temperature may be from
-40° F. to +120° F. 1

Because the following materials become brittle at
subzero temperatures, they also can be eliminated from con-
sideration as packaging materials for the component items:

Cellophane

Cellulose acetate

22
{oisture Vapor and Gas Transmission

For the Sodium Chloride, Sodium Bicarbonate Nuxture
and the Water Purification Tablets, protection against mois-
ture, vapor and gas transmission is critical. To provide
the maximum protection in this area a lamination which in-
cludes aluminum foil is essential.

For the bandages, gas transmission is not critical.
The bandages can be protected against moisture and vapor by
using a flexible barrier material which has a low moisture
vapor transmission rate.

Materials which have relatively high moisture vapor
transmission rates and are unacceptable for component
packaging are:

Cellulose acetate

Polystyrene

Polyvinylchloride

Uncoated Paper
Resistance to Acids, Alkalies, and Greases

Because of the unknown environment to which the com-
ponents of the first aid kit may be eXposed, the items should
be protected against damage from acids, alkalies, and
greases.

The materials which should be eliminated from consi-
deration because of their low resistance to these contami-

nants are:

23

Cellophane
Cellulose acetate

Polyvinylidene chloride
Printability and Machineability

Printability and machineability of the flexible

barrier materials presents no problem.
Compatibility

The only items in the first aid kit that presents a
compatibility problem are the water Purification Tablets.

To evaluate the compatibility of different materials
which might possibly be used as a container or as a laminate
with aluminum foil, the water purification tablets were
exposed to the materials for 30 days in an oven at 45° C.
The test was accomplished in both wet and dry environments.

The wet environment condition consisted of 25 m1 of
distilled water in a sealed weighing bottle which also con-
tained one water purification tablet and a weighed sample of
the packaging material under consideration.

The dry environment consisted of one water purifica-
tion tablet and a weighed sample of the packaging material
under consideration in a dry sealed weighing bottle.

The purpose of the test was to obtain information
regarding changes in characteristics of the packaging materials
when exposed to the tablets in a controlled condition. The

oven was used for the purpose of speeding up any reaction that

2A

would take place. Following in Table I, are the results of

the observations.

Table l

COMPATIBILITY TEST
WATER PURIFICATION TABLETS
3O DAYS AT h5° C

Material Initial Color Final Weight
Weight Change Dry Ex osure
(gm) (gm
Pliofilm .0395 To dark .0396
brown
Pliofilm .311 To light
yellow/
brown
Polyvinyl .0512 To pale .0518
Chloride yellow
Polyvinyl .0510 To pale
Chloride yellow
Saran .0459 To pale .Oh55
yellow
Saran .0A36 To pale
yellow
Polyethylene .0798 To very .0798
slight
yellow
cast

Polyethylene .0650 To very
light
brown

Final Weight
Wet Exposure

(em

.0325

.0526

.0494

.0658

From Table 1, it can be seen that polyethylene was

the most compatible material for the Water Purification

Tablets.

The Water Purification Tablets were then packaged in

a polyethylene-foil-kraft laminated strip type package for

25

further observation. The strip pack was subjected to a 15
day conditioning in an oven at 45° 0. Following in Table

II are the results of the compatibility test.

TABLE II

COMPATIBILITY TEST
WATER PURIFICATION TABLETS WITH
POLYETHYLENE-FOIL-KRAFT LAMINATION
15 DAYS AT h5°.C

BEGINNING FINAL WEIGHT WEIGHT LOSS

TABLET WEIGHT (gm) (gm)
(gm)
.1160 .1152 .0008
.1133 .1120 .0013
.1107 .1093 .0014
.1111 .1103 .0008
.1076 .1061 .0015
.1137 .1124 .0013
.1150 .1135 .0015
T7875 7788 70036

As can be seen in Table II, there was an average of
slightly over 1% loss in Weight of the water Purification

Tables during the 15 day period.
EASE 0F OPENING

0f utmost importance in the packaging of the first
aid kit components is that the items must be readily
accessable to the user. When heat sealed flexible materials

are used, the package must be easily opened. To evaluate

26

this property, sample heat sealed bags were fabricated
from:

A mil polyethylene

2 mil polyethylene

Mylar-polyethylene lamination

Kraft-polyethylene lamination

Kraft-foil-polyethylene lamination

0f the above, the polyethylene bags were the most
difficult to tear open. It is the opinion of the author
that the 4 mil polyethylene bag could not be opened by an
injured individual without the aid of a cutting or punc-
turing instrument.

The 2 mil polyethylene bag was also difficult to
tear. However, when the edge was notched the container
could be torn but the tear was not straight.

The mylar-polyethylene bag was also difficult to
tear. However, when the bag was notched the container could
be opened with ease.

Polyethylene laminated to kraft, and kraft and
foil were the least difficult to tear before the bag edge
was notched.

All of the above materials were found to tear
easier when the edge of the material was notched. This
improvement in tearing of the polyethylene however was
slight. The mylar-polyethylene bag was easiest to open after
notching. In addition, the tear was straight across the

web which is an important factor when all of the package

27

contents are not to be utilized immediately.

An illustration of a bag with the notched web is

shown in Figure II.

FIGURE 2

HEAT SEALED PACKAGE WITH
NOTCHED EDGE

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

HEAT
ZJ/FIT/lLf/[f/T/F SEAL
/ l
/ /
/ /
/ / NOTCHED
J/l/l/J/IF/I/7/jl/ EDGE

 

 

5?

 

Selection of Packaging Materials

After considering the qualities of the various
packaging materials, the following laminated materials were
selected as the most effective for packaging of components
of the first aid kit:

Kraft-foil-polyethylene for the Sodium Chloride,
Sodium Bicarbonate Mixture and the water Purification Tablets.

Mylar-polyethylene for the bandages.

The kraft-foil-polyethylene lamination is a tough
package, is heat sealable and has a low moisture-vapor-gas
transmission rate. The material is stable over a wide

temperature range.

28

The mylar-polyethylene lamination is a tough pack-
aging material, is heat sealable and has a low moisture
vapor transmission rate. It is also stable over a wide
temperature range. The material is sufficiently flexible
to permit the heat sealed edges to be folded over the edge
of the package, conforming to the shape of the item, thus
minimizing the cube.

The two interior containers must be reusable, pro-
vide physical protection to the items and must be waterproof.
For this purpose, medium density,40 mil polyethylene,
injection molded, telescopic style containers have been

selected. The closure can be accomplished by pressure

sensitive tape. \

CHAPTER IV
EVALUATION OF COMPONENT ITEM PACKAGING

In this chapter the packaging of each item, as set
forth in applicable specifications, is described. Defici-
encies in these packaging specifications are pointed out
along with potential packaging changes which could result
in a decrease in weight and cube requirements for the
items.

Item FSN 6505-663-2636, Sodium Chloride, Sodium Bicarbonate
Mixture, A.5 gm., 25:

Packaging for the above item is specified in Military
Medical Purchase Description No. A, 2 July 1961.13

The purchase description specifies that the mixture
shall be filled in envelopes fabricated of waterproof,
vaporproof, flexible barrier material which meets the
requirements of Mil-B-lBl. The barrier material for this
purpose is a lamination of kraft paper and aluminum foil with
a polyethylene lining for heat sealing. (Item B, Figure 3)

The purchase description also specifies that, "two

of these envelopes shall be placed in a 'protector,' which

 

13Military Medical Supply Agency. Milita_y Medical
Purchase Description No. A, 3 July 1961, 6505- 663- 2636,
Sodium Chloride, Sodium Bicarbonate Mixture, A. 5 g_,,
Brooklyn, N. Y. Military Medical Supply Agency, 1961.

 

 

 

 

23.

 

 

29

30

shall be fabricated from 25 point natural sulfate fiber
kraft board with an average Mullen bursting strength of
not less than 175 pounds." The exterior and interior faces
of the fiberboard shall be calandered to permit printing
as required and shall be treated with a clear lacquer or
other material for resistance to moisture. The protector
shall be die cut and scored to size and design as shown

on Military Medical Supply Agency drawing No. 2000. C10-
sure of the protector shall be by pressure sensitive tape.
(Item A, Figure 3)

Dimensions of the unit package are 3 B/A x 2 3/16 x
5/8 inches, or 5.1 cubic inches.

Weight of the unit package is 18.8 grams.

Dimensions of the two envelopes, without protector,
are 3 5/8 x 2 x 1/2 inches, or 3.6 cubic inches.

Weight of the two enve10pes, without protector, is
13.1 grams.

As previously stated, two units of this item are
packaged in the large interior container of the first aid
kits. One of the purposes of this interior container is
to provide physical protection to the contents. With this
protection provided, the fiberboard protectors may be
eliminated without compromising the physical protection of
the mixture. Essential protection from vapor, gas, and
moisture is provided by the barrier material from which the

envelopes are fabricated.

“31
~ Figure 3

Item FSN 6505-663-2636, Sodium Chloride, Sodium
Bicarbonate Nthure, 4.5 gm, 25.

Illustration "A" depicts the two envelopes of the
mixture being contained by a fiber board sleeve. The
sleeve is secured by pressure sensitive tape. Dimensions
of the sleeve are 3 3/4 x 2 3/16 x 5/8 inches. I

Illustration ”B" depicts the two envelopes which
are contained in the sleeve. The envelopes are fabricated
from a lamination of Kraft, aluminum foil and polyethylene.

Dimensions of the two envelopes are 3 5/8 x 2 x 1/2 inches.

 

I .“ ..- ‘TY .
xz’g’lfli-IILIMIW’IL'“ II "it 1‘ H u .

 

 

32

Elimination of the protectors will reduce both
weight and cube of the item by 30%, or 11.4 grams, and 3

cubic inches.

Item FSN 6510-597-7468, Bandage, Absorbent, Adhesive, 3/L x
3 inches, 183:

Packaging for the above item is specified in
Military Medical Purchase Description No. 3, 20 August
1959,14 and Federal Specification, DDD-B-35, 26 February,
1957.15 '

The above specifications specify that 18 bandages
shall be packaged in a size 1 carton conforming to Military
Specification, Mil-B-l6152. The carton is Fabricated from
chip board with exterior dimensions of 4 x 2 1/4 x 5/8
inches, or 5.6 cubic inches. Weight of the cartoned item
is 32.2 grams. (Item A, Figure 4)

Bandages supplied by Johnson and Johnson, Bauer
and Black, were used for samples. The individual Johnson
and Johnson bandage measured 3 5/16 x 7/8 x 1/6 inches each.
Eighteen of the bandages without the carton, and in a posi-
tion for bag packaging, measured 3 5/16 x 1 3/4 x 7/16

inches. The individual Bauer and Black bandage measured

 

l“Military Medical Supply Agency. Military Medical
Purchase Description No. 3, 20 August 1959, 6510- 597- 74687
Bandage, Absorbent, Adhesive, 314 x 3 inches, 18—. Brooklyn,
N. Y.: Military Medical Supply Agency, 1959.

 

 

 

 

15Military Medical Supply Agency. Federal Specifica-
tion, DDD- B- 35, Bandag_, Absorbent, Adhesive, 23 December
1958. Washington: Government Printing Office, 1958.

 

 

33

3 3/L x 1 1/4 x 1/16 inches each. Eighteen of the Bauer and
Black bandages without the carton, and in a position for
bag packaging, measured 3 3/4 x 2 1/2 x 7/16 inches.

The size of the packages differ because of the
difference in materials and packaging techniques used by the
manufacturers. The Bauer and Black paper overwrap is 3/4
inch longer and 1/2 inch wider than the individual packaged
bandage.

Two packages of the bandages are contained in the
first aid kit, one in the larger and one in the smaller
interior compartments.

There is a gross waste of space in placing the
carton-packaged bandages in each of the containers.

Physical protection provided by the carton is not needed
because this function is accomplished by the two interior
containers of the first aid kit. Protection from moisture
is accomplished by the individual bandage wrappers.

By packaging the bandages in a bag fabricated from
a flexible material, the package dimensions can be reduced
to 3 3/4 x 1 3/4 x 7/16 inches, or 2.9 cubic inches. This
is a reduction of 2.7 cubic inches for each package of
bandages, or, 5.4 cubic inches for both packages in the
first aid kit. See Item B, Figure 4. There will also be
an accompanying weight reduction of approximately 10 grams
for each package, depending on the material used for the bag.

Packaging of this item into bags instead of cartons

will reduce both weight and cube of the bandage package by

 

34
Figure 4

Item FSN 6510-597-7A68, Bandage, Absorbent, Adhesivdi
3/4 x 3 inches, 188.

Illustration "A" depicts the carton which is currentw
used as the container for the 18 bandages. Dimensionsof
the carton are 4 x 2 1/4 x 5/8 inches.

Illustration "B" depicts the 18 bandages packaged
in a bag fabricated from a mylor polyethylene lamination.
Dimensions of the bag are 3 3/4 x 1 3/4 x 7/16 inches.

The bag is notched a; the lower right corner to

facilitate Opening.

 

..1

 
    
 

IN CARTON  E:
‘2'"

Lew—an I“
\%£ 8’31“ «I ,

IN MYLAR POLYETHYLENE BAG
‘I’m _.: . 65IO 597 7468

 

   
      
 
   
 

  

COMPONENT RACKAGING

VIII aIn I I'IuIIIy'IgIIH I,, awn
3‘ 2:

 

 

I g
I I
I I
l .I

 

35
55% and 30% respectively.

Item FSN 6510-201-7455, Dressing, First Aid, Field, Indivi-~
dual TrOOp, 4 x 7 inches, "First Aid Packet":

Packaging for the above item is specified in Mali-
tary Medical Purchase Description No. 8, 1 September
1959,16 and Military Specification Mil-D-1514lb, 10
November 1958.17

The above publications specify that each wrapped
and sterilized dressing shall be packaged in a bag fabrica-
ted of polyethylene tubing having an average wall thickness
of 0.004 inch. Excess air shall be expelled and the
closure of the bag shall be effected by a heat seal. The
sealed bag shall be further packaged in a size 2 carton
designated in Mil-B-l6152, which is further packaged in a
double slide carton fabricated of 25 point solid kraft
board which has been coated with resin free wax for water-
proofing. (Item A, Figure 5)

The two bandages in the prototype first aid kit
were evidently purchased prior to the current military speci-
fication because they were wrapped in paper and packaged

in a heat sealed moisture-vaporproof bag fabricated of

 

16Military Medical Supply Agency. Nfilitary Medical
Purchase Description NO. 8, l Sgptember 1959, 6510-201-7455,
Dressing, First Aid,_Field, Individual Troop3 h x 7 inches.

17Military Medical Supply Agency. Militagy Specifi-
cation, Mil-D-1514lb, DressingigFirst Aid and Individual Troop,
ngouflaged, 10 November 1958. Washington: Government
Printing Office, 1938i

 

36

kraft paper laminated to aluminum foil, with a polyethy-
lene lining, of the Mil-B-l3l type. Cartons had been
removed prior to placing the bandages in each of the in-
terior containers. (Item B, Figure 5)

Dimensions of the bandages, without unit cartons,
are 3 3/A x 2 x 1 inches, or 7.5 cubic inches. Weight of
the bandages, without unit cartons, is 31.6 grams. Total
weight of the two bandages is 63.2 grams, total cube is
15 cubic inches.

In using the flexible barrier material for the
packaging of the bandages, no further significant weight
and cube reductions can be attained. The bandages have
been compression packaged and the bag edges have been
folded to the contour of the bandage.

As has been previously cited, the current specifi-
cation requires that each wrapped bandage shall be packaged
in a bag fabricated of 0.004 inch polyethylene. This
material will provide excellent protection against moisture,
dirt, etc. However, an injured person without a cutting or
puncturing instrument would have extreme difficulty in
opening the bandage package, because of the high tear
resistance of this thickness of polyethylene. There are
four different field dressings procured under Nul-D-l5l4lb,
and each is required to be packaged in the 0.004 inch
polyethylene bag. From a cost and protection standpoint,
this is a fine package in that it is effective in protecting

economically the contents through storage and distribution

 

37
Figure 5

Item FSN 6510-201-7455, Dressing, First Aid, Indi-
vidual Troop, 4 x 7 inches.

Illustration "A" depicts the Dressing packaged in
a double slide carton. This package is currently carried
in a canvas pouch by the individual soldier. Dimensions
are 4 x 2 1/8 x 1 1/8 inches.

Illustration "B" depicts the dressing packaged in
a bag fabricated from a lamination of Kraft, aluminum
foil and polyethylene. This package is inserted in the
double slide carton. Dimensions are 3 3/4 x 2 x 1 inches.

Illustration "C" depicts the dressing packaged in
a bag fabricated from a lamination of mylar and polyethy-

lene. Dimensions are 3 3/4 x 2 x 1 inches.

‘- .mw‘ __fi_—.__'_ 1

 

 

62.3.on ezmzoasoe __

 

w... . 83.18-28

.‘ >

1. ”Fr
WW o<m mzmfixemfioa

oam miner-1558.54»: 2. 9.14536... 2.

20.5123 mafim mquOQ z.

or ..‘I

.. cu... 0.. ..
_.\ .. hi

firmer-mats..- ...... 1.430.202. .mde J<>_>m3m .o_< Emmi ”Ev.

'(

-0:

 

38

channels until it reaches the user. Here, from a user
standpoint, the injured soldier in the field, the polye-
thylene bag is not satisfactory because it cannot be
easily Opened.

The desired protection can be obtained and the
opening difficulty overcome by using polyethylene in a
lamination with other materials, such as kraft-foil-poly-
ethylene, kraft-polyethylene, or mylar-polyethylene. A
bandage packaged in a mylar-polyethylene bag is illustrated

in Figure 5, Item 0.
Item FSN 6510-201-1755, Bandage, Muslin, 37 x 37 x 52 Inches:

Packaging for the above item is specified in Military
Medical Purchase Description No. 7, 5 June 1961,18 and
Federal Specification, DDD-B-85, 23 December 1958.19

The above publications Specify that each compressed
bandage, with two safety pins placed in the fold of the
bandage, shall be packaged in a bag fabricated of polyethy-
lene tubing having an average wall thickness of 0.004 inch.
Excess air shall be expelled and the closure Of the bag
effected by heat sealing. The sealed bag is further pac-

kaged in a size 1 carton designated in Nfil-B-l6152, except

 

18Military Medical Supply Agenc . Nfilitary Medical
Purchase Description NO. 7, 5 June 1961;6510-201-1755, Band-.
£893 MUSlinn 37 x 37 x352 inches, Brooklyn, N.Y.: MIlitary
Medical Supply Agency, 196‘.

 

19Military Medical Supply Agency. Federal Specifigg-
tion, DDD-B—85, Bandage, Muslin, 37 x 37_x 52 inches, 23
December 1958. washington: Government Printing Offlce, 1958.

 

 

39

Item FSN 6510-201-1755, Bandage, Muslin, 37 x 37 x
52 inches.

Illustration "A" depicts the carton which is
currently used on the container for the bandage. Dimen-
sions of the carton are 4 1/8 x 2 1/8 x 3/4 inches.

Illustration "B" depicts the bandage in a scaled
polyethylene bag. Note that there is no item identification
on the bag. Dimensions of this package are 3 3/4 x 2 x
3/L inches.

Illustration ”C" depicts the bandage packaged in a
bag fabricated from a lamination of mylar and polyethy-
lene. Identification and user instruction are on paper

which has been inserted in the bag prior to heat sealing.

 

 

 

 

nmtISNIo .mw .

29291:: me SO 1:3. .

.wmdu .._<>_>m_3m ..94 ...mm.... 9.x

4430—202—

 

40

that the width shall not exceed 3/4 inch. (Item A,

Figure 6) There is no requirement in the purchase des-
cription or Specification for marking the polyethylene bag
or for using an identification insert for the package.

Unit identification is Specified for the carton only. When
the bag is separated from the carton, identification is
lost. This is unsatisfactory from a user point of view.
(Item B, Figure 6)

Exterior dimensions of the carton are 4 1/8 x 2 1/8 x
3/4 inches, or 6.2 cubic inches. Weight of the unit is
52.8 grams. Weight of the empty carton is 7.0 grams.

Elimination of the carton from the packaging of the
bandage, for use in the first aid kit, will reduce the
item size to 3 3/4 x 2 x 3/4 inches, or 5.6 cubic inches,
and will reduce the weight by 7.0 grams. The bandage will,
however, require identification marking. (Item C, Figure
6) Elimination of the carton will provide a 14% reduction
in weight of the bandage package and a 9% reduction in the
cube.

The polyethylene bag prescribed in the specification
is an excellent package from a distribution standpoint.
However, from a user point of view, the bag is unsatisfac-
tory because of Opening difficulties, as described in the
packaging of the previous item. Again, opening of the package
can be facilitated by using a lamination of polyethylene
INith other materials and by notching one of the heat sealed

edges of the bag as is illustrated in figure II.

 

41
Figure 7
Water Purification Tablets

Illustration "A" depicts the package which has been
folded for insertion into the first aid kit.

Illustration "B" depicts identification and user
instructions which are on a label.

Illustration "C" depicts the strip pack. Each
tablet is sealed in a one square inch area of the material.
The dark color is due to the package having been dipped
in wax. Dimensions of the package are 3 1/4 x 1 1/8 x

1/8 inches.

 

 

42
Item (NO FSN), Water Purification Tablets, 65:

No specification or purchase description is avail-
able for this item in that it is a newly developed item,
designed for use in the prototype first aid kit.

Each tablet is heat sealed in a strip pack-type
package with an area of 1 square inch required for each
tablet. The interior lamination of the strip appears to
be cellOphane. In addition, the strip has been dipped in
wax. (Figure 7) Identification marking and instructions
for use are printed on a label which is attached to the
end of the strip by pressure sensitive tape.

Dimensions of each strip pack, which is folded in
the center, after the third tablet, are 3 1/4 x 1 1/8 x
1/8 inch, or 0.5 cubic inch. Each strip weighs 3.0 grams.
Total‘cube for the three packages in the kit is 1.5 cubic
inches, the total weight is 9.0 grams.

While this package may provide adequate protection
to the tablets production difficulties may be eXperienced
because current strip packaging machinery used by industry
does not include a system for wax dip after the heat seal

is made.

CHAPTER V
PACKAGING FOR DISTRIBUTION

The previous chapter was primarly concerned with
packaging of components for use only in the First Aid
Kit, Survival, Individual Care. Such considerations can-
not stand alone because of other uses of the items. A
review of the catalog for medical material revealed the
items contained in the first aid kit are also used as
components for over 29 other kits, sets, and outfits,20
and as end items. Accordingly, consideration must be given
in the package design for protection and identification
of the items during the distribution process. The package
must provide protection through multiple handlings by
personnel throughout the supply system, protection from
the mechanical and chemical damage associated with trans-
portation. Because the areas in the world where the pro-
duct will be used are unknown at the time of procurement,
packaging must also provide for protection in extremely

cold, dry, hot, humid environments.

 

20Department of the Army. Dppartment of the Army
Suppiy Manual,8-4-C3-l3, June 1963. Brooklyn, N.Y.:
Military Medical Supply Agency, 1961.

43

44

At the same time consideration must be given to reduction
to the weight and cube of each item so that economies in
storage space and tranSportation can be realized. Ability
of industry to package on a mass basis must also be consi-
dered because of the high war time requirements for these
life saving items. High speed machinery must be available
to efficiently and economically accomplish the packaging
operations.

With these considerations in mind the following changes
are indicated in the packaging specifications and purchase
descriptions for the component items. Specific paragraph
changes in these documents which are required for imple-
mentation Of the recommendations in this thesis are contained

in Chapter VII.

Item FSN 6505-6632636, Sodium Chloride, Sodium Bicarbonate

Mixture, 4.5 gm., 2s:

The physical protection for this item through storage,
handling, and transportation activities is provided pri-
marily by the intermediate package, a 0.040 inch thick
paperboard carton. When the item is received by the user
it normally carried in first aid kits, sets and outfits.
Physical protection in these cases is accomplished by the
containers for the kits, sets, and outfits. Therefore the
"protector" is not needed. The primary function of the
protector then becomes a device for holding the two envelopes

together, providing for the unit of issue, namely two

45

envelopes. Chemical and climatic protection is provided by
the material from which the envelope is fabricated, a lami-
nation of kraft paper, aluminum foil and polyethylene.

By changing the unit of issue to "one envelope" the
protector may be eliminated. This will result in a saving
in packaging and transportation costs and storage space
due to the reduction in weight and cube for the item.

The potential weight and cube reductions are as

follows:
INTERMEDIATE CARTON
Package Contents Weight of Cube of
Contents Contents
w/O carton w/b Carton
Present inter- 48 enve10pes 451.2 gm 122.4 cu.in.
mediate carton w/24 protectors
Recommended 48 envelopes 314.4 gm 86.4 cu.in.
packaging, w/o
protectors

Potential weight and cube reductions in the intermediate
carton--136.8 grams and 36.0 cubic inches.

SHIPPING CONTAINER

Packing Contents Weight Cube
Existing 2304 envelopes 21676.6 gm 5875.2 cu.in.
packing 2/1152 protectors

Recommended 2304 envelopes 15091.2 gm 4147.2 cu.in.
packing w/o

protectors

Potential weight and cube reductions in the shipping contain-
er--6585.4 gms., or 14.5 lbs., and 1728 cu. ins., or 1 cu.
ft.

46

In addition to the reduction of the weight and cube,
there will be an accompanying reduction in the material for
the intermediate carton and the shipping container. This
cost saving will be significant.

The marking surface on the envelopes is satisfac-
tory, providing sufficient space for identification and

instructional information. See Item B, Figure 3.

Item 6510-597-7468, Bandage Absorbent, Adhesive, 3/h x 3

inches, 185:

As has been previously described in Specification
DDD-B-35, 18 bandages are packaged in a Mil-B-l6152, size 1
carton. Forty-eight of these cartons are further packaged
in an intermediate carton and 12 intermediate cartons are
packed in a shipping container.

There is a gross waste of space in the unit packaging
of this item. This waste of Space can be eliminated by
packaging the bandages in heat sealable bags fabricated of
flexible materials. As stated in Chapter III, bags fabri-
cated of a mylar-polyethylene lamination are most effective
containers for this item.

Physical protection for the unit package is provided
during storage and tranSportation by the intermediate carton
and shipping container. Physical protection is provided the
bandages, when in the hands of the user, by the container
for the set, kit, or outfit.

By changing the unit container from a carton to a

bag, a reduction in weight and cube is attained. This results

47

in a savings in container material, transportation costs,

and storage space.

The attainable weight and cube reductions are as

follows:
UNIT PACKAGE
Package Weight
Existing carton package 32.2 gm
Proposed package, w/b carton 22.2 gm
Potential savings per unit-- 10.0 gm

INTERMEDIATE PACKAGE

Package Weight

Existing intermediate package, 1545.6 gm.
48 cartons

Proposed intermediate package, 1065.6 gm.
48 bags

Potential savings per interme- 480.0 gm.

diate package--

SHIPPING CONTAINER

Package Weight
Existing shipping container 18547.2 gm
w/576 cartons
Proposed shipping container 12787.2 gm
w/576 bags
Potential savings per shipping 5760.0 gm
(12.7 lbs)

container--

Cube
5.6 cu.in.
2.9 cu.in.

2.7 cu.in.

Cube
268.8 cu.in.

139.2 cu.in.

129.6 cu.in.

Cube

3225.6 cu.in.

1670.4 cu.in.

1555.2 cu.in.
(0.9 cu.ft.)

Marking required for the unit carton can be printed

readily on the surface of the bag, or can be printed on

48

inserts and placed in the bag with the bandages during

packaging operations. See Item C, Figure 4.

Item FSN 6510-201-7455, Dressing, First Aid, Field, Indivi-

dual Troop, 4 x 7 inches, "First Aid Packet":

Current specifications require that this dressing
be packaged in a 4 mil polyethylene bag which is heat
sealed. The bag is further packaged in a carton which is
inserted into a double slide carton.

As with the two previous items, physical protection
for the unit package is provided during storage and trans-
portation by the intermediate carton and shipping container.
When in the hands Of the user, physical protection is pro-
vided by the carton and the polyethylene bag. Identification
and instructional use marking is required for both the car-
ton and bag. This is an excellent package for storage and
distribution but it is unsatisfactory for use in the field
because Of the difficulty in Opening the polyethylene bag.

To overcome the Opening disadvantage, and to pro-
vide protection for the item, it is considered that the
mylar-polyethylene laminated bag is the best container for
this item.

Because of the toughness of the mylar-polyethylene
lamination, a savings in weight can be attained by elimina—
tion of the inner carton and utilizing only the double sleeve
carton for physical protection of the item when it is carried

in the current Quartermaster case by the individual soldier.

49

When the item is placed in the First Aid Kit, Survival, the
double sleeve may be eliminated.

Elimination of the inner carton, a size 2 carton
described in Specification Mil-B-l6l52, will result in the

following weight reduction. (There will be no reduction in

cube.)
Package Savings in weight
Unit package 9.2 gm
Intermediate package of 24 220.8 gm
bandages
Shipping container of 288 2649.6 gm or 5.8 lbs.
bandages

The disadvantages of the polyethylene bag for this
item also apply to items 6510-201-7425, 6510-201-7430, and
6510-201-7435.

Elimination of the unit carton can be accomplished
without compromising the protection of the bandages against

physical damage.
Item FSN 6510-201-1755, Bandage, Muslin, 37 x 37 x 52 inches:

The current specification requires that this bandage
be packaged in a 4 mil polyethylene bag. The bandage is
further packaged in a size 1 carton as designated in Specifi-
cation, Mil-B-16152. There is no requirement in the bandage
specification that the polyethylene bag be marked for iden-
tification.

The bandage is used in several sets, kits, and outfits.

50

In some cases to reduce the weight and cube of the set, kit,
or outfit, the carton is removed prior to the bandage being
placed in the container. Without identification marking

on the bag the user will be confused as to its contents. In
addition, the user of the bandage, as with the previous
items, will have difficulty in opening the bag due to the
tear resistance of polyethylene. As with the previous
items, the opening difficulty can be eliminated by using a
mylar-polyethylene laminated bag instead of the polyethlene
alone.

Physical protection for the unit package is provided
during storage and transportation by the intermediate carton
and shipping container. Physical protection is provided the
bandage, when in the hands of the user, by the container for
the set, kit, or outfit.

There will be no weight and cube savings in using the
laminated bag instead of the polyethylene bag. But, elimi-
nation of the unit carton will result in a savings in material

and weight and cube, as is indicated below.

Package Weight Cube
Unit package savings 7 gm 0.6 cu.in.
Intermediate package savings 168 gm 14.4 cu.in.

24 bandages
Shipping container savings 2016 gm 172.8 cu.in.
288 bandages (4.4 lbs.) (0.1 cu.ft.)

51
No FSN, water Purification Tablets, 63:

This package as developed by the Quartermaster Corps
consists of a waxed coated "strip pack" package, with each
tablet heat sealed in a 1 square inch area of the strip.

Because of wax coating on the basic material from
which the package has been fabricated, it is considered that
fabrication of this package would not be compatible with
production machinery currently utilized by industry in mass
strip packaging Operations. A review of manufacturers
literature on strip pack equipment revealed that the ma-
chinery used for this purpose formed packages from flexible
materials. Closureswere accomplished by heat sealing as
a part of the machine operations. There was no provision
for wax coating in the machine operations. The coating
would require an additional production proceSs. It is
also considered that with the variety of laminations avail-
able from industry, a laminated material is available which
can be economically produced and which will provide protec-
tion of the water purification tablets, and be suitable for
handling on automatic machinery currently available for
strip pack operations. Such a material, as pointed out in
Chapter III is a lamination of kraft, aluminum foil, and
polyethylene.

NO significant weight and cube savings are anticipated

for this item.

CHAPTER VI
CONCLUSIONS

The following conclusions are presented in two parts:
those associated with packaging of the items for use in the
first aid kit; and those concerning the packaging of the

items for storage and distribution.
Component Packaging

User utility can be improved and reductions in weight
and cube can be achieved by redesigning the containers for
each of the first aid kit component items. Potential
weight and cube savings are summarized in Appendix A. The
following conclusions concerning component packaging have
been reached:

1. Item 6505-663-2636, Sodium Chloride, Sodium
Bicarbonate, 4.5 gm., 2s; A
A The fiberboard protector for this item is not necessary
and should be eliminated.

2. Item (No FSN), Water Purification Tables, 65;

The present strip-pack used for this item is unsatis-
factory from a production stanpoint. Use of a strip-pack
lamination, without wax, which includes aluminum foil is

essential to meet production and protection requirements.

52

53

3. Item 6510-597-7468, Bandage, Absorbent, Adhesive,
3/4 x 3 inches, 185;

Current packaging requirements for this item, which
specifies the use of a carton, results in a gross waste in
weight and cube. The carton for this item should be elimi-
nated and the bandages packaged in a bag fabricated from a
flexible barrier material. A lamination Of mylar and
polyethylene would be an excellent material. The bag should
be notched as is illustrated in Figure 2.

4. Item 6510-201-7455, Dressing, First Aid, Field,
Individual Troop, 4 x 7 inches, "First Aid Packet";

The polyethylene specified for the unit container
for this item is unsatisfactory because of its high tear
resistance. The unit container for this item should be a
bag fabricated from a lamination of mylar and polyethylene.
To provide for ease of Opening, the edge of the bag should
be notched as is illustrated in Figure 2.

The inventory of this item which is packaged in a
lamination of kraft, foil, and polyethylene may be used
without the double sleeve or carton for inclusion in the
first aid kit until supplies are exhausted.

5. Item6510-201-1755, Bandage, MUslin, 37 x 37 x 52;

The polyethylene bag, specified for the unit container
for this item, is unsatisfactory due to its high tear resis-
tance. The container for this item should be fabricated
from a mylar-polyethylene lamination. To provide for ease

of Opening, the edge of the bag should be notched as illus-

54

strated in Figure 2.

Current marking requirements are unsatisfactory
because there are no identification or instructional
markings specified for the bag.

The carton specified for the item is not necessary

and should be eliminated.
Unit Packaging for Storage and Distribution

Because of the protection against mechanical hazards
in storage and distribution which is provided by the inter-
mediate and shipping containers, cartons can be eliminated
from the packaging requirements for the following items
without compromising their protection:

1. Item 6510-201-1755, Bandage, Muslin, 37 x 37 x
52 inches 1

2. Item 6510-201-7455, Dressing, First Aid, Field,
Individual Troop, 4 x 7 inches, "First Aid Packet"

V 3. Item 6510-597-7486, Bandage, Absorbent, Adhesive,
3/4 x 3 inches, 185

Savings in materials, storage Space, and transporta-
tion cost, can be attained by elimination of the protector
from Item 6505-663-2636, Sodium Chloride, Sodium Bicarbonate,
Mixture, 4.5 gm., 2 s, and by changing the unit of issue

from "25" to "each”.

CHAPTER VII
RECOMMENDATIONS

As with the conclusions presented in the previous
chapter, the recommendations are presented in two parts,
those concerning the packaging of the items for use in the
first aid kit, and those concerning packaging requirements

for storage and distribution.
Component Packaging

For the packaging of components for use in the first
aid kit, it is recommended that:

1. Protectors be eliminated from the unit packaging
of Item 6505-663-2636, Sodium Chloride, Sodium Bicarbonate
Fixture, 4.5 gm., 2s.

2. Bags fabricated from a lamination of 2 mil mylar
and 2 mil polyethylene be used for the unit container for
the following items;

a. 6510-201-1755, Bandage, Muslin, 37 x 37 x 52
inches

b. 6510-201-7455, Dressing, First Aid, Field,
Individual TrOOp, 4 x 7 inches, "First Aid Packet"

c. 6510-597-7468, Bandage, Absorbent, Adhesive,
3/4 x 3 inches, 185

55

56

Bags for the above items be notched for ease of
Opening, as is illustrated in Figure 2.

4. Items packaged in the 4 mil polyethylene bags
not be used in any first aid kits.

5. Stocks of first aid kit items packaged in kraft,
foil, polyethylene laminated bags continue to be used in
first aid kits until supplies of these items are exhausted.

6. All unit containers be marked for identification
and instructional use.

7. The water purification tablets be packaged in a
strip pack fabricated from a lamination of kraft, foil, and
polyethylene which meets the requirements of Specification
Mil-B-131.

8. The large and small interior containers for the
first aid kit be fabricated from polyethylene which is
40 mils thick, and that they be of a telescopic style. (See

Figure 8)
Unit Packaging for Storage and Distribution

In order to effect the economies that will accrue
through reduction in weight and cube, it is necessary that
the procurement documents be changed to reflect the proposed
packaging changes. Accordingly, the following recommendations
are concerned with changes to Specifications and purchase
descriptions for the compaent items of the first aid kit:

1. For Item 6505-663-2636, Sodium Chloride, Sodium

Bicarbonate Mixture, 4.5 gm., 25 it is recommended that

57

Figure 8

First Aid Kit with Proposed Packaging Changes

Illustration "A" depicts the canvas pouch for the
kit which has been reduced in size from 8 x 2 x 5 inches

V
to 5 x 2 x 4 inches.

Illustration "B" depicts the larger interior
container which has been reduced in size from 4 3/4 x 2 x
4 1/4 inches to 3 1/2 x 2 x 4 inches.

Illustration "C" depicts the smaller interior container
which has been reduced in size from 3 x 2 x 4 1/4 inches to

1 1/2 x 2'x 4 inches.

W-

".3,“

\
A .

I IIIIIIIIIIIIW

 

 

58

Purchase Description No. a, 3 July 1961,21 be changed as
follows;

a. Delete "23" from the item description.

b. Change paragraph 5.1.1. to read: "Unit of
issue. One envelope constitutes one unit of issue."

c. Change Table I, paragraph 5.1.2., to read:

Unit package Intermediate package Exterior Container
1 unit #8 units 2304 units

d. Change paragraph 5.1.3.1. to read: "Unit
package. Shall consist of one envelope. Unit package
shall conform to the following requirements:"

e. Delete paragraphs 5.1.3.1.1. and 5.1.3.1.2.

f. Change the first two sentences of paragraph
5.1.3.2 to read: "Intermediate package. Forty-eight envel-
opes shall be packaged in a box constructed in accordance
with Specification PPP-B-665, style D, paper board thickness
shall be not less than O.h0 inch in thickness."

g. Change "1152" units in line 1 of paragraph
5.2.1. to read: "2304" units.

h. Delete from the second sentence in paragraph
5.3.2.: "Each protector (Part 1) and".

1. Delete from the fifth line in paragraph 5.3.2.:
"23".

2. For Item 6510-201-1755, Bandage, MUslin, 37 x 37 x

52 inches, it is recommended that Specification DDD-B-8522

 

Ibid.

 

22
Ibid.

x

59

be changed as follows;

a. Change paragraph 5.1.3.1.2. to read: "Com-
pression. The folded bandage shall be compressed to fit
into a bag whose dimensions shall not exceed 3 B/L x 2 x
3/L inches when sealed. The edges of the bag shall be
folded as required in paragraph 5.1.3.2.1."

b. Change paragraph 5.1.3.2.1. to read: "Bag.
Each compressed bandage, with two safety pins placed neatly
in the fold of the bandage, shall be packaged in a bag
fabricated from a lamination of 2 mil polyester and 2 mil
polyethylene. Excess air shall be eXpelled or evacuated, and
closure effected by heat sealing. One edge of the bag
shall be notched as is illustrated in paragraph 5.1.3.2.2.
All edges of the bag shall be neatly folded back against
the sides to form a compact rectangular package, the dimen-
sions of which shall not exceed 3 B/L x 2 x B/L inches."

c. Delete paragraph 5.1.3.2.2. (In place of this;
information substitute the drawing in Figure 2, Chapter
III.)

d. In paragraph 5.3.1., change the word "carton"
to read: "bag".

e. In paragraph 5.3.1.1., change the word
"carton" to read: "bag".

f. In paragraph 5.3.1.2., change the word
"carton" to read: "bag".

g. Delete paragraphs 5.3.1.3. and 5.3.1.4.

60

3. For Item 6510-201-7A55, Dressing, First Aid,
Field, Individual Troop, A x 7 inches. (Also applicable
to items 65lO-201-7A25, 6510-201-7h30, and 6510-201-7b35);
It is recommended that Specification Mil-D-151A1b23
be changed as follows;

a. In paragraph A.2.2., change "major 120" to
read; "Polyester, polyethylene bag not effectively heat
sealed."

b. Change paragraph 5.1.3.1.1.1. to read:
"Bag. Each wrapped and sterilized dressing shall be packaged
in a bag fabricated from 2 mil polyester and 2 mil polye-
thylene laminated material.

c. Change the third sentence of paragraph
5.1.3.1.1.5. to read: "One edge of the bag shall be neatly
folded back against the sides to form a compact rectangular
package not to exceed the dimensions specified in Table 2."
(At the end of the paragraph, add the drawing in Figure 2,
Chapter III.)

d. Delete paragraphs: 5.1.3.1.1.A. and 5.

e. Change Table 2 to read:

Federal Stock Dressing Bag Size

Number Size L w D
(Inches)

6510-201-7425 1 6 1 5/8 3 5/8

65lO-201-7A30 2

65lO-201-7t35 3 3 B/L 2 l

6510-201-7455 3 3 B/L 2 1

 

23Ibid.

 

61

f. Change paragraph 5.1.3.2.1. to read: "Bag.
Each wrapped and sterilized dressing shall be packaged in
a bag fabricated from a lamination of 2 mil polyester and
2 mil polyethylene.

g. Change the third sentence of paragraph 5.1.
3.2.2. to read: "One edge of the bag shall be notched as
is illustrated in paragraph 5.1.3.1.l.l.. A11 edges of the
bag shall be neatly folded back against the sides to form
a compact rectangular package not to exceed the dimensions
specified in Table II."

h. Delete the last 2 sentences in paragraphs
5.1.3.1.1.3. and 5.1.3.1.2.3..

A. For Item 6510-597-7468, Bandage, Absorbent,
Adhesive, 3/L x 3 inches, 18s it is recommended that
Specification DDD-B-3524 be changed as follows;

a. In Table II, paragraph 5.1.2., change the
column heading which reads "Number of bandages in unit
carton" to read: "Number of bandages in unit package".

b. Change paragraph 5.1.3.7. to read: "Unit
package".

c. Change paragraph 5.1.3.1.1. to read: "Stock
No. 65lO-597-7468.--The number of bandages specified in
Table II shall be packaged in a bag fabricated from a lami-
nation of 2 mil polyester and 2 mil polyethylene. Closure
of the bag shall be effected by heat sealing. One edge

of each bag shall be notched as is illustrated below. All

 

2l‘Ibid.

 

b2

edges of the bag shall be neatly folded back against the
sides to form a compact rectangular package, not to exceed
3 3/L x 1 3/L inches. (At the end of the paragraph, add
the drawing in Figure 2, Chapter 111)

f. Change paragraph 5.3.1. to read: "Unit
package".

g. In the first three sentences of paragraph
5.3.1.1., change the words "carton" to read: "bag".

Recommend that Purchase Description No. 325 for
Item 6510-597-7468 be changed as follows:

a. Change line 3, which reads "Unit carton,"
to read: "Unit package".

b. Change line 13, which reads "Unit Carton",
to read: "Unit package."

5. For the Water Purification Tablets, 63, it is
recommended that this item be referred back to the
Quartermaster Corps for further Research and Development,
with the recommendation that the item be packaged in a
strip pack fabricated from a lamination of kraft, foil,

and polyethylene.

 

25Ihid.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Armed Services Medical Materiel Coordination Committee.
Armed Services Medical Material Item Review_Report.
Serial E6Bl._,§pbtask'6459-Oh-h09.192, 26 June 1957.
Washington: Armed Services Medical Materiel Coordi-
nation Committee, 1957.

 

 

Department of The Army. Dgpartment of The Army Supply
Manual, SM 8-03, Washington: Government Printing
Office, 1961.

 

Fredrick, John R. Using Public Warehousgp. Philadelphia:
Chilton Co., 1957.

 

Greathouse, Glen A., and Wessel, Carl J. Detgnoration of
Materials. New York: Reinhold Publishing Co.,

195A.

Modern Packaging Corporation. Modern Packaginngncyclopedia
For‘1961. Bristol, Conn.: Mbdern Packaging Corpor-
ation, 1961.

 

Modern Packaging Corporation. Modern Packaging Enpyclopedia
For 1962. Bristol, Conn.: Mbdern Packaging Corpor-
ation, 1962. .

Military Medical Supply Agency. Military_Medical Purchase
Description No. 4,,3 July 1961,6505-663—2636, Sodium
Chloride, Sodium Bicarbonate Mixture, 4.5 gm.,_2s.
BrooklyfiTfiN.Y.: Military Medical Supply Agency, 1961.

. Nfilitary Medical Purchase Description No. 7,’
5gJune 1961, 6510-201-1755, Bandage,_Muslin, 3Z_x,37 x
52 inches. Brooklyn, N.Y.: Military Medical Supply
Agency, 1961. .

 

 

. Military Medical Purchase Description No. 8?
1 September 1959, 6510-201-7555,,Dressing,First Aid,
Field, Individual Trogp, g x 7 inches. Brooklyn, N.Y.:
Military Medical Supply Agency, 1959.

 

. Military Medical Pu'rchase Description No.J,
20 August 1959,m6510-597-746B,_Bandage, Absorbent,
Adhesive, 3ZL x 3pinches,,185. Brooklyn: Military
Medical Supply—Agency.

 

 

Federal Specification, DDD-B-35, Bandage, Ab-
sorbent, AdhesiVe. Washington: Government Printing
Office, 1958.

 

 

63

Federal Specification, DDD-B-85, Bandage,

 

Muslin, 37 x 37 x 52. Washington: Government
Printing Office, 1958.

Military Specification, NHl-D-l5lhlb, Dressing,

 

First Aid and Individual Troop, Camoflaged. Washington:
Government Printing Office, 1958.

64

APPENDIX A

66

TABLE III
SUMMARY OF WEIGHT AND CUBE DATA

Items as Packaged in Prototype Kit

Item Dimensions-inches Cube—inches Weight-gm
6505-663—2636 3 3/L x 2 3/16 x 5/8 5.1 18.8
6510-201-1755 4 1/8 x 2 1/8 x 3/L 6.2 52.8
6510-201-7455 3 3/L x 2 x 1 7.5 31.6
6510-597-7268 4 x 2 1/L x 5/8 5.6 32.2
Water Purifi- 3 1/L x 1 1/8 x 1/8 0.5 3.0

cation Tablets

TABLE IV
SUMMARY OF WEIGHT AND CUBE DATA

Item Dimensions-inches Cube-inches Weight-gm
6505-663-2636 3 5/8 x 2 x 1/2 3.6 13.1
6510-201-1755 3 3/L x 2 x 3/L 5.6 45.8
6510-201-7A55 3 3/L x 2 x 1 7.5 31.6
6510-597-7468 3 3/L x 1 3/L x 7/16 2.9 22.2
Water Purifi- 3 1/L x 1 1/8 x 1/8 0.5 3.0

cation Tablets

67

TABLE V
WEIGHT AND CUBE COMPARISON

Large Interior Container Contents

Item Quantity *Weight-grams *Cube-inches
A B A B
6505-663-2636 2 37.6 26.2 10.2 7.2
6510-201-1755 1 52.8 45.8 6.2 5.6
6510-201-7A55 1 31.6 31.6 7.5 7.5
6510-597-7468 1 32.2 22.2 5.6 2.9

water Purifi- 2 6.0 6.0 1.0 1.0
cation Tablets

 

 

TOTAL 160.2 131.8 30.5 24.2

TABLE VI
WEIGHT AND CUBE COMPARISON

Small Interior Container Contents

Item Quantity *Weight-grams *Cube-inches
A B A B
6510-201-7A55 1 31.6 31.6 7.5 7.5
6510-597-7468 1 32.2 22.2 5.6 2.9
water Purifi- l _3,0 3.0 0.5 0.5

 

 

cation Tablets
TOTAL 66.8 56.8 13.6 10.9

*A--Prototype Kit Items
B--Proposed Packaging Changes

TABLE VII
WEIGHT AND CUBE COMPARISON
Total First Aid Kit Contents
Items Weight-grams Cube-inches
Prototype First Aid Kit Items 227.0 hh.h
Proposed First Aid Kit Items 188.6 35.1

68

The prOposed packaging changes will result in:
Large interior container items-~A 17% reduction
in weight and a 20% reduction in the cube of the contents.
Small interior container items--A 14% reduction
in weight and a 20% reduction in the cube of the contents.
For all Components of the kit--A 16% reduction in
weight and a 20% reduction in the cube of the contents of
the first aid kit. This is illustrated in Figure 9. The
top row, A, is the prototype kit and the bottom row, B, is
the first aid kit in which the proposed changes are incor-

porated.

69

Figure 9

Size Comparison, Phototype First Aid Kit and the
First Aid Kit with PrOposed Packaging Changes.

The top row "A" depicts the prototype First Aid
kit. The bottom row "B" depicts the First Aid Kit with
proposed packaging changes. Reduction in size due to

‘-

changes in packaging are obvious.

 

KIT. FIRST AID. SURVIVAL CARE. INDIVIDUAL ‘

_ A T _
i

 

 

 

 

 

SIZE COMPARISON I

,!| .
I 5 o 7 s ' - 9. 10 11' 12: ‘ . 13.

' w . ns."‘*='-m.wmu .

ROOM USE ONLY.

 

SUCH 7 1966

 

"IIIIIIIIII'IIIIIIIII