SPATIAL STRUCTURE OF PILGRIM HOUSING. IN MECCA SALEM ARABIA 8 “193232022. Bewe '02”: A. ‘2‘. "241482. SWEEL “I GUIK‘ZY‘I; Q'NC 1‘3“ ., I 524 E u) This t? :ation of the S in Mecca, Saudi :bservation and haired twenty-t turned, yielding accommodation si of the pilgrims, and the comments housing condition ables-~accessibil cultural focus of It was f0 influenced the re \3 ABSTRACT SPATIAL STRUCTURE OF PILGRIM HOUSING IN MECCA, SAUDI ARABIA by Ghazy Abdul Wahed Makky This thesis is a detailed description and interpre- tation of the spatial structure of the pilgrims' housing in Mecca, Saudi Arabia. The data were obtained by field observation and by a survey started in October, 1975. Two hundred twenty-two questionnaires were completed and re- turned, yielding the following information--rental cost, accommodation size, number of residents, national origin of the pilgrims, quality of accommodation, type of rentals, and the comments and complaints of the pilgrims. The above housing conditions were tested against the following vari- ables--accessibility, distance (from the Holy Mosque or the cultural focus of the city), and elevation from sea level. It was found that accessibility to the Holy Mosque influenced the rent cost and the size of the accommodations. :ereral attitui ZLStance was 31 -_-..~_;es of rental iistances away 22rd to live wi Acxvilinear r ;::‘.'en. Elevat ::s:, quality, The Sig 331’ center is :.‘.e period of t Eliti’ housing City as a whole Researc 2 ‘25 o d 8.; Miat' lOns is g] Ghazy Abdul Wahed Makky Distance from the Holy Mosque had an effect on the pilgrims' general attitudes and number of pilgrims per accommodation. Distance was also relative in the location of the four types of rentals; pilgrim leaders tend to be located greater distances away from the Holy Mosque while the pilgrim agents tend to live within shorter distances from the Holy Mosque. A curvilinear relationship between distance and rent cost is proven. Elevation from sea level has great effect on rent cost, quality, and accommodation size. The significant findings of this study are: The city center is overloaded by the influx of pilgrims during the period of the pilgrimage obviating the shortage of good quality housing, public utilities and facilities within the city as a whole and the center in particular. Research is indicated to further increase quality and quantity of pilgrims' accommodations and public facili- ties. The process of decentralization of pilgrims' accom- modations is greatly recommended. in part SPATIAL STRUCTURE OF PILGRIM HOUSING IN MECCA, SAUDI ARABIA by Ghazy Abdul Wahed Makky A‘THESIS Submitted to Michigan State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS Department of Geography 1976 — coflumoHGSEEou mo hnumwcflz magnum Honom “oouoom .MHQMH¢ stom .ooooz Hmnucoo can Asmummuaa nflfiwmzuaac enemas mace on» no 3mfl> Hmfluma for his minutes for her she taug Who deVC me the j father'; for the: Standinc DEDICATION To my late father... for his love and sacrifice until the last minutes in his life. To my mother... for her support, encouragement, and the love she taught me to give. To my brother Mohammed... who devoted his future and his health to give me the love and support that I lost after my father's death. To the rest of my brothers and sisters... for their caring, support, patience, and under- standing. Together we can overcome any obstacle. iii ‘ asknowledge t- iteir assistaf The of E. Stephenson. :cments, obse ..e author is Jay R. Harman Financ sity to enable this research. Mr. Se Centre at King Support and er The Tc “A. 1;“. ~ert Matthev ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Many people have contributed toward transforming a nebulous idea into the finished product which is this thesis. The author wishes to take this opportunity to acknowledge these people and express his gratitude for their assistance. The chairman of the author's committee, Dr. David E. Stephenson, provided guidance of this research. His comments, observations and suggestions were invaluable. The author is indebted also to Dr. Joe T. Darden and Dr. Jay R. Harman for their comments and suggestions. Financial support was provided by Riyadh Univer— sity to enable me to continue my studies and to complete this research. Mr. Sami Engawi and the staff of the Hajj Research Centre at King Abd Al Aziz University provided tangible support and encouragement. The Town Planning Office, Jiddah, Saudi Arabia, and Robert Matthew, Johnson Marshall & Partners, Consultants, iv ’-"h orovided 1 f" 55:735.. Mr 0 K:- ';sef‘.‘l informs Finall 552a at Riyadh To all his sincere a; nfllut Which finished. both provided materials and information used in this re- search. Mr. ghazy bin-zafir and Abdullah Ka'aky provided useful information about rent and land values. Finally, Mr. Khalid Abdulhadi Mahyoub, Michael Graff, Nancy Martin, my typist Barbi Mel, and all the colleagues who circulated the questionnaires and collected data at Riyadh University and King Abd Al Aziz University. To all the above the author would like to express his sincere appreciation for their assistance and support without which this work would never have been started or finished. Note on Tra: (D X () (D 'U m :1 LI) 8“ 8" A Note on Transliteration: Arabic words are transliterated according to the system used in the Inter- national Journal of Middle Eastern Studies, except where there is a common form in English, such as "Mecca." vi ‘- ‘r "’4'" 01" TAB..— " :3? o ILLc Dat Def 11° MECCA Loc His Phy Cli: TABLE OF CONTENTS Page LIST OF TABLES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ix LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . X Chapter I. INTRODUCTION. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Scope of the Study. . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Statement of the Problem. . . . . . . . . . 8 Purpose of the Study. . . . . . . . . . . . lO Hypotheses. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Data and Methodology. . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Definition of Variables . . . . . . . . . . 18 II. MECCA AS A PILGRIMAGE CENTER. . . . . . . . . 22 Location. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 Historical Background and Growth of Mecca . 24 Physical Geography of the Mecca Region. . . 37 Climate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 vii IV- PILGR TABLE OF CONTENTS (cont'd.) Chapter Wind Direction, Pressure, and Rainfall Water Resources. . . . . . . . . . . . The Pilgrimage . . . . . . . . . . . . III. SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF PILGRIM HOUSING. Distance: Analysis and Discussion . . Elevation from Sea Level . . . . . . . Rent Cost of Accommodation: Analysis and Discussion. . . . . . . Quality of the Accommodation: Analysis and Discussion. . . . . . . General Attitude: Analysis and Discussion. . . . . . . Accessibility to the Holy Mosque . . . Type of Rentals. . . . . . . . . . . . IV. PILGRIM HOUSING AND NATIONAL ORIGIN IN MECCA Nationalities of Pilgrims. . . . . . . Type of Attitudes by Nationality . . . Type of Rentals by Nationality . . . . V. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS. . . . . BIBLIOGMPHY O O O O O O O O O O O O O I O O O 0 APPENDIX 0 O O O O O O I O I O O O O O O I O O O Page 48 50 56 73 75 79 82 85 86 87 91 113 114 130 139 143 148 153 .- 1 .ab-e 10. ll. 12. SIMPLE ANALYSI ACCE! CHARJ ANALYS DICH AND DISTR: mo NATION TEST PERCEN NATI TYPE C Table 10. 11. 12. LIST OF TABLES Page RAINFALL. I O O O O O O O I O O O O O O O O O O O 51 WATER RESOURCES O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O 53 SIMPLE CORRELATION COEFFICIENTS . . . . . . . . . 74 ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE RESULTS BASED ON AN ACCESSIBILITY DICHOTOMY AND ACCOMMODATIONS' CHARACTERISTICS C O O O O O O C O O C O O O O O 88 ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE BASED ON ACCOMMODATION CHARACTERISTICS AND TYPE OF RENTALS . . . . . . 92 PERCENTAGE OF COMPLAINTS BY TYPE OF RENTALS . . . 102 TYPE OF RENTALS BY PILGRIMS' ATTITUDES: CHI SQUARE TEST RESULTS 0 O O C C O C O O O O O 103 ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE RESULTS BASED ON DICHOTOMIZED INDEPENDENT VARIABLE AND NATIONALITIES O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O 114 DISTRIBUTION OF MEAN FOR INDEPENDENT VARIABLES AND NATIONALITY O O C O O O O O C O O O O O O O 115 NATIONALITY BY PILGRIMS' ATTITUDES: CHI SQUARE TEST RESULTS. 0 O O O O O O C O O C O O C O C O 130 PERCENTAGE OF COMPLAINTS BY PILGRIMS' NATIONAL ORIGIN O O C C O O O O O O O O O O O O 131 TYPE OF RENTALS BY PILGRIM NATIONALITY. . . . . 140 ix c. Q (I) 0‘ ‘ 10 81) i a m (‘- Aeriai Al-l Avera alo Room Saudi The c Mecca CIOSE A1- LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Page Frontispiece Aerial view of the Holy Mosque (Al-Masjid Al-Haram) and central Mecca, Saudi Arabia. . ii Figure 1.‘ Average height of buildings for all quarters along the major streets. . . . . . . . . . . 6 2. Room Rental 1975 Pilgrimage Period U.S.$ . . . l6 3. Saudi Arabia, Location Map . . . . . . . . . . 23 4. The Growth of Mecca. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 5. Mecca Quarter Boundaries . . . . . . . . . . . 36 6. Cross section from Al-Masjid Al-Haram to Al-AZiZiah O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O 38 7. Cross section from Al-Masjid Al-Haram to Al-Tan'imO O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O 39 8. Cross section from Al-Masjid Al-Haram to Al-MiSfala O O O I O O O O O I O O O O O O O 40 9. Cross section from Al-Masjid Al-Haram to Jiyad. O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O 41 10. Cross section from Al—Masjid Al-Haram to 'Um Al-Darag . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS (cont'd. Figure 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. Plate Mecca Water Sources, 1971—1972 . . . . . . . . Percentage of Complaints by Types of Rentals . Distribution of Mean for Independent Variables and Nationality (Accommodation Size) . . . . Distribution of Mean for Independent Variables and Nationality (Persons per Accommodation). Distribution of Mean for Independent Variables and Nationality (Quality). . . . . . . . . . Distribution of Mean for Independent Variables and Nationality (Rent Cost). . . . . . . . . Distribution of Mean for Independent Variables and Nationality (Attitudes). . . . . . . . . Number of Complaints by Pilgrims' National origin. 0 O O O O O O O O O O O O O The Tent City around the village of Mina. This picture faces west. The Holy Mosque of Mecca is beyond the mountains in the upper left of the photograph . . . . . . . . The Tent City at Mina, facing southeast, during the height of the pilgrimage. . . . . Pilgrims moving to Arafat. . . . . . . . . . . A typical tent accommodation at Arafat being dissembled at completion of this rite. . . . View of part of the interior of Al—Masjid Al-Haram O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O xi Page 52 104 118 120 123 125 128 132 63 64 65 66 67 GE BB. 9A. 98. ll view Of and m Sa‘y - moqu4 A pilgr View of Al-Ha ling evide The rec Al-Ha time Interio aroun well The Mom taken pilgr Housing Witho Easy ac aCCOIT in Me Narrow illus withi thESe mlnin takir LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS (cont'd.) Plate 6A. 68. 7A. 73. 8A. 8B. 9A. 9B. 10.. View of the interior of Al-Masjid Al-Haram and neighboring Mecca. The area where the Sa'y is performed is the long wing of the mosque on the right. . . . . . . . . . . . . A pilgrim hotel adjacent to Al-Masjid Al-Haram View of Mecca and the minarets of Al-Masjid Al-Haram. The role of topography in control- ling the extent of the built-up area is evident. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The recently enlarged square outside Al-Masjid A1-Har5m--crowded with pilgrims during the time Of the Ha .! .! O O O O O O O O O O O O O O Interior of Al-Masjid Al—Harfim. Pilgrims around the Ka'aba, with the entrance to the well of ZamZam in the foreground . . . . . . The Mount of Mercy, Arafat. This picture was taken two days before the start of the pilgrimage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Housing adjacent to Al-Masjid Al-Haram, without easy accessibility . . . . . . . . . Easy accessibility and high quality accommodations in an area of high relief in Mecca O O O O O O O O 0 O O O O O O O O 0 Narrow passageways and stairways in Mecca, illustrating problems of accessibility within the city. (A) Locations such as these are at a very short distance from Al-Masjid Al—Haram. (B) Group of pilgrims minimizing distance to the Holy Mosque by taking shortcuts with difficult access . . . xii Page 68 68 69 69 70 70 71 71 72 sugporting ar and capital c the settlemer services for The 1 Sanction of 9991318. good: (‘1 —. Citi CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION Scope of the Study The relationships between a settlement and its supporting area are mutual. Food, raw materials, labor, and capital come into the center from the hinterland and the settlement provides the necessary jobs, goods, and services for the external areas. The nodality of a settlement, therefore, is a function of its ability to serve as a focus and to attract people, goods, and capital.1 Classification of Cities Cities serve numerous functions in the economy and culture of a society. In 1921 Aurousseau classified cities 1For further discussion of nodality, see Dean S. Rugg, Spatial Foundation of Urbanism (Dubuque, Iowa: Wm. C. Brown Co., 1972), pp. 81-84. '..‘.tO several :‘slture, pr: rather clas ”:an in 194 -. :ities: into several urban functions: administration, defense, culture, production, communication, and recreation. Another classification is that prOposed by Harris and Ulman in 1945, who suggested three functional types of Cities: 1. Central places performing a comprehensive range of services for a more local surrounding area, 2. Transportation cities performing break of bulk and allied activities for larger regions. 3. Specialized function cities dominated by one activity, such as mining, manufacturing, or recreation and serving wider national or I I 3 even international markets. 2M. Aurousseau, "The Distribution of Population: A Constructive Problem," Geographical Review, XI (October, 1921), pp. 563-92. 3Chauncy Harris and Edward Ulman, “The Nature of Cities,“ Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science (Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, November 1945), pp. 7-17. ‘ 3251:1011: Cit: their develop: he classified functions the: attributes . Arabia, a cit 3f the world . "steel town, “ ~ 5 ::e world," .‘Sl‘m- Musli rites Of pray n-merous Musl a...- “J‘mg the Ar ~ Briar :ers ective s t While all cities have some functions in common, each city has functions that are specific to its site and situation, and to the people that it serves. In addition, cities may have some functions peculiar to their development and their history. Hence cities may be classified more effectively on the basis of their functions than perhaps according to any other set of attributes.4 This fact is demonstrated by Mecca, Saudi Arabia, a city which is unique among the great cities of the world. Just as Pittsburgh is recognized as a "steel town," or Detroit as the "automobile capitol of the world,"5 Mecca is recognized as the Holy City of Islam. Muslims face Mecca daily when they perform the rites of prayer, and the city is the destination of numerous Muslims, one-and-one-half million in 1975, during the Annual Pilgrimage. 4Brian J. L. Berry and Frank E. Horton, Geographic Perspectives on Urban System (Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1970), p. 111. 5Yeates, Maurice H. and Barry J. Garner, The North American City (New York: Harper and Row, Publishers, 1971), p. 60. . te'“al Stru As ta :39 Of pilgf several Of th :ped for Amer The three ma: Concentric ZC Suclei Theor‘i Trlei TheOIE' city, whereas explain the 5 Sector Theori« basic arrange] tiple Nuclei '. Structural f0] lar time.6 These cOntext . Mecc thr ee 015 these \ 6 F. St Internal Structure of Cities As background to investigating the spatial struc- ture of pilgrim housing in Mecca, it is useful to look at several of the conceptual theories which have been devel- oped for American cities to explain urban land use patterns. The three major theories that have been advanced are: the Concentric Zone Theory, the Sector Theory, and the Multiple Nuclei Theory. The Concentric Zone Theory and the Multiple Nuclei Theory deal with the total pattern of land use in a city, whereas the Sector Theory was develOped primarily to explain the structure of residential areas. The Zonal and Sector Theories are also used to describe changes in the basic arrangements of land use patterns, whereas the Mul- tiple Nuclei Theory is primarily an observation of the structural form of the urban land use pattern at a particu- lar time.6 These are idealized models--developed in a Western context. Mecca, in fact, reflects some aspects of all three of these models. The Holy Mosque (Al-Masjid Al-Haram) 6F. Stuart Chapin, Jr., Urban Land Use Planning (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1965), p. 15. 22:: be seen i :IiCt (CED) . :5 urban life :;‘.‘ic, social :;:y. Surror around which Large blocks retail shops are tall, hav this zone the Which radiate aSP‘ECt 0f seve SEStem. Each i’hich Serve th The gr Cf Burgess’7 w} nusrness and ir 21:1 . 9252, Out from t r .- .es.denceS . At \ 7 . . E. W. .22 Citi-esp" A15 Clen ‘- may be seen as an alternative to the Central Business Dis- trict (CBD). It is the center of Mecca, and is the focus of urban life. Grouped around it are the main religious, civic, social, cultural, and commercial activities of the city. Surrounding the mosque are parking facilities, around which there is a mixture of land uses, including large blocks of apartments and private homes combined with retail shops and professional offices. These buildings are tall, having up to 12 floors (See Figure 1). Beyond this zone the growth proceeds along transportation routes which radiate from the center. Mecca also takes on the aspect of several nuclei in the quarter or neighborhood system. Each quarter has its own business activities which serve the local residents. The growth of Mecca contrasts with the conclusion of Burgess,7 who states that city growth is due partly to business and industrial pressure and partly to residential pull. Business and light manufacturing, as they develop, push out from the center of the city and encroach upon residences. At the same time, families are always 7E. W. Burgess, "Residential Segregation in Ameri— can Cities,“ Annals of the American Academy of Political Science, Vol. 2180 (November, 1928), p. 106. re doom: “.0 mhmmmkm totals. MIL. 020.3 warmer/30 .34 mo“. mozdnzom uo Profit moqmmiq I .oE @3322 20: of E9; 8:055 00mg 000m 00% CONN 000w Dome. Doom oovm CON. 0 2q—.qiuHue—.uq-Jqq—-.—-.-qqfi—.qfiqlq.O 1. w LN 9 J gnaw 9 1¢N n .m m m. n@ J O 1N. I... H r 0 m0 J 1m 3 no. (com: “.0 mhmmmhm 10.452 NIH 02044 mmwhm< _ 6.... :ESD'Cnding t i;stI1Ctsr f 553:0: theo: a City ten-:1 sectors of a 3: high priC ticular sect Hard from th' :ernediate re 3: more side: as the high 1 entire sector 8 erv 10 While it is differe growth Can be 1 . T} Wh Mo fac \ 8 F' St! P- 15 ‘1 responding to the appeal of more attractive residential districts, further and further away. In addition, the sector theory claims that the different income classes of a city tend to be found in distinct areas described as sectors of a circle centered on the CBD. The high rent or high price residential areas can be identified in par- ticular sectors, and there is a gradation of rentals down- ward from these high rental areas in all directions. In- termediate rental areas adjoin the high rent area on one or more sides, and tend to be located in the same sectors as the high rental areas. Low rent areas occupy other entire sectors of the city from the center to the periph- ery. While the growth of Mecca may be similar in form, it is different in process from Western cities. This growth can be explained by the following: 1. The increasing number of pilgrims every year which necessitated increasing the size of the Mosque and also increasing the residential facilities in the city. 8F. Stuart Chapin, Jr., Urban Land Use Planning, p. 15. 3. New new StOIG with Classific ferentiation has fines 0f econor Structure follow mfles, Might r ma“ ecOnomic p2 ,4 . an. Spatlal Str‘“ 2. The enlargement of the Mosque which required removing houses and other structures from the area immediately surrounding it. 3. New housing which had to be established in new areas away from the center of the city as a result. 4. The residents whose houses were now found on the edge of the enlarged Mosque district re- stored or rebuilt their houses in accordance with their new importance. Statement of the Problem Classification of cities based on functional dif- ferentiation has not distinguished among several cate- gories of economic functions. Investigations of spatial structure follow from the premises borne of economic prin- ciples. Might not cities oriented around cultural rather than economic phenomena display similarities in growth and spatial structure? E‘o that althow :aterial se for religic . flier develc to all th Rec share the r P—a}€d an i: SEttlement, lifi'LIEnCe is y«Shaztuned , wh ter, the “5.5 Provides an Spatial Struc noSque is an lated. \ 9 Dean P. 85 Following the stages of growth in Mecca we notice that although this city was not capable of providing any material services, we find that it has still grown, but for religious reasons. It has developed, and will fur— ther develop and grow as a religious center of importance to all the Muslims of the world. Mecca must be understood in terms of culture, where the religious importance of the site of the city played an important part in the development of the entire settlement. As Rugg states, "A most unusual type of site influence is that of Mecca, the birthplace of the prophet Mohammed, where the situation is based on the site."9 As the dominant institution of the cultural cen- ter, the Masjid Al-Haram is the focus of the city. It provides an important reference point for analyzing the spatial structure of the entire city. Distance from this mosque is an important variable to which other character- istics such as land values and housing costs can be re- lated. 9Dean S. Rugg, Spatial Foundations of Urbanism, 10 Purpose of the Study The purpose of this study is to examine the spa— tial structure of pilgrim housing in Mecca, Saudi Arabia. The specific objectives are contained in the statement of hypotheses which follow. Hypotheses 1. Accessibility to the Holy Mosque Accessibility to the Holy Mosque influences rent cost and the quality of accommodations, while it does not affect the number of persons living in an accommodation or the size of the accommodation. This hypothesis will be tested by one way Analysis of the Variance (ANOVA). 2. Distance from the Holy Mosque Distance from the Holy Mosque is positively re- lated to the cost of rent, the quality, and the size of the accommodation. It also influences the choice of tion of eaCh leca riations. Dista die number of per attitudes of the This hypc cf Variance and l Elevatio: ire cost of rent. of accommodation. Pilgrims' general This hypc tic“ anallr’Sis. 4' The National \ DiffEIeh iatiOn, A150 2+ L. ateliZUdes tOWar.= tin . .ese differenc. 11 location of each nationality, and the size of their accom- modations. Distance is negatively related, however, to the number of persons in accommodations and to the general attitudes of the pilgrims. This hypothesis will be tested by one way Analysis of Variance and by simple correlation analysis. 3. Elevation Elevation above sea level is negatively related to the cost of rent, quality , number of persons in, and size of accommodation, while it is positively related to the pilgrims' general attitudes. This hypothesis will be tested by simple correla- tion analysis. 4. The Nationalities of Pilgrims Differences occur among different nationalities with respect to rent cost, quality, and size of accommo- dation. Also, these differences are reflected in their attitudes toward cost-of-living and rent cost. However, these differences do not correlate with the number of gersons 1“ ancestion, Thi rfl chi squ R. The Att d Pil rent cost a: whie their ad size of This tion ana 1y sj 6- Pil rims Di ya Four housing C housing 0 heusing 01 housing or dations. 12 persons in an accommodation, nor their attitudes about congestion, lack of water and other complaints. This hypothesis will be tested by one-way ANOVA and chi square. 5. The Attitudes of the Pilgrims Pilgrims' attitudes are positively related to rent cost and the number of persons in an accommodation, while their attitudes are negatively related to quality and size of accommodation. This hypothesis will be tested by simple correla- tion analysis. 6. Pilgrims Resident in Different Types of Rentals Four types of rentals are distinguished: 1) housing obtained through pilgrim agents, 2) housing obtained through pilgrim leaders, 3) housing obtained through the owner of accommodations, 4) housing obtained through the occupant of the accomo- dations. Sig within the q2ality, nu- attitudeS: exist in th cant differ cost-of-liv of dividing Thi: and chi squa Eac} ber of sub-r These sub-h} Chapters 3 a each Variab] Tot data Were co coSt \' aCCOranr 13 Significant differences exist among pilgrims living within the four types of rentals with respect to rent cost, quality, number of persons, size of accommodation, general attitudes, and nationality. While significant differences exist in their attitude toward lack of water, no signifi- cant differences exist in their attitudes toward congestion, cost-of-living, rent cost per accommodation, the new system of dividing the pilgrims, and other complaints. This hypothesis will be tested by one way ANOVA and chi square. Each of these hypotheses is broken down into a num- ber of sub-hypotheses for purposes of specific analysis. These sub-hypotheses are presented with the analysis in Chapters 3 and 4, along with a more exact definition of each variable. Data and Methodology To test the hypotheses, the following types of data were collected: interviews with pilgrims on rental cost, accommodation size, number of residents, nationality, tie outsP from the principal 011 base If Planning Interior. I iPilgrima C 0121- Sour. l“Mir \ lnterViev l4 guality (based on a composite evaluation of a number of amenity factors), pype of rental (whether the pilgrims rented the accommodation from the owner, the occupant, a pilgrim leader of the same nationality as the pilgrim, or a pilgrim agent from Mecca), and the comments and complaints of pilgrims. The data were obtained by field observations and by a survey conducted in October 1975. Distance was measured from the Holy Mosque to the outskirts of the city by marking off points distant from the Holy Mosque in BOO-meter intervals along the principal streets. Locations and distances were recorded on base maps of l/lOOO and 1/2500 obtained from the Town Planning Office of the Saudi Arabian Ministry of the Interior. Information on land value and rent value (Pilgrimage Period and annual rent) were obtained from four sources: a 1--Ministry of Finance, aInterview with Mr. Ghazy bin-zafir, Chairman of Saudi Arabian properties and Land Value Estimator in Mecca. 2-—Mecca 3—-Resid 4--Rea1 Elev computed. I t‘ficult or Diag msulted frc rows the fj hat a Spatj figure 2). A $2 chosen in t] (see Append. Sm.Vey team \ b InterviEW ‘ 15 2-—Mecca Municipality,b 3--Residents, pilgrim agents, and pilgrim leaders,C 4--Real estate brokers. Elevation and distance from the Holy Mosque were computed. In addition each location was rated as either difficult or easy in its accessibility to the Mosque. Diagrams and a general map of rent distribution resulted from the above survey. The accompanying map shows the five zones that the area was divided into so that a spatially stratified sample could be taken (See Figure 2). A second survey was made of the residential units chosen in the above sample. A questionnaire was prepared (see Appendix) and administered by a survey team. Each survey team chose the Specific accommodation in the sample residential units and completed 222 questionnaires. bInterview with Mr. 'Abdullah Ka'aky for information on rent and land values. CInterviews to obtain preliminary information on rent and location of the pilgrims. A dInformation obtained from this source is incomplete since each broker has access to only a limited geographical area in Mecca. '1 " 7 I ‘w ‘Il -’ I “ - ”’4‘ '. O g, ‘11 .. .4 d P . u *3. ‘ .. E . I” .. 03“. r ‘ A O 9’0... G.A.Makky 9V): VAN yo.“ ”'95 Less Than 286 3’ in; MN — cm ’/1 287 _ 857 3' 3‘1); \‘hL— AoA k\‘ 353 — 1714 3 yr» Vow —\V\o =— 1715-2571 1! JV); (o‘H 0-563 - More Than 2571 K i éf‘lb‘iaévg A\V°\o Gig-Hy L3 kufi\g\=§*\ @\ FigZROOM RENTAL 1975 PILGRIMAGE PERIOD U.S S @Lébyg E.) 0.5 1.0.km MECCA BUILT-UP AREA I MOSOUE -—~ PRINCIPAL ROAD ~ SECONDARY ROAD at: / SOURCEI KINGDOM OF SAUDI ARABIA MINISTRY OF PETROLEUM 8 fl MINERAL RESOURCES 17 University students were engaged and trained in . . . g . 10 the administration of the questionnaires. It was arranged that the students work in teams of two; each two teams had a supervisor, and all of the supervisors had a leader in direct contact with the researcher. It was also arranged that one team be responsible for photography. The survey was started on December 6, 1975, which is equivalent to the third of Dhu al-Hiijah. Each team was responsible for completing nine observations per eight-hour day within the location indicated on their particular maps. Tests The data were analyzed statistically, using simple correlation analysis which yields coefficients of correla— tion which indicate the strength of the relationship be— tween a dependent and independent variable, and the direc- tion of the relationship. A one way test of the analysis of variance was used to test for differences among the 0Thirty-one students in Engineering from both Riyadh and King AbdZU.Aziz Universities administered the questionnaires. 18 means of more than two samples such as the example of accessibility and rent cost per accommodation. The chi square test was used to show whether or not the frequen- cies obtained differ significantly from those which would be expected.11 Definition of Variables For each single room accommodation, information obtained was based on the following variables: l—-Distance: Distance from the Holy Mosque measured in meters. 2--Elevation: Elevation from sea level measured in meters. 3--Size of accommodation: Size is measured in meters: length X Width X Height. 4--Number cfif occupants: Number of persons in each accommodation. 11For more information see Hubert M. Blalock, Jr., Social Statistics (New York: McGraw—Hill Book Company, 1972): PP. 275, 217, 361. in ' _ l9 5-—Rent: Pilgrims pay rent for the entire pilgrimage period, rather than by the week or month. The period is about one month for most pilgrims, but may reach three or more months for pilgrims from distant homes, such as South- east Asia. 6--Accessibility: This is a measure which takes into consideration elevation from sea level and the distance from the main streets. Any observation located along the main street, even if it is at a high altitude, is consid- ered as easily accessible; while any observation located away from the main street, even though it has a low alti- tude, is considered difficult in accessibility. In addition, occupants were questioned about cer- tain attitudes concerning housing and the pilgrimage in general by giving them the opportunity to express their major complaints. Specifically, pilgrims were asked about their attitudes toward rent costs and, although they were not asked specifically about other problems, their responses fell into the following categories: 12The rent price is converted from Saudi Arabia currency to U. S. dollars at the rate of 3.5 Saudi Riyals to one U.‘S. dollar. W r7 20 l--Congestion: both in the accommodations and in the streets. 2--Cost of Living: including food, transportation expenses and any personal necessities. 3--Lack of water: Mecca has a water problem which be- comes very serious during the pilgrimage period because of the influx of pilgrims and the temporary population in- crease. 4--The New System of Dividing the Pilgrims: In 1975 a new system of dividing the pilgrims among pilgrims' agents was established. The old system was that every pilgrim had a chance to choose the agent he wanted and each pilgrim made this decision when he arrived in Saudi Arabia. This system proved unsatisfactory, since certain .agents bought the pilgrims from middlemen. Following this traditional method some agents could not provide the neces- sary services after sharing the monies received with the middlemen. Thus, some agents went out of business. To avoid these problems, the Ministry of Pilgrimage established the "New System" of dividing all pilgrims among the pilgrim agents. Every pilgrim agent is assigned a " ‘__' 7" _—_.§- 21 number of pilgrims equal to the average number of pilgrims he had in each of the last three years, up to a maximum of 3,000. Those agents who did not have any or had less than one hundred pilgrims would now get one hundred pilgrims as a beginning, and this number will increase in succeeding years if his services warrant it. Respondents had different opinions about the new system. Some preferred a particular agent since they or their friends were familiar with him. 5-—Other Complaints: Pilgrims complained about several things, such as the treatment of the drivers and customers in Jeddah Airport, Saudia Arabian Airlines services, a lack of water, lack of sanitary facilities-—especially in the center of the city, and lack of information about religious historical events. in 1 1?; I» EE .. 2..“ CHAPTER II MECCA AS A PILGRIMAGE CENTER Location Site and Situation [T Mecca is located on 21°25' north of the Equator and 39°44' 30“ East of Greenwich. It is located in the Sirat Mountains inland from the Red Sea. The city is situated in an area of crystalline rocks, which include igneous and metamorphic rocks, such as shists and gneiss. Also the area contains granitic rocks of pre-Cambrian Age. Mecca stands at the half-way point on the caravan route between Yemen and Syria. Several roads go to Yemen in the South and to Jeddah in the West and to Madina in the Northwest; also there are two routes leading to Taif in the Southeast and to Nejd in the Northeast (see Figure 3% 1Arthur N. Strahien, Introduction to Physical Geog- raphy (New York: Wiley, 1973), pp. 422-449. 22 23 II CON 3:! u 1 00¢ §2§# ,. .......... 3... mm... m i. 4w w 9‘ I ..\ . 4 a 8» CON 8. 23220:! - . q - §§OON 00. on. I. ambit—Sm I .I-o - .6225 «Q n32 202.400.. <_m522... 25.3.4 an: :23 02.221... 2:6» 9: 4:92.... 92 and .33: ":53... a. 5:83: 5:3. .. no zoazgfi oz». .533: ~.~< .593 .338 q _ _ o ........ ......... ................ ......... ........ ........ ....... ..... ..... ....... ..... .o.. ............ .......... ........... .......... ..... u..- ... ..... ...... ...... ....... ....... ....... ....... ....... ...... ..... ...... ..... ...... W ...... ...... nnnnn ttttt ..... nnnnnn ..... ...... ........ ......... ........ --------- ........ ........ ..... a... o... 1.. ..... ...... oooooo ------ ...... ..... t. \\\\s 6378...: $3. -65: 35-3.»: at». 1&8 33-9.: .37.: ........ ................ ------------------- ............... ......... A.I.< owuummv .o.< acumen. nhQ unwm. ¢0m_ nonm- nannum. #NQ. .90. NB. Inns Nahuumm >w¥ (cow: “.0 15.3010 m1... 3 5E 34 veneration which its inhabitants entertain for their temple; this prevents them from con— structing any edifices which might possibly pretend to rival it. Modern Mecca During the period of the Saudi government between 1343 A.H. and 1375 A.H. (1924 A.D. - 1955 A.D.) with the discovery of petroleum in the Kingdom and the establish- ment of a stable nation state, Mecca has witnessed a con— siderable boom in its growth. Its size became 7,121,000 square metres. Easier and quicker methods of transporta- tion have also helped contribute toward this rapid expan- sion and growth. The change since the time of Burckhardt has been great. Mecca in the last two decades has seen a new era of development and expansion. Modern planning has been applied during this period, focusing on modern communica- tion, public services, and other improvements. Mecca has expanded along the roads through the mountain valleys away from the city center. Expansion 12J. L. Burckhardt, Travel in Arabia (London: Frank Cass & Company, Limited, 1968), pp. 103-106. has rem: the 38C‘ the tair stre al-A Affa 35 has been accomplished by the construction of new streets in different parts of the city. Fountains have been built in its four main squares. Houses near the Holy Mosque have been raised up to 13 stories, and they are surrounded by Open spaces and wide streets. Pilgrimage accommoda- tions are not tied to the city's center but they are spread out to reach the peripheries in the quarters of A1-‘AzIziYya, Al-Nuzha, Al-Zahir, and Al-Zuhara' (see Figure 5). Mecca‘s 35,269 houses in 1970 are more compacted in the old city than in the newly developed residential areas.13 With the new projects which have been established, many houses--especially those in the old city--have been removed to enlarge the area of the Ho1y Mosque and allow the construction of new and wider roads. The above pro- jects force clearing in the city center and expansion on the periphery of the city. By the end of 1975 Mecca extended over the moun- tains located within the city and also along the main streets that led outside the city. Such streets are al-Aziziyya Street toward the northeast about 11 kilometers 13This figure is provided by the Office of Municipal Affairs in Mecca. 36 €52 _< 252 _< w 552.80 _< 2... 5:28 .4 n .24-... .38 2... :4. 8.25 w £33.35 .4 m .8252.» 2 ~ 5.233.814 _ 223:0 3.3.52 2 so! Amman-AC J¢hm.2_3 mmagzaom 55.30 Sous. .m a: ,..an...“Lawmawhufiam 222.35. q u J N _ o 8:: q A _ o o o ». NDOmOZQ _ ~ .2 .4 nouns n $385.. .4 a can 2 €385... .4 .v .25... Z N o .354. no.2...» 33.2. 0.925 .4 €2.83... 2 32.2.. _< _ £33632. 5.3.2:. 2 2.32 2. ......oN .4 £8...u._:-_< 37 from the city center, al-Tan'im Street toward the north— west about 8 kilometers, al-Misfala toward the south about 4 kilometers, JiyEd toward the east about 2 kilo- meters, 'Um a1 daraj toward the west about 8 kilometers from the city center. Development along these streets is illustrated in Figures 6 - 10, where the profile of the city is presented in cross-section along the above- named major streets. Physical Geography of the Mecca Region Mecca has the shape of a star with the Holy Mosque located in the center. The city lies amid a complex of mountains and alluvial valleys. The mosque is located in a low part of the city, at an elevation of 277 meters above sea level. These tOpographic conditions cause many difficulties during the rainy season as most areas suffer from floods, especially the area of the Holy Mosque which is located in the middle of the wide Ibrahim Valley. 38 magmas. 301 9.: ES. mocflmfi. Como. comm oovm oowh oooo com.» comm ooqN CON— 0 I -PPrrr-bh———_Er——hpP—b_--—Phr—+PPhPLIO I A gel/ll a m 0 10 am (I0 a lo / v N n o Io— /. m I. N. J 1Q— 0 J 70— I: 12% J. ION S 9.00....“— I<.N.N.N n. N. m.m h. m.o~ m. m.v m.ao .o>< m.moa m.- I o.mm I I I I I I I I m.mm on m.mam I o.vm o.o~ I I I I m.m m.v m.v o.mH m.ov~ mm o.mo~ o.m~ «.mv I I I o.H ma I m.mm I m.m o.m mm H.wm o.~ m.mm I o.H m.m I I I I I I I he v.0m I o.vh I m.HH I I I I I I I I we omnum>< .oon .>oz .uoo .umom .msm wash undo mm: .um< .Hmz .nwm .cmn “mow .mmuumaflflaws an. tAAflhZHdm .H mamfifi 3:39 3.58 :0 0 “Lara... 351.... 45.6.22... 0» 43. ................. ................. ................... ................... ............. 53 .muauasoaumfi mo huumwcflz may Scum mumo cam “mm .m ..umwo mcflccmam nBOB can Hmcoflmmm .mmfimmumuum swans w>HumcumuH< "mumw mo mousom« .muomz Scum ex Nm usonm um ummmnusom ou ummwsuuoz Eoum wank mwaam> HHmEm mananlw .xcfluc mom Umms wn umss kums mg» mo nose mocflm mcflmmmuomo mum >maam> was» canuflz mmmum Uwum>fipano mnsllm .mwmwa Hmum3 mafimo uflwzu £ua3 mamomm ooo.ov usonm mcflzamm5m mHHm3 wum>wnm oom usonm mum mumnu meow: cHllm .monsom mEMm scum muflucmsv HMHHEHm meSmaoo mcflaumw Hmooqlla .hufluonusd mocmcflm mo huumwcwz an hmma ca muomz cm£owmu Hmum3 muH .mcflumm many mo mam: unmson .mcflx ucmmmum may no Hmzuoun .Um.mm mcflxllu .xufluonus¢ mocmcflm mo wuumwcflz an Hmma Ga moowz vmzommm .mGHM ucmmwum mo umnumm .Uoflumm NHNmHson mcflm mcfiuso uaflsn mm3 pH .nmvmvmnlam cfl¢ ma mew: unmfloqdllm . .Amuscflsxcofiamm com usonmv m2 Doom usonm mvamflw .muflo ou 30Hm mmfluumo mcoH Ex mw usonm uoswwsvm anaemme UmumummHm mauummllfl ma NH 0 umsmo mmaam> Hamz m mHHmz mum>aum Om OH cme.mz ooom Ham3 nmwund Mam m meflumm comm Hamz maflsmmnmma qfla m meflumm ooom mcflumm a anom cfl« m mafiumm ooom mcflumm 0 mafia: CH< m maflumm ooom mcflumm m nmfluflua cafl oH mm cma.mz comm mcflumm ¢ zmcamnsw cfl< muuwfi muumE\wom3 mmn\mz mousom mmwcxofine Ga mmuoz wmaam> vamflw mo mmuoz mEmz umhmq umumz gamma umumz . momum>< mmwa mmUmDOmmm mm8<3 .N mqm<fi 54 and the water comes to the city by aqueduct, truck, and pipeline. As a result the entire quantity of water avail- able does not reach the city without large losses; about a third to one half of all water extracted from local ground water resources is lost because of the existing distribution methods and facilities within the city and inefficient use of the pipelines. As a result of the above information it can be assumed that Ain Zubaydah Authority is only able to pro- vide some 13,000 m3/day for consumption in Mecca. Consid- ering that the pOpulation of the Holy City is 301,000, the per capita daily consumption of water in Mecca is accord- ingly 66 litres including wastage, or 43 litres excluding wastage. These statistics reveal that the city has a criti- cal water shortage and that large numbers of people are living on near minimal quantities daily. During the pil- grimage, the problems of water supply become very severe. The per capita daily consumption of water in Mecca must decrease to an estimated 14 litres including wastage or 9 litres excluding wastage, based on 1.5 million 16Alternative Urban Strategies, pp. 59 and 88. 55 pilgrims in 1975. This indicates that neither the pil- grims nor the citizens have enough water as the water available cannot satisfy their daily needs. In conclusion: Mecca and its population have a critical shortage of water . The methods of distributing the water to the inhabi- tants in Mecca needs to be changed or improved by using proper pipelines, and otherwise improving the water distribution system. Since the Red Sea is about 70 km from Mecca it is pos- sible to refine enough water for Mecca's needs by de- salinization. Or is it possible to shift the quantity of water that the city of Jiddah gets from Wadi Fatima to Mecca, and supply Jiddah by refined water. In order to protect the people who consume the water a system of chlorination and water examination should be established. 56 The Pilgrimage According to the Koran every Muslim is required to observe the Five Pillars of Islam: to profess that there is no God but Allah and that Mohammed is his prophet; to pray five times daily; to give alms; to fast during the month of Ramadan; and to make the Pilgrimage--known as the ggiif-to Mecca at least once in a lifetime if at all pos- sible. .. . .17 The Hal] Rites The Hajj--the Pilgrimage to Mecca--is essentially a series of rites performed in Mecca, and in nearby Arafat, Muzdalifah, and Mina. The Hajj must be made between the eighth and the 13th days of the 12th month, Dhu al-Hijjah, of the Muslim lunar year. 17This discussion is summarized from Aramco World Magazine (November 1974). 57 Donning the Ihram.18--This is the first step toward performing the pilgrimage. At the moment of donning the Ihram the pilgrims enter a state of grace and purity in which they may not wear jewelry or perfume or other per— sonal adornment. Performing the Tawaf.--The pilgrims then proceed directly to the Holy Mosque to circle the Ka'aba. The Tawaf is the act of circling the Ka'aba on foot seven times. After the pilgrims perform the Tawaf, they perform the Sa'y (the running) where they run between the hills of al-Safa and al-Marwa, where Hagar searched for water for her child. She ran desperately back and forth seven times between the above hillocks, until the angel Gabriel appeared and, stamping the ground with his heel, brought water for her and her child. This is the origin of the well of Zam Zam. Pilgrims also run seven times in commemoration of this event. l8The Ihram is a white seamless garment. For men this garment consists of two lengths of white material, one covering the body from waist to ankle, the other thrown over the shoulder. For women it is customarily a simple white gown and a head covering without a veil. 58 Going to Mina and Arafat.--On the eighth day of Dhu-al-Hijjah the Pilgrim begins the main rites of the Hajj by going to Mina, where he prays five prayers and then moves to Arafat. He may go directly to Arafat, how- ever, where he must stay until the sunset of the ninth of Dhu-al—Hijjah. This period at Arafat is called the day of standing and this action is the single most essential act during the pilgrimage. In Arafat there is a hill called the Mount of Mercy, at the bottom of which the prophet Mohammed de- livered his farewell sermon during his own pilgrimage. It is this event which the "standing" at Arafat commem- orates. Toward Muzdalifah.--After sunset the pilgrims pro- ceed en masse from Arafat to a place called Muzdalifah a few miles back toward Mina. In Muzdalifah the pilgrims worship and sleep. There they gather a number of pebbles for use during the rites on the following days. Going to Mina.—-After midnight of the ninth day, the pilgrims move from Muzdalifah to Mina, where they re- main for three days. There they throw on the first day 59 seven pebbles at one of three whitewashed, rectangular masonry pillars. The pillars which they stone on this occasion represent devils. The largest of the three pillars represents Satan himself who three times tried to persuade Abraham to disobey God's command to sacrifice his son. The throwing of the pebbles symbolizes the pil- grims' repudiation of evil. On the succeeding days the pilgrims throw 21 pebbles a day at the pillars. Id al-‘adh§.——The feast of sacrifice starts the morning of the tenth day of Dhu-al-Hijjah, that is, the first day at Mina, where the pilgrims who can afford to sacrifice a sheep, cow, goat or other animal. Some pil- grims share in the sacrifice of a single animal. They all give a portion of the meat to the poor. The sacrifice has several meanings: It commemor- ates Abraham's willingness to sacrifice his son. It sym- bolizes the believer's preparedness to give up what is dearest to him. It marks the Muslim renunciation of idolatrous sacrifice. It offers thanksgiving to God. It reminds the pilgrim to share his blessings with those 60 less fortunate. Muslims all over the world are on the same day performing an identical sacrifice, and thus vi— cariously sharing in the elation of the pilgrims in Mecca. The sacrifice is therefore an integral part of a worldwide Muslim celebration that unites those on the Hajj_with those elsewhere. Releasing from the Ihram.--After completion of the rites at Mina, the pilgrims have completed a major part of the Hajj. Both men and women now cut off or clip some of their hair. For men it is recommended that they have their heads shaved. At this point the pilgrims may remove the Ihram. Tawaf al-Ifadah.—-All pilgrims now go to the Holy Mosque and circle the Ka'aba a final seven times; this is called Tawaf al-Ifadah. Then the pilgrims return to Mina for three days. All of the rites of the Hajj are now com- pleted and the atmosphere is more relaxed. Departure.--After the three days at Mina pilgrims are free to return home after they return for a farewel Tawaf in Mecca. This final Tawaf is called the Tawaf al wida'. 61 A total of 1,557,867 pilgrims performed the pil- grimage in December 1975, exceeding the 1974 total by 72,892 pilgrims. Of the total, 306,159 pilgrims were from Saudi Arabia; 357,165 pilgrims were non-Saudi but residing in Saudi Arabia; the other 894,573 pilgrims came from outside Saudi Arabia. Of the latter number 584,593 were male and 299,980 were female.19 To accommodate the increasing numbers of pilgrims, the Saudi Arabian Government has made changes in facili- ties, and has even made important changes in Al Masjid Al-Haram itself. The mosque has been enlarged from 29,000 square metres in 1375 A.H. (1956 A.D.) to 190,000 metres in 1976. The Mosque can now accommodate 600,000 wor- shippers at one time. This expansion includes the con- struction of Al-Masa'a where the Sa'y, or running takes place. Al-Masa'a is a 395 metre long wing of the Mosque. Both floors of Al-Masa'a were used for the Sa'y in 1975 because of the large number of pilgrims.2 19Oil Caravan (newspaper published by ARAMCO in. Dhahran) January, 1976. 0Data provided by the administrative office of the Mosque Improvement Project [Mashru' al-Haram], Mecca. 62 Al-Masjid Al-Haram is a magnificent structure. It has seven minarets, each extending 92 metres above ground. The mosque is decorated with geometric work in metal, mosaic tile, and carved plaster; the majority of the Mosque is painted white. The cost of reconstruction of the Mosque amounted to one billion Saudi Riyals. On the following pages is a series of photographs illustrating the Al-Masjid Al Haram, Mecca and its situa- tion, examples of housing and accessibility, and important sites of the pilgrimage. (Plates 1-10) 63 .smmumouonm may no puma momma on» :w mcwmucSOE may vcomon mw mono: mo oavmoz ado: one .umm3 moomu wuauoam mans .mcaz mo owmaawb on» undoum undo acme onBII.H ma¢qm 64 .mmmfiflumawm on» no usmflmn mnu UCHHDU .ummmnusom manomm .mcflz um muflo acme aseun.m macaw u‘..W'.nI.lC.EI-\I 33C” it"s..- .. L.“ n v i : . . ‘, ? 9.1..yflcc. ,_“ 3.061.! 1 Cl 65 .ummmu4 ou mcH>OE meHmHHmII.m madam 66 .muwu many mo cowumamfioo um omHnEmmmHo mcawn panama um coHuMUOEEooom vamp Havammu «In.v madam 67 smnmmuam cflnmmznae mo HOAkucfi on» mo uumm mo Bma>ln.m mafim 68 .amummua< uflflmuzua< ou undo—~35 Hove: Bah—wanna 41.3mm 3 E 'i». I fizsunaecza Inn-r .45.“- ‘h 31‘I‘IIIII-u‘ .1. {17’ r. “ l . > it. wmrsgmmnnmlam- ”‘3 w-nmuuaxunus-‘u ‘ 4 Mt. mat-au‘u-a—u {1 . , , 1 .uzmflu any :0 vane: 23 mo 93.3 95H 0:.» ma. voahomuom a.“ me on» muons «who one .mouoz mfiuonnmaoc can Emma: ua< oflwmmznam mo uofiumucfl may «0 sofl>uu.«o m Edam 69 7A.--View of Mecca and the minarets of Al-Masjid Al-Haram. The role of topography in controlling the extent of the built-up area is evident. 7B.--The recently enlarged square outside Al-Masjid Al-Haram --crowded with pilgrims during the time of the Hajj. PLATE 7 70 .fl‘ . . ‘ .. ' n -- '- . . -_,K- -« .-. 3.2"”?- -".- :I -. L .' ._-"-" :.'.- ‘1}: . I‘ 5:: '.| ‘.. . ' »' ). a.” ‘- '1" , . “' . 9 'U - VV- .' -' v .v ‘3 i,”.-.-i-:1::':;.Aé21"‘.’W‘" on . . . ‘ , L“, ‘ . . . 1‘ “ | .4 - '- ‘ "n‘,,--- . .17! fi‘ “ ' J" ‘ .y ““"'K‘ {5' J. _. “9:29 ~ . .1: .’. , 8A.--Interior of Al-Masjid Al-HarEm. Pilgrims around the Ka'aba, with the entrance to the well of ZamZam in the foreground. BB.--The Mount of Mercy, Arafat. This picture was taken two days before the start of the pilgrimage. PLATE 8 71 .moumz cw mmwamu .hufiawn swan mo noun cm ca meowumvoasooom Iflmmmoom ammo unosufl3 .Emummlad %uwam5v swan can humafinwmmmoom >mMMII.mm Uflnmmzldd ou anaconda mcwmsomll.¢m m Nqum 72 .mmooom uHsowMMfiU nuw3 musouuonm ucwxmu ha msvmoz haom may on mocmumfiw mGHNaBHcHE mawumaflm mo mocha Amy .Emumm lam ownmmzldé scum mocmumfiv uuosm >H0> m an mum mmwnu mm £05m mcoflumooa Amy .%ufio mnu cflaufi3 unflaflnflmmmoom mo mawanonm wcflumuumaaaw .moooz ca mwm3uflmum cam mmm3memmmm SOHHszI.OH ma¢qm mad dad CHAPTER III SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF PILGRIM HOUSING In this chapter, the spatial distribution of pil- grims' accommodations is discussed. The discussion will also focus on the characteristics of pilgrims' accommoda- tions with respect to the four types of rentals (pilgrim leaders, pilgrim agents, occupants, and owners), and accessibility to the Holy Mosque. Such discussion will be analyzed according to the following Specific variables which determine the charac- teristics of the accommodations: distance from the Holy Mosque, elevation from the sea level, rent cost of accom- modation, quality, number of occupants per unit, size of accommodation, and pilgrims' general attitudes. These analyses will be statistically tested by simple correlation analysis, one way analysis of the variance, and chi square. Variables are paired and ana- lyzed in relationship to each other to determine the strength and the direction of the relationship (Table 3). 73 74 TABLE 3. SIMPLE CORRELATION COEFFICIENTS J; ELE- OT VARIABLE VA RENT QUAL- TcoSL ACCOM. NUEEER COST ITY SIZE TION PLAINTS PERSONS Distance r -.435 .089 .313 -.200 .063 —.179 sig. .001 .094 .001 .001 .174 .01 Elevation r -.235 -.035 .146 -.084 .120 sig. .001 .301 .05 .106 .05 Rent Cost r .188 .077 .316 .169 sig. .05 .126 .001 .05 Quality r -.121 .235 .241 sig. .05 .001 .001 General r -.045 .046 Complaints sig. .252 .249 Accom. r .3954 Size sig. .001 N - 2220 75 Distance: Analysis and Discussion Distance and Rent Cost The test results show no sigificant relationship between distance from the Holy Mosque and rent cost per accommodation. The correlation cbefficient was only .0890. The hypothesis, that there is a positive relation— ship between the rent and distance from the Holy Mosque, is rejected. No significant relationship exists between distance and rent cost due to the fact that certain pil- grims of different nationalities are recommended by their Health Missions to live away from the city center in the outskirts, where most of the houses are new and belong to rich pe0p1e. For this reason the rent per accommodation is expected to be higher than other accommodations within the city, except those of high quality near the Mosque. In conclusion, rent is high for accommodations which are close to the Holy Mosque and have high quality; then rent goes down for accommodations away from the mosque; and in- creases in the outskirts because of the quality of the accommodations. 76 Distance and Quality There is a significant positive relationship be- tween distance from the Holy Mosque and the quality of accommodations. The result supports my hypothesis of a positive relationship. Also this relationship suggests the proposition that Mecca's urban structure is similar to the industrial city. The city center in most Arabian Muslim towns is the old city which is characterized by traditional con— struction. As one moves from the center toward the out- skirts one will notice a difference in building construc- tion and quality. However, in the case of Mecca the cen- ter of the city is being altered in appearance. Recently, many of the old houses located near the Mosque (approxi- mately 2473 houses costing over $86 million)1 were removed in order to enlarge the Mosque and build new roads. Some new housing was constructed in the center of the city, altering the relationship between distance and quality with the raise in quality of the city center. Data provided by the administrative office of the Mosque Improvement Project [Mashrfi' al-Haram], Mecca. 77 Distance and Total Complaints There is a negative relationship between attitudes, as measured by the total number of complaints and distance from the Holy Mosque. The correlation coefficient is -.200 and supports my hypothesis. This negative correlation is due to: 1. Most of the pilgrims are very conservative when explaining their attitudes toward the pilgrimage. 2. Since most of the pilgrims are very anxious to per- form the pilgrimage, they believe that anything which happens to them in Mecca is acceptable be- cause it might be their last visit. 3. All Muslims believe that the credits they will get in the "hereafter" are related to how much they suffered to perform their pilgrimage. Distance and Accommodation Size There is no sigificant relationship between distance from the Holy Mosque and accommodation size. The correla- tion coefficient is .0633. The results lead to a rejection 78 of the hypothesis, which is that there is a positive rela- tionship. No relationship appeared between the two variables due mainly to the new houses which were built near the Mosque after removal of the old houses. Also the lack of a relationship is due to the fact that most of the rooms in old and new buildings are consistent in size, whether the housing is old or new. Distance and Number of Persons Per Accommodation A negative relationship exists between the number of persons per accommodation and distance from the Mosque. The results support my hypothesis of a negative relation- ship. This result relates to the fact that rent is very high in the accommodations which are close to the Holy Mosque. For this reason certain pilgrims tend to cluster together in order to reduce the cost per person. Also it is related to the fact that the pilgrim agents are located close to the Mosque, where they try to fit in the 79 accommodations as many people as they can to secure bene- fit for themselves. Elevation from the Sea Level Elevation and Rent Cost A significant negative relationship exists between rent per accommodation and elevation from the sea level. The result supports my hypothesis of a negative relation- ship. The relationship is low because there are some accommodations located at high altitude but close and easily accessible to the Holy Mosque. These accommoda- tions have a high rent cost. Elevation and Quality No significant relationship exists between quality of accommodation and elevation from sea level. The hypo— thesis, that a negative relationship exists between quality and elevation, is rejected. 80 The result of no significant relationship between the above variables is not easily explained, but might re- late to the following: 1. The nature of the sample design. 2. Lack of sufficient information to measure quality. From personal observation, low quality of accommodations located at high altitude with no vehicle accessibility is the general rule. Elevation and General Attitudes A significant positive relationship exists between attitudes, as measured by complaints, and elevation from sea level. The result supports my hypothesis of a positive relationship. The positive relationship is probably explained by the general lower quality of residents in higher elevation areas. 81 Elevation and Accommodation Size No significant relationship exists between accommo- dation size and elevation from sea level. The hypothesis is rejected that there is a significant negative relation- ship. Accommodation sizes are uniform in Mecca. Elevation and Number of Persons A significant positive relationship exists between the number of persons per accommodation and elevation from sea level. The hypothesis is rejected that there is a negative relationship between the above variables. This result is related to the following: 1. Some nationalities, such as the Yemenis, are used to living in mountains and, furthermore, cluster together to reduce the cost of housing. 2. Other pilgrims find that the accommodations offered by the pilgrim agents was higher in cost than they expected. For this reason they preferred to rent accommodations from those of their own nationality who are living in Mecca. Those pe0p1e are mostly 82 located in the mountains surrounding the Mosque, such as 'Umar Mountain. Many of these pilgrims came from Afghanistan and Pakistan. Also, there are accommodations located at high altitude which have high quality and easy accessibility to the Holy Mosque; these accommodations have a high rent cost, which means that more people share the cost. Rent Cost of Accommodation: Analysis and Discussion Rent Cost and Quality A significant positive relationship exists between rent cost per accommodation and quality of accommodation. The results support my hypothesis of a positive relation— ship. The relationship between the above variables is low, yet significant, because the accommodations which are located close to the Mosque have high rent cost due to lo— cation regardless of quality. In contrast, there are some accommodations of higher quality located within the city 83 not near the Mosque, but which at the same time have lower rent cost. Rent and Pilgrims' Attitudes No significant relationship exists between rent per accommodation and pilgrims' attitudes. The results are surprising, and result in the rejection of the hypo- thesis that there is a positive relationship. No significant relationship is shown due, for ex- ample, to the fact that the pilgrims from Persia pay about the highest amount of rent overall, but most of them do not complain because the Persian government helps them financially to perform the pilgrimage. Other pilgrims pay high rents but share the cost with others by living together. Furthermore, pilgrims anticipate the high rents, and accept them as a normal part of the pilgrimage. Rent Cost and Accommodation Size A significant positive relationship exists between rent cost per accommodation and size of accommodation. The results support my hypothesis of a positive relation- ship. 84 However, the results show a low correlation between the variables because in the area surrounding the Mosque accommodations of small size could be expected to rent for high prices; while away from the Mosque, especially in the outskirts where the Persian pilgrims prefer to live, accom- modations are valued for their size. Rent Cost and Number of Persons A significant relationship exists between rent cost per accommodation and number of persons living in an accom- modation. The result supports my hypothesis. However, the correlation between these variables is low due to the fol- lowing: 1. Most of the accommodations are rented as a unit-- not by individual persons. 2. In the case of the pilgrims from Persia, each per- son has a specified minimum size of accommodation. This size requirement will not be changed whatever the accommodation cost. 85 Quality of the Accommodation: Analysis and Discussion Quality and Pilgrims' Attitudes A significant negative relationship exists between quality of accommodations and the pilgrims' attitudes. The result supports my hypothesis of negative relationship. The tests show a low correlation between these variables because pilgrims in general do not care about the quality or the price they pay for the very short period that they will stay in Mecca. Quality and Accommodation Size A significant positive relationship exists between quality and size of accommodation. The result supports my hypothesis of a positive relationship. Although there is not a great range in accommodation size, larger accommoda- tions tend to be found in newer, higher quality housing. Quality and Number of Persons A significant negative relationship exists between quality of accommodation and number of persons living in an 86 accommodation. The results support my hypothesis of nega- tive relationship. General Attitudes: Analysis and Discussion General Attitude and Accommodation Size No significant relationship exists between pilgrims' total complaints and size of the accommodations. The re- sults refute any hypothesis, which is that there is a posi- tive relationship between the two variables. General Attitudes of the Pilgrims and Persons per Accommodation No significant relationship exists between persons per accommodation and pilgrims' total complaints. The re- sults refute my hypothesis which is that there is a posi— tive relationship. 87 Number of Persons and Accommodation Size A significant positive relationship exists between number of persons per accommodation and accommodation size. The results support my hypothesis of a positive relation- ship. Accessibility to the Holy Mosque The discussion in this section focuses mainly on on the location of the accommodations, i.e., whether or not they have easy accessibility to the Holy Mosque. Such locations could affect the characteristics of the accommo- dations such as rent cost, quality, number of occupants in an accommodation, and accommodation size. Accessibility by Rent Cost The test results show significant differences be- tween rent cost per accommodation and accessiblity to the Holy Mosque (See Table 4). The results support my hypo- thesis which is that there are significant differences be- tween rent and accessibility to the Holy Mosque. 88 TABLE 4. ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE RESULTS BASED ON AN ACCESSIf BILITY DICHOTOMY AND ACCOMMODATIONS' CHARACTERISTICS a Easy Access Diff. Access Accommodations' F F Characteristics 'Mean S.D. Mean S.D. Ratio Prob. Rent Cost per Accom. 1745.6 1916.09 715.6 962.17 22.87 .000* Quality of Accom. 5.32 1.71 5.14 1.43 .679 .411 No of Persons per Accom. 7.10 3.79 7.82 3.46 2.10 .149 Accommodation Size 55.44 24.95 49.21 22.67 3.672 .057 a = n = 127; b = n = 95 *Significant at .001 level. By looking at the mean cost per accommodation we find that in the case of easy accessibility to the Holy Mosque the mean rent cost of an accommodation is $1745.60, while in the_case of lesser accessibility it is $715.60. This remarkable difference between the two rates relates to the fact that most pilgrims care more about the location of their accommodations, and also to the fact that the sponsors of these houses take into consideration the location of their accommodation when they determine rent values. 89 Accessibility and Quality The test results do not show any significant dif- ferences between quality of accommodation and accessibil- ity to the Holy Mosque (see Table 4). The result of the test refute my hypothesis, which is that there are signif— icant differences between quality of accommodation and accessibility to the Holy Mosque. No significant differences between quality and accessibility could be explained by the following: 1. Methods that were used in determining the accessi- bility were not equivalent.2 2. Most of the houses in Mecca, especially those in the center of the city, have the same quality re- gardless of their locations from the main streets. This does not in most cases include the new build- ings. 2See definition of accessibility. 90 Accessibility by Number of Persons The test results do not show any significant dif- ferences between number of persons per accommodation and accessibility to the Holy Mosque (see Table 4). The results support my hypothesis of no signifi- cant differences. These results could be related to the fact that more people share the accommodations with maxi- mum rent, making the rent cheaper per person. Accessibility by Size of Accommodation The test results do not show any significant dif— ferences between accommodation size and accessibility to the Holy Mosque (see Table 4). The results support my hypothesis of no signifi- cant differences. Since none of the above variables except rent cost are affected by accessibility to the Holy Mosque, it is obvious that pilgrims are charged on the basis of location alone. 91 Type of Rentals Most pilgrims who come to Mecca to perform the pilgrimage reside in accommodations obtained through one of the following : pilgrim leaders, pilgrim agents, occu- pants of accommodations, or owners of the accommodations. The discussion in this section will focus mainly on the accommodations' characteristics as well as pilgrims' gen- eral attitudes related to the above rentals (see Table 5). Type of Rentals by Rent Cost The test results show significant differences among pilgrims residing in the four types of rentals with respect to rent cost per accommodation, supporting my hy- pothesis of significant differences. By looking at the average rent costs per accommo- dation in the four types of rentals we will find that the rent cost decreases in the following order: pilgrim leaders, pilgrim agents, occupants, and owners. 92 TABLE 5. ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE BASED ON ACCOMMODATION CHARACTERISTICS AND TYPE OF RENTALS Accommodations' - . . , Type of Rental n x S.D. F.Ratio F.Prob. Characteristics Rent Cost Occupant 13 733.85 897.64 Pilgrim Agent 98 1364.26 1278.39 7 17 OOOa Pilgrim Leader 44 2189.32 2774.07 ° ' Owner 51 709.84 835.29 Quality Occupant 13 4.7 .95 Pilgrim Agent 98 4.7 1.39 23.84 .OOOa Pilgrim Leader 44 6.8 1.29 Owner 51 5.1 1.56 Number of Occupant 13 7.3 2.98 Persons Pilgrim Agent 98 8.1 3.99 c . . 3.11 .027 Pilgrim Leader 44 6.2 2.89 Owner 51 7.1 3.75 Distance Occupant 13 866.2 994.09 Pilgrim Agent 98 591.4 564.29 15.50 .OOOa Pilgrim Leder 44 1413.8 801.99 __ __9wner __ 51 947.9 639.92 Total Occupant 13 1.5 1.56 Complaints Pilgrim Agent 98 1.8 1.44 91 437 Pilgrim Leader 44 1.3 1.38 ° ° Owner 51 1.6 1.40 Accommodation Occupant 13 42.8 15.27 Size Pilgrim Agent 98 52.4 22.64 4.98 .002b Pilgrim Leader 44 62.3 27.32 Owner 51 46.1 19.05 a . . . Significant at Significant at c . . . Significant at .001 level. .01 level. .05 level. 93 Pilgrim Leaders.--About 75% of the pilgrims who rent from pilgrim leaders are from Iran. Rent in this type of rental is high because the houses they rent are new and in good lcoations on the outskirts of Mecca. Pil- grims who reside with pilgrim leaders are able to pay for good accommodations, since some of them get financial aid from their governments, and the others are financially able to pay pilgrimage expenses themselves. This system enables pilgrim leaders to provide good accommodations for their pilgrims at good benefit to themselves, since most of the leaders prepare accommodations ahead of pilgrimage time to be sure they have good accommodations with good prices. Pilgrim Agents.--One of the main jobs of a pilgrim agent is to prepare a comfortable accommodation for their pilgrims. The rent is high for housing provided by pil- grimage agents for the following reasons: 1. The location of their accommodations is very close to the Mosque. 94 2. These agents' income derives mainly from the pil- grimage period, that is about one month out of the entire year. 3. The pilgrims have the right to choose the kind of accommodations and the price they want to pay. For this reason the pilgrim agents could not rent their kind of accommodation at the prices they want ahead of time, as the pilgrim leaders do. Owners and Occupants.--In the case of these two types of rentals the accommodations are cheaper because most of the families do not mind sharing their accomida- tions with pilgrims. This gives them a chance to know more about other people in other parts of the globe and also to help them financially in the cost-of-living which becomes very high during the pilgrimage time. A lower rental cost still represents important income for them. Type of Rental by Quality The test results show significant differences among pilgrims living in the four types of rentals with respect to quality of accommodation. The results support '95 my hypothesis of significant differences. By looking at the mean quality of accommodation in the four types of rentals we find the following: Pilgrim Leaders.--The accommodations in this type of rental have the highest quality. As discussed above, the pilgrims who live with the pilgrim leaders can afford to pay for the quality of their accommodations, which makes the leader able to rent the new houses in the new areas. Also this relates to the fact that every leader must get approval from the health mission of his own nationality as to whether the accommodation is suitable. These missions come from each country to assist the Saudi Health Ministry in the care of their pilgrims. Pilgrim Agents.—-They have low accommodation qual- ity for the following reasons: 1. The location of their accommodations are charac- terized by congestion, high rent cost, and mostly old houses. This is because they are located within a shorter distance from the Holy Mosque. DC tl' mm... hi Pi be 96 2. The status of their pilgrims is reflected in the amount they can pay. Most of their pilgrims are illiterate, poor and unhealthy. For the above reasons the pilgrim agent (in order not to pay from his own pocket) rents the accommodations that are suitable at the price that these pilgrims can afford. Owners and Occupants.--Accommodations belonging to these two types of rental are mainly constructed for private residences. Most share the accommodations' fa- cilities with the pilgrims during the pilgrimage period. The quality is therefore variable, with few accommodations in the lowest quality category. Type of Rentals by Number of Persons The test results show significant differences among pilgrims in the four types of rentals with respect to num- ber of persons per accommodation, supporting my hypothesis of significant differences. 97 By looking at the mean number of persons living in accommodations we find the following: Pilgrim Leaders.--The lowest number of pilgrims live in an accommodation. The minimum area that every pilgrim has in an accommodation is established by the health mission which comes with the pilgrims. Pilgrim Agents.--In this type of rental there is no minimum fixed area for each pilgrim. All the pilgrims in an accommodation must organize themselves and establish their own area within the accommodation. This situation, discussed above, relates to financial circumstances of the pilgrims. Owners and Occupants.-—Most pilgrims who rent accommodations from owners or occupants rent them as a group who want to be together and they do not mind being congested for a short time, as long as the rent is less. Type of Rentals by Distance The test results show significant differences among pilgrims residing within the four types of rentals. By 98 looking at the mean distance of the accommodation from the Holy Mosque we find the following: Pilgrim Leaders.--Pilgrims with this type of rental are living in accommodations located at a greater distance from the Holy Mosque, since most of their accommodations are located in the outskirts such as Al—Nuzha Mansfir Street, and Al-Faisaliah. The health commissions of these pilgrims recommend the above areas since they are away from the pol- lution of the city center. Pilgrim Agents.-—Pilgrims with this type of rental are living in accommodations located close to the Mosque. Owners and Occupants.--These accommodations are located between the outskirts and the city center. These locations and the quality of the accommodations are not attractive in most cases to either the pilgrim leaders or pilgrim agents, which might be the reason they rent their accommodations directly to the pilgrims. Tq'qae O “U“ Efifili; the pi spect of sig each t r+ voe c rental new a] type < leade: more 1 son t] theSe tWQ t) 99 Type of Rentals by Accommodation Size The testresults show significant differences among the pilgrims living in the four types of rentals with re- spect to accommodation size which supports my hypothesis of significant differences.‘ By looking at the mean size of accommodation in each type of rentals we find the following: Pilgrim Leaders.--The size of accommodation in this type of rental is higher than the other three types of rentals. As discussed above these accommodations are in new areas . Pilgrim Agents.--The size of accommodations in this type of rental is smaller than in those of the pilgrim leader, mostly because the land values in central areas are more expensive than those in the periphery. For this rea- son the owners try to make use of every spot they have. Owners and Occupants.--Accommodations belonging to these types of rentals are smaller than those in the other two types of rentals, because of the fact that in most ferenc rental lead t is a s pilgrl follov rental the o: Pilgr; liVin< two t) 100 cases the owner or occupant is sharing the house with the pilgrims, who receive the smaller rooms. Types of Rentals by Pilgrims' General Attitudes The test results do not show any significant dif- ferences among the pilgrims living in the four types of_ rentals with respect to total complaints. The test results lead to a rejection of the hypothesis, which is that there is a significant difference. By looking at the mean of total complaints of the pilgrims living in the four types of rentals we find the following: Pilgrim Leaders.——Pi1grims living in this type of rental do not complain as much as those pilgrims living in the other types of rentals. Pilgrim Agents.-—The pilgrims residing with the pilgrim agents have more complaints than those pilgrims living with other types of rentals. Owners and Occgpants.—-Pilgrims who live in these two types of rentals complain but not as much as those 101 living with pilgrim agents but more than those living with pilgrim leaders. Since the above discussion does not show what kind of complaint is noticeable in each type of rental, the fol- lowing discussion will be focused on each complaint by each type of rental. Types of Rentals by Types of Complaints This section focuses on the pilgrims' attitudes, within each type of rental, toward congestion, cost of living, rent cost, lack of water, new system of dividing the pilgrims, and other complaints. In Table 6 a percen- tage breakdown by complaint within each of four rental categories is presented. A summary of the chi-square test is presented in Table 7. The analysis in the rest of this chapter refers to both of these tables. These results are summarized graphically in Figure 12. .uul.‘ II I‘ll. d‘J .inJa.‘ _ 7.4L Jzilnlln - 3 ”La ~ m/NL. 102 0.0m ma v.mm mm ¢.mm ma o.oo om m.mm om n.wo mm m.>m m m.mm m mumnpo o.mn mm NN m n.0m mm m.mm Ha >.mm on m.OH m OOH m o 0 young mo xomq m.om mm m.ma m m.om om H.m m v.mo Hm ®.vm em m.hm m mmo m Emummm 3oz o.mo mm v.Hm 0H m.mo om m.Hm «a m.mm mm v.0v mw m.ao m m.mm m umoo ucmm m.mo mm n.am ma v.vw mm N.mH m H.m> hm m.@m HN om v 0.0m v mcfl>flq mo umoo o.mh Hm v.vm 0H m.Hm em m.wH m m.m> mm v.vm ma OOH m o o COAmemsoo w c w c m c m c w c w a w c w c chHmEou camHmEOO camHmEou Gamamfiou mucamamaou cflmHmEoo cflmHmEOO . chHmEOO . cfimHmEoo . uoz #02 #02 #02 mmmzzo mmmam .500 02.)... 20:.ww0 “.0 X044 3m2 szm “.0 .500 -200 3 mmwzgo 4 mmmom 00.22.5200 v.0 mudkzwommm NH .mE 0. 0m 0m 0? 00 00 0h Om Om 00. 39V1N3083d 105 Type of Rentals by Congestion The test results show no significant relationship among pilgrims residing within the four types of rentals with respect to congestion. The results support my hypothesis. By looking at the percentage complaints of the pilgrims residing within each type of rental we find the following (see Tables 6 and 7). Pilgrim Leaders.-—Pilgrims living with the pilgrim leaders have a low percentage of complaints. This relates to the fact that most of them are residing away from the city center in the outskirts, and they are living in un- congested accommodations. Pilgrim Agents.--Pilgrims who live with pilgrim agents have the most complaints compared with the other types of rental. This could be related to the following: 1. The pilgrim agents' accommodations are located in the city center where congestion reaches the peak. 106 2. Most pilgrims are living in congested accommoda- tions. Owners and Occupants.-—Pilgrims who reside with the occupants do not complain about congestion, while some of those who reside with the owner did complain about congestion. Type of Rentals bnyost of Living The test results do not show any significant re- lationship among pilgrims residing within the four types of rentals with respect to the cost of living. The results support my hypothesis of no signifi- cant relationship. By looking at the percentage complaints of the pilgrims living in each type of rental we find the following: Pilgrim Leaders.--The percentage of pilgrims re- siding with pilgrim leaders complaining about the cost of living, is lower than those living in other rentals. The reason is that most pilgrims residing with the pilgrim leaders have already paid all the expenses required for 107 performing the pilgrimage including meals, often with assistance from their own country. Pilgrim Agents.--The percentage of pilgrims rent- ing from pilgrim agents, who complain about cost of liv- ing, is higher than for those living with pilgrim leaders because most of the pilgrims living with pilgrim agents are poor and living in the cith center where everything is expensive compared with other parts of the city. Owner and chgpant.--Pilgrims who reside with owners complain more than those living with pilgrim leaders or pilgrim agents; while in the case of the occupants, not very many pilgrims had comments about cost of living. Type of Rentals by Rent Cost The test results show no significant relationship among pilgrims living within the four types of rentals with respect to rent cost per accommodation. The test results support my hypothesis of no sig- nificant relationship. By looking at the pilgrims resid- ing within the four types of rentals we find the following: 108 Pilgrim Leaders.--The pilgrims who reside with pilgrim leaders complain about rent cost but not as much as those who rent from pilgrim agents. This result could be related to the quality of accommodation they get and to the arrangements which were made by their own country. Pilgrim Agents.--The percentage of pilgrims who rent from pilgrim agents and complain about rent cost is higher than those living in the other rentals. Since the quality they get is less than what they paid in one hand and, in the other hand, the economic status of most of those pilgrims is low. Owners and Occupants.-—Pilgrims who reside with occupants complain about the rent cost, while those who reside with owners complain the least compared with other pilgrims living in other rentals. .Eype of Rentals by the New System gf Dividing the Pilgrims The test results show a significant relationship anmmg pilgrims residing within the four types of rentals ‘with respect to the new system of dividing the pilgrims. 109 The hypothesis is rejected that there is no relationship between the above two variables. By looking at the percentage of pilgrims complain- ing about the new system of dividing the pilgrims, and who are living within the four types of rentals we find the following: Pilgrim Leaders.--The pilgrims dealing with pil- grim leaders are not concerned with the new system, since their leaders contact and make all arrangements with the pilgrim agents. Pilgrim Agents.--Some pilgrims who reside with pilgrim agents complain about the new system, although this system was established for their own benefit. Owner and Occupants.—-The pilgrims who reside in the accommodations belonging to occupants have the highest percentage of complaint about the new system, while those who reside with owners do not complain very much. 110 Types of Rentals by Lack of Water The test results show a significant relationship among pilgrims residing within the four types of rental with respect to the frequency of lack of water. The results support my hypothesis of a significant relationship. By looking at the percentage of pilgrims in the four types of rental complaining about water supply, we find the following: Pilgrim Leaders.-—The percentage of pilgrims dealing with pilgrim leaders who complained about lack of water was higher than those living in other rentals. We have to consider the fact that the only pilgrims that con- sume a lot of water are the pilgrims who live with the pilgrim leaders, especially pilgrims from Iran. Because the pilgrim leaders are responsible for serving meals to their pilgrims, when the pilgrim leaders rent the accommo- dations they rent them with specific conditions such as: l. The owners or the occupants who rent their accom- modations to the pilgrim leaders must supply the pilgrims with all their water needs. 111 2. Half of the rent cost is kept with the leader until the end of the rent period. If the supplier of the accommodation does not provide the pilgrims with enough water, the leader has the right to buy water with the rest of the rent he has kept. Pilgrim Agent.-—The pilgrims who reside with pil- grim agents do not complain about a lack of water as much as those residing with pilgrim leaders although the amount available for them is much less than those with pilgrim leaders. Owners and Occupants.--Pilgrims residing with owners have a high percent of complaints about lack of water, while those residing with the occupants do not complain about lack of water. In conclusion, water is a critical problem in Mecca especially during the pilgrimage time when the population triples or quadruples. It is also a problem during non—Pilgrimage time as we discussed in the previous chapters. 112 Type of Rentals by Other Complaints The test results do not show any significant rela- tionship among pilgrims living within the four types of rental with respect to other complaints. The results sup- port my hypothesis of no significant relationship. In each type of rental, there were numerous com- plaints by pilgrims. The variety and uniqueness of these complaints and other expressions of attitudes makes it dif- ficult to analyze the differences between rental units by specific complaints. The kinds of complaints are mentioned in the “Definition of Variables“ section of Chapter One. CHAPTER IV PILGRIM HOUSING AND NATIONAL ORIGIN IN MECCA This chapter focuses mainly on the pilgrims them- selves in terms of their nationalities and their spatial distribution within the city, as well as their distribu- tion within the four types of rentals (pilgrim leaders, pilgrim agents, occupants and owners). Also, the charac- teristics of the accommodations with respect to the pil— grims' national origin is discussed. Such discussion will focus on such characteristics as distance from the Holy Mosque, accommodation size, number of occupants, quality of accommodation, and rent cost. In addition, the atti- tudes of the pilgrims toward the pilgrimage as a whole will be discussed according to the national origin of the pilgrims. 113 114 Nationalities of Pilgrims This section deals with the nationalities of the pilgrims in terms of their location with respect to the Holy Mosque, accommodation size, number of persons per accommodation, quality of accommodation, rent cost per accommodation, and their attitudes and complaints. Since we are dealing in the following discussion with thirty-two nationalities, these nationalities are divided into two groups, according to whether they are above or below the mean values of each variable. These data are compiled and presented in Table 8 (Summary) and Table 9 (independent variables and mean for each national- ity). All discussion in the following section derives from data given in these two tables. TABLE 8. ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE RESULTS BASED ON DICHOTOMIZED INDEPENDENT VARIABLES AND NATIONALITIES W Variables i S.D. F.Ratio F.Prob. Distance 874.07 726.07 4.394 .000: Accommodation Size 52.77 24.15 1.586 .038 Number of Persons 7.41 3.66 1.259 .185a Quality 5.24 1.59 7.028 .000a Rent Cost 1307.49 1659.67 2.463 .000b General Attitudes 1.60 1.43 1.874 .007 b C . aSig. at .001 level; sig. at .01 level; Sig. at .05 level; N = 222. 1L15 om.H we came Unmuw o m.eomam me some ccmuom vN .m m..n Emma UGMHOV mCOmumm av.h we cmmfi vcmuom m: ee.~m we came cannon muwuwfi No.6hm m..n C005 @QMHUH o.m 4.mao H.m H.o me.m4 m.mmm HH muwauo m.~ m.mea o.4 o.oH 0.44 o.mmMH m cage» 4. ~.4maa ~.m 4.4 e.mm e.moe NH xwxuse H.~ m.eoma m.m o.m 0.44 m.mH4 e meuem o.H m.moM H.m H.m m.em m.m44 m cmosm m.~ o.oom m.~ o.m 4.~4 m.emo m weamscm o.m n.004 m.o o.m m.He o.moeH M 440404 ecsmm m.a m.~me 4.4 m.e 4.04 4.04m w enumexme m. m.owm m.4 m.e 4.54 m.om4H mm 4406642 m.H m.mmaa m.4 m.e 0.4m m.m04 m wemmmamz e.H e.mme 8.4 e.4 o.~4 p.044 m oooouoz m.m o.oom~ m.4 o.m «.me H.6em mm «>040 o.~ m.aem 6.4 o.o H.H4 e.mm0a e emuH m.H N.om4m H.e H.e m.mo m.em4H 44 cmuH H.H 4.54s o.m 4.8 4.6m m.4~o he mflmmcoocH m. o.mom m.4 m.4 m.e~ m.~m4 4 meeeH e. m.e4oa 0.6 e.m o.mm m.meo m mmumuesm name 6604c: 4.~ o.meo m.m H.e 8.0m m.mmm mm umemm H.~ 4.mmoN m.m m.m n.4m 4.44m om 8000644 m m m m m m m m m m m m G 30Hmn m>onm 30Hmn m>onm sonQ m>onm 30Hwn w>onm onmn m>onm 30Hmn m>onm mwfluHHMCOAumz ommosuwuu¢ mumou ucwm kuflHMDO m.EOoo¢\muom NmNfim .Booo< Hmocmumwo wqucone ezmozmemozH mom 24m: mo oneomHmemHo .m mqmee 116 Distance from the Holy Mosque by_Nationality The test results show significant differences among nationalities with respect to the location of the accommodation as related to the Holy Mosque. The results support my hypothesis of significant differences existing between the above two variables. By looking at the aVerage distance, 874.07 metres, of each nationality we find the following: Above the Average Distance.--These respondents are pilgrims from Saudi Arabia, Iran, Nigeria, Yemen, Iraq, and Egypt, respectively. These locations attract those pilgrims either because of their low rent, because of their quality, or both rent and quality. Pilgrims from IRAN are specifically advised by their health mission to live as far as possible from the center of the city. Below the Average.--These respondents are pilgrims from Algeria, Libya, Malaysia, Syria, India, Sudan, Morocco, Pakistan, Indonesia, Somalia, United Arab 1 117 Emirates, Turkey, and Other Nationalities.l Those pilgrims from different nationalities live within a closer distance to the Holy Mosque. Accommodation Size bnyationality The test results show significant differences among pilgrims from different nationalities with respect to num- ber of persons per accommodation. The test results support my hypothesis of significant differences between the above variables (see Figure 13). By looking at the average size of accommodation, 52.77 m3, we find the following: Above Average.--These respondents represent accom- modations of pilgrims from Saudi Arabia, Iran, Libya, In- donesia, Turkey, and Algeria, respectively. Although there is no relationship between distance and size of accommoda- tion, as discussed in the previous chapter, we find that the pilgrims from Saudi Arabia and Iran who live at 1All references to "Other Nationalities" indicate the eleven nationalities represented by one respondent only. 118 mum .5804 ON 1.- aoS...Ew 2:4 8.2.5 2.»... 81.- o a SEE-ca... “now £33.22 coEo> 605-. 0? .T S.DEOwO 0 0800.5 2.60.20 0 2050 2 00k. 000. 000. 000! 0.0m. 00m. 0mg: 00.0. 000- 2.00 OmK 000 000 50¢ 00» d + d 4 J 5 d aha lT. d fio-L>Q . m 3......» 2.4.4.4 40:24.5 0 oo 1. 23:00.... :3. Sam... 639.4 0... ._444m 4. 00... 00.. »._._._<20_._. Pzwozmamoé m0“. Z375... r..._.. hzmozwmmog to“. 2452 “.0 20_._.:m_m._.m_o i .2”. 121 Above Average.--Accommodations which have more than 7.4 persons in each unit are occupied by pilgrims from Yemen and Nigeria, who live at greater distances from the Holy Mosque and have below average size accommodations. Also in this category are pilgrims from Turkey, Libya, Algeria, and Indonesia who all have above average size accommodations. Pilgrims from Somalia, Syria, Sudan, and Pakistan have an above average num.ber of persons per accommodation, but below average size accommodations. Below Average.--Accommodations having below average number of pilgrims are occupied by pilgrim s from India, Malaysia, Morocco, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, Others, Iran, Iraq, and Egypt. Of these, only pilgrims from Saudi Arabia and Iran have above average size accom- modations. Quality by Nationality The test results show significant differences among pilgrims from different nationalities with respect to qual- ity of accommodation. The results support my hypothesis 122 of significant differences existing between the above two variables (see Figure 15). By looking at the average quality of the accommo- dations, 5.24, occupied by different nationalities, we find the following: Above Average.--Above average quality accommoda- tions are occupied by pilgrims from Iran and Saudi Arabia. Both groups have low average number of persons per unit, and above average size of accommodation, and reside away from the city center. These factors indicate that distance from the city center, number of persons per accommodation, the size of the accommodation, in addition to the nature of the pil- grims themselves have a great effect on the quality of the accommodation. Below Average.--Below average quality accommoda— tions are those which are occupied by pilgrims from So— malia, Sudan, Malaysia, and Pakistan. These nationalities also locate close to the city center, have below average size accommodations and they live with an above average number of persons. Pilgrims from Libya and Algeria have 123 3:25 Ni. 0 2.380 n1] 550» 2.80.40 0 2.00.2 co... 4 .. :2»..de 2...... “5.8.65. 0 a 330.2... 0 6.3... 00.... 00.0. 000. ow! 0mm... 00m. 00: 00.0. m 000 00» 000 000 00¢ 0mm d o .4... .r . ca. 0.1 2:30 u.».w:ooo£ emeram 000205 01... . WLQ-Lfio 0 656.4 26.4%.Wmhfim .444m 0 sir co... ”1' >..._|_ szozmawoz. m0“. 2wfi d GOCDhmmo 000. 000~ 2.50.40 0 23... co... 0 oonu coon >..._.._420_._.42 024 001.0514) 0200200002. $0“. 2405. “.0 202.00.00.90 ma .2”. 126 Above Average.--Above average rent cost of accom- modations is paid by pilgrims from Iran, Libya, and Al- geria. Pilgrims from Iran pay higher rent prices and, accordingly, they get higher quality accommodations. They live in above average size, uncrowded accommodations with all the facilities available included. Pilgrims from Libya and Algeria pay high rent prices but they get below average quality accommodations without adequate facilities. The above conditions could be related to their lo- cations from the Holy Mosque on one hand, and on the other hand they could be related to factors such as a lack of advice on where to live. For example, in the case of the pilgrims from Iran, all the accommodations to be occupied must first be examined by the Persian Health Mission to decide whether or not they are good for residence. In general, the Persian Health Mission advises their pilgrims to live in accommodations at a greater distance from the city center. 127 The above provisions are not made for nationali- ties, including Libyans and Algerians in the high rent category. Below Average.--Below average rent costs are paid by pilgrims from Saudi Arabia, Egypt, Indonesia, and Syria. Those nationalities have, however, above average quality accommodations. This quality could be related to the distance from the Holy Mosque or to the size and fa- cilities available in the accommodations. The following nationalities have below average rent costs: Yemen, Sudan, Iraq, Nigeria, India, Pakistan, Morocco, Somalia, United Arab Emirates, Malaysia, and Turkey. General Attitudes by Nationalities The test results show significant differences among pilgrims from different nations with respect to pilgrims' attitudes. The results support my'hypOthesis, which is that there is a significant difference between the above variables (see Figure 17). By looking at the average total complaints, 1.60, of the pilgrims from different nationalities we find the follow- ing: 128 82......4 «.0 i. 4.0 1.. 0 426......0 0.0 I 09.40 43...: 0 0.0 1T 0 2.822 0 2.2.. o.. a- 34.5... C N._ 1r 200000...— co.. 0 233.620 8: com. com. 84. com. com. oo: 80. 4. .. cow 8.. com com 84 com d I. d 4 d d a I q E E 00wOLOEd. d 4 moco*m_o 656.4 . m . i. 53.600 0:66.30 0. 0 . .4 .260 cc... om 0.2.50 2:60 02.624 N.“ 1.! $530 6330 Em 0.43.30 w.~ II o_—°E°w. 0.N 1r >._._:_420_._.4z 024 mm...m4.m4> 0200201002. mo“. 240.2 “.0 20....Dm_.r._._.m_0 D .2”. 129 Above Average.--Above average total complaints are represented by Somalia, Egypt, Libya, Yemen, Syria, Algeria, Iraq, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Pakistan, and Morocco respectively. Pilgrims such as Libyan and Algerians who have low quality accommodations and live in congested areas while they still pay high rent prices, are different than those from Saudi Arabia and Egypt who pay low rent prices and get above average quality and a below average number of persons per unit. Libyan and Algerian pilgrims pay high for their locations close to the Mosque. Below Average.--Below average total complaints are made by pilgrims from United Arab Emirates, India, Nigeria, Turkey, Indonesia, Malaysia, and Iran. As we notice, most of these pilgrims do not speak Arabic, which is one of the problems faced in this study. This does not, however, mean we were unable to get a clear idea of their attitudes. From the data already discussed, we could predict the attitudes of the pilgrims withoutasking them. For instance, one could predict that the pilgrims from Iran 130 would have a low average of complaints, while pilgrims from Libya and Algeria would complain the most. Type of Attitudes by Nationality In this section we discuss the attitudes of the pilgrims toward congestion, high cost of living, rent cost, the new system of dividing the pilgrims, lack of water, as well as various other complaints that the pilgrims men- tioned in interviews (as summarized under the category of "Other Complaints"). These data are compiled and presented in Tables 10 and 11 and Figure 18. TABLE 10. NATIONALITY BY PILGRIMS ATTITUDES: CHI SQUARE TEST RESULTS Con- Cost R t New System Lack Test ges- of en of Dividing of Others . . . Cost , , tion LiVing Pilgrims Water X2 32.51 26.04 49.68 33.84 33.36 32.79 Degrees of 26 26 28 26 26 26 Freedom Sig. .1769 .4611 .0070a .1392 .1518 .1682 n 171 171 221 171 171 171 aSignificant at .01 level. 112321 .5060 cocoa-on 0:0 nut; noauunucoduflc cgoao roundup—Ho m.n 93. o 3 o... .12 n S n.“ 13 o S a. ”.2 n S n.“ v.6.” v S 6.” may m S .328 «A .23 n n o 22 a n o o o n n. ".2” fl n n4 n ~ n o «.2 A n all.” 0 o o n non-.18. 254 6315 a; on n o «J 12 a o o 6.3 A o 6. 6.2 n 2 a.“ N n o o. 6.2 d 6 >833. oé .13 m o e. To. n o a; ”.2 N o 64. 6.3 o .. o o o o o. 6.3 A 0 Sim rim 2. o o o o o a a; 9:. n o 1. mg». n o o. 92 A a c. 3 n a :35 a.” 92 « ~ 6 o o a c. on H n n. o... a a 0. cm 2 ~ N; o o a .333. ...~ 63 n n a; 6.8 u n o o o n o o o n o o o n o. 22 A n .332 :33 Ta on v a a; on a o Tn om v a 64 on v a o. «.2 a m o o o m 5:12 Tu m6 r. 3 «4 71 a S m.~ ”an m 2 a. Tm N 2 6.. Y: n I o. 16 a 1 32.3.. a. To... ~ n 0380: o. 3 H N e. on a u o o o a m. T: H n o o o n o. om H a 31.15. 6.9 9.2. 3 2 a. fin .H 2 .2. 13 a 3 a.m 1mm 3 «a m.n 6.2. o S .6 6.6m .. S 133 n.« 18 v p 64 0.3 n a o o o a w; 13 v A a; 0.2 N 6 o. T: H 6 we: “.3 v.3 2 an mg 6.3 o an o.« 6.2 m an 6... 6.2 S 3 .4 SJN .. 2 M.“ 6.2 v 2 5: 1. on e S «A 2 n 3 a; on n 3 m. «6 H S a; on n S N; ow N o. 3.289: 6 o o n o o o n o o o n n. ma A v o. 22 w n o. .12 H n 3!; v6 «.2 3 an «4 ad a an v.6 v.2 Z S 0..“ om S 2 «A 6.3 a an a.” T: n 2 2:3 0... 2. a“ 2 N; 92 u 3 «A 92 n 3 .5 oo 2 ca mg 92 o 3 .6 0.3 A o. 3.33.. .” -.nuunn ....... ”Hun” .u ..“M”“” ....... ”Hum” .” -.MM”M” ......1 ”Hum” .” -.MMHHM ....... ”WNW” .” -.MMHMH ....... ”Hum” .u -.MMHHH ....... ”Hun” ........... o no o uloo .8 o we o .80 us. a mo a 1.8 -3. o no ' -68 -9... o uo . .38 :3. c «o a -68 -3. Egg 52.8 ES. 8 US 9.23: as. $8 .25. 25,3 .8 .58 235828 9:32.. 8 5.5.6 .5. ZHUHKO 0465—22 .MIHKSHL #0 93:41:60 .00 ggguh .AA 5049 132 coo. 02.2.... 2.0 5.! 32:23.8: 5»... 863.2...- 0. a. 0. a 0 n. O. n 0 U0 v. _. N I h Nn III-III o. .N III-IIIIIIII o . 0N a. n. o. n 0 2522.00 .25 o o. n o n. o. n o 25.0.... 9.6.29 .o .30 2.3. £328 302 o n n n .363 .o 9.3... 6 Soc .66. 2.0.10 44202.42 ESEGJE >0 9.2.4.5200 “.0 0005.02 ma .0...— 5:39.00 8:359... 3 .2252. o : .8050 n :25; 332.60 no.4 ooze: sofa... Sim couam 2.26m 639.4 .33. 5.2.6. 2.3.2 333.... 6.6.3.62 6...... co... E... 22:39.. 6...... .axo0 2.3.4 £33.32 133 Congestion by National Origin The test results do not show any significant rela- tionship among pilgrims from different nationalities with respect to congestion. The test results support my hypo- thesis of no significant relationship. By looking at each individual nationality who com- plained about congestion we find the following: Between All Nationalities.--The highest percentage of pilgrims' complaints about congestion are from Algeria and Libya, followed by Iran and Egypt. Within Each Nationality.--The highest percentage of pilgrims who complain about congestion are from Malaysia,- Algeria, Libya, India, Saudi Arabia, and Yemen. The previous results show that the pilgrims from Algeria and Libya are affected by congestion more than any other pilgrims, a fact that seems to be related to their accommodation location combined with the size and number of persons per accommodation. 134 Cost of Living by National Origin The test results do not show any significant rela- tionship among pilgrims from different nationalities with respect to cost of living. The results lead to a rejection of the hypothesis that there is a significant relationship. By looking at each individual nationality who com— plained about cost-of-living, we find the following: Between All Nationalities.--The pilgrim nationality which complained most about cost of living was Yemen, fol- lowed by Egypt, Algeria, India, Turkey, Libya, and Indo— nesia, in that order. It bears mentioning that some pilgrims, such as those from Egypt and Indonesia, bring foods from their own countries for their own use and for sale. Other pilgrims, such as those from Iran and Afghanistan bring and sell rugs, while others use the pilgrimage as a commercial business by buying things that cost more in their own countries in order to resell them at home. In fact, the high cost of living is not only a problem for pilgrims, it is a major problem for the 135 residents of Mecca, themselves, especially those who do not deal with the pilgrims and who have a limited income. Rent Cost bnyational Origin The test results show a significant relationship among pilgrims from different nationalities with respect to rent cost per accommodation. The test results support my hypothesis of the existing relationship between the above two variables. By looking at each individual nationality who complained about rent cost, we find the following: Between All Nationalities.--The pilgrim national- ity which complained most about rent cost was Iran followed by Libya, Algeria, and Egypt. As we discussed in the previous sections, the pil- grims from Iran pay the highest rent cost, but in return they get the highest quality, the largest size, and the least number of persons per accommodation. Pilgrims from Algeria and Libya pay higher rent but they get lower qual- ity; while pilgrims from Egypt pay lower rent and get higher quality with the least number of persons per accom— modation. 136 Within Each Nationality.--The highest percentage among the pilgrims who complain about rent cost were those from Syria, followed by Morocco, Algeria, Libya, Iraq, and Egypt, respectively. All the foregoing nationalities, ex- cept Algeria and Libya, pay below average rent cost, in fact. New System of Dividing the Pilgrims by National Origin The test results do not show any significant rela- tionship among pilgrims from different nationalities with respect to the new system of dividing the pilgrims. The hypothesis is rejected, that there is a significant rela- tionship. By looking at each individual nationality which complained about the above system we find the following: Between All Nationalities.—-The highest percentage among the pilgrims who complained about the new system of dividing the pilgrims are those from Egypt, followed by Libya, Iran, Nigeria, and Pakistan, respectively. 137 Within Each Nationality.--The highest percentage among the pilgrims who complained about the new system are those from Egypt followed by Pakistan and Libya. As discussed in the previous chapters, the purpose of this system is to stop the process of purchasing pil- grims by agents so the pilgrims will get the best services possible. The December 1975 pilgrimage was the first attempt at applying this system. Lack of Water by National Origin The test results show no significant relationship among pilgrims from different nationalities with respect to lack of water. The test results support my hypothesis of no significant relationship. By looking at each indi- vidual nationality who complained about the lack of water, we find the following: Between All Nationalities.—-The highest percentage among the pilgrims who complain about lack of water are those from Iran followed by Iraq, Algeria, Egypt, Indone- sia, Nigeria, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, and Turkey. 138 Within Each Nationality.--The highest percentage among the pilgrims who complained about lack of water are those from Iraq followed by Saudi Arabia, Turkey, and Pakistan. In spite of the fact that the results show no sig- nificant relationship between the above variables, water continues to be a critical problem in Mecca. Other Complaints by National Origin The test results show no significant relationship among pilgrims from different nationalities with respect to other complaints. The test results support my hypothe- sis of no significant relationship existing between the above variables. By looking at each individual national- ity who made other complaints, we find the following: Between All Nationalities.--The highest percentage among the pilgrims having other complaints are those from Iran followed by Egypt, Libya, and Algeria. Within Each Nationality.--The highest percentage among the pilgrims with other complaints are those from 139 Saudi Arabia and Somalia, followed by pilgrims from Syria, Libya, and Egypt. Type of Rentals by Nationality Every pilgrim that comes to Mecca must register with one of the pilgrim agents in Mecca, except those from Yemen, Oman, United Arab Emirates, and Kuwaiit. The regis- tration provides all the services that the pilgrims need when they arrive in Mecca until their departure. Also, the pilgrims who come with their leaders must be registered with the agents from Mecca. Not all the pilgrims live in the agents' accommoda- tions; some of them prefer to choose their own accommoda- tions by themselves, either from the owner of the accommo- dation or from the occupant by subleasing it, but they still belong to a particular agent. Other pilgrims live with friends or relatives (see Table 12). Not all the pilgrim agents own their accommodations but some sublease from the occupants and others rent them from the owners. Most of the owners either occupy their accommoda- tions through the rest of the year and move out temporarily 140 .3000 mmco0mwu 000 cho 00: 00:» mmHuHHmcoHum: 00>0H0 0005H00H« 0.0N Hm v.HN vv N.mv 00 0.0 0H 0ON A0909 0.m ON N 0.4 OH N 0.0 Om m H.MN Om 0 OH «mumcuo 0.0 OOH m O O O O O O O O O m 0060» 0.6 v.0m e m.v «.mH m H.¢ «.mm v 6.6 H.m H HH 6mxuse v.m om m o o o 0.6 m.mm m 6.6 6.0H H 0 6.06m 0.HH m6 0 O O O O.H m.NH H 6.6 m.NH H 0 00000 O O O O O O O.N OOH N O O o N MHHmEom 0.m 6.00 N m.N m.mm H O O O O O O m mHnmud H0000 0.6 Om 0 O O O H.¢ O0 0 O O O 0 cmumew0 0.6H 00 0 m.N O.m H N.0 O0 0 v.mH OH N ON MHumez O O O O O O H.m OOH m O O O m mHm>MHmz O O O O O O O.N 6.00 N 6.6 0.0m H m 0000002 O.N m H o o o «.mH mm 6H 0 o O on 66000 o o o H.m om v o.H on H o o o m meH 0.0 0.HH 0 06 0.06 mm H.v 0.0 v O O 0 N0 cmuH 0.m m.NH N m.N m.0 H 0.0H m.H0 MH O O O 0H mHmwcoosH O.N m.mm H O O O O.N 6.00 N O O O m MHOCH 0.0 OOH m O O O O O O O O O m mwumuHem nmu4 UmuHGD 0.6 0.0H 0 O O O 0.0H 6.00 0H H.0N m.VH m HN 00000 0.0 m.OH N O O O m.0H N.v0 0H 6.6 0.0 H 0H mHummH< 00:00 mucmn 00:00 00:00 1:000 00:00 10000 00000 1:000 mu000 00000 1:000 00:00 0 mumc3o 100 10000 mumwqu 100 10000 000004 100 10000 10000 100 1:000 huHHMCOHumz 00054 a 00 w 100 00084 a 00 m 100 00084 0 00 w 100 00054 0 00 w 100 . . 000230 0000400 ZHquH0 092004 EHquH0 mmmHODUUO VEquonfidz ZHmOAHO >0 qufizmm 00 00>E .NH 04048 141 in the pilgrimage period, or live in part of the house and rent the rest to the pilgrims. The pilgrim leaders rent the accommodations that they provide to pilgrims either from the owners or the occupants directly. The distribution of the various nationalities according to type of rental is as follows: Pilgrim Leaders.--The highest percentage of the total pilgrims living with the pilgrim leaders are from Iran followed by pilgrims from Iraq, Turkey and Others. If we look at each nationality we find that 80% of the pilgrims from Iraq are living with the pilgrim leaders, followed by pilgrims from Iran and Saudi Arabia. Pilgrim Agents.—-The highest percentage of the total pilgrims living with the pilgrim agents is from Libya followed by Algeria, Egypt, and Indonesia. If we look at each nationality, we find that 100% of the pilgrims from Malaysia and Somalia are living with the pilgrim agents, followed by pilgrims from Libya, Al— geria, and Indonesia. 142 Accommodations' Owners.—-The highest percentage of the total pilgrims living with the owners of the accommo- dations are from Nigeria, followed by pilgrims from the Sudan, Iran, Egypt, Pakistan and Turkey, while if we look at each nationality we find that 100% of the pilgrims from Yemen and United Arab Emirates live with accommodations belonging to the owners, followed by pilgrims from Sudan, Saudi Arabia, and Syria. Accommodations' Occupants.--The highest percentages of the total pilgrims living in or subleasing their accom- modations from the occupants are pilgrims from Egypt and Others, followed by pilgrims from Nigeria. If we look at each nationality, we find that 33.3% of the pilgrims from Morocco are living or subleasing their accommodations from the occupant, followed by pilgrims from Others, Syria, and Egypt. CHAPTER V CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS Based on this analysis of the problems of pilgrim housing in Mecca, a number of recommendations seem to be warranted. In order to achieve the objective of improving the pilgrimage system, the following remarks are presented in the form of a number of specific recommendations, designed to provide alternatives and suggest priorities leading to better-organized and safer pilgrimages. From the last two chapters, it is clear that rent per accommodation is influenced to some degree by all var- iables considered: distance, quality, accommodation size, and accessibility to the Holy Mosque. The quality of the accommodation increases slightly as one moves away from the city center, then increases rapidly as one reaches the outskirts. Although the density of the pilgrims decreases with increasing distance from the center of the city, the size of the accommodations remains about the same. 143 144 Looking at the above results, one should acknowl- edge that the center of the city where the Holy Mosque is located has the lowest quality and the highest density, yet it has the highest rent cost per accommodation. The test results show that the pilgrims residing with pilgrim leaders are located at a further distance from the Holy Mosque and pay higher rent cost for higher quality accommodations. The pilgrims residing with pil- grim agents live shorter distances from the Holy Mosque, have the lowest quality housing, and pay higher rent costs. It is clear that by encouraging the pilgrims to live away from the city center, they will be helped in getting good quality accommodations and reasonable rent costs. This could be possible if the government started building apartment buildings in different parts of Mecca and rented them to the pilgrims either directlyt¥0 indi- rectly. The test results do not show any significant rela- tionship between congestion, cost of living, rent cost or other complaints with respect to the four types of rentals. In the case of congestion, we find that the pilgrims who complain the most are those who are residing within shorter 145 distances from the Holy Mosque. In the case of cost of living, the pilgrims who complain the least are those who live at a greater distance from the Holy Mosque. Pilgrims who complain about rent cost are those who live with pil- grim agents who reside close to the Holy Mosque, and those who live with pilgrim leaders at further distances from the Holy Mosque, while those pilgrims who live in between, with the owners and the occupants, have fewer complaints. It is recommended that pilgrims be encouraged to live away from the city center to lessen the pressures that now face the center. The greatest complaint about the new system is found with the pilgrims who reside with owners and the occupants. It is true that this system is new and we should expect complaints about it, but also this system should be flexible, in that families or close friends should not be assigned arbitrarily to different agents. Water is a problem not only in Mecca but also in most cities in Saudi Arabia. With all the existing re- sources of water in Mecca, the city still faces a critical problem of lack of water. The problem would be less if additional sources were brought to the city. Mecca could 146 be supplied additional water by the refinery at the Red Sea, or this resource could be diverted to Jiddah and Jiddah‘s present source of water (Wadi Fatima) could be shifted to Mecca. Accommodations in Mecca are not only a problem during the pilgrimage period, but also a serious problem that the residents face all the year around. In this paper I am not dealing with a solution to the problem; instead I am trying to understand the problem and hoping the Authority will reach a solution. The problem of accommodations can be summarized as follows: With the booming growth of Saudi Arabian income, most Saudi—Arabian cities--especially Mecca-~are still in a period of disaster in residential areas in terms of supply. This is demonstrated by recent projects to clear housing in different parts of the city. It is true that the government pays the residents for their appropriated houses, but by taking into consideration the country-wide inflation and the high prices of land and building mater— ials, we find that none of the residents can build accom- modations equal in quality to the ones they built twenty 147 years ago. It is more logical that the sponsors should build new houses in new planning areas and give them to the residents who were moved from their own old locations before their homes were destroyed. And if there was some money left to the credit of the residents the government should pay them promptly in cash or, in a reverse situa- tion, the residents should pay the government over a mutu- ally satisfactory period. Within the city there are a large number of vacant land areas. These sites would help solve the accommodation problem if the owners and/or the government would build apartment buildings on them. The government should beat with a hand of iron those owners who close their houses all the year and rent them only during the pilgrimage time, since they make up the difference by charging the pilgrims more during the pilgrimage period. Also the government should punish severely those brokers who rent the houses ahead of the pilgrimage period and rent them to the pilgrims during the pilgrimage at double or quadruple rates. BIBLIOGRAPHY ‘ V ”r BIBLIOGRAPHY Books in English Berry, Brian, and Frank E. Horton. Geographic Perspec- tives on Urban Systems. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1970. Blalock, Hubert M. Jr. Social Statistics. New York: McGraw Hill Book Company, 1972. Brown, L. Carl. From Madina to Metropolis. Princeton, N.J.: The Darwin Press, 1973. Burckhart, J. L. Travel in Arabia. London: Frank Cass Company Limited, 1968. Chapin, F. Stuart Jr. Urban Land Use Planning. Urbana, Ill.: University of Illinois Press, 1965. Meyer, David R. Spatial Variation of Black Urban House- holds. Chicago, Illinois: Geography Department, University of Chicago, 1970. Pannell, Clifton W. T'ai-Chung, T'ai Wan: Structure and Function. Chicago, Illinois: Geography Depart- ment, University of Chicago, 1973. Rugg, Dean S. 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Vols. 1, 2 and 3, First ed. Mecca: Al-Nahddah Library, 1385 [1965]. A1 Makky, Mohammed Tahir al—Kordi, Makam Ibrahim [Shrine of Ibrahim]. Cairo: Mostafa al-Halabi Press, 1368 (1948). Al Sibai, Ahmed. Tarikh Makka [History of Mecca]. Vols. 1 and 2, 2d ed. Mecca: Koreish Publications, 1380- 1382. Haikel, Mohammed Hussein. FE manzil Al-Wahy [In the Abode of Revelation]. A1 Nahdah Library, 1952. Hamdan, Dr. Gamal. Jughrafiyyat al mfidun [Geography of Cities]. 2d ed. Cairo: ‘Alam a1 Kutub, 1972. 0-! 150 Hamdan, Dr. Gamal. Muhadarat 'An a1 Madinah a1—‘Arabiyyah [Lecture about Arabian City]. Cairo: Arabian United Nations, 1964. Himdi, Dr. 'Atiyyat A. Jfighrafiyyaht al—‘Umran [Geography of Settlement]. Cairo: Dar al—Ma'érif, 1965. Kutob, Dr. Ishac. Al-tahaddur wa numfi A1 Mudun Fi al— duwal Al-‘Arabiyyah [Urbanization and the Growth of Cities in Arabian Countries]. Amman, Jordan: Workers Publisher Institutes, 1968. fi‘v‘fl Articles Aswad, Barbara. "Social and Ecological Aspects in the For- mation of Islam," in Louise Sweet (ed.) Peoples and Cultures of the Middle East. Vol. 1. Garden City: N.Y.: Natural History Press, 1970. Aurousseau. "The Distribution of Population: A Construc- tive Problem," Geographical Review. XI (October, 1921). Burgess, E. W. "Residential Segregation in American Cities," Annals of the American Academy of Political Science. Vol. 2180 (November, 1928). Burgess, E. W. "The Growth of the City: An Introduction to a Research Project," in The City, ed. by Robert E. Park, Ernest W. Burgess and Roderick D. McKenize. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1925. Harris, Chauncy, and Edward Ulman. "The Nature of Cities,f Annals of the American Academy of Political and So- cial Science. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, November, 1945. Hussein,'Abdu1 'Aziz. "The Expansion of Mecca," in Al-Nadwa [Daily Newspaper] published in Mecca, 1390 A.H. 151 King, R. "The Pilgrimage to Mecca: some geographical and historical aspects," Erdkunde. 26, pp. 61-73. Wolf, Erick. "The Social Organization of Mecca and the Origins of Islam," Southwestern Journal and An- thropology. Vol. 7, 1951. Reports Makky, Ghazy Abdul Wahed. "The Geography of the City of Mecca." Unpublished report for the degree of B.A., Faculty of Arts, Riyadh University, 1971-72. Ministry of Hajj. Unpublished report. Mecca, Saudi Arabia, 1975. Ministry of the Interior. "Alternative Urban Strategies." Report by the Municipal Affairs Regional and Town Planning Department, Mecca, Saudi Arabia, 1972. juééé Other Publications Al Nadwah [Daily Newspaper]. Jumad a1 Thani, Mecca Insti- tute Publisher, 1390 A.H., Mecca, Saudi Arabia. Oil Caravan Weekly Newspaper. Published by ARAMCO, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia. Aramco World Magazine. Arabian-American Oil Company, New York, N.Y. 152 Interviews Interview with Mr. Abdullah Ka'aky on rents and land values. Interview with Mr. Ghazy bin-zafir, Chairman of Saudi Arabia Properties and Land Value Estimator in Mecca. Interviews with Office of Municipal Affairs, Mecca, Saudi Arabia. Interview with Town Planning Department, Ministry of Interior, Meeea, Saudi Arabia. Jeaeafi Interview with the Administrative Office of the Mosque Development Project [Mashrfi' al-Haram]. APPENDIX QUESTIONNAIRE 153 HAJJ RESEARCH CENTRE, ’L'fiu J‘i‘: KING ABD AL AZIZ UNIVERSITY. ‘ "’ JEDDAH, SAUDI ARABIA 4:39-4‘95-4“*£W“’~ PILGRIM ACCOMMODATION SURVEY US“ 1;de SPECIAL STUDY: Ghazy Makky &»‘§\m L5 1\_;. “L,- A.H.-J5 141111395. N' me and Number of Surve Te m . 3‘ 01a y a Uggwg\f‘l House Reference Number (see map) (dle-JLLLJ) 03-1113.) 02 gloor level of Accommodation Surveyed LL Ml PE) 3 . Location of Accommodation (£11183. 04 Kind of Accommodation @‘Cy 05 Hotel - . House . Flat e... ;. Villa -'- iShant/Tent 1 a” z Lt!“ 3 M 4 X! 5034 4.46- SELECT PILGRIM OCCUPANT '- C-‘C—«J‘l tut-1.13.21: &hat kind of facilities does the accommodation utilise O'W‘U’M‘ t9“ Bathroom Bath . Shower... W HB . W . C . / Bidet _ )uli ”$1.104... 2 11's: 3:50:11...» 4 «3.113109 5 35111.: Kitchen 61.1.1 Sink . Cooker Fridge . Cupboards ' 1 w Z 9‘)? 3 a»). 4 (4”: Services .. - Electricity Piped HzO Drainage Q0111». 1 3, z 15,19,113 3 60:36: External Facilities Hotel Servi Clearer Cook 14 Refuse “Hutu... 113.113.31.11 246131.101- .3 t. 43-088” Size of Selected Ro m". ' 'fi ~— Lengt Width Height 07 $1lefirmw .1011 in. them m 04.31 Ambiance Daylight _ V‘entilation Noise . ,Healt . .3 ' 'l‘fl4\ *er-Jl lit-0".“ Md .. 1M *‘CL‘H ‘31 Good Bad Good Bad High. Low CleanIDirty 08 ll-g-f- 2.1.1.1, 3111.» 4A... 5111;..- bit-L5 791181.» Number of Persons sharing selecte room/tent . ‘ 09 “La? W1 6&0“ 0.6%.: fil‘JP’LDJ For how long has the room been rented. 10 411.01.03.01, 31.-(pt. lWlhat is the price of the room for the period rented ”'9 El 92"» :3}; If item 11 is not applicable, what is the price per person for the 0‘9 Specified period. .5. 153-’5“ m\d”»\9\mag_i‘xétfiu 1.)? u ‘1 .1) 1,83 LS 3.15} lF3rom whom did you rent this room _ 34,-...“ 8.31.111 9839-11-4 ‘53“? lchip-jinfb film-123A enL3Pi1gblijifiter 4Ownerflu‘ 1A4“: you satisfied with the standard of accommgcéaii‘on. L; “‘9 J “‘0‘ Yes No Y {gnoh why Wowu’\/ufi‘*‘3}lr {Abre you satisfied with the rent as value {or money _,\£H\WU‘J “316$ Yes No r); If not, what do you consider to be a satisfactory rent as good value. as?) 17 - wwwwuyi' 01441.11pr 01.301.50.06 PLEASE TURNOVER TO SIDE Z ***********#* _ , . 4* -‘ (M or“ 4.3),} \ 9.3.1.3 \ 154 ‘ PILGRIM ACCOMMODATION SURVEY SPECIAL STUDY / / . .‘ .~‘ {LI-105mg; e1, .. 1. - . . . . ‘ ”(2)1395 . W45H» 69L; -. lag-l); What are the Nationalities sharing this room, . . ' . ’ ' l O; 18 515311 want—'dch—‘D 1.311 gag—9131...». (A 2 No; 16 3 No. .5, 4 No. ,0. 5 N9. (v What are the predominent Nationalities in thaneighbpurhood ‘ l 19 44.11;“; «911.111.041.131; 2 3 O ' . a- .v . 4 (.41 A...) ”In“ $44.9»,le Could the Survey Team classify the general environment of the house Date: I‘M“ [ L 20 TirneFI)\ ] Noise Level . .. I. High”. 2. Tolerable 3.Quiet. (u); 1 15,...» Zr” 5.1.5.. 8.0 Refuse Accumulation in.stree:l. Dirty. 2. Untidy . 3. Clean I .I 3‘ U” ‘ .I t J l. o # I Crowds in streets 1. Heavy 2. Medium 3. Low _ . .- C',11_:.J pct-.15 \.¢ .11.... "1.3; a... W Has thePilgrim any general comments he would like to make concerning the conditions of the Hajj as a whole? Please insert below:- 9 ELI '41!» a: one,» pawn,» ' (HM-'3‘ ¢l.1'd\¢3e95 v.35" 1 "11111111111111111115