Ill
I

I II
' l
I
I

I

I

II”!
II
II“
I I
II

1
I

I

I

II
I
III

I
I I

H!
i
I I

I

I
II

III

I

I

II III
I

 

THE ST IFFNESS OF FOLDING BOXBOARD SCORES
AS A FUNCTION OF SCORING RULE, MAKEREADY,

DEPTH OF PENETRATION, AND MOISTURE CONTENT

Thesis Ior the Degree OI M. S.
MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY

Gerald LeRoy Schulz
1958

I w 93¢
,,W”I’?

h ' "A“ 1" t
T. “thM-,.—, ;'~- (k“r’z"-% 1,?

 

 

 

THE STIFFNESS OF FOLDING BOXBOARD SCORES
AS A FUNCTION OF SCORING RULE, MAKERBADY,
DEPTH OF PENETRATION, AND MOISTURE CONTENT

By
Gerald LeRoy Schulz

AN ABSTRACT

Submitted to the College of Agriculture
Michigan State University of Agriculture and
Applied Science in partial fulfillment of
the requirements for the degree of

MASTER OF SCIENCE

Department of Forest Products

1958

r ,1 '
Approved:\=\I a; x 47,: f I) L 4451/ 1
C. J v' ‘7' ' _, V
If

m [IV

."I k .
I
I
I
\_ .

The purpose of this study was to investigate the
effects of scoring rule width, makeready width and depth of
penetration On the bending characteristics of folding box-
board scores. The effects of the above factors on board of
various moisture cOntents were also investigated.

Four types of board of various caliper and composition
were selected for evaluation. All board used for the study
was supplied by Carton and Container Division of General
Foods Corporation of Battle Creek, Michigan. The board was
conditioned at 73 degrees Fahrenheit and 50 percent relative
humidity for at least hB hours before being scored. Specimens
were cut to the proper size and again conditioned prior to
testing.

A sample holding fixture, designed for use on a
Baldwin FGT-SR-h Universal Testing Machine in conjunction
with an auxiliary 500 pound load cell, was used for all tests.
With this arrangement, maximum force readings were obtained
from the indicator and force-deformation curves were plotted
Ion the Baldwin recorder.

A total of 360 specimens from each board type were
evaluated. .A forceédeflection curve was plotted for each
specimen. From the force-deflection curves, moment - angular

deformation relationships were computed and plotted.

This study showed that makeready width and-penetration
depth have a definite effect on the force required to break a
score as well as on the quality of the score itself. It was
found that within the range of makeready width-scoring rule
width-penetration depth combinations employed in this
investigation, the most satisfactory results were obtained
from a combination of the narrowest makeready width and the

greatest penetration depth.

THE STIFFNESS OF FOLDING BOXBOARD SCORES
AS.A FUNCTION OF SCORING RULE, MAKEREADY,
DEPTH OF PENETRATION, AND MOISTURE CONTENT

By

Gerald LeRoy Schulz

A THESIS

Submitted to the College of Agriculture
Michigan State University of Agriculture and
Applied Science in partial fulfillment of
the requirements for the degree of

MASTER OF SCIENCE

Department of Forest Products

1958

U
TA“.
1., V
\\

ii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The writer wishes to express his sincere appreciation
to Dr. J. U. Goff and Dr. H. J. Raphael, Department of Forest
Products, Michigan State University, for their help and
guidance throughout this study.

The graduate research assistantship provided.by
General Foods Corporation and the materials, assistance, and
use of facilities provided by Carton and Container Division

of General Foods Corporation are also greatly appreciated.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

ACKNONLEDGEMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
LIST OF TABLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
LIST OF FIGURES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
I. INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . ....... . . . . .
II. PREVIOUS WORK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
III. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
IV. ANALYSIS OF DATA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
V. CONCLUSIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .I. . . . .
LIST OF REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
APPENDIX A MOMENT-- ANGULAR DISPLACEMENT CURVES AND ANALYSIS
OF VARIANCE TABLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
APPENDIX B EQUIPMENT DESIGN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

APPEIJDIXCTEijOCEDUREoooooooooo000000.

iii

Page
ii
iv

vi

18
32
35

36
SS
59

LIST OF TABLES
Table
I. Average Values of Maximum Force, Breaking Moment,
Angle at Which Break Occurred, and Springback
Angle for 10 Point wax Impregnated Bleached Kraft
Board Scored Parallel to the Machine Direction . . .
II. Average Values of Maximum Force, Breaking Moment,
Angle at Which Break Occurred, and Springback
Angle for 10 Point wax Impregnated Bleached Kraft
Board Scored Perpendicular to the Machine
Direction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .
III. Average Values of Maximum FOrce, Breaking Moment,
Angle at Which Break Occurred, and Springback
Angle for 12 Point Manila Board with a Glue
Laminated Liner, Scored Parallel to the
Machine Direction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
IV. Average Values of Maximum Force, Breaking Moment,
Angle at which Break Occurred, and Springbacn
Angle for 12 Point Manila Board with a Glue
Laminated Liner Scored Perpendicular to the

MaChine Dir CCtion O O O O O O O O O O I O O O O 0 O

Page

19

20

21

22

Table

V.

VI.

VII.

VIII.

IX.

X.

Page

Average Values of Maximum Force, Breaking Moment,

Angle at Which Break Occurred, and Springback

Angle for 15 Point Bending Chipboard, Scored

Parallel to the Machine Direction . . . . . . . . . . 23
Average Values of Maximum Force, Breaking Moment,

Angle at which Break Occurred, and Springback

Angle for 15 Point Bending Chipboard, Scored

Perpendicular to the Machine Direction . . . . . . . 2h
Average Values of Maximum FOrce, Breaking Moment,

Angle at Which Break Occurred and Springback Angle

for 15 Point Bending Chipboard with a Glue Laminated

Liner Scored Parallel to the Machine Direction . . . 25
Average Values of Maximum Force, Breaking Moment,

Angle at Which Break Occurred and Springback Angle

for 15 Point Bending Chipboard with a Glue Laminated

Liner Scored Perpendicular to the Machine Direction . 26
Effect of Moisture Content on the Bending Qualities of

15 Point Bending Chipboard Scored Parallel to the Ma-

chine Direction, at a Penetration Depth of 0.019 . . . 27
Effect of Moisture Content on the Bending Qualitiesof 15

Point Bending Chipboard Scored Perpendicular to the

Machine Direction, at a Penetration Depth of 0.019

InChQSOOOOOOOO000.000.0900... 28

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure

1.

3.

7.

Bending Tester, Developed by Boxboard Research
Associates and Built by Lyon Machinery Builders,
Kalamazoo, Michigan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Sample Cutting Guide . . . . . . . . . .,. . . . . . . .

Baldwin, 50,000 Pound, FGT-SR-h, Universal Testing
Machine, Complete with 500 Pound Auxiliary Load
Cell and Specimen Holding Fixture . . . . . . . . .

Arrangement of Score Testing Fixture on Pdatens of
Testing Machine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Scherr Micro Projector and DuMont Type 302 Oscillograph
Record Camera . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Cross-Section of Scored Specimens After Folding lhO
Degrees; 6-1 Illustrates Poor Bead FOrmation and
Lack of Ply Separation, 6-2 Shows Good Bead For-
mation and Ply Separation, Resulting in a Hole Near
the Top Liner . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Trial Testing Fixture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Page

10

12

13

16

33
58

I. INTRODUCTION

It has long been recognized that poor score lines on
folding boXboard constitute a definite problem on high speed-
automatic machines. To the present time, however, very little
work has been done in.the area of score line evaluation on a
laboratory basis. A laboratory method of score line evaluation
would facilitate predicting the performance of cartons on auto-
matic machines and would provide a means of determining the
optimum score fbr various types and thicknesses of folding
boxboard.

The bending characteristics of folding boxboard score
lines are determined by several factors such as makeready width,
width of scoring rule, depth of penetration, and moisture content
of the board.

The purpose of this report is to present the method used
in the initial investigation of score lines in this laboratory.
In this study, four different board types were used. The four
board types were: flax Impregnated Bleached.Kraft 0.010 inches
thick; bending chip board 0.015 inches thick; bending chip board
0.015 inches thick with a glue laminated liner, and Manila board
0.012 inches thick with a glue laminated liner. Each of these
board types were investigated at pre-selected intervals over a

wide range of each of the above variables.

The method of testing used in this study employed a sample
holding fixture specially designed for use on the Baldwin.Emery
Universal Testing Machine, in conjunction with an auxiliary five
hundred pound load cell. Force—deflection curves were also
plotted with the Baldwin recorder, making it possible to obtain
the maximum moment (force times moment arm) incurred and the

angle at which breaking of the score occurred.

II. PREVIOUS WORK

Scarability

 

A survey of available literature indicates that very little
work has been done in the area of score line evaluation. The most
popular method.of evaluation in present use involves hand bending
a scored sample 180 degrees. The score line is then observed,
noting particularly the bead formation and the degree of'rupturing
of fibers in the stressed areas.

Lewis and Eckhart (A) state that "The theoretically best
scoring board would have a top liner with high tensile and stretch,
an easily sheared weak filler stock and a back liner strong
enough so that it will not break under normal scoring stress".

This board composition is desirable because of the nature of the
stresses induced by the folding of a score. When the scored board
is folded, the top portion of the board is placed in tensile stress,
the center portion is subjected to shear stresses, and the back
liner is in compression.

As the bend of the score progresses, a separation of the
component plies of the board occurs. If properly scored, com-
plete ply separation will occur near the top liner as a deformation
of 180 degrees is approached. During the bending process, the top
liner is stretched and a hole is fbrmed between the filler or

center portion of the board and the top liner. (h)

Moisture Effects

Although nothing was feund in the available literature
about the effect of moisture content on the bending characteris-
tics of scored.paperboard, much of the information on the effects
of moisture on paper and paperboard can be applied to scorability
as affected by moisture.

The percentage of moisture content may be defined as the
ratio of mass of water per unit mass of dry material. (5) Paper-
board, being a.hygroscopic material, gains and loses moisture from
the surrounding atmOSphere. The percentage of’moisture content
has a pronounced effect on strength properties as well as
production Operations.

Meredith (5) points out that the strength of dry paper and
paperboard.is dependent upon the bonds between the fibers rather
than on the strength of the fibers themselves, as was earlier
thought. If this is correct, a reduction in strength due to
increased moisture would indicate that moisture damages the
bonding material. Since a ply separation is essential fer a
good score (A), it follows that at least a certain amount of
moisture would be desirable for optimum scoring conditions.

Moisture also affects the rigidity and flexability of
paper. An increase in moisture content results in a softening

of the fibers. This softening is accompanied by a decrease in

ttne tensile strength of the fibers. (2) This softening to a
cenrtain degree is desirable in that the filler and back liner
must be deformed during the bead formation process. As the
:fibers soften, this deformation would.require less force. The
:rapid reduction in tensile strength of the fibers, however,

limits the degree to which increased moisture content is

desirable. When the tensile strength is so reduced that tension

failure would occur in the outer fibers, a crack would result

in the score line, rendering it useless.

III. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE

Sampling and Conditioning

All board was Obtained from Carton and Container Division
of‘General Foods Corporation. The samples were taken.from rolls
of‘stock which were stored in the warehouses or from rolls which
were being run. Samples were taken from various places in the
rolls to assure a representative sample of the material from the
particular roll.

One half of the samples were positioned in the scoring
machine so that the resulting scores were parallel to the
machine direction of the board, representing flap scores on
folding boxes. The remainder were positioned in such a manner
that the scores were perpendicular to the machine direction, as
are the body scores of folding boxes.

All samples were conditioned at 73 degrees Fahrenheit
and fifty percent relative humidity for at least AB hours before
being scored. (1) ‘The samples were also conditioned for at
least h8 hours before being tested. The actual tests, however,
were not performed at standard conditions of temperature and
humidity. The samples were removed from the conditioned room

and were immediately tested. No appreciable weight differential

was obtained when samples were weighed while in standard

conditions and again after testing.

Samples of each board. type were tested at three depths of
Penetration with six scoring rule width and makeready width
Combinations. Ten samples were tested with every Combination
of the above variables with scores parallel to the machine
direction and ten samples with the scores perpendicular to the

machine direction, giving a total of three hundred and sixty

tests for each type of board.

SE c imen Prepar at ion

The Boxboard Research Associates "Bending Tester", manu-
.famtured by Lyon Machinery Builders of Kalamazoo, Michigan, was
ultilized fOr scoring all samples. The "Bending Tester" is shown
in figure 1. With this machine it is possible to vary the depth
of penetration by inserting blocks of various heights between the
platens of the machine. The machine is divided into three
sections, numbered 2, 3, and b. Each section is equipped with
scoring rule of the thickness commonly used in industry fbr board
of the designated thickness. Each section has six rules, each
opposing makeready of different widths.

Section A of the Bending Tester was used for scoring the

wax impregnated board and the twelve point glue laminated stock.

Figure 1. Bending Tester, developed by the Boxboard
Research Associates and built by Lyon Machinery Builders,
Kalamazoo, Michigan.

. . -’--« '. — .—-—~—f———1—..—\-‘———
. ‘ J-_fir.‘. “They”; v.._ W
A gig/4 Mag M '
2.5mm :‘Q‘E’fi’l am“:
J ' "7‘! .‘.Q.(.‘..’.V.UI-. '
.4. 9%.f4flfl’fllf 1191.2;
L‘EJIEV ."r-oiuifl b-1333
’lei’égfléiliiffm
Aéfi'g'él/JI "diffiig.

'5.-_ 92):? ӣ3.49"; [ALL/i:
(AI/now

”.41!" [-LW. 91‘. l'- 519-. .
L412: 9.1m» was... - en

New I: .5; £1922:
om M z‘qktggtolg 12/5
t

 

 

This section has a number one rulel, 0.01h inches wide in the first
three positions. The last three positions contain number two
scoring rule which is 0.028 inches wide. The number one rules are
opposed by female makeready widths of 0.038, 0.0h2, and 0.0h6
inches. The number two rules are opposed by makeready widths

of 0.0h2, 0.0h8, and 0.05h inches.

The fifteen point chipboard and the fifteen point glue
laminated board were scored in the number two section. This
section contains number two rule in all six positions. The
female makeready widths in this section are 0.05h, 0.062, 0.070,
0.078, 0.086, and 0.09h inches wide.

The samples were cut to a size of 1 3/h inches by 2 5/8
inches with the score line centered 7/8 inches from each edge and
thinning parallel to the long dimension. To assure uniform bending
Offthe entire length of the score, it is imperative that the score
lline be centered exactly between the sides of the specimen. Cen-
tering of the score was accomplished by placing the scored sheet
Of paperboard in the guide Shown in figure 2, aligning the score
(an the center line, then cutting along the inside edge of the

parallel cutting guides .

‘—

1This scoring rule is a standard number two rule, 0.028
inches thick - tapered to 0.01h inches, the thickness of a number
one rule.

10

.c—nm-

Figure 2.

Sample Cutting Guide.

i.
"'Oon..
V . O.

"1‘.-.

"w.

..,_..
0..

.. 4 O 5.. .
h I "V' “"c-o-u
. I . a n

J .l‘ "l "1 “.5

P Q -
.h'.‘." l‘:‘.-‘f._ v.14
. - if... ‘g g»- '
','_' '_‘

 

11

Testing Procedures

 

Each specimen was tested individually by placing it in
the grooves of the testing fixture as shown in figures 3 and h.
The grooves in the rollers of the tester are off-set 0.01h inches
and are equipped with inserts of various thickness to facilitate
centering test specimen of various thicknesses exactly on line
With the needle bearing points. The maximum clearance allowed
between the sample and the inserts was 0.001 inch.

After inserting the sample in the grooves, an initial
angular deformation of fifteen degrees was induced to assure
that the specimen would bend in the right direction.2 This
initial defermation can.be justified by the fact that the maxi-
lmum moment in all cases occurred between fifty and eighty
de gree s deformat i on .

After bending to an initial angle of fifteen degrees, the
Sammfles were loaded at a rate of four linear inches per minute.
'Fhis results in a varying rate of angular deflection. It was
lbelieved that the rate of loading might have an appreciable effect

«on the force required to bend a scored sample. Preliminary tests

_

2This fifteen degree angle of deformation refers to an
angle of fifteen degrees from vertical, that is, the angle formed
'by'the two sides of the specimen is one hundred, sixty five degrees.

12

.omsvxmm m:
aocwcom «odox Coeuouam cm
2 @538. Honest/Em 3.18 coon 5.82334 o:
MAE .933 80.3 ””33me at: 33%8
. mm .m whom
an

 

13

Figure A.

Arrangement of Score Testing Fixture
on Platens of Testing Machine.

lb

showed that speed variations within the limits of the Baldwin
testing madhine had no significant effect, hence no attempt was
made to devise a means of maintaining a constant rate of angular
deflection.

Linear deflection of the specimen was measured by means
Of a Baldwin model PD-lM deflectometer. The linear deflection as
inell as the load was recorded by means of a Baldwin M-7 stress-
strain recorder.

The greatest force shown by the dial indicator at a
deflection of fifteen degrees or greater was recorded as maximum
force. From.the load-deflection curves made on the Baldwin
recorder, moment - angular deflection relationships were computed.
These computations were made at five degree intervals of angular
deflection, starting at 20 degrees and progressing through a
<ieflection of lhO degrees.

Each specimen was bent to lh0 degrees, removed from the
liolder and immediately measured for springback. The springback
angle was taken as the angle fOrmed by the sides of the specimen,
:rather than the angle formed.by one side of the specimen and a
jprojection of the plane of the other side, which is used herein
to designate the angle of deformation.

After completion of each group of tests, several samples

were inSpected on a Scherr Micro Projector, equipped with a 50X

15

projection lens and a surface illuminator. This facilitated care-

ful inspection of the bead formation and extent of ply separation
after the samples were subjected to 1&0 degrees deformation.
Photographs of some samples, as observed through the micropro-
jector, were taken with a DuMont type 302 Oscillograph Record

Camera. The complete apparatus is shown in figure 5.

 

Controlled Humidity Tests

Bending chipboard 0.015 inches thick was used for all con-

trolled humidity tests. These samples were prepared in a manner

identical to that used for the other tests described above. The

board was conditioned forat least A8 hours prior to scoring, and

scores were made normal to and parallel to the machine direction,

representing both body scores and flap scores of folding cartons.
A number two scoring rule (0.028 inches thick) and female makeready

widths of 0.051;, 0.062, 0.070, 0.078, 0.086, and 0.09I4 inches was

used for all scores. All scores were made using l.Il7I.i inch blocks

in the Boxboard Research Associates Bending tester; resulting in
a depth of penetration of the surface of the board below the
surface of the makeready plates of 0.019 inches.

Three moisture conditions were established for the con-

trolled humidity portion of this investigation. One third of the

samples were held at standard conditions of 73 degrees Fahrenheit

16

 

.mwoamo ououom a
a maaoHHaomo mom «as
H ocozso ocm uopoonow
m coo“: possum

 

.m murmfim

 

l7

annd 50 percent relative humidity prior to and during testing.
Annother group of 120 samples was placed in the forced circulation
cnwen at a temperature of 180 degrees fbr a period of twenty four
hours prior to testing. The remainder of the samples were con-
<1itibned in the Atlas weatherometer for at least twenty fOur
liours at a temperature of 90 degrees Fahrenheit and 76 percent
relative humidity.

Each of the above groups contained ten samples scored
with each of the six female makeready widths listed above, with
scores oriented in both directions. This resulted in a total
of 120 samples in each of the three identical groups.

A moisture vapor proof bag enclosing the entire test fix-
ture was utilized to maintain the moisture content of the speci-
mens throughout the testing operation. The samples were exposed
only while en-route to the testing machine. weighings befOre
and after exposure showed that the change of moisture content for
the dry samples was 0.00h grams or 0.73%iof its oven dry weight.
An average moisture loss of 0.51% of oven dry weight was found
to occur during transportation of the samples conditioned at
76 percent relative humidity.

The testing procedure was identical to that used in the

first portion of this study. The operational techniques are

described in appendix C.

18

IV. ANALYSIS OF DATA

The average values from ten observations of maximum fbrce
amid angle of springback for each of the fbur boards investigated
amre recorded in tables I through VIII. Tables I, III, V, and
\EII show the average values for all combinations of rule width,
awakeready width and.depth of penetration for each board type
Inhen scored parallel to the machine direction. Tables II, IV,
‘VI, and VIII contain the average values for each of the board
'types when scored perpendicular to the machine direction.

The values of breaking moment and angle at which break
occurred, recorded in the same tables, are average values com-
puted from the force - deformation curves. These values were
calculated taking the maximum moment at an angular deflection of
less than 90 degrees as the breaking moment.

For the purpose of statistical analysis, the four board
types were divided into two groups, one group consisting of the
10 point wax impregnated.board and the 12 point glue laminated
stock. The other group contains the 15 point bending chipboard
and the 15 point glue laminated board. For each group, a split
plot design pertaining to orientation of the score line relative
to the machine direction, scoring rule width, female makeready

width, and penetration depth was set up. An analysis of variance

.zommnoxaa
on» we oommusm on» :oHon owmon on» mo oommuam coupon ago 90 cofipmupocoa «moon on» on muouou cofiomwuocoq mo canon #

 

                  

 

    

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

:Ha ”NH :mH 0» mu m» mmH.0 0m~.0 00~.0 m:.0 “0.0 mm.0 m~0.0 :m0.0
00H 4H“ 0~H m» mm m» 0:~.0 00~.0 o-.0 04.0 >m.0 mm.0 ww0.0 0:0.0
0: m: 02 m0 2. E. 03.0 03.0 02.0 000 mm .0 mm .0 000.0 20.0
00H mm” MNH m» m» ms 000.0 000.0 o-.0 no.0 04.0 mm.0 :«0.0 000.0
00H cad mHH 0» ms m0 mo~.0 000.0 o-.0 wm.0 ~m.0 mm.0 3H0.0 «20.0.
00H mod was 00 0F 0» m-.0 mm~.0 0mH.0 ”m.0 mm.0 -.0 na0.0 mm0.0.
o~0.0 4H0.0 0H0.0 o~0.0 a~0.0 w~0.0 o~0.0 4H0.0 NH0.0 o~0.0 :«0.0 m~0.0
. AmococH AmococHo Amocucu AmocucH
*comwmwuocom mo comma *cofibmuuocom 00 20000 acomamuuocom no c0000 *comumubocom mo canon Amococh Amococh
OSHWB 4380MB _ 0058-550 ABSOSI 503 523
xoaoocfiuam xmoum pm oamc< moose: mcfixmoum venom aaamxmz «Ham homouoxm:

 

 

 

 

 

 

2020050 02:2: ma 8. 43030 00008 $28 .Eée Scams 0B<28E5 a: .500 0a mom 3020
Egozwmm 92 005.800 fimmm 60$ .2 305 .5020: 025220 .802 052% no 30.3 0.2%:

H mqde

20

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

.000000006
0:0 00 0000050 000 300mm oumoo 0cm no 0000020 500000 0:» mo co0pwuuoc00 Hugo» 000 on 000000 co0umuuucmo mo 00000 e
000 000 . m00 m0 0m mm 000.0 0m0.0 000.0 00.0 m0.0 00.0 000.0 0m0.0
000 00 000 om 00 00 000.0 000.0 000.0 00.0 00.0 00.0, 000.0 000.0
00 000 00 00 om m0 000.0 000.0 m00.0 00.0 00.0 _00.0 000.0 000.0
00 000 000 m0 00 mm 000.0 000.0 000.0 00.0 00.0 00.0 000.0 000.0
000 00 00 m0 m0 om m00.0 000.0 000.0 00.0 00.0 00.0 000.0 000.0
00 00 00 00 00 om 000.0 000.0 .000.0 00.0 00.0 00.0 000.0 000.0
000.0 000.0 000.0 000.0 000.0 000.0 000.0 000.0 000.0 000.0 000.0 000.0
AmococH Amosoch [NwococH AmocucHo
aco0umuaocom no £0000 *c00umuuocom no 50000 *Co0omuuocom mo cameo *co0umuuocom mo £0000 AmocOCHV Amenoch
1000000000 000000000. Amaaaaauaua00 .00000000 00003 00003
xuaooc0uom :000m 00 o00c< acceoz 00000000 e0sm 00000000:

 

 

 

 

 

 

uuuom asa0xmz t

 

 

 

 

 

200000.000 020000: 0:0 0.0 0000000200000 0980 00000 2000 0000000000 00002000000 02: 0.2000 00 000
502.00 600020QO 020 0000008 000000 60:... .2 00000 .5000: 020% .0008 052002: 00 003% 0000002

HH mqm<H

21

 

 

     

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

   

 

 

 

   

  

. $0093an
93 .00 30.003 05 3003 0.00000 05 .0o 80.0.0000 53.0000 05 mo 080000000800 00.03 90.0 00 0.00.090 080.00.000ch .00 030000 0..
040 040 mm0 m0 00 m0 000.0 000.0 440.0 04.0 04.0 m4.0 000.0 4m0.0
0M0 0m0 0m0 0m m0 m0 000.0 000.0 M00.0 44.0 44.0 04.0 000.0 040.0
0M0 000 4M0 m0 m0 m0 000.0 000.0 000.0 04.0 44.0 04.0 000.0 040.0
000 0M0 000 m0 m0 m0 000.0 000.0 0m0.0 04.0 04.0 04.0 400.0 040.0
4m0 0M0 4M0 00 mm 00 M00.0 000.0 mm0.0 m4.0 04.0 M4.0 400.0 040.0
mM0 m00 400 00 mm m0 m00.0 m00.0 000.0 04.0 m4.0 04.0 400.0 0m0.0
000.0 000.0 400.0 000.0 000.0 400.0 000.0 000.0 400.0 000.0 000.0 400.0
0000000000 03009000 0. d0 0000000 00900000
#:0503030 0 50000 #:0000333 no 50000 $0830.30ch .00 000000 #0800030ch .00 500%.... 03000ch Amgofiv
0000.0 00 $80.33 000000605203 30565 5003 030003
xamnmfiunm 030.00 0.0 00050 cameo: 05000900 3.00.". 0058008: 0030 50.3.0230

 

 

 

 

 

 

onhommHQ m20:0<z mmh OH 4m44<mdm ommoom mmzH0 QMHdsz<4 msuo 4 :903 Qm<om <0Hz<z HzHom 00 mom m402<
EdmgHEw 024 0900005000 535 0.000.403 .2 M0524 0.50.0202 070ng «mumom 23:009.: .00 mun—5.050 ”000050000

HHH @0de

22

on» no oomuusm «a» sedan canon may mo oomuusm aouuon map mo cowuwuvucom «moo» van 0» muouou compmuavc

 

.zfimmuvxaa
00 mo 530 *

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

HS 02 0: mm mm 0: 03.0 03.0 30.0 3.0 00.0 00.0 000.0 $0.0
mwfl Nun HNH m: mm mm H-.o Haw.o m-.o ow.o. om.o om.o wwo.o mao.o
aHH owa mo" om mm mm mam.o Hum.o mw~.o :m.o om.o om.o «No.0 «:0.0
«2 3H H2 mm mm mm 30.0 03.0 mm~.0 8.0 00.0 00.0 08.0 20.0
mma «NH Nun mm mm o: mmw.o m-.o mm~.o mm.o ww.o. , mm.o :Ho.o «no.0
oNH «NH odd mm mm o: ~H~.o Ham.o ~m~.o mm.o mm.o No.0 :Ho.o mmo.o
wdo.o o~o.o :Ho.o muo.o o~o.o :Ho.o mao.o o~o.o :Ho.o w~o.o oao.o :~o.o
AmmcocHV Amazoch « wazoaHv AmunocH
*comuauaocom mo comma #:owmwupgcmm no canon *cofiauuyucum no naaum, *comuauuocmm mo sumac Amococmv “mucoch
Ancwfls 6.35%on $0500-00ch 30:85 505 53:
xuanmcwunm :aoum um odmc< aculoz mcmxauum venom asamxa: «Ham Afiamumxu:

 

onbmSo Magus. at 8 fiéuazmmmfl 00:80 523 0E<2H§0 030 < :53 0&8 55,2: 058 2 000 0.620
quEHEm $2 6% Emma :03. .2 305 .sz0: 022493 .8000 2:502: 00 $5.5 000E:

>H mgm<h

23

02» mo moauusm mg» zoflmn Uuaon an» we coaMHSm £00900 9:0 mo cofiumupQCmQ

.zfimwpwxaa
Haven 0:» pp muwwwp acmuauoucua mo c0000 *

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

     

 

 

 

 

 

 

Hag «ma 04H m» mm 00 H-.0 moa.0 o~w.o 0m.0 0m.0 «4.0 m~0.0 000.0
and 4:” «ad mm ms mp ~>~.0 uwa.o mwa.0 mm.o :m.0 mm.otL 000.0 000.0
mma m4“ and 0» mp mp 00~.0 04H.0 mm~.0 4m.0 m~.o om.o m~0.0 mwo.o
00H 00H hm” m0 m0 m0 000.0 000.0 ppflwo ”0.0 00.0 mm.0 0 000.0 000.0
oma pma mma mu ms mu mm~.0 mmn.0 :0~.0 cm.o mm.0 am.0 w~0.0 «00.0
mmfi pug mm“ m» 0» mp .mm~.0 om~.0 40H.0 Hm.0 mm.0 mm.0 wm0.o :mo.o
«No.0 m~0.0 -0.0 Hm0.0 m~0.0 wano «No.0 m~o.0 -0.0 Hm0.0 mmo.o 0H0.0
Amonoch mwmcoch monocav Amococh
*co«uauu~c~m no 50000 tcowgwuuocum mo spawn *COuuauuucum mo cgaun *cowuuuumcmm mo guano AmucQCHv Amunoch
“noun «av Nmuuumuov Amvcsomusoch chcsomm navy: £00“:
xoanocmuam xaoum an mamc< 0:030: mcmxavum vouom asawxa: uflsm zfimuuuxu:

 

 

 

 

oneommH0 02quqz 0:0 00 00404000 000000 omdommamu ozHozmm HzHom m0 000 040z< xudmoszmm
mz< .Qmmmzouo xqmmm.:u~=3 sq mgozq .azmxox wsz<mmm .00000 zpzax0: 00 mm000> uoqmm><

> mgmqh

2h

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

.zfiwmuwxme
an» no uoamusm an» zofion vumon 0:» mo uoamusm soapon 0:» mo cowumupucua Hmpoo may on muwmmu :ofigmuuoCua mo suave *
«NH mas Cum on mm mm 00m.0 mm4.0 mmm.o NJ.H mp.“ >m.~ mm0.0 400.0
«ma FHA mma mm mm mm mom.o :mm.0 m0m.0 mm.~ m2.« m4.“ mwo.0 000.0
“a“ wad add 0m 0m mm mmm.0 adm.0 on.0 mm.“ 5:.” 0©.H wm0.o who.o
00H 000 MNH mm 00 00 000.0 000.0 000.0 00.0 mm.~ m0.” 000.0 000.0
mm“ mag 0~H mm on On 0»m.0 mmm.0 mm~.o ma.“ 00.H mm.H m~0.0 «00.0
mm« FHA mm“ 0: mm on ama.0 om~.0 mmm.0 mm.o wo.H m0.~ wmo.0 :m0.o
“No.0 mHo.0 0H0.0 .Hmo.0 m~0.0 -0.0 Hmo.o mao.0 pao.o «No.0 mdo.o -0.0
AmunoaHv - AmmnocH. Amucoch Amococav «
*comaauuocum no nunwm *comuauuocum Mo 20000 *cofiuauuocmm mo cufimm, *comumupocmm mo sauna Amcnoch Ammnocav
Amummmwuv .quoummoq, ~w00000-zoch Amvczomu 00002 00003
xoanmcmuam xamum an o~m¢< ac~aoz mcwxamum venom assmxuz oaam zuauuoxaz

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

zOHHommHQ mszodz NIH OH m<ADUHszmmmm ommoom amdommHzo OZHDZMm szom ma mom mqoz<

H> REE.

xu<moszmm 02¢ .0mmm0000 x<mmm :UHmz 00 mqoz< .02020: osz¢mmm .momom zaxaxgz.mo mm=0<> mo<mm>¢

25

.zflmuuuxma

000 00 0000000 000 30000.00000 000 00 0000000 000000 000 00 00000000000 00000 000 00 000000 00000000000 00 00000 *

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

mm.“ 03 and 00. 00 00 08.0 2.90 03.0 mm.0 0:..0 3.0 08.0 0.30.0
000 000 000 00 mm 00 000.0 000.0 000.0 00.0 00.0 00.0 000.0 000.0
mm” mm” 03 2. mm m0 03.0 43.0 wmmd No.0 00.0 3.0 80.0 000.0
000 000 000 mm 00 00 000.0 000.0 000.0 00.0 00.0 00.0 000.0 000.0
000 000 000 mm 00 00 000.0 000.0 000.0 00.0 00.0 00.0 000.0 000.0
«mg mm” mm." m: 0: m: «2.0 mow .0 03.0 5.0 00.0 «0.0 08.0 0.30.0.
80.0 30.0 50.0 80.0 30.0 30.0 30.0 30.0 20.0 80.0 30.0 30.0
Aw~coch mwonoch «wunocmv Amazoch
*comunupucmm mo £0000 *coguwuuucmm no 50000 *couumuuucum mo £0000 *co00wuuacma mo nvayml Amazoch Anacoch
Amooumuow Awuuwmoqq, ~00csomunocwv «wucsomv £0003 £0003
xuanncmuam samum 00 named unmao: mcmxauum venom ESHHXaz oazm bvumuuxaz

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

200000000 0200002 000 00 00000000 000000 .002000000020200 0000 0 0002 00<000000 0200200 02000 00 000
00020 0000000000 020 00000000 00000 0000: .2 00020 620:0: 02020000 .0008 202032 .6 000005 000.003

HH> mgm<H

26

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

.mummumst
000 00 0000050 000 30000 00000 020 no 0000000 300000 000 Mo 00000000000 00000 0:0 00 000000 acmpmuuwcma no 20000 *
000 . 000 000 mm mm mm 000.0 m0n.0. 000.0 00.0 00.0 00.0 000.0 . 400.0
000 000 000 mm 00 mm 000.0 000.0 000.0 00.0 00.0 00.0 000.0 000.0
000 000 ONH 0m mu 04 mam.0 04m.0 w4m.o 00.0 H~.H om.H mwo.0 mwo.0
mad 000 000 . mm mm mm Nem.o 00m.0 0mm.0 Hm.0 om.H 40.0 mmo.o 000.0
000 000 000 0m 0m 0m hom.o oa~.0 Ham.o 04.0 00.0 hm.0 m~0.0 «00.0
~00 mad 000 0m 0m 0m mmm.o owm.0 00m.o on.” 0m.0 mm.H mw0.o 4m0.o
H~0.0 000.0 000.0 0 «wo.o 000.0 000.0 000.0 m00.0 000.0 H~0.0 m00.0 000.0
monocHg fiwunucH AmunUCHv munuaH
*cowuauuucmm Ho £0000 *cofiumuuucum mo £0000 #comumuumcmm mo £0000 *cofiumuuucom mo npa&wl Ammcuch Am~cuch
00000000“ 200000000 0000000-0000V 00000000 00003 00002
xuanocuuaw xuuum 00 000:4 0:030: mamxamum 00000 asamxaz ”Ham zvmuuuxaz

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

onhUmmHo NEEDS; Ht. 8. éSUHszmmwm Gum—vow

.0023 0022050 0000 0 EH: 0000000000 02002000 02000 00

«E 334 64984226 220 0000008 020% 20023 .2 0020 00.2000: 02020000 .0008 20:02: 00 000030 0000000

HHH> m4m<h

7
2

.mc00000 00 00000 00:00 am 000

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

00000550 0>000000 0000000 00 000 0000000000 0000m00 cm 00 0000000000 00 0000500000002 0000< 00 000009 000aamm a 0
.0000000 00 00000 00:00 am 000
00000000000 0000m00 m0 0:0 0000003: 0>00000m 0000000 omv 00000550 000 00300000000 00000000 00 00co0000000 000000m u m
.0000000000 0000m00
o©0 mo 00900000500 0 00 «0000000 00 00000 00:00 0m 00 000000 0 000 c0>0 00000000000 000000 0 00 00000 000aeam n d
gm0 Nm0 mm0 m» mm m» :m0.o 000.0 >m0.o pm.o 0m.o om.o wmo.o :mo.o
om0 :00 «N0 on m» mp 000.0 000.0 mm0.o 0m.o 4m.o 0m.o mmo.o cwo.o
m00 m00 ~m0 om mp mp mm0.o 040.0 mm0.o -.o m~.o mm.o wmo.o wwo.o
~00 mM0 0m0 mu m» 05 000.0 000.0 :m0.o on.o am.o om.o wwo.o 000.0
30 R0 000 m0 m0 00 «00.0 000.0 000.0 00.0 00.0 00.0 000.0 08.0
~00 -0 0N0 mp 00 00 mm0.o ©m0.o 000.0 mm.o m~.o 4m.o wmo.o :mo.o
o m < o m 4 o m < o m <
0000000 0030000: 0:00:00 0000000: (3 0000000 0030000: 0000000 0000000:
0000000v 0000000V
008.00%? 088003 000550-283 0005500 522 532
00000000am :000m 00 00mcd 00050: 0000000m 00000 Ess0x0: 0050 50000000:

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

000020 08.0 00 0008 20000000200 0 .2 q200000000 0200002 0:0 00 00.30000 000000
00080000 0200200 02000 m0 00 000000020 0200200 .000 20 0200200 00000002 00 000000

XH mqmdfi

.mcfiummu 00 uoHuQ mason :w you
humvmasc ~>mpmfimu acoouua 05 0:0 afiuncmucmm muoumuc 00 mo mcompmucoo am u00080umcammz mu~p< a“ voowau mwaaeam u u

.mcmumwu o» nomum maze: 4m you
w“ Apmoccwucmm mwuumuu mm 0am hufiquSI u>maaawm genouwa omv mpmvwesn 0cm ouzpmuuaswp uuaucwpm pm vmcofipaucoo mmmaeum u m

.ufiwncuunmm muupmav
oma no muzumumasmu a pa .mcflummp o» uofiuq mason 4m mo vomuwa 0 now co>o :ofiumazouuo vvouom m cm woman muHQEdm n <

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

hos mad um” L mm mm mm wmm.o mm:.o mmm.o mm.H ms.“ 0:.H wwo.o :mo.o
mod Nan mud 0m mm om Ham.o 4mm.o cam.o mm.a ma.” mm.“ mmo.o coo.o
Nod can omH mm on mm 44m.o Hum.o m0m.0 mm.“ 5:.“ mm.H mmo.o mpo.0
00H 00H pad on on mm Hm~.0 ~0~.0 ~0m.0 gm.“ mm.” 0m.~ 0m0.0 050.0
on mad awn 0m 0m mm mem.o mmm.o mm~.o w:.~ 00.” mm.« omo.o «00.0
moH NHH Fwd mm mm mm m©~.o om~.o mo~.o m~.H mo.” mH.H mmo.o :mo.o
u m < o m < u m d o m d
pcuvcoo muzummo: 0000000 ouzumwo: acmucoo ouaummos 0:00:00 ousamfioz
Amazoch Ammnoch
Amoopmumv Amuwumwmv Amvcsomncucmq x~wucspmv £9003 nunmz
xoanucmuum xwuum as udmc< pause: mcmxaoum venom asamxm: uflsm zfiauusxa:

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

mmzqu 000.0 no :0000 20Hp«m~mzmm < h< .oneommuo msz0<z amp 09 m<0=0anmmmmm 000000
Qm<ommHmo ozHozmm ezHom mg 00 mmHengao ozHozmm mmp 20 0209200 mmsemHoz 00 000000

x mam<H

29

of average breaking moments was then carried out for each of the

groups as shown in tables XI and XII in appendix A.

In the first group, a significant difference was found to

exi st between treatments involving changes only in the depth of

penetration. Significant differences were also found in most

cases when the only change in treatment was makeready width.

Treatments including the number 2 scoring rule resulted in

breaking moments significantly higher than treatments which were

the same with the exception of number 1 scoring rule. The best

combinations of makeready width, rule width, and penetration
depth as indicated by this analysis would be a rule width of
0.011; inches, makeready width of 0.038 inches, and the maximum
Penetration 0.016 inches for the 10 point wax impregnated board
and 0.018 inches for the 12 point glue laminated kraft board.

Results from the analysis of variance of the other group

were quite similar to the first group. Significant differences

were found to exist when treatment changes involved changing only

makeready width or only penetration depth. It was found, however,

that in most cases significant differences did not occur when the
makeready width was increased 0.008 inches and the depth of pene-

tration was increased 0.002 inches. In other words, wider make-

ready widths, when accompanied by greater penetration depths

resulted in score lines which did not differ significantly in

30

the moment required to break the score. The treatment which

resulted in the optimum score for this group consisted of a rule

width of 0.028 inches, a makeready width of 0.0514 inches, and

maximum penetration (0.021 inches).

Graphs 1 through 16 in appendix A show the relationship
between moment and angular deflection for each board type with
S€Vera1 combinations of rule width and female makeready width.
Graphs 1 through 6 present the results of six makeready width

and two scoring rule widths at all three depths of penetration

for the 10 point wax impregnated board. The results at three

Penetration depths are also shown graphically for the 12 point

glue laminated stock in graphs 6 through 12. Graphic presen-

tation for these board types includes the entire range of pene-
t"ration depth as well as scoring rule width and female makeready
width combinations since comparatively small differences were
Observed in the results at each of the three depths. The 15
DOint bending chipboard and 15 point glue laminated stock, how-
eVer, showed a definite superiority for all rule width and
makeready width combinations at the maximum penetration employed
in this investigation. Graphs 13 through 16 show the moment-
angular deflection relationships for these board types when
scored at a penetration depth of 0.021 inches, the maximum

Wnetration depth used for these board types.

31

In order to spread the curves out to facilitate easier
interpretation, the moment scale differs from graph to graph.
This must be carefully observed when comparing curves from one
graph to those of another graph.

The results of the controlled humidity portion of this
investigation are presented in tables IX and X. A comparison
of the two tables reveals that the effects of moisture differ
Somewhat depending upon the orientation of the score line
relative to the machine direction of the board.

It should be pointed out that this investigation on
moisture effects was limited to one board type and one depth
0f penetration. Although differences did occur, a more thorough
investigation would be necessary to warrant any recommendations
Pertaining to ideal humidity conditions. The penetration depth
Of 0.019 inches which was used for all controlled humidity
tests, did not prove as satisfactory as the greater penetration

depth used in the other portion of this study.

.32

V . CONCLUSIONS

A comparison of results from tables I through VIII shows
that. in nearly all cases, the score produced with the maximum
penetration depth and the narrowest makeready width was generally
superior when considered on the basis of maximum force, breaking
moment, angle at which break occurred, and angle of springback.
Visual obserVation.of each specimen after testing also indicated
that the best scores, on the basis of general appearance,
straightness of fold, and bead formation, resulted from the
maximum penetration depth in conjunction with narrow female
makeready widths.

In a few cases, the average values of maximum force and
breaking moment are lower for the wider makeready arrangements.
When these scores were observed on the micro projector, however,
it'was evident that ply separation did not occur and very poor
beads, if any, were formed. An example of a poorly formed bead
Of this nature is compared in figure 6-1 to a well formed bead;
figure 6-2.

It can be concluded, from this investigation, that for
each.board type and each scoring rule width under consideration,

the narrowest makeready width combined with the greatest depth

 

33

Figure 6.

Cross-Section of Scored Specimens After Folding
lhO Degrees; 6-1 Illustrates Poor Bead Formation
and Lack of Fly Separation, 6-2 Shows Good Bead
Formation and Ply Separation, Resulting in a
Hole Near the Top Liner.

     

50X

 

50 X 100 X

 

“..

3h

of penetration was generally superior to the other makeready

width - penetration depth combinations.

The major contribution of this study is that it provides

a good background for a more intense stucy with a narrower range

of variables. Being an original investigation in the area of

score line evaluation, the scope of this project was extremely

broad, covering a wide range of variables. Further investigation

in this area could now be conducted with emphasis on a group of
narrower makeready widths and increased penetration depths,

since it has been indicated herein that the upper range of these

Variables produces inferior score lines.

l.

3.

LIST OF REFERENCES

American Society for Testing Materials. ASTM Standards 23

Paper and Paper Products and Shipping Containers. Phila-

delphia: American Society for Testing Materials, 1955.

Casey, James P. Pulp and Pgmr Technology. Interscience
Publishers, Inc. New York, 1952.

Kernan, J. M. and Lewis, R. L. "The Ohio Boxboard Score
Bend Tester." Ta i, March, 1958.

Lewis, R. L. and Eckhart, C. 0. "End-of-Machine Control
Tests for Boxboard Printability and Scoreability." 222?};

October, 1956 .

Meredith, R. Mechanical Properties 93: Wood and Paper.

 

Interscience Publishers, Inc. New York, 1953.

Snedecor, G. W. Statistical Methods. The Iowa State

College Press. Ames, Iowa, 1956.

35

 

APPENDIX A

MOMENT - ANGULAR DEFLECTION GPAPHS AND ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE TABLES

37

Graph'l

Moment - angular displacement curves for 10 point hhx Impregnated
Bleached Kraft board, scored parallel to the machine direction,
with a depth of penetration of 0.012 inches.

Lax
Curve Symbol Rule Width Makeready Width
(Inches) (Inches)
1 A 0.011: 0.038
2 C) 0.01h 0.0h2
3 [3 0.01h 0.0h6
b a 0.028 0.042
5 131 0.028 0.0h8
6 x 0.028 0.051.

 

1ho

120

Angular Deflection (Degrees)

 

T

A...

38

Graph _2_

Moment - angular displacement curves for 10 point tax Impregnated
Bleached Kraft board, scored parallel to the machine direction,
with a depth of penetration of 0.011: inches.

521
Curve Symbol Rule Ni dth ‘iakeready Width
(Inches) (Inches)
1 A 0.011; 0. 038
2 O 0. 011: 0.d42
3 E] 0. 0111 0. (116
u g 0.028 0.01.2
S E 0. 028 0.01.18
6 x 0.028 0. 05h

 

100 120 1130

80

Angular Deflection (Degrees)

60

to

39

GrEEh.2

Moment - angular displacement curves for 10 point Wax Impregnated
Bleached Kraft board, scored parallel to the machine direction,
with a depth of penetration of 0.016 inches.

 

ex
Curve Symbol Rule iii dth Makeready Hidth
(Inches) (Inches)
1 A 0. 01b 0.038
2 O 0.011; 0.0112
3 D 0.01).: 0.0146
h a 0.028 0.01.22
5 a 0.028 0.0118
6 X 0.028 0. 09;

 

 

100

0
6

m.
m
m
mm
m
m
m
m
m

 

 

 

 

ho

GraphIQ

Moment - angular displacement curves for 10 point Wax Impregnated
Bleached Kraft board, scored perpendicular to the machine direction,

with a depth of penetration of 0.012 inches.

5.2.x

Curve Symbol Rule Width
(Inches)
0.01h
0.01h
0.01h
0.028

0. 028

oxmt'w
XNEDOD

0.028

Makeready Width
(Inches)

0.038
0.01:2
0.0146
0.0142
0.0h8
0.05h

 

 

 

.IE ‘
full...
llll'l. I lir|nl III-IT'I'IIIIIIII“ II“

120 100

100

Angular Deflection (Degrees)

to

'20

 

.y

hl

Graph 5

Moment - angular displacement curves for 10 point wax Impregnated
Bleached Kraft board, scored perpendicular to the machine
direction, with a depth of penetration of 0.01h inches.

 

5:1
Curve Symbol Rule Width Makeready hfidtb
(Inches) (Inches)
1 z; 0.01b 0.038
2 o 0.010 0.0112
3 CI 0.011; 0.0h6
h p! 0.028 0.0h2
S H 0.028 0.0h8
6 x o. 028 0.051;

 

1&0

120

100

60
Angular Deflection (Degrees)

to

20

 

A2

Graph‘é

Moment - angular displacement curves for 10 point wax Impregnated
Bleached Karft board, scored perpendicular to the machine
direction, with a depth of penetration of 0.016 inches.

Curve

oxu-(Jr'uu

Symbol

)< bi ii [3 <3 t>

my.

Rule Width
(Inches)
0.01h
0.01h
0.01b
0.028
0.028
0.028

Makeready Width
(Inches)
0.038
0.0142
0.0h6
0.0h2
0.0h8
0.05h

 

I] .IIJI' .'

P

ill

0
In
1

100

Angular Deflection (Degrees)

15"} Int.

 

 

143

Graph 1

Moment - angular displacement curves for 12 point Manila board with
a glue laminated liner, scored parallel to the machine direction,
with a depth of penetration of 0.01h inches.

5.21
Curve Symbol Rule Width Makeready Width
(Inches) (Inches)
1 z; 0.01h 0.038
2 o 0.0m 0.0h2
3 CI 0.011. 0.0146
b g 0.028 0.0142
5 g 0.028 0.0h8
6 x 0.028 0.0514

'3.

 

I’ll!!!

0
h
1..

 

Angular Deflection (Degrees)

Graphlé

fioment - angular displacement curves for 12 point Manila board with
a glue laminated liner, scored parallel to the machine direction,
with a depth of penetration of 0.016 inches.

5.0
Curve Symbol Rule Width Makeready Width
(IncheS) (Inches)
1 21 0.01h 0.038
2 CD 0.01h 0.0h2
3 E3 0.01h 0.0h6
h p{ 0.028 0.0h2
5 JE{ 0.028 0.0h8
6 >< 0.028 0.05h

0.271:

0.

0.2h6

0. 232

0.218

0.2

1 1

0.120

0.1

0.092

 

8
7
0.
0

100

Angular Deflection (Degrees)

6O

hS

Gram 2

Moment - angular displacement curves for 12 point Manila board with
a glue laminated liner, scored parallel to the machine direction,
with a depth of penetration of 0.018 inches.

. m
Curve Symbol Rule Width Makeready Width
’ (Inches) (Inche s )

1 A 0.011. 0.038
2 o 0.011. 0.012
3 D 0.01).; 0.0116
1. a 0.028 0.0142
5 m 0.028 0.0148
6 X 0.028 0.0514

 

It-“

 

100

60

Angular Deflection (Degrees)

ho

 

h6

Cranh 1

i

Moment - angular displacement curves for 12 point Manila board with
a glue laminated liner, scored perpendicular to the machine
direction, with a depth of penetration of 0.01).; inches.

2221
Curve Symbol Rule h'i dth Makeready Ni dth
(Inches) (Inches)
1 A 0.011; 0.038
2 0 0.0114 0.01:2
3 D 0.011; 0.01:6
h a 0.028 0.0142
5 m 0.028 0.01.8
6 x 0.028 0.051.

 

Ar.

 

EEL.

60 80 100 120 1&0

Angular Deflection (Degrees)

ho

h?

Gr aph ll

Moment - angular displacement curves for 12 point Manila board with
a glue laminated liner, scored perpendicular to the machine
direction, with a depth of penetration of 0.016 inches.

m
Curve Symbol Rule Width Make reacbr Width
(Inches) (Inches)
1 A 0.0111 0.038
2 O 0.011: 0.0142
3 Cl 0. 01L o.01;6
h 181 0.028 0.0142
5 H 0.028 0.01.8
6 X 0. 028 0.051;

 

1110

120

 

Angular Deflection (Degrees)

 

 

h8

Graph‘lg

Moment - angular displacement curves for 12 point Manila board with
a glue laminated liner, scored perpendicular to the machine direction,
with a depth of penetration of 0.018 inches.

5'21
Curve Symbol Rule Width Makeready Width
(Inches) (Inches)
1 ZS 0.01h 0.038
2 O 0.011; 0.0112
3 E3 0.01L 0.0h6
t x 0.028 0.0112
5 121 0.028 0.0148
6 x 0.028 0.0514

120

 

100
)

Angular Def lection (Degrees

80

60

A9

Graph‘lg

Moment - angular displacement curves for 15 point Bending Chipboard

scored parallel to the machine direction, with a depth of

penetration of 0.021 inches.

5.0

Curve Symbol Rule Width
(Inches)

0.028
0.028
0.028
0.028

0.028

O\\n¥:'\»
XHNUOD

0.028

Makeready Width
(Inches)

0.09:
0.062
0.070
0.078
0.086
0.0914

 

100 120

80

Angular Deflection (Degrees

60

 

50

Graph 15

Moment - angular displacement curves for 15 point Bending Chipboard,
scored perpendicular to the machine direction, with a depth of
penetration of 0.021 inches.

6211
Curve Symbol Rule Width Makeready Width
(IncheS) (Inches)
1 A) 0.028 0.058
2 C) 0.028 0.062
3 C3 0.028 0.070
1. m 0.028 0.078
S 131 0.028 0.086
6 x 0.028 0.091.

 

 

Angular Deflection (Degrees)

 

S1

Graph 15

Moment - angular displacement curves for 15 point Bending Chipboard
with a glue laminated liner, scored parallel to the machine
direction, with a depth of penetration of 0.021 inches.

 

 

5.21
Curve Symbol Rule Width Nakeready Width
(Inches) (Inches)

1 ZS 0.028 0.05h
2 C) 0.028 0.062
3 C3 0.028 0.070
h 0! 0.028 0.078
S 21 0.028 0.086
6 X 0.028 0.0911

 

 

 

100 120

80
Angular Deflection (Degrees)

60

1.0

 

 

 

52

Graph‘lé

Moment - angular displacement curves for 15 point Bending Chipboard
with a glue laminated liner, scored perpendicular to the machine
direction, with a depth of penetration of 0.021 inches.

1‘31
Curve Symbol Rule Width Makeready Width
(Inches) (Inches)
1 A 0.028 0.05h
2 O 0.028 0.062
3 CI 0.028 0.070
h §{ 0.028 0.078
S 121 0.028 0.086
6 X 0.028 0.091.

 

 

 

 

120 1ho

100

80
Angular Deflection (Degrees)

60

to

 

 

TABLE XII

Group 2

ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE OF BREAKING MOMENT

 

Source of Sum of Degrees Mean F F0 05
Variation Squares of Square (Calculated) ‘
_ Freedom
Total 0.321113 ' 71
Board 0.01.692 1 0.01.692 2.68 161
Direction 0.16563 1 0.16563 9.15 161
Error (a)

(Board x Direction) 0.01752 1 0.01752
Treatment 0.5685 17 0.033141. 8.960 1.92

Treatment x Direction 0.02575 17 0.00151

Error (b) 0.01 11.16 31: 0.006711

g

sex- Indicates significance at the 1 percent level.

55

APPENDIX B EQUIPMENT DESIGN

The initial phase of this investigation was concerned
with developing a device to accurately measure the force required
to bend folding board along score lines produced by various combi-
nations of scoring rule, makeready width and penetration depth.
In addition to the force required to bend along a particular
score line, a measure of the angle of deflection at which the
break occurred was also desired.

During the early stages of this investigation, several
test fixtures were considered before arriving at one which
produced satisfactory results. The principle of operation of all
fixtures was to serve as a sample holding device to secure the
sample while a bend was induced by means of a compressive force
from the Baldwin testing machine.

The first test fixture considered was a holding device
which held'a scored sample securely on. one side of the score
line by means of two clamping plates. A downward force was then
exerted on the free side by a ram arm fastened directly to a
500 pound capacity auxiliary load cell on the Baldwin testing
machine.

Several limitations of this arrangement were discovered,

and the results were considered unsatisfactory. A maximum

singular deflection of the test specimen of less than.90 degrees
<:ould be obtained, thus, the behavior of the score could.nct be
investigated under conditions simulating those to which it would
toe subjected during the entire carton manufacturing process. It
tnas also found that differing results would.be obtained from
(iifTerent positions of the score line relative to the edge of
tJue holding clamps. This could be due, in part, to the deflection
(if the board between the score line and the edge of the holding
(:1amps when the score line was positioned some distance from
the clamps. When the score line was placed close to the clamp,
the bead formation, essential for a good score, was restricted.

Another consideration consisted of a pair of rollers,
upon which a scored sample was placed. A downward force was
tlien exerted in a manner similar to that employed above. In
tJIiS case, however, the force was exerted directly over the
Score line of the specimen by means of a hollow ground ran arm
‘flhich contacted the board on both sides of the score. This
ixdea was also abandoned because of the difficulty of applying
:1 force to the sample without impairing the score line or
restraining the bead formation.

It was decided that a testing fixture which did not
:restrain the score line in any way would be more desirable.

A fixture which seemed to possess the desired characteristics

57

teas designed. The working model of this fixture is shown in
jfigure 7. The results obtained with this device were fairly
constant for a number of samples from particular board which
has been scored under the same conditions. Friction in the
bearings did not remain constant over the entire range of
deflection, making it impossible to correct for its effect in
the machine calibration.

This fixture was then re-designed, resulting in the final
instrument shown in figure 11. Needle bearings are utilized
:instead of ball bearings, greatly reducing the effect of friction.

With this arrangement, the score line is completely unrestricted.

 

58

Figure 7.

Trial Testing Fixture.

 

59

APPENDIX C TEST PROCEDURE

1. Set up the testing machine by attaching 500 pound
load cell and associated equipment. Attach one of the identical
roller assemblies to the live end of the load cell. Attach
the other roller assembly to the lower platen. Adjust for
parallelism by placing shim stock under the lower mounting
plate. Align the grooves in the two rollers by inserting
metal plate in both grooves. Set the platen motion stops.

Turn on power to the machine, the indicator and.the recorder.

2. Set the indicator range to 0-100 pounds. Adjust
the dial indicator to zero. Fill the pen and hold it in
1pcsition while engaging the recorder in the half scale position.

3. Insert a trial specimen in the groove of the top
roller, forcing it in until it is seated 1/8 inch in the groove.
Slowly raise the platen until contact of the bottom of the
specimen with the top of the lower roller. Stop the machine
and align the specimen with the groove of the lower roller.
Slowly raise the platen until the specimen bottoms in the groove.
Start the deformation in the right direction until a deflection
of 15 degrees is reached.

h. Connect the Baldwin PD-lM deflectometer and adjust

for the expected range of motion. Turn the recorder motor on

60

and rotate the drum to the desired starting position. Stop the
machine and lower the pen until it contacts the recording paper.

5. Set the platen speed at h.0 inches per minute and
start the machine. Allow the lower platen to move upward until
the angular deflection of the specimen reaches lhO degrees.

6. Stop the machine and raise the pen. Remove the
specimen and immediately measure and record the springback
angle. Record the maximum force recorded by the indicator.

7. Lower the platen of the testing machine and insert

a sample specimen. Repeat steps b through 6 for each specimen.

 

   

HICHIGRN STRTE UNIV. LIBRQRIES

llllllllllllllllflHIIIWI||l|||||||||IIIHIIIHILIIIHIIIIHII

 

312931035518