5. (NE 4“. nvfixfif '9’ “S a it I. . ‘0 Q“ "J‘ ;. ' ‘ h ' :- ‘3‘ v"; I ' ggg '. SE A... g..‘\...,_.{ them-r1: at; man u‘wuma’aam to. '1'» .1 u: .7. v fits-gag; ‘13-,“ “pfi‘i‘fi 1"”. 3.- .. Y 7 51,-“ :‘I’r‘i- N95. _‘t‘3 "s’E‘z.fi-G9~t‘ " .ggiC-f Acid. sis-”4.x." .L “as S ‘ - ‘- ufia * azfihé «as and. =¢.- ‘ mm“. «a. “a: , "-r-g. n ”A v z " m . fin-w 3.2M; _: '-- .fi 921:1 m a» m»; .3-u'—\ “laugh :5... 'LuFArun'i‘smd-u ‘&vi ‘1‘? Qw-L‘i‘ ta“ ta duh” . M11 3}:in S‘E STE ‘ mfivfifigfi‘f may s3 %’ was < 386 .o— “'33 ABSTRACT .A CONTENT ANALYSIS OF RADIO NEWS PROGRAMMING IN THE PORTLAND, OREGON AREA by Larry J. Sellers The problem of the study was to find out through content analysis, what kinds of news and how much, in terms of subject- matter and total broadcast time, are stressed by selected radio stations having certain characteristics; and, investigate, com- pare, and contrast each station's news programming practiceS' in terms of the following: (1) facilities, (2) personnel, (3) network affiliation, (4) transmitting power, (5) location, (6) hours of Operation, and, (7) scheduling of newscasts. ' To find a solution to the problem, one full day's news‘ broadcasting from 6:00 AM.to 11:00 PM of each station was mOn- itored, and the results were tabulated according to subject- matter categories and, more briefly, geographic origin using the analysis of time and percentage of time and number and percentage of items. The methodology of the study involyed an establishment of a set of categories, the determination of the size of the sample, the selection of the sample, and finally, the analysis itself. Larry J..Sellers A metrOpolitan market such as Portland, Oregon was chosen because ten stations, of all sizes, network affiliations, and news department Operations and practices, were represented in a locale best suited for the attempted monitoring study; and, not least of all, the fact that the author was employed full- time at one of the stations, KOIN, during the period that the study was made. For each station, every regularly-scheduled newscast, for one "composite" week-day , was taped off-the-air, audi- tioned, and the information tabulated according to subject-' matter and geographic origin by category. The sample was made up of 236 newscasts which were comprised of 37 one-minute, l4 two-to-three minute, 144 five-minute, 12 seven-to-eight minute, 18 ten-minute, and 11 fifteen-minute newscasts. 'The sample was taken during the first two months of 1965; the Viet Nam war was not nearly as advanced nor publicized as later in that year or in 1966. Even so, the cold.war and minor confrontations throughout the world are perpetually with us, and certainly the number one news story, for the subject- matter count taken at the time of this survey, was pertaining to military developments. Eight of the ten stations broadcast military news either first or second most frequently; the other two, unhappily, were dominated by crime. ' Three-fourths of all the news-time was devoted to seven 0f the twenty categories. These seven were government, military, Larry J. Sellers crime, weather, political, accidents, and business. The thir— teen gaining the least attention were science, space, educa- tion, health, religion, racial, celebrity, sports, society, agriculture, leisure, human interest, and traffic. The four network affiliates were among the top five sta- tions in terms of most total news broadcast during the study. The CBS, NBC, and ABC stations were on top with KEX, a highly regarded independent station fourth, and the Mutual affiliate a close fifth. The range, among these five in terms of per- centage of time allotted news programming, was from 10.6% to 17.9% of total air-time. The strongest independent station, in terms of news quan- tity, KEX, broadcast more local, state, and regional news; the network stations were strongest in national, international, and foreign news. For the entire study, 32.7% of the news could be classified as national news; 20.2% could be classi- fied as international new ; 17.6% as local news; 15.1% was state news; 7.3% was foreign news; and, 7.1% could be labeled as news of more regional interest than of any other geography- ically-defined.category.‘ TWo main factors--time limitation and curiosity-~were concluded to be the major reasons listeners to radio news are (subjected to such a high percentage of news of accidents, war, crime, sadness, and tragedy in general. The old saying, "no news is good news," is apparently quite true even today. Five Larry J. Sellers or ten minutes an hair set aside for news by a radio station seems to be, for the most part, only enough time to cover the major irregularities of social behavior enacted by a minority of our populace each day. A CONTENT ANALYSIS OF RADIO NEWS PROGRAM-11M; IN THE PORTLAND, OREGON AREA By Larry J. Sellers A THESIS Submitted to Michigan State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS 'Department Of Television and Radio 1966 Approved {/J<::A“éh4/ OTTT:;::;?' Major Profw ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The author wishes to acknowledge his gratitude to Dr. Gordon L. Gray, his academic adviser, who contributed to the original idea and rendered invaluable assistance and guidance through the initial stages Of the thesis; to Mr. Arthur weld, who took over during Dr. Gray‘s sabbatical in England and assisted immeasurably with advice and coordinated all the details in the final hectic months, and without whose aid completion Of the thesis would not have been possible; to Mr. Thomas Baldwin, for his suggestions and judgment; to Dr. walter Emery and Mr. Leo Martin, for the inspiration they bestowed while attending the University; and to the members of the graduate committee. Thanks also to the news directors and station managers for their cooperation and assistance in furnishing information necessary for the project. And special thanks go to my family whose encouragement provided the necessary impetus during the four years of periodic interruption encountered while writing this thesis. iii TABLE OF CQN'TEN TS Page ACKNOL‘JLEDGbl-EIVTTS O O O O O O O O O O O 0 O O O O O O . i i i LIST OF TABLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L I ST OF APPEW I CBS 0 O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O 0 vi Chapter I. INTRODUCTIO‘V o o o o o o o o o o o o o 0 Problem of the Study Purpose and Objective Assumptions and Limitations Terms and Definitions Methodology II. A BASE FOR COLIPARISON o o o o o o o o o 0 Definition of Categories Characteristics of the Stations Selecting the Sample Geographic Categories III. RESULTS OF THE STUDY . . . . . . . . . . . News Content by Stations News Content by Time Of Day Network Affiliates versus Independents Geographic Origin of News Summary of Findings and Suggestions for Further Study APPENDICES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 BIBLIOGRAPHY . . . . . . . . . . . . 144 griv Table \0 00 x] 0 0 O o «U! P E") P) O 10. 11; 12. 13. LIST OF‘TABLES General Characteristics of Stations . . News Department Personnel . News Department Facilities Length of Newscasts Proportions PrOportions PrOportions PrOportions PrOportions PrOportions Of.News Of News Of News of News Of News Of News Content Content Content Content Content Content (Time) Each Item) Each 0 O O 0 Station Station (Time) All Stations (Item) All Stations (Time) Time of Day (Item) Time Of Day Total News (Time) Each Station . . . . . . . . Schedule of News Broadcasts for All Stations . Geographic Origin of News by Item . . . . . . . Page 33 34 34 35 38 4O 43 44 46 48 53 58 61 LIST OF APPENDICES Appendix Page A. Time and Percentage of Time by Category for All Newscasts by Each Station . . . . . . 66 B. Time and Percentage of Time by Category for All Newscasts by All Stations . . . . . . 69 C. Number and Percentage of Items by Category for All Newscasts by Each Station . . . . . . 71 D. Number and Percentage of Items by Category ‘ for All Newscasts by All Stations . . . . . . 74 B. Time and Percentage of Time by Category for Each Newscast by Bach Station . . . . . . 76 F. Time and Percentage of Time by Category for Each Newscast by All Stations . . . . . . 105 G. Number and Percentage of Items by Category ‘ for Each Newscast by Bach Station . . . . . . 110 H. Number and Percentage Of Items by Category 139 for Each Newscast by All Stations . . . . . . vi CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION The communication of information through the broadcasting of news is a vital factor in modern American society. Since modern technology has brought distant corners of the globe to our doorstep, Americans must be concerned with the motives, actions, and thoughts of men and nations everywhere. In all countries, however governed, the communication of news is vital. Dictatorships control news and use it to keep in power; democracies can flourish only in soil nourished by the news which provides bases for discussion. Broadcast news is hoped to be a means of achieving better understanding through the dissemination of knowledge and information to the The Federal Communications Commission‘has long rec- public. For example, in 1949 the FCC said, ognized this importance. "It is axiomatic that one of the vital questions of mass communication in a democracy is the development of an in- formed public Opinion through the public dissemination of news and ideas concerning the public issues Of the day. It is the right Of the public to be informed . . ."1 In forty years, radio news broadcasting has rapidly established itself __ 114 Federal Register, p. 3056. l a 2 as a mighty channel of information for citizens of America.2 Radio is a means of communication ideally Suited to the pace of modern life. It reduces news to its simplest terms and gets it across in a small capsule Of time.3 Due to the nature Of the medium, radio has advantages over the other media which render news programming especially appealing to the listeners. Radio delivers the news first; can be heard at minimal cost; can be heard while one is doing other work; can be heard with a minimum of mental effort; and, can give a sense of intimate participation through sound effects and voices of personalities.4 News probably is the most valuable contribution a station can make to its community; the immediacy With which news can be handled by radio finds no competition in newspapers or television. Only radio can handle news so fast and so well.5 The public depends upon radio news to be a competent, reliable source with no inaccuracy. "The voice of radio is that of authority."6 Who is responsible for news broadcasting at the station level? A National Association of Broadcasters news survey Zpaul F. Lazarsfeld, Radio and The Printed Page, (New York: Duell, Sloan a Pearce, 1940), p. 214. 3Waldo Abbot, Handbook of Radio Broadcasting, (3rd edition; New York: TicG—r—amtfiv-HiI-I', 1950), p. 98. 4Lazarsfeld, loc. cit. 5Sherman P. Lawton, The Modern Broadcaster, (New York: Harper & Bros., 1961), p. 236. 6Charles A. Siepmann, Radio, Television and Society, (New York: Oxford University Press, 1950), p. 186. showed that 57% Of the small stations, 66% Of the medium stations, and 80% of the large stations have a person desig- nated who is strictly and solely responsible.7 ~The same source finds "somewhat alarming" the following figures per- taining to newsmen with journalism education: “Among the small stations surveyed, only 16% Of personnel identified with news Operations had had any journalism school training; only 27% among the medium stations; and 40% among the large stations.” Although small, medium and large stations were not defined as to relative size of facility or staff, these statistics are still significant; the general lack of pro- fessional training can do little to up-grade the quality Of radio news. The unequaled Speed with which news can be aired via the microphone is a constant challenge and an Opportunity pos- sessed by no other communications medium. Radio has become a universal medium of communication in the United States with more than 172 million receiving sets in over 55 million homes.8 This means that 98% of all homes in the United States are radio-equipped. In addition, there are 60 million radio re- ceivers in automobiles and another 10 million in public places.9 7Clair R. McCollough, "Editorial and Panel Discussion on Education for Broadcasting," Iournaligf Broadcasting, V01- 4: N0. 48 Fall, 1960, pp. 291-92. Broadcasting Yearbook, Vol. 70, Jan. 1, 1966, p. 20. 91bid. 4 Radio Offers tremendous service to the national defense as the one medium that can transmit news faster and to more places than any other means of man-made communication. The day may not be too distant when the national government will allow radio coverage of judicial proceedings with broadcast journalists granted the right to bring their micrOphones into the court rooms.10 The critical times of World War II and the Korean con- flict led to a flourishing of radio news, with active news coverage, commentary, and analysis. Afterward, when many radio stations felt the pinch of the television competition, news staffs were reduced, many of the better men moving into television. While the number of radio stations tripled, most Of the new ones were small and had limited provision for handling news.11 This past decade, the formative years of television, has been a new era Of change and experimentation for radio news. There are, Of course, those stations that became set in their ways; they found what their management considered to be satisfactory formulas and chose to stick with these methods. Others accepted the staggering challenge Of tele- vision and so altered their programming and standards as to revise completely and, in many cases, revitalize the entire operation. —¥ . 10J. Leonard Reinsch and Israel Ellis Elmo, Radio Sta- tiongfianagement, (New York: Harper & Bros., 1960), p. 119. llLawton, 22. cit., p. 237. 5 Radio's usual answer to television was to swing over to the music and news pattern. In countless cases this resulted in a new prominence for news, but in far too many instances it meant only more wire service12 summaries being read over the air.13 Although some stations have energetically devel- Oped and maintained strong news departments, the handling of news at the great majority of radio stations is by untrained announcers, whose sole news Obligation is to read news sum- maries from teletype COpy. Professional competence is often lacking.14 Size Of station and size of market do not in themselves determine the extent Of the station‘s news effort. imiy sta- tions in big cities have no genuine newsrooms and no qualified news editors; on the other hand, some 500-watt stations in small towns have aggressive and well-manned news departments.15 'Despite the multitude of changes that have occurred in both prOgramming and listening habits, radio news on many stations has retained certain basic, popular characteristics. The quarter-hour newscast is still widely pOpular, and often Will prove to be the single most-listened-to feature on a station.16 However, in 1960 the National Association Of 12"wire service”- also "teletype;" a device by which messages can be sent by wire or radio directly to intended receiver, where a typewriter-like printer reproduces messages. l3Bob Siller, Ted White, and Hal Terkel, Television Egg Radio News, (New York: MacMillan, 1960), p. 74. Lawton, gp. cit., p. 238. . l58iller, White, and Terke1,.gp. Cit., p. 73. 16Reinsch and Elmo,.gp. cit., p. 104. Broadcasters released the results Of a news survey which showed a notable decrease in the number of fifteen-minute news programs.17 This report indicated that the industry generally is favoring five-minute news summaries with oc- casional ”round-up"18 treatment. One authority believes that the news ”capsule”lg or the headline summary "appears to have gained a permanent spot on the schedules of stations every- where.”20 News reporting depends to a great extent upon the in- dividual‘s definition of this service. Two well—known ex- perts in the field describe it this way: former CBS News Director Paul White said, "News is the statement Of freshly ascertained facts about something of interest that has hap- pened, is happening, is about to happen or contrary to ex- pectation, hasn‘t happened, isn‘t happening, and probably won‘t happen.21 Eric Hodgins, editorial vice-president of Time Inc., said that "broadcast journalism is the conveyance of information from here to there with accuracy, insight, and dispatch."22 There are many types of news broadcasts, each one pre- 17McCollough, loc. cit. 8"round-up"-'§EfierEITy refers to a fifteen—minute news- cast which includes local, national, and international news. 19"capsule"- a one—minute newscast which encompasses several news stories in headline form only; little detail. 20Reinsch and Elmo, 133. gig. 21Paul W. White, News 92 the gig, (New York: Harcourt Brace & CO., 1947), p. 63. 221bid. sented in a different manner and prepared in a different style. Almost all radio stations buy at least one wire ser- vice; Associated Press and United Press International both provide twenty-four hour teletype service to radio with news specially written and ”packaged"23 for broadcasting. In addition, many stations supplement their news broadcasts with network news; some stations rely entirely on news from the networks.24 The major networks maintain elaborate news or- ganizations, with reporters and commentators in prominent news centers throughout the world.25 While government and national news, together with inter- national relations, are emphasized in the network programs, the wire services furnish more diversified news to the radio station, and local staffs gather the hometown news. Special- ized newscasts, aimed at a particular audience, are programmed with considerable success by some stations. These include weather, sports, agriculture, headlines for housewives, the world of science, Hollywood happenings, television tid-bits, political news, and religious news. iany stations have as many as twenty newscasts a day, lasting from 60 seconds to fifteen or twenty minutes each.26 23"packaged"- a compiled newscast approximately five minutes long (or a specified time) labeled as such by the Wire service. "network"- a series of stations regularly joined by telephone lines; in this reference served by ABC, CBS, NBC, or NBS ZSSiller, White, and Terkel, ibid. 26Donald Brown and John P. Jones, Radio and Television News, (New York: Rinehart & CO., 1954). p. 18. 8 Some station managers believe that, ideally, newscasts should be so scheduled that a listener will come to know that on a specified newscast, at a certain hour, every day, he can expect a particular feature of interest to him. Intelligent scheduling of newscasts is also an important factor in building a faithful group of listeners. Although news programs fre- quently attain the highest audience rating, at least one know- ledgeable observer says "broadcasters know that a station that broadcasts too much news would soon find itself with a low audience rating."27 On the other hand, advertisers and agen- cies, looking for local radio shows with both high ratings and community acceptance, are becoming more aware that the tOp station in many markets is the station with the most aggres- sive news Operation.28 Although less than one percent of the radio stations in the country get along without news, many broadcasters make no genuine effort to serve the local or regional needs of their clientele; instead they "rip-and-read"29 the wire- service news sent from New York, Chicago, or some other dis- tant city. Since the wire services must edit the news for scores or hundreds of stations, they offer very little local or regional material.30 ____ 27Mitchell v. Charnley, Reporting, tMinneapolis: Holt a Co.é 1959), p. 128. , 8"Radio peps Up Its News Leadership,” Sponsor, XII, (October 4, 1958), p. 29. 29"rip-and-read"- broadcasting terminology which refers to an announcer tearing news off the wire service teletype and reading it on—the-air with little or no preparation. 3OSiller, White, and Terkel, loc. cit. For local coverage, each station has its own policy. The extent of this coverage is governed by the economic re- sources available and the emphasis the station management places on news in its total programming schedule. Lack of staff is usually given as the reason for poor local radio news coverage, yet there are many examples of stations doing much with little. One low-powered station on the East Coast has consistently scored news beats over newSpapers and large H- stat ons in a nearby metropolitan area, with only one newsman and the help of other staff members.31 Other stations do good jobs with no one at all on full-time coverage. Wire services do not and cannot provide adequate, up-to- the-minute local spot news coverage. Local news can be devel- oped without a large staff, by utilizing to the fulhest the tools that have been made available to broadcasters in recent years. A top local story can be covered on the scene with a tape recorder and then aired with, if necessary, comments by the newscaster at the station. For fast breaking and exciting regional news, the recorded telephone interview is tOps for interest.32 News broadcast on-the-spot by beeper phone,33 a remote transmission from radio-equipped automobiles,34 or a 31National Association of Broadcasters, §n_9perational Guide Issued by Freedom 2: Information Committee, (Washington D. C; U. S. Government Printing Cffice, June, 1958), p. 27. 32Brown and Jones, lgg. gig. "beeper phone"— a news report telephoned to the sta- tion, recorded via a special line, and rebroadcast. 4"remote transmission"- remote report; broadcast live from a relay transmitter in a car or other mobile unit. lO taped insert35 is recognized today as an extremely valuable commodity. Stations are doing an increasing amount of this with their local staffs, and broadcasting additional reports obtained by phone from special correspondents and newsmen at other stations, plus worldwide news reports available to those stations affiliated with networks.36 Regular telephone calls to city police, state police, hOSpitals, local civic leaders, local socialites, hotels, schools, and fire departments can yield more good local news in a day than most broadcasting outlets can use. An ever in- creasing number of stations utilize radio-equipped automobiles while some of the larger stations even have planes, helic0pters, and boats for remote reports. Part-time correspondents in small surrounding communities are known as "stringers."37 These may include housewives, school teachers, local government officials, or small-town newspaper peOple. These correspondents are trained to phone in important news that breaks in their territory. Routine news can be sent by mail, and they are encouraged to turn in advance stories of meetings, community gatherings, and other Special occasions.388tringers cost little and can result in loyal followings. 35”taped insert”- recording at the scene of the news eventfifor play-back later during a newscast. jéReinsch and Ellis, lgg. git. °7"stringer”- a part-time employee who sends news from his area to the station; usually paid by the story. SBrown and Jones, loc. cit. ll It is hard to conceive of a "typical” radio newsroom. There is so much diSparity in buildings, equipment, organi- zation, and policy that significant generalizations are al- most out of the question. It is helpful to qualify stations by power, but some ZSO-watt stations are more intelligently news-conscious than some l0,000—watt Operations. There are small stations which give eight or ten newscasts daily; and there are big stations which have no full-time news director, have only one teletype set off in a corner or closet some- where, and furnish perhaps two or three network commentators and a couple of rip-and-read broadcasts from the wire report each day as their total news offering. It may be said how- ever, that "(a) nearly all stations have one or more wire service furnishing domestic and foreign news by teletype, and (b) some of them have network affiliations which provide at least a minimum of newscasts . . ”39 Still, there are encouraging signs of more local and network news activity in radio. While the number of hours of total network programming broadcast by stations has de- creased in the past decade, the percentage of network program— ming devoted to news has risen sharply; from 14% to 32% in the case of small stations, from 16% to 29% in the case of medium stations, and from 15% to 37% in the case of large stations.4O Also, there has been a significant increase _ 39Frank Luther Mott, The News ig-AmEfi-Ca: (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1932), p. 148- 4OMcCollough, loc. cit. 12 nationally in local and regional news coverage by individual b oadcasting stations.41 Longer radio news programs, news H commentary, increasing editorial activity and discussion programs will ”become the core of important stations in every city, just as they already are in many cities.”42 "The future of radio news is increasingly bright . . A public can be fooled part of the time but when it sees through quackery, it turns to reSponsible radio news. In turn, this kind of news is the basis for good radio generally. In the beginning there was a newscast. In the end, there will be more newscasts, using the tools of speed and intimacy to help tell the story of what‘s happening in our all-too-busy world, why it‘s happening, and maybe what to expect next."43 411bid. 42William J. Small, "Radio News Has Matured Since World War II " The Quill, Nov. 1959, pp. 49-52. 4 Small, $9.9.- _<_:_i__1_:_. news by radio is that time is not available for any given newscast to include every story that may be of interest to those who are listening. A news— cast offers five, ten, or fifteen minutes of news at one time, and there-ore, the newscaster cannot possibly include a des- cription of all events entering the newsroom from the wire ser- vices and local sources into any one newscast. Consequently, the news editor bears the responsibility of selecting the sto— ries he thinks essential in the public interest. Because of this, it was determined that there was a need to describe quan- on p. titatively the content of radio news. Until more informat p. ’1 s eathered and analyzed, criticisms that it is over-burdened 0 with stories of crime, accidents, death, and destruction will continue to be made without adequate evidence to support them. fir ri-i’ - {:“d' .' fit '1: 7 'cr‘". in addition, the study o. la 10 news con en may 0e 0L talue to newsmen and station managers by providing an estimate of the listeners‘ interest to different kinds of subject-matter. The problem of the study is to find out through content analysis what types of news and how much, in terms of subject- matter and total broadcast time, are stressed by selected Flo stations having certain characteristics; and, nvestigate, compare, and contrast each station's news programming prac- tices in terms of the following: (1) facilities, (2) person- nel, (3) network affiliation, (4) transmitting power, (5) location, (6) hours of operation, and, (7) scheduling of l4 newscasts. To achieve a solution to the problem, the study will tabulate, for each station, one full day‘s news broadcasting means of content analysis: (1) the time and percentage of time in each newscast by each station; (2) the number and percen- ta go of items in each newscast by each statio on; (3) the time [—10 and percentage of time in all newscasts by each stat on; (4) the number and percentage of items in all newscasts by each station; (5) the time and percentage of time in each. newscast at a specific time of day for all stations; (6) the .umber and percentage of items in each newscast at a specific time of day for all stations; (7) the time and percentage of time in all newscasts for all stations; and, (8) the number and percentage of ite v.15 in all newscasts for all stations. Purpose and Objective Purpose 3: the _§tr dy. The purpose of the study is to investigate discernible and meaningful differences in news treatment among selected radio stations. The study will tabulate the news policies and practices, n ows personnel, and news facilities and equip- ment existing in the selected stations in order to establish a base for comparison. The study proposes to analyze the tabulation and draw 15 conclusions as to what constitutes typical news practices. Also, the study will show how much news is available, during an ”average” week-day, to radio listeners in Portland, Oregon. *oiective of the study. The study does not claim to be an exhaustive survey, out it is hoped that it will, in a small way, make some con- tribution to the knowledge or advantages and disadvantages L) of characteristic news overations. It is hoped that the P}- H 0 U fin‘ings will permit us to draw significan conclus 0.5 a- bout each station‘s news programming practices; recognize characteristic differences between network affiliation and independent stations; and evaluate the service provided by these radio stations in the dissemination of news. It is also hoped that the study will be a step toward providing additional knowledge to the limited amount now available in the area of radio newscast content, and contrib- ute concrete, objective information on the content and time of newscasts afforded people by radio. / Also, the findings may furnish some evidence to support the theory that over-commercialization is forcing a compact form of newscast on the public which is depriving them of information necessary to be adequately informed. In addition, the author hopes to draw conclusions relative to criticism 0f "sensationalism" pertaining to news of crime and violence. 16 Assumptions and Limitations. This study does not attempt to cast judgment as to why one station has more or less news of one kind than another. Furthermore, although certain subject—matter categories will permit us to estimate the amount of good and bad news that is broadcast, no specific attempt is made in this study to measure in detail the positive or negative inference placed on exact areas. By objective examination, we mean to explore "content" of newscasts as defined by Webster: "the tOpics of matter treated in a document or the like." Such a study was within the sc0pe of content analysis as defined by Berelson:44 Content analysis is ordinarily limited to the manifest content of the communication and is not normally done directly in terms of the -latent intentions which the content may express nor the latent response which it may elicit. Strictly Speaking, content analySis proceeds in terms of what-is-said, and not in terms of why- the-content-is-like-that or how-peeple-react. Egrms and Definitions. Some terms and definitions which will be used in this study are the following: (1) full-time newsman- a person employed full-time by the radio station to work on news. This person must be em- ployed solely to gather, edit, write, and usually present the news on-the-air. * 44Bernard Berelson. Content Analysis in Communications Research, (Glencoe, Illinois: Free Press, 1952), p. 18. l7 (2) UPI and AP- news wire services providing news of all_ types from throughout the world to a station by teletype. (3) air-time- the time during which a station is actu- ally broadcasting. (4) spot- a short segment of air—time usually used for commercial or public service announcements. (5) format- the type and style of programming-done by an individual station. (oj-frequency- each radio station is assigned a specific frequency by the FCC and must broadcast at that frequency so that its signal does not interfere with that of another station. The.AM.broadcasting band is limited from 540 to 1600 kilo- cycles. The frequency (or number of kilocycles) at which a (station broadcasts does not determine the power of the station. (7) AM - amplitude modulation, by which one electronic wave is mixed with another, altering its amplitude character- istics. ’ (8) watt- a watt is a unit of electrical power. The more watts, the more power; therefore, a station broadcasting with SO-kw is more powerful than a station broadcasting with lO-kw. (9) across-the-board- a program presented five days a week at the same hour. 18 Methodology. The methodology of the study involved an establishment of a set of categories, the determination of the size of the sample, the selection of the sample, and finally the analysis itself. In all content analysis, certain units of measurement. are used. These units may be space-time measures, items, or themes.45 The present study measured prOportions of news content through actual off-the-air monitoring checks by means of tape recording. Therefore, item and.time were selected as measuring devices. The present study was an attempt to indicate through actual timegitem count, the proportions of different kinds of news broadcast by the twelve radio stations in the metro- politan Portland, Oregon market.’ Two stations were eliminated at the start because they programmed no news; their entire air-time was devoted to music and religious offerings. The stations serving in the investigation were KKEY in Vancouver, washington; KGON in Oregon City, Oregon; and KWJJ, KEX, KPOJ, KISN, KPAM, KXL, KGW, and KOIN, all in Portland. The two stations eliminated because of their lack of news were KLIQ and KPDQ, both in Portland. The stations represented in the report were chosen for the following reasons: they comprise nearly every range of 45paul F. Lazarsfeld and Bernard Berelson, Analysis gf IQQmmunication Content, (New York: Harper & Bros., 1949), p. 2. 19 transmitting power, news department Operation and size, network affiliation, news practices; and, they are concen- trated in a metropolitan area best suited for the attempted monitoring study. This study includes every regularly-scheduled newscast . broadcast during a "composite" week-day46 by each station. Regularly-scheduled newscasts, in this study, do not include special news pregrams of interest for the most part to a spe- cific audience and composed of that type of news only (Sports, women‘s news, or farm programs, etc.). Hewever, Special mention has been made of these so that each station presenting this type of information was given credit. The monitoring sample was made up of 236 newscasts, first taped, and then auditioned and timed. These consisted of 37 one-minute newscasts, l4 two-to-three minute.newscasts, 144 five-minute newscasts, 12 of seven to eight minute duration, 18 ten minutes in length, and 11 fifteen-minute newscasts.47 Time involved in the mere gathering of the sample was con- siderable for the undertaken report; the monitoring and taping consisted of preparation and the actual 20 hours of news air- time involved during the 153 "composite-day" hours for all the stations; and, the auditioning and tabulation of information obviously required many times longer. 46"composite" week-day- in this report refers to the compilation of one full broadcast day (6:OO.AM to 11:00 PM), Of all newscasts normally included in each station‘s sched- ule, gathered from different days during the time the sample Was taken. 47See Table IV, p. 35. 20 A "composite-day" of air-time for the report was from 6:00.AM to 11:00 PM. This was felt to represent the normal waking hours for the majority of people who tune to radio for information. The sample was taken during the winter months of January and February, 1965, which caused three of the sta- tions' "day" to end at 5:15 PM since they operate during day- light hours only, or until local sunset.48 The months which were chosen.for the sampling were not selected for special reaSOns beneficial to the research in- volved. January and February were best suited to the author‘s vocation at the time, and fortunately, they contained a quite "normal” news period without abnOrmal involvement in a major news story of unusual proportions, such as an assassination, war, political campaign or convention, etc. The sample was taken only on week-days in order to make a fair and equal comparison among the stations. Some stations do more, some less, some the same amount of news programming on the weekend, so it was decided to confine the study to an examination of the majority of each station‘s constant program structure. . The days on which the monitoring sample was taken in- cluded virtually.every week4day during January and February, 1965; however, the majority was obtained on january 7, 8, 14, 15, 21, 22, 28, 29, and February 4, 5, 11, 12, 18, and 19. ‘— 48See Table XI, p. 53. 21 'It was the Opinion of the author that the monitoring sample of newscasts recorded off-the-air, which was used as the vehicle for content analysis of the shady, would pro- duce the most accurate and honest information possible. Since some of the stations repeat the same news story ver- batim two, three, or even more times on succeeding newscasts, it was believed that an attempt to accurately measure wordage of stories, by gathering compiled newscasts at the end of the day, would be grossly inaccurate. Furthermore, since no questionnaires were involved and interviews used only for gathering information of each station's prOperties and per- sonnel, conclusions drawn from this report are solely objec- tive in the purest sense and free of all opinion and bias ex- cept for any inflicted subconsciously by the author. A problem which had to be resolved was that of classi- fying the content of the newscasts reliably. The question arose concerning the judgment involved in placing a news item into a Specific category. ' While feW'oontent studies in the past included reports of reliability, those reports that did were optimistically concurrent. For example, Albig‘s classification of radio programs of nine United States and one British station was accompanied by a test of reliability.49 In the early stage of that study, all four classifiers conferred on the meanings of certain program titles. Thereafter, they worked indepen— “fl 49William.A1big, "Gontent of Radio Programs," Social Forces, vol. 16, 1938, pp. 338-49. , 22 dently in a reliability check; each of the four classified the programs during one sample week._ The results showed agreement 93% of the time. Kirkpatrick's study of radio broadcasting in Minneapolis involved several persons listening to various programs and tabulating the amount of time devoted to different types of The classifiers agreed eight times out of ten. content.,50 In Sussman's study of labor in radio news, several workers monitored thirty-three network newscasts for a period of seven weeks and classified each item relating to labor.51 The same coding was accomplished by a trained analyst. The agreement ratio between the untrained workers and the analyst produced a reliability of .93 or mutual understanding nine times out of ten. The published records on reliability in classifying con- tent, some of which have been cited above, support the author‘s belief that the results of the present study are reliable. SOIbid. 51Leila A. Sussman, "Labor in Radio News,"_Journalism gmprterly, Vol. 22, 1945, p. 208. CHAPTER II A BASE FOR COMPARISON Definition of Categories. - A pre-test monitoring study of newscasts was made of stations in Lansing, Michigan, in order to test the applica- bility of subject—matter categories as applied to radio news broadcasts, and to find out approximately the length of time required in the analysis of one newscast in order to deter- mine the size of the sample that could be investigated in a reasonable period of time. The number of categories chosen ‘ to be used in the study were determined on the following basis: that there be enough to be mutually exclusive and inclusive, i.e., a minimum of stories that could be consid- ered for inclusion in more than one category; that the lar- ger the number of categories, the finer are the distinctions that can be drawn between items, increasing the mutual ex- clusiveness that can be achieved; and, conversely, the num- ber of categories must be held to a workable number; the greater the number, the greater the Opportunity for confu- sion and error on the part of the analyst and reader. ' After the pre-test monitoring study of newscasts, it was decided that the most meaningful results would be obtained by tabulating subject-matter content into twenty categories, 23 24 The following subject-matter categories were decided upon after much consideration and testing: (1) Government. (a) Official acts of legislative or executive departments. (b) Of non-military branches of government not including government bureaus and departments such as labor mediation, health, education and wel- fare, weather, and agriculture when subject- matter leans more heavily toward another cate- gory than toward government as such. (c) Foreign relations, diplomatic activity and acts of any government if non—military. (2) Political. (a) Political parties, elections, primaries, dis- cussions of political issues involved in a cam- paign, political criticism of government action. (b) Acts of politically prominent individuals which have political rather than function-of-govern ment significance or strictly personal connota- tions. (3) Military. (a) Defense, war productions, actual war activities, atomic and hydrogen bomb information, guided missiles, military apprOpriations. 25 (b) Official acts of department of defense and its military branches. (c) All items having a strong military theme. (d) Disarmament. (e) Cold war activities. (4) Space. 2 (a) EXploration, excluding military missiles. (b) Astronauts. (c) Satellites, other than for spy and detection purposes. (5) Science and invention. (a) Natural science research. (b) Archaeology. (c) Exploration, other than in outer space. (d) Scientific aspects of the atom not included in category three. (6) Education. (a) Any story pertaining to school, college, or university activities. (b) work or experiments in education. (7) Health and welfare. (a) werkmen's compensation. _ (b) Anti-pollution campaigns. (c) Federal Drug Administration activities. (d) Government relief and economic assistance. (e) Medicare. 26 (f) Disaster assistance. (g) Pornographic literature. (8) Business, labor, industry. (a) Business, labor, and commercial activity. (b) Strikes and strike threats. (6) Production costs and profits. (d) Banking trade, finance, management. (e) Stock market reports, excluding farm products. (9) Accidents, natural disasters. (a) Stories of injury, death, catastrOphy, rain and ship wrecks, automobile accidents, fires, tornadoes, floods, and other accidents causing damage to life and property. (b) Plane crashes other than involving military missions. ”(c) Accidents or natural disasters averted. (10) Racial. (a) Racial issues involving segregation and dis- crimination, integration, NAACP, and similar organizations. (11) Religious (a) Church meetings, theological discussions, statements of church leaders on religious and moral matters, except those pertaining to cate- gory ten, church and religious group activities. (12) Celebrities. (a) Stories newsworthy only because of show busi- ness connection. (b) Famous personality in any area other than category two. (13) Sports. (a) Competitive Sports, amateur or professional. (b) Other than purely recreational activities like ,hunting, fishing, skiing. (14) Weather. (a) Weather forecasts and stories in this area not classified as natural disasters where death or injury result. (15) Society, the family, and the individual. (a)‘News of infamous peOple. . (b) Announcement of births, deaths, divorces, marriages excluding celebrity stories. (c) Society and women's interests, fashions, cook- ing, sewing, gardening, family care. (d) Personal adnevements not clearly classified as agricultural, business, etc., organizations, clubs, community socials, fairs, dances, parades, all holiday stories. (16) Agriculture. (a) Farmers, farming, and farm organizations. (b) Agriculture department releases and market reports of farm products. 28 (17) Crime, vice, and violence. (a) Breaking of the law and resulting court action. (b) Investigations of crime, law-suits. (18) Leisure activities. (a) Literature and languages, music, painting, the plastic art, motion pictures, plays, cir- cuses, zoos, museums, radio and television, va- cation and recreational activities excluding competitive sports. (19) Human Interest. (a) News having humorous, ironic, heart-warming, or bizarre quality. Material characterized by being interesting but not "important.” (20) Traffic. (a) Traffic warnings broadcast during rush—hour traffic periods to alert motorists of tie-ups possibly caused by accidents, but not of a na- ture serious enough to be included in category nine. -§haracteristics‘gf the Stations. By means of content analysis, using the categories out- lined in the preceding pages, news treatment of ten radio stations in the Portland, Oregon metropolitan area was ana- leed, compared, and contrasted in terms of each station's peculiarities. Variables considered in establishing these points of differences and similarities among the stations 29 were: (1) independent or network affiliate; (2) size of the station‘s entire staff, news department, and facilities; (3) news department personnel's education, training, and exper- ience; (4) transmitting power; (5) geographical location; and, (6) news scheduling practices. Selecting the Sample. With theamount of statistical information gathered, hour-by-hour comparisons could be made in voluminous amounts imaging exactly the content of every newscast of each station according to the established categories. This recapitulation was necessary to carry the study to its conclusion, and the entire summation (see Appendices A thru H) has been included to allow further study and comparison, if desired. However,’ for the intent and purposes of this report, it was decided to tabulate and analyze, by subject-matter categories, the content of news broadcast on the basis of the following cri- teria: (l) the percentage of news in each category for the entire day by each station; (2) the percentage of items in each category for the entire day by each station; (3) the time in each category for every hour by all stations; (4) the items in each category for every hour by all stations; (5) the time and percentage of time in each category for the entire day by all stations; and, (6) the items and percentage 'Of items in each category for the entire day by all stations. Also, it was decided to examine each station‘s percentage 30 of time devoted to news during the entire broadcast day, the geographic origin of news items for each station, and the length and origination of newscasts during the entire day by each station. Geographic Categories It was necessary to establish boundaries for the various classifications of categories pertaining to geographic origin in order to discover the locale favored by each station. Local news generally refers to anything other than national or international news, but this was felt to be too broad for the content analysis attempted in this report. Since a story might be of interest to "westerners" generally but not to peOple in, say, Chicago or New York, it was decided that an intermediate step should be added. 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H00 0H H00 5N >00 5H HHZ 0H HHZ mH HHE NH HHZ MN HfiH om HHE 0N HHZ ,-mN.>o0 Em HH:0H Em OHIO 2% 0:0 20 0:0 Em use Em cum :0 01¢ oooonomwr.0H MHm- 122 17.9 17 215 9.0 353 14.7 515 21.4 65 .2.7 30 1.2 75 3.1 149 6.2 155 6.5 118 4.9 10 0.4 120 5.0 162 6.8 298 12.4 15 3.9 54 14.3 90 23.6 53 13.9 45 11.8 36 9.5 23 6.0 23 10AM 275 11.8 341 14.6 464 19.9 130 5.6 39 1.6 91 3.9 46 2.0 172 7.4 153 6.6 49 2.1 72 3.1 100 4.3 191 8.2 12 0.5 195 8.4 ‘naegmm‘ w '_ .- ALL STATIONS -- TIME AND PERCENTAGE OF TIME 107 Category 1030 11AM 1130 12 N 1230 1 PM 1:30 2 PM 2:30 1. Gov 82 257 24 477 64 434 ~320 41 11.1 11.1 5.2 13.4 12.5 21.0 13.8 17.7 2. P01 152 146 230 408 12 243 43 138 5 20.6 6.3 49.9 11.4 2.5 11.8 12.1 6.0 2.2 3. Mil 112 870 62 315 30 370 28 404 17 15.2 37.6 13.4 8.8 5.9 17.9 7.9 17.4 7.3 4. Spa ‘ 182 106 17 93 45 15 60 24 24.7 4.6 3.7 2.6 8.7 0.7 2.6 10.3 5. Sci 123 34.6 6. Edu 10 60 22 70 13 1.4 1.7 1.1 -3.0 5.6 7. Hea 75 25 40 40 224 10.2 1.1 1.1 1.9 9.7 8. Bus 77 5 206' 76 108 190 3.3 1.1 5.8 14.8 5.2 8.2 9. Acc 15 104 14 162 93 180 48 227 2.0 4.5 3.0 4.5 18.1 8.7 13.5 9.8 10. Rac 14 32 106 15 53 28 45 1.9 1.4 3.0 2.9 2.6 7.9 1.9 11. Rel 88 32 3.8 ,o.9 90 5 38 25 12' Cel 2.5 0.9 1.8 1.1 24 84 30 40 7 ‘ 22 13. Spo ' 1.0 2.4 5.9 1.9 2.0 9.5 ‘ 96 45 671 27 226 47 342 96 14. flea g?8 I2.7 9.7 18.8 5.2 10.9 13.2 14.7 41.4 36 13 15. Soc 9 0.6 16. A r 6 67 8 g 0.8 2.9 002 ' 206 11 . 210 30 300 96 286 31 17. Cri :50 9.0 6.5 8.4 18.7 13.9 8.8 8.9 4.7 ' 156 20 23 18. Lei 4.4 3.9 1.0 12 32 19. HI 24 17 26 226 n 3.3 0.7 5.6 6.3 0.6 1.3 20. Tra 102 ALL STATIONS -- TIME AND PERCENTAGE OF TIME 108 Category 3 PM 3:30 4 PM 4:30 5 PM 5:30 6 PM 6:30 7 PM 1. Gov 219 153 152 540 135 501 104 140 9.1 8.0 27.8 16.0 8.3 18.9 13.8 7.4 2. P01 419 16 260 65 244 32 295 65 107 17.5 9.1 13.5 11.9 7.3 1.9 11.1 8.6 5.7 3. Mil 363 72 225 73 313 325 538 160 414 15.1 41.1 11.7 13.4 9.3 19.9 20.3 21.2 22.1 4. Spa 65 5 125 8 367 78 77 36 52 2.7 2.9 6.5 1.5 10.9 4.7 2.9 4.8 2.8 5. Sci 29 30 47 1.5 0.9 2.5 6. Edu 8 - 14 25 14 44 9 217 4.6 0.7 4.6 0.4 1.7 1.2 11.5 7. Hea '119 . 119 51 75 123 141 39 4.9 6.2 ‘1.5 4.6 4.7 18.7 2.1 8. Bus 35 12 287 14 99 142 87 15 62 ' 1.5 6.9 14.9 2.6 3.0 8.7 3.3 2.0 3.3 9. Acc 119 7 187 ‘74 233 178 127 26 123 4.9 4.0 9.8 13.5 7.0 10.9 4.8 3.4 6.6 10. Rac 105 52 64 185 114 39 4.4 2.7 11.7 5.5 700 1.5 11. Rel 54 1.6 12. Cel 62 56 2o 19 13 2.6 2.9 0.6 2.5 0.7 13. s o 15 10 27 324 5 44 43 p "0.6 5.7 1.4‘ 9.7 0.3 5.8 2.3 14. Wea - 203 11 223 '25 347 150 144 66 190 8.5 6.3 11.6 4.6 10.3 9.2 5.5 8.8 10.1 15. s 43 30 cc 1.3 1.1 16. Ag: 21 1.1 17. or- 678 34 143 46 391 339 385 28 316 1 28.2 19.4 7.5 8.4 11.7 20-7 14-6 3-7 16:8 18. Lei f 1 308 99 62 255 33 25 19. HIn 3.0 3.8 9.6 4.4 1.3 20- ALL STATIONS -- TIME AND PERCENTAGE OF TIM 109 Category 7:30 8 PM 8:30 9 PM 9:30 10PM 1030 11 PM 1. Gov 10 179 40 25 70 .206 15 22 2.2 14.2: 22.6 3.7 33.2 12.1 4.7 5.2 2. P01 18 47 54 121 . 38 3.9 3.7 8.1 7.1 9.0 3. Mil 89 199 13 42 32 170 53 113 19.4 15.7 7.3 6.2 15.2 10.0 16.3 26.7 4. Spa 18 7 3o — 106 7 10 1.4 4.0 4.5 6.2 3.1 5. SCi F 15. 6. Edu 28 * 89 45 12 14 A 2.2 13.3 2.6 3.7 3.3 E 7. Hea 15 39 51 47 3.3 3.1 7.6 2.8 8. Bus 6 27 106 40 44 ’ 1.3 2.1 15.8 2.3 10.4 9. Acc 37 72 9 60 . 204 42 38 8.0 5.7 5.1 9.0 12.0 12.9 9.0 10. Rac 12 20 62 26' 99 63 41 1.0 11.3 9.3 12.3 5.8 19.4 9.7 11. Rel 49 2.9 12. Cel 9 65 11 15 1.9 5.2 6.2 2.2 13. s 9 75 68 15 p0 1.9 5.9 . 4.0 4.7 14. Wea 172 227 37 63 45 214 96 78 37.4 18.0 20.9 9.4 21.3 12.5 29.6 18.4 15. Soc :15 46 3.3 2.7 16. Agr $6; 8 35 17. Cr' 80 255 40 73 38 23 1 1 17.4 20.1 22.6 10.9 18.0 1.4 5.6 8.3 - 17 18. Lei 22 1.7 1.0 19. HIn 351 48 APPENDIX G PROPORTIONS OF NEWS CONTENT EACH NEWSCAST - EACH STATION ITEMS AND PERCENTAGE OF ITEMS 110 KXL -- ITEMS AND PERCENTAGE OF ITEMS 111 Category 6 AM 7 AM 8 AM 9 AM 10AM 11AM 12 N 1 PM 2 PM 1. Gov 2 l 1 l l 2 1 22.2 10.0 16.7 11.1 10.0 25.0 8.3 2. Pol l 1 2 1 10.0 7.6 20.0 12.5 3. M11 2 1 3 2 2 l 3 3 22.2 10.0 33.3 15.4 20.0 12.5 37.5 33.3 4. Spa 1 l l 1 11.1 7.6 12.5 8.3 5. SCi I E51. 6. Edu 1 l I 7.6 8.3 7. Hea 2 f 22.2 . 8. Bus 1 1 1 2 l l ' 10.0 16.7 11.1 20.0 12.5 8.3 9. Acc 1 l 1 10.0 11.1 7.6 10. Rac ll. Rel 12. Ce1 2 1 15.4 12.5 13. Spo 1 1 l l l 1 11.1 10.0 16.7 11.1 7.6 12.5 14. Wea 1 1 1 2 ,2 1 2 2 3 11.1 10.0 16.7 22.2 15.4 10.0 25.0 25.0 25.0 15. l l Soc 7.6 8.3 '16. Agr . . 3 1 2 l 17 Cri 30.0 7.6 20.0 12.5 18. Lei 19. HIn 2 . 33.3 20. Tra Category 1. 2. 10. ll. 12. 13. 14. 15. l6. l7. l8. 19. 20. Gov Pol Mil Spa Sci Edu Hea Bus Acc Rac Rel Cel Wea Soc Agr Cri Lei HIn Tra KXL -- ITEMS AND PERCENTAGE OF ITEMS 3 PM 4 PM 5 PM 16.7 16.7' '8.3 KGW -- ITEMS AND PERCENTAGE OF ITEMS Category 6 AM 6:30 7 AM 7:30 8 AM 8:30 9 AM 1. Gov 2 1 33.3 9.1 2. P01 1 2 l 3 16.7 11 8 9.1 21.4 3. Mil 2 4 2 l 2 - 11.8 36.4 18.2 9.1 14 3 4. Spa 1 l l 5.9 9.1 7 l 5. Sci 6. Edu l 9.1 7. Hea l 2 ' 9.1 14.3 8. Bus 3 2 17.6 14 3 9. Ace l 4 2 2 l 2 16.7 23.5 18.2 18.2 9.1 14.3 10. Rac l l l 3 16.7 5.9 9.1 27.3 ll. Rel l 9.1 12. Cel l 1 1 5.9 9.1 9.1 13. Spo l l l 1 1 16.7 5.9 9.1 9.1 7.1 14. Wea 1 l l l 2 1 1 16.7 16.7 5.9 9.1 18.2 9.1 7.1 15. Soc 16. Agr 17. Cri. 2 2 2 ‘2 33.3 33.3 18- 18. Lei l 5.9 . 1 l9. hIn 9.1 20. Tra 9:30 11.1 11.1 Category 1. 2. 10. ll. 12. 13. 14. 15. l6. 17. 18. 19. 20. Gov Pol Mil Spa Sci Edu Hea Bus Acc Rac Rel Cel Spo Wea Soc Agr Cri Lei HIn Tra KGW -- ITEMS AND PERCENTAGE OF ITEMS 10:30 11AM 11:30 12 N 12:30 1 PM 1:30 1 2 1 11.1 22.2 14.3 2 2 4 l l 1 22.2 25.0 33.3 9.1 14.3 20.0 1 l 2 3 2 I 11.1 11.1 25.0 25.0 18.2 20.0 I l 2 1 11.1 12.5 16.7 9.1 3 I 33.3 11.1 1 9.1 l l l 2 2 1 11.1 ll.l 8.3 18.2 28.6 20 O I 14.3 1 2 2 2 2 l - 2 11.1 22.2 25.0 16.7 18.2 14.3 40.0 1 2 1 12.5 18.2 14.3 1 11.1 114 2 PM 2:30 3 1 20.0 14.3 4 2 26.7 28.6 2 1 13.3 14.3 1 13.3 6.7 l 6.7 I 14.3 1 2 6.7 28.6 Category l. 10. ll. 12. l3. 14. 15. l6. l7. l8. 19. 20. Gov Pol . Mil Spa Sci Edu Hea Bus Acc Rac Rel Cel Spo Wea Soc Agr Cri Lei HIn Tra KGW -- ITEMS AND PERCENTAGE OF ITEMS 3 PM 3:30 4 PM 4:30 5 55.6 4 2 2 1 25.0 22 2 18.2 11 1 5 3 2 2 31.3 33.3 18.2 22.2 1 1 11.1 9.1 1 6.3 1 2 1 6.3 22.2 11.1 2 1 2 12.5 11.1 18.2 1 2 6.3 18.2 1 l 6.3 9.1 2 1 12.5 9-1 5 PM 1 14.3 14.3 14.3 5:30 2 14.3 115 7 PM 10.0 10.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 KGW -- ITEMS AND PERCENTAGE OF ITEMS 116 Category 7:30 8 PM 8:30 9 PM 9:30 lOPM 10:30 l. Gov l 2 2 2 4 3 11.1 13.3 40.0 16.7 50.0 33.3 2. Pol 2 3 1 13.3 25.0 11.1 3. Mil 2 3 l 2 l 2 4 22.2 20.0 20.0 16.7 12.5 22.2 36.4 4. Spa 1 l l l 6.7 20.0 8.3 11.1 5. Sci 6. Edu l 9.1 7. Hea l 1 11.1 6.7 8. Bus 1 l 1 11.1 6.7 8.3 9. Acc l 1 ' 8.3 9.1 10. R 1 1 ac 6.7 9.1 11. R 1 l 2 e 8.3 22.2 12. Cel l 6.7 1 l3. Spo 2 13.3 9-1 3 14. Wea 2 1 l l 2 22.2 6.7 20 0 8.3 25.0 27.3 15. Soc 16. Agr . 1 l7. Cri 32.2 12.5 18. Lei 19. film 20. Tra Category 1. 2. 10. ll. 12. 13. 14. 15. l6. 17. 18. I9. 20. Gov Pol Mil Spa Sci Edu Hea Bus Acc Rac Rel Cel Spo Wea Soc Agr Cri Lei HIn Tra KWJJ -- ITEMS AND PERCENTAGE OF ITEMS 7 AM 7:55 8 AM 8:30 8:50 2 l 2 13.3 20.0 20.0 1 2 1 20.0 20.0 20 0 I 25.0 1 6.7 l 6.7 2 2 2 2 13.3 40.0 20.0 50.0 1 20.0 1 6.7 2 13.3 3 I 20.0 10.0 2 2 l 1 13.3 20.0 25.0 20.0 1 l 3 6.7 10.0 60.0 8:55 1 33.3 I 33.3 I 33.3 117 9:55 10:55 11:55 2 l 1 28.6 14.3 11.1 2 l 2 28.6 14.3 22.2 5 71.4 N (I) 0 ON mama—.334 ..: .44» . 11.1 11.1 14.3 11.1 11.1 Category - l. Gov 2. Pol 3. Mil 8. Bus 9. Acc 10. Rac ll. Rel 12. Cel l3. Spo l4. Wea 15. Soc 16. Agr l7. Cri 18. Lei 19. HIn 20. Tra KWJJ -- ITEMS AND PERCENTAGE OF ITEMS 12 N 12:55 1:25 20.0 1 2 20.0 ,7 100.0 1:55 25.0 2 16.7 2:55 3:55 1 3 9.1 37.5 1 l 9.1 12.5 2 3 18.2 37.5 1 9.1 2 18.2 1 l 9.1 12.5 1 9.1 1 9.1 2 18.2 5 PM 118 5:15 5:30 2 28.6 2 28.6 1 14.3 Category 1. Gov 2. Pol 3. Mil 4. Spa 5. Sci 6. Edu 7. Hea 8. Bus 9. Acc 10. Rac ll. Rel 12. Cel 13. Spo 14. Wea 15. Soc 16. Agr l7. Cri l8. Lei l9. HIn 9n man—u KWJJ -- ITEMS AND PERCENTAGE OF ITEMS 5:35 5:40 5: 2 15.4 1 1 5.6 7.7 2 4 11.1 30.8 1 1 100.0 7.7 1 7.7 5.6 1 5.6 1 5.6 4 22.2 3 16.7 3 3 16.7 23-1 2 11.1 6:55 10:55 2 1 16.7 9.1 3 2 25.0 18.2 1 8.5 1 l 8.5 9.1 1 2 8.5 18.2 2 18.2 2 18.2 1 l 8.5‘ 9.1 2 16.7 119 Category 1. Gov 2. Pol 3. Mil 5. Sci 6. Edu 7. Hea 8. Bus 9. Acc lO. Rac ll. Rel 12. Cel 13. Spo l4. Wea 15. Soc 16. Agr l7. Cri 18. Lei l9. HIn 20. Tra KGON -- ITEMS AND PERCENTAGE OF ITEMS 6:15 6:45 7:15 7:45 8:15 8:45 9:15 2 1 1 4 1 22.2 10.0 20.0 66.7 9.1 l 1 20.0 9.1 3 2 2 2 1 25.0 22.2 20.0 40.0 7.1 16.7 1 1 l l l 8.3 11.1 20.0 7.1 16 7 l 1 11.1 9.1 2 2 3 1 16.7 20.0 21.4 9.1 2 20.0 1 11.1 1 1 7.1 9.1 1 2 2 3_3 10.0 14.3 18.2 2 14.3 3 4 1 2 3 33.3 11.1 20.0 21.4 27-3 1 l 7.1 9-1 1 11.1 120 9:45 10:15 2 1 50.0 16.7 1 1 25.0 16.7 1 25.0 r 1 16.7 1 16.7 2 33.3 Category 1. 2. 10. ll. 12. l3. 14. 15. l6. 17. 18. 19. 20. Gov Pol Mil Spa Sci Edu Hea Bus . ACC Rac Rel Cel Wea Soc Agr Cri Lei HIn Tra KGON -- ITEMS AND PERCENTAGE OF ITEMS 10:45 11:15 3 1 60.0 11.1 1 20.0 1 20.0 1 11.1 1 11.1 2 22.2 4 44.4 11:45 12:15 12:45 1:15 1 16.7 2 25.0 12.5 1:45 16.7 121 2:15 2:45 4 40.0 2 2 20.0 50.0 2 2 25.0 1 10.0 1 1 10.0 25.0 2 . 20.0 KGON -- ITEMS AND PERCENTAGE OF ITEMS 122 Category 3:15 3:45 4:15 4:45 5:15 6:15 6:45 7:15 7:45 1. Gov 2 1 1 20.0 16.7 9.1 2. Pol 2 l 1 28.6 10.0 9 l 3. Mil 2 4 3 3 3 3 2 22 2 57.1 50 O 27.3 42 9 37 5 25 0 4. Spa 1 l l l l ' 1 11.1 10 O 16.7 9 1 14.3 12.5 5. Sci 1 5% 16.7 32 6. Edu l 1 14.3 g i 7. Hea l l 1 1 11.1 10.0 12.5 s 8. Bus 1 l _ 2 l ‘ ll.l 10.0 18.2 14.3 9. Acc 2 l 1 28.6 12.5 12.5 10. R 2 l 2 1 ac 20.0 12.5 28.6 12.5 11. Rel l 12. Cel 12.5 ' l l 13. Spo 9.1 12.5 . l l l l 2 l 1 l4 Wea 11.1 14.3 10.0 9.1 14.3 25.0 14.3 12.5 15. Soc 16. Agr . 1 2 17. Crl 3 2 33,3 20.0 9.1 28.6 18. Lei l9. HIn 20. Tra KGON -- ITEMS AND PERCENTAGE OF ITEMS 123 Category 8:15 8:45 9:15 9:45 10:15 10:45 1. Gov 1 16.7 2. Pol 1 14.3 3. Mil 2 3 2 6 l 6 33.3 100.0 28.6 100.0 14.3 100.0 4. Spa 1 14.3 5. Sci 1 E 16.7 3 6. Edu 7. Hea '8. Bus 1 1 14.3 14.3 9. Acc 2 1 - 28.6 14.3 10. Rac ll. Rel 12. Cel 13. Spo 14. Wea 1 l 1 16.7 14.3 14.3 15. Soc 16. Agr 17. Cri 1 l 1 16.7 14.3 14.3 18. Leo l9. HIn 20. Tra KPOJ -- ITEMS AND PERCENTAGE OF ITEMS Category 6 AM 1. Gov 2. 10. ll. 12. l3. 14. 15. 16. l7. 18. 19. 20. Pol Mil Spa Sci Edu Hea Bus Acc Rac Rel Cel Spo Wea. Soc Lei HIn Tra 12.5 25.0 7 AM 7:45 '2 10.5 3 15.8 10.5 15.8 21.0 9 AM 4 23.5 4 23.5 2 11.8 11.8 10AM 11AM l 9.1 9.1 2 18.2 18.2 124 12 N 1 PM 2PM 3 3 33.3 37.5' 1 12.5 2_ 3 22.2 33.3 r :4 1 i 12.5 i 1 2 ' 11.1 22.2 1 12.5 2 1 4 22.2 12.5 4404 1 12.5' 1 11.1 KPOJ -- ITEMS AND PERCENTAGE OF ITEMS 125 Category 3 PM 4 PM 1. 2. 10. ll. 12. l3. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. Gov Pol Mil Spa Sci Edu Hea Bus Acc Rac Rel Cel Spo Wea Soc Agr Cri Lei HIn Tra 1 1 7.7 7.7 l 7.7 3 1 23.1 7.7 2 15.4 1 7.7 3 23.1 1 7.7 2 15.4 4 2 30.7 15.4 4 30.7 5 PM 2 28.6 1 14.3 2 28.6 5:30 6 PM 7 PM 7:55 1 2 2 12.5 18.2 20.0 1 l 9.1 10.0 1 1 4 2 12.5 9.1 40.0 28.6 1 9.1 § 5 I l. l l , 12.5 9.1 B" l , 12.5 9.1 2 l 1 1 25.0 901 1000 1403 l 9.1 1 1 2 1 12.5 9.1 20.0 14-3 1 2 12.5 28.6 1 14.3 l. 2. 10. ll. 12. l3. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. Gov Pol Mil Spa Edu Hea Bus ' Acc Rac Rel Cel Spo Wea Soc Agr ' Cri Lei HIn KISN -- ITEMS AND PERCENTAGE OF ITEMS 126 Category 630A 6:55 7:30 7:55 8:30 8:55 9:30 9:55 1030 1 3 1 1 I 9.1 75.0 11.1 10.0 1 l l 3 9.1 11.1 25.0 30.0 1 4 1 2 2 2 . 9.1 44.4 33.3 50.0 20.0 50.0 1 9.1 1 10.0 1 9.1 1 l 9.1 25.0 1 l 2 25.0 25.0 20.0 1 33.3 1 9.1 1 25.0 1 9.1 l 2 l l l . l 1 l 1 25.0 18.2 25.0 11.1 25.0 33.3 25.0 10.0 25.0 1 9.1 1 l l l 1 25.0 9.1 11.1 25.0 25.0 1 20. Tra Category 1055 1130 l. 2. 10. ll. 12. l3. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. Gov Pol Mil Spa Sci Edu Hea Bus Acc Rac Rel Cel Wea Soc Cri Lei H In Tra KISN ~- 1 1 11.1 25.0 2 ' 2 22.2 50.0 1 11,1 2 22.2 2 l 2202 2500 1 11.1 1155 1230 l 7.7 1 7.7 2 15.4 1 25.0 1 7.7 1 '7.7 2 15.4 l 7.7 l 1 7.7 25.0 3 2 23.1 50.0 ITEMS AND PERCENTAGE OF ITEMS 1255 1:30 1:55 2 20.0 1 10.0 2 20.0 1 10.0 1 10.0 4 36.4 1 9.1 1 9.1 2 18.2 1 2 25.0 18.2 2 1 30.0 9.1 1 25.0 127 2:30 2:55 1 25.0 1 . 1 25.0 16.7 1 25.0 1 16.7 2 33.3 1 1 - 25.0 16.7 1 16.7 Category 3:30 1. 2. 10. ll. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. l7. l8. 19. 20. Gov Pol Mil Spa Sci Hea Bus Acc Rac Rel Cel Spo Wea. Soc Agr Cri Lei HIn Tra NH U: KISN -- 3:55 2 15.4 7.7 3 23.1 2 15.4 4:30 4:55 5:25 25.0 25.0 1 25-0 10.0 10.0 20.0 10.0 10.0 1 10.0 50.0 25.0 1 25.0 ITEMS AND PERCENTAGE OF ITEMS 5:55 6:30 2 22.2 2 1- 22.2 25.0 1 11.1 1 25.0 1 11.1 1 25.0 1 1 11.1 25.0 1 11.1 1 11.1 128 6:55 7:30 10.0 10.0 10.0 25.0 Category 755PM 8:30 8:55 1. 2. 10. ll. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. Gov Pol Mil Spa Sci Edu Hea Bus Acc Rae Rel Cel Spo We a. Soc Agr Cri Lei HIn Tra KISN -- ITEMS.AND PERCENTAGE OF ITEMS 129 11.1 22.2 11.1 25.0 2 l 1 16.7 1 9:30 9:55 1030 lOSSPM 3 33.3 1 3 25.0 25.0 16.7 25.0 33.3 25.0 12.5 1 l 2 2 2 12.5 25.0 33.3 '50.0 22.2 1 1 12.5 25.0 1 1 '25.0 11.1 KOIN -- ITEMS AND PERCENTAGE OF ITEMS 130 Category 6 AM 7:15 7:30 8 AM 8:15 8:25 9 AM 10AM 11AM l. Gov 3 4 2 2 l l 1 23.1 19.0 8.0 25.0 7.1 8.3 8.3 2. P01 2 1 1 5 3 1 15.4 4.0 12.5 35.7 25.0 _8.3 4. Spa 1 1 3.8 4.8 5. 5C1 1 l 7.7 3.8 6. Edu f 7. Hea 1 1 1 3.8 4.0 8.3 8. Bus 2 7 3 l 7.6 28.0 60.0 7.1 9. Ace ' 2 4 2 1 1 15.4 15.4 8.0 7.1 8.3 10. Rae 1 1 7.7 8.3 11. Rel 2 9.5 12. Cel 2 1 7,6 4.8 13. Spo 3 2 3 11.5 9.5 12.0 14. Wea 1 5 l 2 2 2 3 7.7 19.2 4.8 8.0 40.0 16.7 25.0 15. Soc 1 3.8 16. Agr 17. Cri 2 2 2 l 3 1 7.6 9.5 8.0 12.5 21.4 8.3 18. Lei 1 4.0 19. HIn l 2 l 3.8 9.5 4.0 20. Tra 3 4 3 2 7 KOIN -- 1113113 AND PERCENTAGE OF was 131 Category 12 N 1 PM 1:10 2 PM 2:10 3 PM 3:10 ’4 PM 4:10 l. Gov 2 1 l 1 2 ' 7.4 11.1 25.0 9.1 15.4 2. P01 2 2 l 2 . 1 3 1 7.4 22.2 9.1 15,4 25.0 23.1 9.1 3. 2411 2 4 4 ' 3 p 1 7.4 44.4 . 36.4 23.1 7.6 40 Spa. 1 7.6 5. Sci 6. Edu 2 2 7.4 18.2 7. Hea 1 1 l l l 9.1 33.3 7.6 . 7.6 9.1 8. Bus 3 l 1 1 2 1 11.1 11.1 ‘ 9.17 7.6 15.4 9.1 9. Ace 2 1 1 l 1 2 7.4 25.0 9.1 33.3 25.0 15.4 1 10. Rac 9.1 11. Rel 12. Cel 2 1 1 7,4 7.6 7.6 13. Spo 2 7.4 ' 4 14. Wea 2 l 1 l - 7.4 25.0 9.1 25.0 36.4 15. Soc 1 3.7 16. Agr . 1 17. C ' 4 2 1 .2 1 3 l 2 r1 14.8 22.2 25.0 18.2 33.3 23.1 25.0 15.4 9.1 18. Lei 1 3.7 19. HIn 1 3.7 20. Tra Category 515? 6 PM 1. Gov 2. Pol 7. Hea 8. Bus 9. Ace lO. Rec 11. Rel 12. Cel l3. Spo 14. Wea 15. Soc 16. Agr 17. Cri 18. Lei l9. HIn 20. Tra KOIN -- 2 12.5 2 12.5 2 12.5 12.5 12.5 ITEMS AND PERCENTAGE OF ITEM‘ 6:15 6:30 7 PM 7:10 7:55 2 2 10.5 28.6 4 2 1 2 1 21.1 25.0 14.3 22.2 20.0 3 1 5 15.8 14.3 55.6 3 1 37.5 14.3 1 1 20.0 11.1 1 1 5.3 14.3 1 1 1 5.3 20.0 11.1 1 12.5 1 1 20.0 11.1 2 1 4 10.5 20.0 44.4, o 1 2 2 31.6 12.5 22.2 22.2 1 1 12.5 14.3 132 9 PM 101311 2 5.0 1 3 16.7 7.5 5 12.5 H1 1 2 f 16.7 5.0 1 2.5 2 5.0 2 o 33.3 15.0 1 . 2.5 1 2.5 2 5.0 1 3 16.7 7.5 2 5.0 1 o 16.7 15.0 10. ll. 12. l3. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. Mil Spa Sci 8’ Hea Bus Acc Rae Rel Cel Spo Wea Soc Agr Cri Lei HIn Tra KEX -- ITEMS AND PERCENTAGE OF ITVMS 6 AM 18.2 \OF: \ora 0 H 6:30 7 AM 7:30 8 AM 8:30 1 2 1 1 12.5 20.0 11.1 9.1 1 3 4 12.5 27.3 44.4 1 1 12.5 9.1 1 10.0 2 20.0 2 2 1 1 20.0 22.2 9.1 11.1 1 3 1 12.5 33.3 9.1 12.5 1 12.5 1 1‘ 9.1 11.1 1 2 1 10.0 22.2 9.1 1 11.1 2 1 1 2 1 25.0 10.0 11.1 18.2 11.1 1 . 10.0 1 9 A M \OF‘ ~or4 OH \OH 9:30 16.7 16.7 16.7 133 1 0AM l 1 11.1 1 11.1 '1 11.1 11.1 11.1 11.1 11.1 11.1 Category 1. 2. 10. ll. 12. l3. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. HIn 20. Tra Gov Pol Mil Spa Sci Hea Bus Acc Rae Rel Cel Spo Wea Soc Lei KEX -- ITEMS AND PERCENTAGE OF ITEMS 1030 2 25.0 2 25.0 11AM 1130 1 3 7.7 37.5 2 1 15.4 12.5 1 12.5 1 1 7.7 12.5 2 1 15.4 12.5 1 7.7 2 15.4 1 7.7 3 1 2 12 N 3 15.8 2 10.5 Uzi—I LnH 01H 0 w 1230 _2 25.0 12.5 12.5 12.5 1 PM 2 12.5 3 18.8 12.5 2 12.5 1 6.2 2 12.5 134 1:30 2 PM 2:30 3 3 25.0 42.9 1 1 16.7 8.3 2 16.7 1 l 8.3 14.3 1 14.3 1 1 8.3 14.3 2 33.3 1 16.7 1 16.7 1 833 1 3 1 16.7 25.0 14.3‘ 5‘15. $1 ‘EW”” .'-§. ‘ Category 3 PM 1. 2. 10. ll. 12. l3. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. Gov Pol Mi 1 Spa Sci Edu Hea Bus Acc Rac Rel Cel Spo W ea Soc Agr Cri Lei HIn Tra KEX -- ITEMS AND PERCENTAGE OF ITEMS 3:30 4 PM 1 2 10.0 16.7 2 16.7 1 2 10.0 28.6 1 1 1 10.0 14.3 8.3 1 '1 10.0 8.3 1 2 10.0 16.7 1 1 1 10.0 1403 8.3 1 1 10.0 8.3 1 8.3 3 3 1 30,0 42.9 8.3 4:30 5 PM 5:30 6 PM 5 1 2 1 62.5 7.1 33.3 4.5 4 1 4 28.6 16.7 18.2 2 6 14.3 27.3 1 1 12.5 7.1 1 1 12.5. 4.5 2 9.1 2 1‘ 1 14.3 16.7 4.5 2 9.1 l 4.5 1 7.1 l 1 7.1 16.7 1 1 7,1 4.5 1 1 1 3 12.5 7.1 16.7 1306 1 20.0 20.0 20.0 ‘20.0 20.0 135 6:30 6:55 KEX -- ITEMS AND PERCENTAGE OF ITEMS Category 7:30 1. 2. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 1?. 20. Gov Pol Mil Spa Sci Edu Hea Bus Acc Rac Rel Cel Spo Wea. Lei HIn Tra 8 PM 2 28.6 3 21.4 3 2 21.4 28.6 1 -14.3 1' 7.1 1 7.1 ,2 1 14.3 14.3 2 14.3 '2 1 8:30 1 9 PM 9:30 10PM l 4 12.5 12.5 50.0 12.5 1 12.5 2 25.0 12.5 12.5 3 1403 14.3 37.5 12.5 12.5 1 2 1 25.0 12.5 1 12.5 12.5 1 1030 l 2 10.0 25.0 1 12.5 1 1 10.0 12.5 3 2 30.0 25.0 2 '2 20.0 25.0 1 . 10.0 1 10.0 1 10.0 Category GSSAM lo 2. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. '16. 17. 18. 19. 20. Gov P01 Mil Spa Edu Hea Bus Acc Rac Rel Wea Soc Agr Cri Lei HIn Tra KPAM -- ITEMS 3 23.1 7:55 8:55 10.0 10.0 9:55 2 18.2 (”a (H4 1055 2 16.7 25.0 16.7 16.7 1155 2 15.4 15.4 7.7 15.4 7.7 15.4 AND PERCENTAGE OF ITEMS 1255 3 27.3 OH OH OH O H 137 4:55PM 1 8.3 KKEY -- ITEMS AND PERCENTAGE OF ITEMS 138 Category 8 AM 1130 ' 12 N 1230 4:15 5:15 l. GOV l l ‘ 12.5 16.7 2. P01 1 3 2 1 20.0 33.3 28.6 16.7 3. Mil 1 14.3 4. Spa 6. Edu 1 1 16.7 14.3 7. Hea 1 1 20.0 14.3 8. Bus 2 2 40.0 25.0 9. Ace 1 1 1 l 1 2 20.0 11.1 14.3 12.5 16.7 28.6 10. Rac 11. Rel ‘ 12. C81 13. Spo 1 14.3 ‘14. wea 1 14.3 15. Soc 16; Agr 17. Cri 1 11.1 14.3 12.5 16.7 14.3 18. Lei 1 12.5 19. HIn l 20. Tra Wm‘ l J APPENDIX H PROPORTIONS OF NEWS CONTENT Waua‘m' E's-m. -_..' EACH NEWSCAST-«ALL STATIONS ITEMS AND PERCENTAGE OF ITEMS 139 Category 6 AM 1. 2. 3. 4. 10. 11- 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 9.0- GOV Pol Mil Spa Sci Edu Hea Bus Acc Rac Rel Cel Spo W ea. Soc Cri Lei HIn 'T‘ra #co HyA h hFJ O \O o O 8 10.8 7 9.5 13 17.6 PH 0 h 0 .p be .[\)[\) l—‘H l—‘H .. \1 43 o 0 HF \ONI [UN 9 U1 J 6:30 2 11.1 1 N H o g... UIF" UIH PM P 0 H O\ o H o O‘ \1\] \OO ()0 o 43 7 AM mo: 0 N £>h FHA (.00.) .2 7.4 HH 5H Nu HH HH PH 00 PH NM NV PH H o o 0 HP 0 o o 0 b) & l—l H o w H H 4) .0.) O \1 o H .A 7:30 15.2 3.0 0 01 12.1 8 AM 8:30 8 8.2 7 7.2 14 6 14.4 18.8 2.1 2 2.1 2 y 1 2.1 3.1 12 5 12.4 15.6 9 4 9.3 12.5 1 3 1.0 9.4 1 3.1. 4 2 4.2 6.2 8 8.2 11 4 11.3 12.5 1 1 1.0 3.1 8 4 8.2 12.5 2 2.1 ‘5 5.2 A A 9 AM 19.1 1.1 woo HH 0 O c 0* b P 4>4> \000 0101 o O HO h-b F‘H 10.1 4543 J ALL STATIONS -- ITEMS AND PERCENTAGE OF ITET” Pub Era HQ 9:30 mm Eh mm ES 0 H 140 10AM 13 13.1 14 14.1 21 21.2 3 3.0 OJ L») N N O O O O o . 0 HP HP bob) #45 OO 9 0 O o 0 O O O O o O ALL STATIONS -- ITEMS AND PERCENTAGE OF ITEMS Category 1030 11 AM 1130 12 N 1230 1 PM 1:30 2 PM 1. Gov 3 9 3 14 3 8 8 11.1 9.9 10.3 9.7 10.0 15.1 9.5 2. P01 2 9 7 12 1 7 . 2 7 7.4 9.9 24.1 8.3 3.3 13.2 12.5 8.3 3. Mil 3 24 5 15 2 5 1 20 11.1 26.4 17.2 10.4 6.7 9.4 6.2 23.8 4. Spa 4 3 2 5. 4 1 4 , 14.8 3.3 6.9 3.5 13.3 1.9 4.8 5. Sci 1 ‘ 6.2 6. Edu 1 35 f1 .3 3.7 3.5 1.9 3.6 7. Hea 4 1 5 2 3 ' 14.8 1.1 '3.5 3.8 3.6 8. Bus 5 1 l4 4 4 9 5.5 3.4 4.9 13.3 7.6 10.7 9. ACC 1 6 1 7 3 4 3 8 3.7 6.6 3.4 4.9 10.0 7.6 18.8 9.5] 10. Rac 1 2 2 l 2 2 3 3.7 2.2 1.4 3.3 3.8 12.5 3.6 11. Rel 3 l 3.3 0.7 12. Cel 8 , 1 2 l 5.5 3.3 3.8 1.2 13. Spo 1 5 1 2 l 1.1 3.5 3.3 3.8 6.2 14. WEa 5 14 5 15 4 7 ' 4 12 18.5 15.4 17.2 10.4 .13.3 13.2 25.0 14.3 15. Soc 1 2 '1 3.4 1.4 1.2 16. Agr 1 l l 3.7 l.l 0.7 17. Cri 1 12 3 20 5 7 2 3 3.7 13.2 10.3 13.9 16.7 13.2 12.5 3.6 18. Lei 2 1 1.4 3.3 19. HIn l 1 1 10 l 1 3.7 1.1 3.4 7.4 1.9 1.2 1 20. Tra ALL STATIONS -- ITEMS AND PERCENTAGE OF ITEMS Category 3 PM 3:30 4 PM 4:30 5 PM 5:30 1. Gov 10 9 10 17 7 13.3 12.3 31.2 15.3 12.7 2. Pol 5 2 7 3 13 3 6.7 10.5 9.6 9.4 11.7 5.5 3. Mil ll 8 _ 9 5 14 9 14.7 42.1 12.3 15.6 12.6 16.4 4. Spa 6 1 4 1 10 3 8.0 5.3 5.5 3.1 9.0 5.5 5. Sci 1 2 1.4 1.8 6. Edu l 1 2 2 5.3 1.4 6.2 1.8 7. Hea 4 5 2 2 5.3 6.8 1.8 3.6 8. Bus 3 1 6 l 6 5 4.0 5.3 8.2 3.1 5.4 9.1 9. Ace 5 l 5 3 5 4 6.7 5.3 6.8 9.4 4.5 7.3 10. Rac 4 2 3 3 4 5.3 2.7 9.4 2.7 7.3 11. Rel 2 1.8 12. Cel 2 2 l 2.7 2.7 0.9 13. Spo 2 1 3 5 1 2.7 5.3 4.1 4.5 1.8 14. Wea 8 1 12 2 l3 7 10.7 5.3 16.4 6.2 11.7 12.7 15. Soc 1 0.9 16. Agr 1 1.4 17. Cri 15 3 6 2 13 8 20.0 15.8 8.2 6.2 11.7 14-5 18. Lei l9. HIn 3 2 6 PM 12 14.6 11 13.4 17. 20.7 4 4.9 MN 0 {p o \0 [UN “0‘ [UN h-P o o (A) b o 4:. 14 17.1 6:30 4 12.5 3 9.4 \OOJ 45 Owo wka o H \OM OM MP 0 N on» O p oJH and O H 142 7 PM 5 12.5 5 12.5 15 25.0 3 5.0 .OON .010.) 00 O o O Ule Mb) ' .,. . -_ “‘5 ALL STATIONS ~- ITEMS AND PERCENTAGE OF ITEMS Category 7:30 8 PM 1. Gov l 4 4.2 8.5 2. Pol 3 . 3 12.5 6.4 3. Mil 6 ‘7 25.0 14.9 4. Spa 1 2.1 5. SC1 6. Edu l 2.1 7. Hea 1 2 4.2 4.2 8. Bus 1 2 _4,2 4.2 9. Ace l 3 4.2 6.4 10. R20 1 2.1 ll.'Rel 12. Cel l 2 4.2 4.2 13. Spo 1 3 4.2 6.4 14. Wea 4 . 9 16.7 19.2 15. Soc 1 4.2 16. Agr 17. Cri 4 8 16.7 17.0 18. Lei 1 2.1 19. HIn 20. Tra 8:30 *QF‘ saw 0 V 15.4 15.4 9 PM 9:30 1 2 4.5 16.7 2 , 9.1 2 3 9.1 25.0 1 4.5 2 9.1 2 9.1 2 9.1 2 9.1 1 1 4.5 8.3 1 4.5 4 3 18.2 25.0 2 3 9.1 25.0 10PM OJN l-‘H PH LAO o o o o H. 0‘ 0‘ 4:. (AN HH 0 H OJN 0 g... 0N HP PH PH \00‘ mm \101 (MN 0 o o O O 0 0 O‘ 0‘ O\ N H \l H A 1030 1 7.1 14.3 14.3 143 11PM OH OH OH 0 OJ O‘F‘ BIBLI OGRAPHY Ti :5 144 Public Documents U. 3. Federal Register. Vol. XIV. Books Abbot, Waldo. Handbook of Radio Broadcasting. 3rd ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1950. Brown, Donald, and Jones, John P. Radio and Television News. New York: Rinehart & CO., 1954. Charnley, Mitchell V. Reporting. Minneapolis: Holt & CO., 19590' Lawton, Sherman P. The Modern Broadcaster. New York: Harper & Bros., 1961. Lazarsfeld, Paul F. Radio and the Printed Page. New York: Duell, Sloan & Pearce, 1940. Mott, Frank Luther. The News in America. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1952. Reinsch, J. Leonard, and Elmo, Israel Ellis. Radio Station Management. New York: Harper & Bros., 1960. Siepmann, Charles A. Radio, Television and Society. New York: Oxford University Press, 1950. Siller, Bob; White, Ted, and Terkel, Hal. Television and Radio News. New York: Macmillan CO., 1960. White, Paul W. News'gn_ the Air. New York: ‘Harcourt,,Brace a CO., 1947. Articles and Periodicals Broadcasting Yearbook, Vol. 70, (January, 1966;, 20. McCollough, Clair R. "Editorial and Panel Discussion on Education for Broadcasting, ” Iournal of Broadcasting, Vol. 4, (Fa11,l960), 291- 92. “Radio Peps Up Its News Leadership," Sponsor, V61. 12, (October, 1958), 29. 145 Small, William J. ”Radio News Has Matured Since World War 11," The Qu1ll, (November, 1959), 49-52. Reports National Association of Broadcasters. ‘53 Operational Guide .issued by the Freedom oi Information Committee. Washington: U. S. Government Printing Office, 1958. Interviews Interview with Irwin Adams, station owner, KGON, April 5,. 1965. Interview with Ernest Crater, general manager, KKEY, April 26, 1965 Interview with George McGowan, news director, KEX,.April 27, 1965. IntervieW'with Lester Halpin, news director, KOIN, May 2, 1965. Interview with Michael Johnston, news director, KISN, April 26, 1965. Interview with Pat Leeson, manager, KPAM, May 2, 1965. Interview with Jim Miller, news director, KGW, April 26, 1965. Interview with Vern Mueller, news director, KPOJ, April 27, 1965. Interview with George Sanders, news director, KWJJ, May 10,. 1965. f Interview with Les Smith, general manager, RXL, May 17, 1965. HICHIGQN STQTE UNIV. LIBRQR ES l W ‘“ H i! (WI 1‘ M Till/1U 1. fl!’ M 3 1 293103347278