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A COMPARATIVE swov‘oi
POLICE HANDUNG or THE
ALCOHOLIC 0555mm

The“: {m the. Dims (if M. 5. .
MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY ‘
James F. Russéil '
1.9.64 '

 

 

 

 

A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF ICLICE HANDLING

CF THE ALCOHOLIC CFFENDER

by
JAIN «‘s F. RUSSELL
AN ABSTRACT

Submitted to the
College of Social Science
Michigan State University
in partial fulfillment of the requirements
for the degree of

MASTER OF SCIENCE
School of Police Administration and Public Safety

1964

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ABSTRACT
A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF ICLICB HANDLING
OF THE ALCOHOLIC OFFENDER

by James F. Russell

For the municipal police department, the alcoholic
offender has become an ever-recurring and exhausting gro-
blem. This subject is widely discussed; howe er, seldom

is there any 1m

3

-rovement made or even agreement reached,

p.

concerning how to lessen the workload caused by the alcohol-

\..)

ic offender.

   
  
  

oholic of ender

    

Specifically c ’ ". of the police,

the sociologist, ' ' e industrial

determi ‘ ‘. ' " ' u ' “ 3 1 ‘ ~bilitaticn
of ..e alcoholic.
A model proghan was developed frtn the literature

.—

for the preper handling of the alcoholic offenger,ty

 

 

 

 

Questions were pcsed by the

 

\Eunicigalagglice departmen L.

model which were answered by 1 vestigation of the three
municipal police departmtnts of lensing, Grand Rapids, and
Flint, Michigan. In each city, the community facilities
and their pecuniary support, the procedure of the courts,
and the attitude of the golice were catalogued to ;roduce

a firm descriftion cf th actual situation pertaining to the

James F. Russell

alcoholic offender.

The three departments were compared with each other

)

and with the proposed model. In an-l it Was Shaun that

¢<
U;
F}.
U1

’
the model would be workable in these departments.

As a result of this study it was concluded that:

f (l) drunkenness is classified as a crime and accounts lor
over one-third of all arrests made in the United States;
(2) police agencies would save manpower and financial re-
sources if they engaged in the rehabilitation of the al-
coholic offender in conjunction with the judiciary, the
medical profession, and community social agencies; (5)
alcoholism and the alcoholic offender are not fully under-
stood by the police agencies; (4) and the municipal police
departments investigated do not fully comprehend the
capabilities of other governmental agencies in the fiel‘

of alcoholism control.

coholic offsider\can be integ ted into most modern munici-

e model outlines policies which

    
   
   
    
      
       

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would provide consist n and compatability in the method

of operation for c‘re effect ve police handling of the al-

coholic cffende , thereby reduci the number of arrests

    

for alcoholi -oriented offenses and Le work-load of the

A CCMFARATIVE STUDY OF POLICE. HANDLING

OF THE ALCOHOLIC OFFENDER

By

James F/ Russell

A THESIS

Submitted to
iichigan State University
in partial fulfillment of the requirements
for the degree of

MASTER CF SCIENCE
School of Police Administration and Public Safety

1964

ACKN O :4 LE Dans NI :5

My express gratitude goes to the United States Army
and the Provost Marshal General for the opportunity of
continuing my education while on active duty as a Captain
in the Military Police Corps.

To Mr. Raymond Galvin, my senior advisor, my sincere
appreciation for giving so willingly of his time, guidance,
and worthwhile suggestions during every phase of this effort.

My Special thanks go to the members of the police,
judiciary, and medical profession who graciously gave their
assistance and information in the gathering of the data for
this study.

To my Sara, my cherished appreciation for her un-
tiring patience, loving devotion, and unswerving confidence
in me. Without her, this study would never have been

attempted, much less completed.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER
I. THE INTRODUCTION . . . . . . .
The Problem . . . . . . . .
Statement of the Problem..
Questions to be Answered .
Importance of the Study .
Limitation of the Study .

Ibfinitions of Terms Used .

Organization of the Remainder of the

II. REVIEW OF THE. LI‘I‘ERA’I’JRL‘I . . .

Medical Aspects of Alcoholism

The Effects of Alcohol on the Body

Diagnosis of an Alcoholic

Medical Treatment of an Alcoholic
Sociological ASpects of Alcoholism
The Alcoholic, What, Nho, and Nhere
The Phases of Alcohol Addiction

Alcoholism and the Broken Home

Treatment of the Alcoholic

TheSiS.

The Industrial outlook on Alcoholism .

law Enforcement View of the Alcoholic Offender

Alcoholism Laws in Michigan.

The Courts . . . . . . . .

The Alcoholic and the Police

Facilities ir the Field of Alcoholism

“R

g;-

()1

NJ

(‘0
C.

iv

CHAPTER PAGE
National Agencies . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50

State Agencies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52

Local Agencies

Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58

Medical . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
Sociological . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
Industrial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . so
Law Enforcement . . . . . . . . . .

FaCilitieS O O O O O 0 O O O o O O O O 0 o 6-].
III. MODEL FOR POLICE HANDLING CF'THE ALCOHOLIC

OFFENDER O O 0 0 O O O O O O O O O O O O O O 05
IntrOdUCtiOn O 0 C O O O O O O O O O 0 O O O 65

General Provisions . . . . . . .

a

Police Reaponsibilities , , , , , , , , , , , 66
Court Responsibilities , , , ,
iedical Responsibilities , , , , , , , , , , 70
Community Reaponsibilities , , , , , , , . . 71
IV. A DESCRIPTION ANI>EVALUATICN OF THREE
METROPOLITAN POLICE DEPARTMENTS , , ,
Flint, Michigan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
Police Operation and [apartment Organization 75
Present Practices in Handling the Alcoholic
Offender . . . . . . . . .

O O O O O O O 78

Medical and Social Agency Facilities . . 51

Grand Rapids, Michigan . . . . . . . . . . . 82

\7

CHAPTER PAGh
Police Operation and [apartment
Organization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
Present Practices in Handling the Alcoholic
Offender . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
Medical and Social Agency Facilities . . . . ea
Lansing, Michigan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
Present Practices in Handling the Alcoholic
Offender . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
Medical and Social Agency Facilities . . . .‘95
Comparison of Existing Methods with the
PrOposed Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
Flint. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
Grand Rapids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SS
Lansing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
V. SUMMARY, CONCLUSILNS, QUESTIONS TO BS ANSWERED. .loc
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .lOO
Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .102
Questions to be Answered . . . . . . . . . . .104

BIBLIOGRAPPN O O o o o O o o 0 o o o o o o o o o o o o o .1 3':

10.

LIST OF TABLES

Alcohol Education for a Typical Ween .

Arrest Rates for 1962, FBI Crime Reports .

Percentages of Arrest for Drunhenness

Belknap-Scott Study . .

Hospitals for the Mentally Ill, Admission

Statistics, 1964 . . . .

Flint Police Department Arrests for 1965 .

Sentences for Drunkenness, Flint Municipal

Court, Flint, Michigan .

Grand Rapids Police Department Arrests for

Sentences for Drunkenness, Grand Rapids Police

Court, Grand Rapids, Michigan.

1962.

Lansing Police Department Arrests for 1963 .

Sentences

Court, lensing, Michigan

0

O

for Drunnenness, Lansing Municipal

48

75

80

87

91

LI3T OF FIGURES
FIGURE PAGE
1. Phases of Alcohol Addiction. . . . . . . . . . 24
2. Organization Chart, Flint, Michigan, Police
Ibpartment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
3. Organization Chart, Grand Rapids, Michigan
Police [apartment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
4. Organization Chart, lensing, Michigan Police

mpartment . O C O O O O C O O O O O O O O O 93

'0’..—

CHAPTER I
misc DUCT ION [I

The ac ievement of a professional status n the eyes

 

of society he been long waited by the policeman. Police
have develops from the s ngle plain-clothes "lookout" of
eighteenth c ntury Englan to the highly trained, dedicated,
and motivated professional of today's metropolitan police
forces. This rapid growth has been achieved at the expense

of the unity of method and unity of operation that are

 

 

necessary for any professi nal group to attain conformity in

 

either Opinion or method 0 operation. Sociolo#y, psychOIOgy, e/
medicine, and education ar challenging this method of

operation. It is also be g questioned even more so by the

 

 

societal gr ps that form p blic opinion.
This thesis will exp ore one area of 0p ation that

is being so hallenged; the handling of the al oholic offender.

The alcoholic offender and his treatment constitute a re- c/

curring and exhausting problem for the municipal police.

It is a subject which is widely discussed; however, seldom

is there any improvement made or even agreement reached,

concerning the problem of lessening the workload caused by

the alcoholic offender. The review of the literature will

delve into all the academic and professional disciplines

that have contributed to the present knowledge of alcoholism

and the rehabilitation of the alcoholic. Present industrial

 

practices in landling the alco lic worker will be investi-
gated to date mine if any of th practices which industry has
develOped ca be transferred to the police handling of the
alcoholic of ender. It isthped that the theoretical approach
of the academic disciplin s can be practically coupled with
the empirical boundaries of the Operating police force to b“

form a start toward co on agreement as to the ideal method

 

of handling the alcoh ic offender.
I. THE PROBLEM

Statggent_gf the pggblgm. This study will investigate

 

the role the police might assume in handling the alcoholic
offender. The problem is: Should the police assume a Specif-
ic role in the rehabilitation of the alcoholic offender or \/
should the police be satisfied with the 333333 ggg? In order
to objectively review this problem, several areas will be
explored. Alcoholism in general and the alcoholic offender
Specifically will be discussed from the viewpoints of the
municipal police department, the sociologist, the medical
profession, the industrial complex, and the educator. State
and community agencies will be explored to determine what is
available for the care and rehabilitation of the alcoholic.
The state and local pecuniary support will be examined to
facilitate understanding of the operating capabilities of the

functioning units.

The municipal police departments of the cities of

Lansing, Flint, and Grand Rapids, Michigan, will be fully
researched to determine their treatment of the alcoholic
offender. In each city, the community and private facilities
and the basis Of their financial support, plus the attitudes
of the courts as well as the police will be catalogued to
produce a firm description of the overall situation pertain-
ing to the alcoholic offender.

A model program for the handling of the alcoholic
offender by the police will be formulated and compared with
the existing programs of the cities canvassed. Once the
comparison is complete, the model will be revised commensu-
rate with the actualities of capabilities of the Operating

departments.

ggestions 39 pg gggwgggd. The Key hypothesis is
whether the municipal police departments should participate
in the rehabilitation of the chronic alcoholic offender. In
order to give this hypothesis a fair trial, the following
questions must be answered:

1. How far has medical science advanced in the treat-
ment of alcoholism?

2. From a sociological aspect, what is the prognosis
for rehabilitating the alcoholic?

3. What is the prevailing attitude of the municipal
police department toward the alcoholic offender?

4. What is the attitude of industry toward alcoholism?

5. What percentage of the total workload of municipal
police departments is generated by the alcoholic Offender?

6. Should there be a standard method within the
state for the handling of the alcoholic offender by municipal
police departments?

These questions along with the related information
will be presented and a model program developed based upon
the answers.

Importancg 9f £22 33391. Alcohol, alcoholism, and

the alcoholic Offender all lie in a "gray area". Doctor
Robert V. Seliger attested to this in the {23333; 9; Criminal
Law, Criminolggy and Policg Scigngg.

Drugs such as opium, heroin, cocaine, are absolute-
ly forbidden by law, while, for example, a pleasure
such as smoking of tobacco, while habit forming, is
not legislated against. Alcohol occupies an inter—
mediate position. Most of the forms of alcohol in
most sections of the country are not legislated
against, provided, as with tobacco, certain taxes
are paid. At the same time in the same places, an
intoxicated person is subject to arrest.

In Principles 2; ggiminOIOSY, statistics from 1,586

 

cities are given which state that in 1958, fifty-five per-

cent of the arrests were made for drunkenness or related

areas.

1Robert V. Seliger, "Alcohol and Crime, " Journal
of Criminal Law, Criminology, and Police Science, Volume 44,
Number 4, November- December, 1953.

 

 

 

2Donald R. Cressy and Edwin H. Sutherland, Princi-
ples of criminolggy, Sixth Edition. (Chicago: J. B. Lippincott
Company, 19605,- p. 158.

Alcoholic Offenders are alleged to utilize more police man-
hours than any other police function with the exception of
traffic enforcement. It is probably safe to assume that this
percentage would be even larger if every drunk who was coun-
seled, held, and released, or taken home by the police was
instead arrested and booked, thereby becoming a statistic.
Great advances have recently been made in the J

medical and sociological fields in the area of alcoholism.

'

If this knowledge can be coupled with the empirical world
Of the Operating municipal police department to reduce the
man-hours required of the police in handling alcoholic
Offenders, then this study will be of great importance to
our under-manned, overworked police. This study will be of
even greater importance if it enables one man to be drawn
from the bottom of the alcoholic barrel and kept from the

3

Revolvigg Door of the drunk tank, court, street, drunk tank,

etc., referred to by Pittman and Gordon.

Limitation g; the study. Although this study will

 

endeavor to review the problem of alcoholism from a general
vieWpoint as well as from the specific viewpoint of the
alcoholic offender, there are areas within the police realm
that will not be investigated. These areas are not consider-

ed to be restrictive in nature.

 

3David J. Pittman, and C. Wayne Gordon, Revolving
Door (Glencoe: The Free Press, 1958), p. 154.

This study will not concern itself with the alcoholic
policeman. It is felt that this subject prOperly comes
under personnel management. It is realized that police as
a profession lends itself to the formation of drinking
habits that are not conducive to accepted social standards.
The reasons for this are numerous. Long hours, shift work,
and extreme tension are among the primary ones.

The intoxicated driver and related problems are a
field unto themselves. This study will only mention this
problem in relation to the overall picture of the alcoholic

Offender.

 

The federal age cies will not be canvassed because
of the limited support rendered to the states, even though
some financial support or research comes from the Depart-
ment of Health, Welfare and Education but which is, however,
at the present time insdgnificant.

This study has been limited to three medium-sized
metropolitan police departments. While the limited scope l/x/
may appear restrictive, it is believed that the procedures

recommended could be applied, with minor modifications in

 

 

some areas, to any size department. These modifications will

be left to the individua reader.

II. DEFINITIOst OF TERMS USED

It appears that all wh work in the field of alcohol-
/

ism and its problems--whethei in research or as practical

  
   
   
   
  

professionals such as sociol gists, educators, or adminis-
trators--confront the vexati n of an inconsistent terminology.
Different writers use the s a word, including some of the
fundamental ones such as "a coholism", in different senses.
Nor is it rare for the same writer in the same book or
article to use the same wor in two different meanings.
Only a selected vocabulary is offered which, it is hOped,
will enhance understanding
Alcoholic. A perso , either male or female, whose
behavior or condition complies with the definition of
alcoholism. It is also used to denote anyone who uses

alcoholic beverages to excess.

Alcoholism. The term alcoholism denotes a chronic

 

disease, or disorder of behavior, characterized by the
repeated drinking of alco olic beverages to an extent that
exceeds customary dietary use or ordinary compliance with
the social drinking custom of the community, and that
interferes with the drinks '3 health, interpersonal rela-
tions (social life) or eco omic functioning.

Alcoholic offender. "A person who, because of his

conduct has become the object of police attention.

f
4
The Alcoholic Lalguage by Keller and Seeley was

used as the basis for t ese definitions.
III. ORGANIZATION 0 THE RFMAINDER OF THE THESIS

Chapter II will r view all pertinent literature
in the area of alcoholis . This chapter will also encom-
pass the personal research of the author. It will be
essential that the questions posed in Chapter I be fully
answered and justified in Chapter II.

Chapter III will attempt to consolidate the scien-

 

 

tific knowledge of the sociologist, experience of the
industrial complex, coupled with the resources available

within the average community, to give the municipal police

 

department a model as to the most practical method of
handling the alcoholic Offender.

A general analysis <f three municipal police depart-
ments will be presented in Chapter IV. This analysis will
consist of a survey of the present practices in force for

the handling of the alcoholic Offender. The community

 

facilities and the attitudes of the courts will be presented.

In general, this Chapter will be empirical evidence of the

 

methods by which the alcoh lic offender is handled.

Chapter IV will als constitute the comparison of

 

4
Mark Keller, and John R. Seeley, Thg Alcoholic
Language (London: Oxford University Press, 1958), p. 32.

 

the existing methods of the persting forces with the ideal
model, presented in Chapter II.

The conclusions will be contained in Chapter V.
This Chapter will also preseht a revisionary ideal which,
it is hoped, will be a practical model for the handling Of

the alcoholic offender by the municipal police. Problems

 

to be resolved which require additional research will also

be cited.

CHAPTdR II
REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE

Literature which deals directly with police handling
of the alcoholic is limited. It would seem that this area
has been ignored, or analysed and rejected as being unworthy
of attention. On the other hand, literature on the general
subject of alcohol and alcoholism is boundless. Thg‘gglg
Archives g3 Alcohol Literature contains over five thousand
abstracts dealing with the subject. It is interesting to
note that not one of the abstracts deals specifically with
the police handling of the alcoholic offender. literature
in the field Of medicine is adequate for the purposes of
this study. There is a light void in the area of diagnoses
by non—medical people. Sociologically, alcoholism is one
of the more written-about subjects. In the past decade
industry has become extremely interested in the field Of
rehabilitation. This seems to have developed as skilled
labor has become more costly to train. The replacement
cost has forced industry to negate the concept of "get on
the wagon or you're fired" and caused it to make an honest

effort in rehabilitation.

I. MEDICAL ASP

C41

CTS OF ALCOHOLISfi

The clinical effects of alcohol on man have been

recognized with all their true significance throughout

ll

historical time.1 The written records of many groups have
much to say about drinking and drunkenness and have empha-
sized the disasterous influence of alcoholism on mind and
body. dyen in Biblical times, this was true among both the
Jews and the Gentiles.2 This being true, it is somewhat
difficult to comprehend that it took a declaration by the

American Medical Association house of delegates to place
5

alcoholism in the medical books as a disease.

      
  
   
    

The effects 9; alcohol gg he 90 1. Many medical

journals were reviewed. Most wer written in the esoteric
language of the medical professi n. For example, Doctor
Jacobsen in explaining metabolis of ethyl alcohol for

Pharmacglggicgl Revieg4 used su h technical language that

 

even the most astute scholars ould not comprehend without

lengthy use of a medical dicti nary. Most of the current
texts with a section on physiological effects are written

for those educated, to a great extent, in the alcohol
I

A
—-—fi —

leril B. Courville. ggrectg g; Alcohgl 9g the
Nervous System of Man (Los Angeles: San Lucas Press, 19
BT'aT" "" “ "‘

04
0.
.

2
A.P. McKinley. "Ancient Experience With Intoxi-
cating Drinks: Non-classical People," ggartegly {BBEEEL 9g
§tugig§ 92 Alcohol, 9:558-414, December, I948.

5Richard C. Bates. "Why Not Treat Alcoholics,"
The Journal of the Michigan Medical Society, Volume 62,

Number IOTgoctober, 196$,‘p. 1009.

4
E. Jacobsen, "The Metabolism of Ethyl Alcohol,"

Pharmacologiggl figzigw, Volume 4, Number 1, 1952, p. 109.

 

 
 
   
   

problem. The best of these is Doctor Jellinek's 2J3 Disease
Concept 9: élEQEQli§9°5

The best text for the lay reader is Part I of EEEEE‘
335 Egg Intoxiggtigg6 edited by Ray ond McCarthy. For an
eXplanation of this section of the chapter, McCarthy's
book will be cited extensively.

The alcohol ingested by th drinker is ethyl alcohol.
It is mainly distinguished from n npotable alcohols by the
fact that its oxidation within the body is rapid. A man who
drinks a pint of whiskey in a day has no alcohol left in his
body the next day.7 Pure ethyljalcohol is a clear, color-
less liquid with little odor, bnt a powerful burning taste.
It is ingested into the blood Without digestion. A small
part goes into the blood slowly from the stomach itself; the
rest passes into the small intestine and there it is absorbed
by the blood rapidly and almost completely. From here the
alcohol reaches the brain through normal circulation. At
this point, the outward signs of intoxication appear. How
soon and how much intoxication depends on the food in the

stomach. A full stomach retards the passage of ingested

alcohol into the small intestine and will thus delay and

_ I

5E. M. Jellinek. The Disease Concept of Alcoholism

(New Haven: Hillhouse Press, 1960 5, p. 246.

 

6
Raymond G. McCarthy. (Editor), Drinking5 _ng
Intoxication. (Glencoe, Illinois: The Free Press ,19M), .455.

D7
Ibig., p. 7.

4/

minimize the total effect.

The alcohol absorbed from the digestive tract is
held temporarily in the tissues until disintegration and
elimination. This is a minor factor in outward intoxication
compared with the amount of alcohol absorbed into the blood-
stream. Therefore, the amount of intoxication is more
readily determined by a blood sample than any other method.
In a l60-pound man, the alcohol in an ounce of whiskey or
a bottle of beer produces an alcohol concentration of 0.002
percent in the blood; a half-pint of whiskey raises the
concentration to 0.15 percent.8

Oxidation of the alcohol within the blood remains at
a fairly constant rate. The rate at which food is oxidized
depends on the amount of energy expended by the body. This
is not true in the case of alcohol. In the man of 160 pounds,
it takes one hour to oxidize three-quarters of an ounce of
whiskey. Thus, he could sip indefinitely at this rate with-
out intoxication.

The first stage of oxidation of alcohol is its con-
version to acetaldehyde. This conversion occurs only in the
liver with the help of a liver enzyme.9 Acetaldehyde is
much more toxic than alcohol itself, but it is rapidly dis-
tributed to all the tissues in the body where it immediately

8McCarthy, gp. 213., p. 9.

9Jacobsen, 92. cit., p. 109.

/

14

turns into acetic acid, which is a harmless and non-function-
al substance. Finally, the acetic acid is converted to
carbon dioxide and water and eliminated through the normal
process of breathing and urination.

Many attempts have been made to find a method of
increasing the rate of alcohol oxidation. At this writing,

none has been found.10

Diagnosis 9; an alcoholig. The vieWpoint of most

 

practicing physicians is summed up in Doctor Selzer's words
as "Surprisingly, most alcoholics are invisible as such,
even to their physicians."ll This is possibly brought about
by the misconception--and it is true for lay people also--
that a person is not alcoholic unless he is the prototype

of the cartoon characterization of a skid—row bum. The skid-
row alcoholic, as most doctors would readily confess, is
easily diagnosable as such. Parenthetically, it can be
added that only three percent of the alcoholics in the
United States are found on or even near skid-row.12 A few
medical practitioners have gone beyond the gray area and

made Splendid progress in diagnoses that are simple and

 

‘lOMcCarthy, op. cit.

llMelvin L. Selzer. "Alcoholism: Diagnosis and
long Range Treatment," Journal of the Michigan Medical
Society, Volume 62 ,Number ”1 October, 1965. p. 980,

12 John Crane. "Alcoholism Day Program," Genesee
County Medical Society. Unpublished Speech, Flint, Michigan
February 19, 1964.

4
i

explicit. Doctor R. C. Bates has made intensive studies
into the signs of alcoholism}:5 In one study conducted by
Doctor Bates on over one thousand patients, with Specific
statistics from 157, who were admitted as alcoholics at
Sparrow Hospital, Lansing, Michigan, it was found that these
statistics apply:14

1. Ninty percent smoked cigarettes with seventy-five
percent smoking more than one package a day. Sixty percent
had visable tar stains on the fingers of their hands.

2. Eighty percent of the patients had a coarse tremor
of the outstreched hand.

5. Bruises in unusual places on the body--other than
the thighs and shins--were found in over fifty percent of
those admitted.

4.Fifty-five percent had an enlarged liver.

5. One out of ten had a tattoo. This is felt by
Doctor Bates to be prima facie evidence of alcoholism unless
proven otherwise.

6. General observation noted in almost all of the
group were the red face, acne rosacea, periorbital edema,
bags under the eyes and extreme signs of tension and anxiety.

Any of the above signs, with the probable exception

of number four, could be easily observed by any arresting

 

15
R. C. Bates. "Clues to the Diagnosis of Alcohol-

ism," Journal 9; the Michigag Medical Sgciety. Volume 62,
Number'idj‘dctoberfissfij p. 977.

14
R. C. Bates. Interview, February 25, 1964.

 

1/

policeman in the course of a normal arrest and search.
From a purely physiological point of view, to quote
Doctor Kalant, "There is remarkably little worthwhile in-

15 However, Doctor Kalant does

formation on this subject".
lead the reader to believe that the ever-increasing know-
ledge in the field of physiology is very promising. In an
article by Doctor Williams published in the Quarterly
iguana; of Studies 93 Algghgl,16 it is reported that there
is a strong suggestibility that a genetic nutritional factor
deficiency is reaponsible for an increased requirement for
certain foods elements; one of these possibly being those
that make up alcohol. In another study, Doctor Goldberg
found hypothyroidism in two-thirds of a group of alcohol-
ics;17 however, Doctor Kalant criticizes this finding as not
being of significant proportions to warrant a conclusion.
From these studies and others, it seems that from a purely
physiological asPect there are uncertainty and conflicting

findings. At the same time, there continues to be consider-

able belief among physicians other than psychiatrists that

‘—

15
H. Kalant. "Some Recent Physiological and Bio-

chemical Investigations on Alcohol and Alcoholism," Quarterly
Journal 93 Studies 92 Alcohol. Volume 25, 1962, p. 52.

l6R.J. Williams. "Biochemical Individuality and
Cellular Nutrition: Prime Factors in Alcoholism," Quarterly
Jouggg; 9; Studies 93 Alcohgl. Volume 20, 1959, p. E?

17M. Goldberg. "The Occurrence and Treatment of
Hypothyroidism Among Alcoholics," Journal 93 Clinical Endoc-
rinology, Volume 20, 1960, p. 609.

 

18Kalant, gp. cit., p. 55.

/

alcoholics all are biologically different in some way from
the non-alcoholic.

In summation, it appears that diagnosis of alcoholism
from a medical standpoint leaves something to be desired.
It is obvious as earlier stated, that any layman could
utilize the guidelines of Doctor Bates. On the other hand,
the physiological aspects are shrouded in inaccuracies in
this day and age of near miracle diagnoses of most of the

world's diseases.

gedical tgeatment 92 gg glcoholic. Doctor Marvin

 

 

Block writing for the {gurngl g; the American Medical Associa-
tigg, stated in 1956, "The medical treatment of alcoholism

is rapidly becoming more important in accomplishing recovery
for patients with the disease".19 The medical internist

has available to him a wide variety of drugs to ease the
alcoholic from the stage of intoxication to sobriety with a
minimum of discomfort. This appears to be vitally necessary
in order to set the stage for psychotherapy and sociological
treatment which enable the alcoholic to retain sobriety.

No drug Known or anticipated will cure or even arrest alcohol-

18:11.2O The'hse of any drug is only for the purpose of

 

19 _
Marvin A. Block, "Medical Treatment of Alcohol-
ism, " Journal of the American Medical Association, Volume

162, IBcemEe r 29, 19 56 p. 1009.

20Fredrick B. Rea, Alcoh _lis
Cure (London: The Epworth Press, 19567

 

1..
p

E
,14

/./

eliminating the symptoms of alcoholism and preparing the
body for psychotherapy or sociological treatment which will
give the alcoholic the necessary stability to remain sober.
There are four different groups of drugs used in the treat-
ment of alcoholic symptoms:21

1. Drugs that stimulate the central nervous system.
These drugs are basically from the caffeine and sodium
benzoate families. They are used when the patient is ex-
tremely drowsy and somnolent or severely depressed. They
stimulate the pulse rate and respiration. Many alcoholics
drink to the point where the nervous system is so slowed
as to institute death. These drugs are the counter—acting
agency.

2. Drugs that depress the central nervous system.
These are tranquilizing agents used for the excited, rest-
less, vomiting, and overactive alcoholic. They are used as
a sedative and are widely used in the control of the typically
loud, boisterous alcoholic.22

5. Drugs that relax the muscle system. Persons with-
drawing from excessive use of alcohol will exhibit marked
coarse muscle tremors. These drugs, mephenesin and tclseram,
will relax the muscles as the tranquilizers relax the ner-
vous system.

4. Disulfram therapy. Disulfram, also known as TETD

or antabuse is a drug that is designed to keep the alcoholic

 

lelock, 92. cit., p. 1010. ZEIbid.

.9/

from drinking, not because he does not have the craving, but
because of the severe sickness, vomiting, nausea, etc., that

follow the intake of alcohol after the intake of disulfram.25

This drug, for certain alcoholics, is widely advocated.24
There are other doctors, Doctor Gordon Bell of Willowdale,
Canada, among them, that liken disulfram to putting iodine
on a child's finger so the child will not suck the finger
because of the bad taste. Doctor Bell states that this is
a gross fallacy, as any parent knows, because all that is
accomplished is a child who continues to suck without re-
ceiving the enjoyment as before, therefore creating more
frustration.25

Briefly, it has been noted that medical science has
fully explored and documented what alcohol does to the body.
Medical science has not developed any drugs that will cure
or even arrest the disease of alcoholism. The treatment
used, from a purely medical point of view, is entirely
symptomatic. Some work has been accomplished in the field
of non-clinical diagnoses. Doctor Bates's study appears

to hold promise when observed from the vantage point of the

operating police. The area of hospitalization and treatment
will be covered in the sociological section of this chapter.

 

ZURea, gp. cit., p. 145.

24
Jellinek, op. cit., p. 189.

25Gordon R. Bell, "Treating the Alcoholic,"
Alcoholism Day Program, Speech, Flint, Michigan, February 19,
1964. Unpublished Manuscript.

 

nontoxic

 

repeaters.5é The admissions were from many different sources
according to the custodian of the records; however, less than
five percent were adr itted upon recommsrdation or either the
police or the courts.55 This is probably because of the age-
old contention that an alcoholic cannot be helped unless he
wants help. This fallacy stems partly from the old defini-
tion of a drunk which implies that until an alcoholic has
reached the depths of degradation he cannot be helped,

Not drunk is he who from the floor,

Can rise alone and still drink more,

But drunk is he, who prostrate lies56

Hithout the power to drink or rise.

This is being disproven by many studies throughout

the country. One of the more widely circulated studies
"A Study of Compulsory Referrals to a Community Alcoholic
Rehabilitation Clinic" investigated extensively fifty—four
cases that were involuntarily referred for six months treat-
ment by the courts. The major conclusions derived from

this study were:

1. The majority of court cases accepted compulsory

 

5*Admission Statistics, Alcoholic Ward, op. cit.

55Chief, Alcoholic Ward, Sparrow Hospital, 9p. cit.

50News Item, Ibtroit Free Press, January 15, 1964.

dvArnold Sheverman, "A Studj' of Fifty— four Compul-
sory Referrals to a Community Alcoholic Rehabilitation Clinic, "
California Alcoholism Review and Treatment Digest, March-
April, 1961.

 

 

clinic treatment, whether or not probation was involved.

2. Evaluation based on subjective data showed that
the majority of court cases staying in treatment from two
to six months, or lo ger, attained some benefits.

3. Evaluation based on objective data showed that
a significant decrease occurred, following clinic contact,
in the number of arrests for both those treated and not
treated; the number of arrests of treated patients apparent-
ly decreased in prOportion to the time in treatment.

In summary, if alcoholism is to be arrested, there
must be a planned treatment as for any other totally in-
capacitating disease. The combination treatment of medical,
psychological, and sociological methods seems to work for
the best results. Good results can be achieved even though
the recipient is not initially amenable to treatment. Al-
though the causes of alcoholism are shrouded in debate,

there is general agreement on the treatment of this disease.
III. THE INDUSTRIAL OUTLOOK 0N ALCOHOLISM

Writing for her syndicated column, Sylvia Porter
penned, "On-the-job alcoholism has now become a staggering
32 billion-plus a year 'hangovcr' for American industry".58

Lewis F. Presnall, industrial consultant for the independent,

 

58Sylvia Porter, Syndicated Column, Detroit Free
ITess, Ibtroit, Michigan, July 16, 1953.

non-profit National Council on Alcoholism states, "Three
percent of all American workers are alcoholics--about 1.7
million to two million worksrs."‘)9 This is estimated by

Robert A. Moore to encompass a loss of siity million man-
60

These alcoholics are not "skid-row" types or transient
workers but, in the main, workers who have been with the
same company for years. The Allis-Chalmers Company discover-
ed that two-thirds of their alcoholic workers had between
61

five and fifteen years service. Consolidated Edison of

New York found the average years of service for their a1-

2

o)

coholic workers to be twenty-two years.
Moore reveals in his article in Michigan Business

Review that eight percent of the skilled workers in industry

show outward signs of alcoholism.65 The alcoholic worker

loses twenty—two days of work a year because of his alcoholism

 

L

59. .
hews Item
November 13, 1953.

60Robert A. Moore, "Reaction-Formation as a Counter-
ransference Phenomenon in the Treatment of Alcoholism,"
guarterly Journal 9g the Studies of Alcoholism, Volume 22,
1961, p. 481.
61 _. n _ , _ . . ,
Harold Twice, The Probiem thinker on the Job,"
New York State School of Industrial and Labor Relations
Bulletin Number 40, Undated, Cornell University Press.
.0
‘U o o J . n .
"Salvaging Alcoholics on the Payroll," Manage-
. —- - . M
ment ReV1ew, Volume 40, 1956, p. o79.

h- ' .r'\: I, '3. , ,'»,.i " ' ‘1. I ’ ‘_ ‘ ‘_ _
uetreit Pie; .Fress, LPtiLLLu,iélCLjnmL,

\

 

 

6'3Robert A. Moore, "Alcoholism-~A Business and
Public Health Problem," Michigan Business Review, Volume 14,
Number 1, January, 1962, p. 48.

 

as compared with two days for other maladies. He further
incurs twice as many industrial accidents as the non—alcoholic
enployee.64

Companies in previous years haVe eliminate d tn
alcoholic problem by discharging the offenders. This, as it
is being fully realized at the present time, is very expensive.
Other companies have chosen to ignore the alcoholic under
the guise of being sympathetic. This approach naturally

general morale, and created havoc in efficient

\J

disrupted
operation. Most of the larger companies of today have taken
steps to combat alcoholism.65 A number of companies have
had considerable success. The Allis-Chalmers program re-
sulted in a sixty— —three percent reduction in absenteeism
among alcoholics.66 The Dupont Company reported significant
re.abilitation in sixty-five percent of their alcoholic

O
workforce.

Although each com pa ny has varied he scheme 0

‘_ ‘-

~z
0*M. L. Selzer, "Hostility As a Barrier to Therapy

in Alcoholism," Psychiatric Quarterly, Volu:ne 61,1957,p.301.

65 n . a

M. Maxwell, "A Study of Absenteeism, Acc1oents,
and Sickness Payments in Problem Drinkers ir One Industry,"
Quarterly Journal of Study 95 Alcohgl, Volume :0,l§59,p.502.

 

60R. Strau s, and S. C. Bacon, "Reco ognizing the Pro-
blem Drinker in Bus i;we s and Industry," Journal of Busiggss,
University of Chicago, Volume 35, NumLe r 2, “1%

7 . '
G. H. Genrmann, "Dupont Program for Alcoholics,"
Inventory, Volume o, 1953, n. 21.

&

 

rehabilitation, the basic format appears to be that worked

out by the Yale Alcohol Study Group and includes the follow-

1 Education to increase understanding of management
personnel so they may provide better detection and referral.

2. Assignment of responsibility for direction to the
medical or personnel do part tent.

3. Appointment of an overall director of the program.

4. Coordination and use of existing company and
community resources.

5. Establ ish:nent of cozpany policy for discipline,
severance, probation, etc., for alcoholic employees, and

6. Provision of a counseling and referral center.

For a singular example of success of this Specific
program, Doctor J. H. Baillie, regional medical director of
the Bell Telepione Company of Canada, reported that d iring
1958 through 1960 out of 112 cases treated, 71 were rehabil-
itated. Anoth-sr importar t facet of his report was that out
of the 112 cases, fifty-seven percent were not voluntary but
were referred by their supervisors.69

68R. M. Henderson, and S. D. Bacon "Problem Drink-
ing: The Yale Plan For Business and Industry " Quarterly
Journal 9: Studies 2n Alcohol, Volume 14, 1955, p. 247.

69J. H. Baillie, "Alcoholism Day Program," Genesee
County Medical Society. Unpublished Speech, Flint, Michi igan
February 19, 1954.

gs
FJ

Industry has entered the field of alcohol rehabili-
tation to a large extent. The success of the programs appear
phenomenal. It is anticipated that these rehabilitation
programs will extend to smaller industry as the results of
surveys are distributed and the financial savings possible

are exploited to their fullest extent.

IV. LAN ENFORCEMENT VIEW OF THE ALCOHOLIC OFFENDER

0. H. Wilson in the basic text for Police Adminis-

 

Egatign devotes six pages to prostitution, twenty pages to
public relations, but less than one page to liquor.70 This
small coverage deals with the liquor-control laws, sales to
minors, sales after hours, etc. From the published litera-
ture, this appears to be typical of police and law enforce-
ment publications. They have, it seems, ignored the subject

of the alcoholic offender.

Alcoholism laws in Mighigan. The penal code of the
State of Michigan provides that "Any person who shall be
drunk or intoxicated in any public place shall be deemed a

71

disorderly person". The punishments for being disorderly

are listed in Section 28.565 as the first offense being

 

7O
0. N. Nilson, Police Administration (New York:
McGraw-Hill Book Company, 19657, p. 311.

 

 

Compiled Laws of the State of Michigan, Section
750.167 (1948) as amended by Public Acts of 1955, Number 110,
750.168.

42

punished as a misdemeanant; the second offense, charged as
such, being a fine of $100.00 plus costs and/or not less than
thirty days or more than three months confinement; the third
offense, charged as such and all subsequent offenses, not
less than six months or more than two years confinement and
$100.00 plus court costs.

Under the mental health statutes, if a person is
adjudged by a probate judge, after supporting certificates
of two qualified physicians, to be addicted to the excessive
use of intoxicating liquors, he can be placed in a state
mental hospital for an indefinite period.72 There is also
a provision for temporary detention of up to sixty days for

the purpose of diagnosis and treatment.73

This provision
under the mental health statutes, in effect, legally makes
alcoholism a disease. In 1952, the Michigan legislature,
after prodding from the National Council on Alcoholism, de-
fined alcoholism "As a chronic and progressive illness,
characterized by an excessive and uncontrolled drinking of
alcoholic beverages. ...It affects the general welfare and
economy of the state, and for the control of which there

are insufficient programs and facilities within the State."74

72Compiled Laws of the State of Michigan, Act 151,
1925, as amended by Act 52, 1963, Subsection 8 of Section
330.18.

VSCompiled Laws of the State of Michigan,Actl5l,192 ,
as amended by Act 52,1963, Subsection ll of Section 330.21.

7
4:Compiled Laws of the State of Michigan, Act 216,
1952, Subsection 478 of Section 18.1018.

43

Michigan appears to have made adequate provision, in the law,
for the care and rehabilitation of alcoholics. In the
section on facilities and the courts, it will be seen that

in reality inadequate court action plus inadequate facilities

mane these laws ineffective.

232 courts. Over one million peOple are brought
before the bar each year in the United States on the charge
of public intoxication or drunkenness.75 This does not seem
unreasonable when compared with the Federal Bureau of Inves-
tigation Uniform Crime Reports of lggg which shows arrests
for drunxenness totaling 1,593,076 persons out of a report-
ing pOpulation of 123,571,000.76

What happens to an offender when he is brought be-
fore the bar of justice? In Doctor Bates's study in lensing,
Michigan, out of over 1000 persons admitted to Sparrow
Hospital for alcoholism, less than 200 had never been arrest-
ed and the median arrests were five per alcoholic. None
had ever received a punishment of over a fine of e45.00
and ten days in jail. None had ever been committed to any
state treatment facility or had any been coerced in any way,
75David J. Pittman, "The Alcoholic and the Court,"
Oregon State Board of Control, Unpublished Speech, Gearhart,
Oregon, May 23, 1963.

76Uniform 931mg Reports, 1962, Federal Bureau of
Investigation. ~

 

L 0

except fines, incarceration, and lectures, to seen treat-
ment on their own.77
The Honorable Judge Earl McDonald, Municipal Judge,

78 stated his average sen—

City of Lansing, in an interview
tence for drunkenness for a first offense was $15.00 and
no jail; second offense, if charged by the prosecuting
attorney, which seldom happens, $25.00 and no jail. Judge
McDonald could not remember in recent times a.person being
charged as a third offender. The reason for this being is
that third offenders have to go before the circuit court.
Judge McDonald, Speaking from memory, has sentenced many
persons for as high as fifteen to twenty times for drunken-
ness, but all under second offense charges. apparently ten
percent sentenced under the second offense clause by the
Judge received jail terms, none to exceed over ten days
which was felt to be sufficient for a complete drying-out.
Judge McDonald stated the average number of persons
charged with drunkenness before the court was somewhere be-
tween fifteen and thirty per day. This falls in line with
the average of cities in the 50,000 to 100,000 population

7
figures as reported in the Crime Reportg for 1962. 9

 

77Richard C. Bates, Speech, 92. gig.

vanarl McDonald, Interview, November 21, 1963.

45

Many courts have attempted to institute rehabilita-
tion projects within their jurisdictions. Most have failed
to survive extended tenure. The most typical of these seems
to have been the "Rehabilitation Project of Chronic Alcohol-
ics" in Seattle, Washington.80 It was established through
the court system and administered by the police division.

The major element of treatment was only time to reflect about
and make changes concerning the individual‘s drinking pro-
blem, even though the project reported a decrease in the
number of times arrested for intoxication in the six months
following release compared to the six months prior. The
project closed in 1960, due to lack of support and funds.

0n the brighter side, the Volunteers of America in
Los Angeles, California, have developed a multi-disciplinary
staff drawn from the fields of medicine, psychiatry, social
service, vocational rehabilitation, and religious counseling.
Even though the number they have received from the courts
is highly restrictive, they have reported over fifty per-
cent of those treated have been considered to be rehabilita-
ted.81

. It would seem that unless a definite inter-disci-

plinary approach is taken to treat and rehabilitate the

--“- -..“w..-

80Joan K. Jackson, Ronald J. Fagan and Roscoe C.

Burr, "Seattle Police Dept. Rehabilitation Project for Chronic
Alcoholics," Federal Probatiog,Vol 22,pp.36-41,June,1958.

 

81
Waller C. Hart, "Potential for Rehabilitation of
Skid Row Alcoholic Men," (Los Angeles: Volunteers of America,
Los Angeles, 1961).

alcoholic that the courts will be only one segment of the

revolving door of arrest, trial, drunk, arrest, trial, etc.

The alcoholic and p_lice,. In a recent article in

Medicine, Sciengg, and the Law, McGeorge contends between

 

 

fourteen and fifty-nine percent of the persons responsible

for murder, assault and robbery, breaking and entering, y”

false pretense, and sex offenses against females are addict-

ed to alcohol.82 For pure drunkenness, a study was accom-

plished by Julian Rivo of the State of New York. He found
that during 1959, forty-two percent of all arrests were

made for drunkenness.83

This figure obviously does not
include 4.2 percent for driving while intoxicated or 12.4
percent for disorderly conduct, most of which were undoubt-

edly for drunkenness.84

Marvin Wolfgang's study of 588 homicides in a five
year period in Philadelphia shows alcohol was present,
either in the offender or victim or both, in sixty-four
percent of cases. 0f the 374 cases in which alcohol was

involved, this was true of the offender only in sixty-four

82John McGeorge,"A1cohol and Crime, " Medicigg,

Science, and the Law, Volume 3, Number 2, January, 1963,
pp. 27-280
83 ‘
Julian D. Rivo, "Police Handling of the Alcoholic,"
Focus, Volume 2, Number 5, November-December, 1961.

84Uniform Crime Reports, pp. 0 t., p. 92.

47

or seventeen percent; it was true of both victim and offender
in 256, or almost seventy percent.85

For an accurate picture of the total percentages
of alcohol-related offenses, the crime rates for 1962 as

published by the Federal Bureau of Investigation are pre-

sented in Table 2.
TABLE 2

ARREST, NUMBER AND RATE, 1952, BY lOPULATION86

 

 

Offense Charged* Number Percent _
Total 4,488,216 100
Drunkenness 1,593,076 29

rate per 100,000 1,289.2

Disorderly conduct 515,435 8

rate per 100,000 417.1

Driving while

intoxicated 216,745 4

rate per 100,000 176.6
Prostitution and

commercialized vice 27,580 less than 1
rate per 100,000 22.3

85Marvin 3. Wolfgang, and Rolf B. Strohm, "The
Relationship Between Alcohol and Criminal Homicide,"
Quarterly Journal of Studies on Alcohol, Volume 17, sept-
ember, 1956, p. 4127 -"-_" " ‘

86
Uniform Crime Reports, pp. 933., p. 92.

 

/I

43/

/

The prostitution and commercialized vice figures are
included here to show that even though this is a serious
element in the workload percentage of any police department,
it only accounted for less than one percent of the total
arrest in 1962. The alcohol-related offenses, by far,
account for the largest percent of arrests as compared to
any other grouping given in the Crime Reports for 1962.

In the only study of its kind, Mr. George Belknap and
Mr. Robert H. Scott surveyed sixteen cities in the State of
Iiichigan (less Detroit) on the attitudes and practices of
the police in regards to the alcoholic offender.87 The re-
search for this survey extended over the period 1950 through
1960. The significant results follow:

1. Arrests for drunkenness in middle-sized Michigan
cities as reported by the Chiefs of the reapective departments.
The percentages are given for the alcoholic-related offenses

as compared to the total non-traffic arrests.

TABLE 3

PERCENTnGSS OF ARREST FOR DRUNKENNESS

 

 

 

 

Cifi' 1959_ 1951 1952 1955 A

City #1 43% 38% 37% 39%

City #2 35% 36% 36% 40%

City as 52% 52% 49% 495
87

George Belknap, and Robert H. Scott, "Police and
Alcohol Offenders," Unpublished Manuscript,Michigan Board of
Ancoholism, April 15, 1961.

\ Wk 1)
3 _, ‘_ 49

2. Police officers who were , estioned gave the
figures between thirty percent and eighty percent to denote
their efforts Spent in alcohol or alcohol-related offenses.

3. "Family disturbance" calls, which were reported
as a large time-consumer, were generated by one or both of
the participants being under the influence of alcohol. The
estimates of this occuring were consistently ninety percent
and above.

4. The "skid row" type is not a problem in Michigan
cities outside of Wayne County (Detroit).

[5:jThe individual police officer is given the task
of determining when a case of drunkenness justifies arrest.
There were no published rules or rules of thumb in existence
regarding this.

6. The individual police officers first course of
action in dealing with an alcoholic offender was to try to
get the individual taken home by a friend, a taxi, or in some
cases the police officer transported the offender himself.

The police workload generated by alcoholics and in-
toxicated persons throughout the country as a whole and
Michigan Specifically seems to fall between thirty and fifty
percent of the total workload of the police. The police have
not been engaged in any form of organized rehabilitation with-
in the State of Michigan. The individual officer's first re-
action is to get the subject home. What facilities exist to
assist the police in helping the alcoholic? This question

will be answered in the following section.

50

V. F4CILITIES II TnE FIJSLD OF ALCOHOIJSM

There are many agencies, both National and local, in-
volved in alcoholism. All of the agencies are mainly con-
cerned with public education of alcoholism. There is no
hierarchy among the organizations. All, whether supported
by public or private funds, are independent. Some will give
aid and make possible some kind of treatment, but all gen-
erally operate under the principal of the alcoholic seeking

help first.

National agencies. The United States Public Health
Service works with the appropriate national, state, and
local agencies to assist in the development of effective
programs operating on all levels of recognized need. It
supports research of a basic or applied nature in the field
of alcoholism. These grants can be received by almost any
organization who can demonstrate its ability to produce basic
research or to further education on alcoholism.88

The Yale Center of Alcohol Studies at Yale University
is the foremost center in the World for research into all

89
phases of the alcohol problem. The results of the research

are transmitted to the public through the Quarterly Jgurnal

 

 

88Handbook of Programs on Alcoholism Research,
Treatment and—Rehabi 1T_ation, ZN New York: Licensed Beverage
Industries, 9Inc., 1959).

9Ibid.

51

9: Studies 3p élgghgl and the Yale Summer School of Alcohol
Studies. Basically, the center is for research and education.

The National Council on Alcoholism, Incorporated, is
a voluntary organization dedicated to the prevention and re-
duction of alcoholism through education, rehabilitation, and
community services on a national scale.90 The council dis-
tributes literature, maintains a free lecture service, and
provides general and Specific information on alcoholism and
the facilities for the treatment of alcoholics. This organ-
ization has sixty local branches scattered throughout the
United States; none, however, are in Michigan.

The best known of all national organizations is
Alcoholics Anonymous.91 It is an informal organization of
arrested alcoholics established in 1935 and now has an esti-
mated 150,000 members who meet in more than 4,000 local
groups. Membership is open to any person who desires help
with his drinking problem. There are no dues and no finan-
cial requirements whatsoever.

Alcoholics Anonymous is independent of any other or-
ganization, activity, or program. Its recovery program is
based chiefly on the teaching of a simple constructive

philosophy, with strong non-sectarian spiritual e1ements,and

 

9°;g;g., p. 52.
glIbid., p. 54.

on giving aid to alcoholics who wish to achieve and main-
tain sobriety.

The program is broken down into twelve steps.92 The
first of these is that the subject must admit that he is
an alcoholic. In many cases this will bar the drinker who
does not think he is an alcoholic even though he has been
arrested many times for drunkenness.

There are other national agencies, but all are
either segments of a larger organization, such as the smerican

Medical Association's Committee on Alcoholism or private

organizations which have selective membership.

State agencies. The Michigan State Board of Alchol-

ism was created by the Legislature in 1957.93 It is financed

by five percent of the retailers' license fees collected
within the State. For the fiscal year 1964, $203,000 was
received by the board.94 There are estimated to be 230,000

95

alcoholics in the State of Michigan. This gives the board

 

92Alcoholiqs Anonymous Comes 2; 3gg (New York:
Harper and Brothers, 1951), p. 50.

95Compiled laws of the State of Michigan, Section
47 and 47a of Public Act 264, 1957.

94Ralph W. Daniel, Executive Secretary, Michigan
State Board of Alcoholism, Interview, March 10, 1964.

95Robert A. Moore, "Alcoholism: A Community and
Medical Reaponsibility," Unpublished Manuscript, Ypsilanti
State Hospital, Ypsilanti, Michigan, 1963.

()1
()1

less than one dollar per year per alcoholic.

The board itself is comprised of one medical doctor,
one psychiatrist, and three members from the general public.96
They are unpaid except for $25.00 per diem for a maximum of
eighteen days per year, if performing official duty.

The board appoints an executive director for full
time coordination. At the present, the office staff con—
sists of the Executive Director, and Education Director,
and two and a half secretaries.97

The board is authorized to finance hospital ward
operations for alcoholics, on a matching funds basis. The
matching fund basis also applies to setting up information
centers throughout the State. At the present time they do
nothave funds to sustain any Operations, such as hospital
wards or information centers, but can only match funds for
initial costs.

The Executive Director is authorized to make grants
for research concerning alcoholism. The board is authorized
to Spend up to seventy-five percent of its income for any
clinical centers instituted throughout the State.

The Michigan Department of Mental Health was created

by Public Act in 1945.98 It is financed by the people of

 

O
“6Compiled Laws of the State of Michigan, Section
47, Public Act 264, 1945.

97
Ibid.

98Compiled Laws of the State of Michigan, act 271,

September 6, 1945.

 

54’

Michigan through the general fund as allocated by the legis-
lature. The following Table 4 gives the statistical data
for hospitals for the mentally ill. It is drawn from the

administrative report of the Department as of January 31,

 

 

 

1964.99
TABLE 4
HOSPITAIS FOR THE MENTALLY ILL, STATE OF MICHIGAN
HOSPITALS CAPAC ITY VACAN C 1333 WAIT Ill G

Howell 169 - -
Kalamazoo 3,200 21 37
Newberry 1,326 39 18
Northville 2,254 - 281
Pontiac 2,925 - 182
Traverse City 2,984 72 , -
Ypsilanti 3,900 - 389
Mayne County 2,488 76 -
COOper County (TB) 47 1 -
Southwestern (TB) 115 l -
TOTALS 19,408 Net Deficit 207

 

 

99Michigan [apartment of Mental Health, Summary
Data, Administrative Report, January 31, 1964.

55

An examination of the report shows a turnover in
patients of approximately three hundred per month. This
means less than one month waiting time for any given
patient.

In the past few years the waiting list has dropped
considerably. This has been accomplished through the use
of newer drugs and better therapy. The mental hospital
pOpulation is expected to be reduced considerably more in
the next few years, even though the population is expected
to increase considerably.100

Out of the 19,408 mentally ill persons committed to
the State institutions, only 596 were diagnosed upon entry
Ias alcoholics under the statutes mentioned previously.101
When this low percentage was questioned, the answer was,
"The Courts do not send them to us”.102

The State Department of Health is charged with the
care and treatment of all mentally ill persons within the
State of Michigan. This, by law, includes those persons

106

addicted to the use of alcohol. It appears that the

 

100Daniel J. Bodwin, Chief, Patient Affairs, Michi-

gan Dept. of Mental Health, Interview, February 16, 1964.
1
01Chief, Statistical Section, Michigan Lepartment
of Mental Health, Interview, February 16, 1964.

102
Daniel J. Bodwin, op. cit.

loscompiled laws of the State of Michigan, Act 151,
op. cit.

Judges of the State have not utilized this agency to its

fullest advantage.

Local agencies. Each of the cities in Michigan with

 

a population of 50,000 or more has a committee on alcohol-

ism or a comparable agency.104

A typical agency is the
Greater Lansing Council on Alcoholism. It is financed by
the public through voluntary donations, plus assistance

from the State Board of Alcoholism.105

Its primary function
is the imparting of information to alcoholics and their
families and referral to treatment agencies for those
seeking help with their drinking problem. Its budget is

limited; for fiscal year 1965, the total was 913,000,“)6

out of which a consultant plus a secretary was paid.107
These local agencies can be considered core agencies
for any police departments use. Even though most Operate
on a limited scale, they are supported by the public's
funds and therefore are obligated to attempt to help any

alcoholic, whether he desires it or not.

 

104Alcoholism Resources in Michigan. Michigan

Institute of Alcohol Programs, Undated.

lOaQuarterly Report, Greater lensing Council on
Alcoholism, Lansing, Michigan, June, 1965.

106Financial Report, Greater lensing Council on
Alcoholism, Lansing, Michigan, June, 1965.
107
Consultant, Greater Lansing Council on Alcohol-
ism, Interview, November 20, 1963.

Alcoholics Anonymous has been discussed previously,
but it operates exclusively on the local level in autono-
mous units. In the State of Michigan, there are 278
groups.108 In some localities it is called Alano or Alanon,
but they are all segments of Alcoholics Anonymous. Their
work with the alcoholism problem is famous throughout the
state.109

Hospitals in Michigan have Opened their doors to
the alcoholic as an alcoholic.110 This has not always
been the case. As a typical example, Edward W. Sparrow
HOSpital in Lansing, Michigan, Operates a fifteen bed
separate ward for alcoholics. A person can be admitted
here regardless of his condition, either physical or finan-
cial.111 The program utilized has been discussed previous-
ly. Hurly HOSpital in Flint, Michigan, has basically the

same program for rehabilitation; however, they admit the

alcoholic to all sections of the hospital and do not Operate

9
a separate ward exclusively for alcoholics.ll~

——~——_—

109

110
William Keaton, "Hospital Group Therapy Pro-

gram," Speech, "Alcoholism Day Program," Flint, Michigan,
February 19, 1964.

111Chief, Alcoholic Hard, Edward J. Sparrow
Hospital, Interview, February 15, 1964.

George BelKnap, and Robert H. Scott, 92. ci .p.3.

llZWilliam Keaton, op. cit.

Social agencies, such as the Salvation Army and the
Red Cross, are available in most cases to help when the need
arises. The churches are also another source in the com-
munity and they are generally willing to assist. These
agencies, plus many more, would give services, if requested,
to help reduce the malady caused by excessive use of in-

toxicating liquors.
IV. SUMMARY

Medical. From the medical evidence available it can
be ascertained that the effects of ethyl alcohol on the
body have been fully explored and documented. In the past
few years a number of drugs have been developed to help re-
duce the desire for alcohol; these drugs fall into the
broad category of tranquilizers. Disulfram, the common
usage name of which is antabuse, has helped many alcoholics
because it creates a violent reaction when followed by
alcohol intake. Much work has been and is being undertaker
in the field of early diagnoses. The hospitals in Michigan
are now receiving the alcoholic as any other patient. Long
range treatment for alcoholism has, as of yet, been left
to the psychiatrists, sociologists, and psychologists. The
question of how far medical science has advanced in the
treatment of alcoholism can be answered by stating that the
medical profession has opened its doors to the alcoholic

and they have accepted alcoholism as a disease worthy of

all agencies or organizations in the field. Alcoholics
Anonymous will offer assistance when requested, but desires
the alcoholic himself to seek out help and to offer himself
as an alcoholic.

The Michigan State Board of Alcoholism is the agency
within the State reSponsible for alcohol education, fin-
ancial assistance to local agencies, and research in the
area of alcoholism. The board is financed at the rate of
less than one dollar per alcoholic per year from the public
funds by the state legislature.

The Michigan IBpartment of Mental Health, by law, is
reSponsible for the care and treatment of the diagnosed
alcoholics within the State. Out of approximately 20,000
patients presently in the state hospitals for the mentally
ill, less than six hundred were admitted as alcoholics.

The current waiting period for admittance to a state hospital
is approximately one month. In order to admit an alcohol
addict to a state hospital, there must be a petition made

by two reSponsible citizens to the probate judge for a
hearing.

The general hOSpitals of Michigan in the past five
years have Opened their doors to the alcoholic. In most
places, the alcoholic can be admitted regardless of his
condition, either financial or physical. Most of the hos-
pitals operate some form of sociological treatment either

for an in-patient or on an out-patient basis.

Each of the cities in Michigan with a population of
50,000 or more has a council or committee on alcoholism for
the purpose of referral, education, or assistance to other
interested organizations. The councils are financed by
the public through voluntary contributions, plus initial
assistance from the State Board of Alcoholism. They normally
operate on a limited budget; however, they appear to be
capable of eXpansion if the interest were generated, thereby
supplying the needed financial support.

In the forthcoming chapter, a model will be presented
which, it is hoped, will be of possible benefit to any
municipal police department desiring to reduce the amount

of time and energy devoted to the alcoholic offender.

64

MODEL FOR PCLIUE HANDLILG CF‘IHS ALCOHOLIC DEFENDSR

TABLE 0F CtflTENTS

I. INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
II. GBNSRAL fRCVISIcNS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
Authority . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66

General Scope. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
administration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66

III. ECLICE RESPCNSIBILITIES. . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
Organization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
Operational irocedure. . . . . . . . . . . . . 67

Education. 0 0 o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o 0 69

IV. COURT RESPLNSIBILITIES . . . . . . . . , , , , , 59
General. . O O O I O O O O O O O I O O O O 69

\1
O

Sentencing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
V. MSDICAL RESPONSIBILITIES . . , , , , , , , , , , 70
Diagnostic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
Treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
VI. COMMUNITY RESPONSIBILITIBS . . . . . . . . . . . 71
Local Social Agencies, . . . . . . . , , . , . 71

Industry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71

CHAPTER III

MODEL FOR ICLICE HANDLIEG OF THE ALCCHLLIC DEFERDEH

I . IIu'l‘RC- DUCT I (LN

This model program is to be utilized by the police
and must be initiated by local ordinance or a comparable
medium, so as to insure compliance by the judiciary,
medical, social, and police functionaries throughout the
locality. It is realized that Specifics are neither de-
sirable nor possible due to the many variables within any
given locality. Rather than risk abhorrence because of
the complete impossibility of compliance by designated
agencies, this model will be general in nature.

In delving into any new program of action, there will
always be skepticism and doubt as to the desirability or

necessity of any action at all. The status guo concept has

 

long left the desires and attitudes of the progressive
police department. It may be called community relations,
public relations, human relations, or whatever, but tie
progressive police department of today is interested in
doing the most professional iob possible with the funds

and facilities at its disposal. The most efficient cpera-
tion possible is that which reduces the amount of public
funds expended while increasing the amount of public pro-
tection and well-being. This model is offered as a possible

means of helping to reduce the work-load of the municipal

police, thereby reducing the funds expended by the recurrent

arrest of one segment of the population because of alcoholism.

II. GSNERAL PROVISICNd

Authority and composition. A Board of Alcoholism

 

Control should be instituted by ordinance or comparable
method. The board members should be the Chief of Police,
a Kunicipal Judge, a {edical Doctor designated by the City
Health IBpartment, a member of the existing council (com-
mittee) on alcoholism, and two civic leaders with a back-
ground in sociology, psychology or social work or a com-

bination thereof.

_§323£3}_§33£§. The board should have the duty of
administering the alcoholism program within the locality.
It could be financed through public funds out of the general
treasury, and voluntary contributions from the Community
Chest or comparable organization. The primary objective of

the board would be the elimination of alcoholism within the

lC'calitJy, .

gdministratign. The administration of the board

 

should be processed by the police agency.

III. POLICE RESPONJIBILITISS

Organization. A division should be established

 

reporting directly to the chief with the direct reSponsi-
bility of administering the police handling of the alcoholic
offender. This division should be organized along the lines
of the youth division or vice division currently in effect.
The minimum personnel required would be one ranking admin-
istrator and one clerical person.

The duties of this division would be the technical
control over the arrest procedure for persons under the
influence of alcohol, coordination with the medical facili-
ties used by the department and alcoholism education through-
out the department, supervision of the personnel records
of all persons arrested for being under the influence of
alcohol, administering the board of alcoholism control, the
formulation and administration of alcoholism education for

those sentenced by the court to receive such education.

Qpepationgl ppocedurg. When called to a disturbance

 

involving persons under the influence of alcohol, or when
observing, while on patrol, a person under the influence,
all members of the department should take the following
steps:

1. The normal arrest procedure should be used,
although it should be kept in mind that the person in question
may possibly be mentally ill. The use of leather restrain-
in devices is advised if the subject is uncontrollable.
Patience must be practiced in dealing with a subject under

the influence of intoxicating beverages. Time is on the

O)
(1‘)

side of the arresting officer. The subject should always
be fully searched, in accordance with operating procedure.

2. The individual in question should be transported
directly to the medical facility (hospital) and be examined
by the medical doctor on duty. The physician will determine
if the subject is to be hospitalized, or left in police
custody.

5. If he is left in police custody, the arresting
officer should return to headquarters and book the indivi-
dual in the normal procedure. The subject will be incar-
cerated until sober.

4. When he becomes sober, the subject will be inter-
viewed by the alcoholism division or a representative of
that division. This interview will record all pertinent
information on the subject, i.e., number of previous arrests,
personal history, employment, etc.

5. After the subject is processed through the alcohol-
ism division, he should be tahen before a magistrate for the
normal judicial process.

6. Under step three above, if the subject is hospital-
ized, responsibility should transfer to the hospital author-
ities until such time as the subject is capable of appearing
before a magistrate. At this time, responsibility should
revert to the police agency and steps four and five would

apply.

Education. The division of alcoholism should re—

 

curringly give to all members of the department, during
normal in-service training, educational blocks of instruc-
tion on alcohol and alcoholism to include medical, sociolog-
ical, and educational aspects of alcoholism. The division
should also be responsible for alcoholism education to all
pre-service trainees.

Under the supervision of the court and the Board of
Alcoholism Control, the division should provide, at a time
convenient for attendance, such as Saturday night, alcohol-
ism education for those sentenced by the court to receive
such education. Instructors may be drawn from service
agencies, Board of Alcoholism, Clergy, Medical Doctors, and
Alcoholics Anonymous. This instruction may be given at the
medical facility in conjunction with the out-patient treat-
ment, or can be provided in any other designated place, i.e.,
local Council on Alcoholism, Salvation Army, etc. The
caliber of instruction, wherever it is given, must be pro-
fessional in method and scepe, and be presented by qualified

personnel.
IV. COURT RflsPCNSIBILITIES

General. The courts should take cognizance of and
utilize both the penal codes and the mental health statutes

in order to effect any reduction in the number of alcohol-

related offenses. Close cooperation should be maintained

70

among the municipal, circuit, and probate courts to insure

proper and equitable sentencing.

Sentencing. The municipal, or comparable court,

 

should sentence in conformance with the following schedule:

1. First offense--usual fine plus :nandatory' night
classes on alcoholism for a period totaling ten hours of
instruction as designated by the alcoholism division of
the police department.

2. Second offense-~usual fine plus mandatory night
classes on alcoholism for a period totaling twenty-five
hours of instruction.

3. Third and subsequent offenses--the magistrate
should recommend a hearing be held before tie probate judge
for committment to the State Hospital for the mentally ill.

The probate court should, upon the third and subse-
quent offense, order the offender held until committment,
after prOper legal process, to the State Hospital for the
mentally ill for an indefinite sentence, commensurate with

the law, to insure a reasonable probability of rehabilitation.
V. ahDICAL RESPCNSIBILITIJS

Diagngspig. The medical facility should physically

 

examine all subjects presented by the police and determine
whether or not hospitalization is necessary. If hos;italiza-

tion is medically necessary, the medical authorities should

assume responsibility for such time as is necessary and then
release the subject to police control for court processing.
The medical doctor examining the subject should forward a
report of his examination and diagnoses to the police

division of alcoholism.

Treatmenp. The subject, if not hospitalized, should
be given drug therapy, if needed, to facilitate handling of
the subject by the police. If hospitalized, normal procedures
should be used. If it is desirable, the subject may be

treated on an ont‘patient basis Heine disulfram therapy.
VI. cormmcirv anarcizslsiuriss

Local social agencies. All agencies interested in

 

 

 

alcoholism should be rejuested to furnish instructors for the
educational activities in the field of alcoholism. They should
be reiuested, if needed, to assist the police division of al-
coholism in their administrative duties. alcoholics anonymous
should be requested to supply instructors for educational
purposes and should be encouraged to solicit members from the
alcoholic offenders.

lndustgy. The industries within the area should be
canvassed by the Board of Alcoholism Control. Their finan-
cial support should be rejuested for the medical and educat—
ional facets of this program. The industries should be re—
quested to encourage employees to make use of tie alcoholism

instruction sponsored by the police division on alcoholism.

CHAPTER IV

A ossCRII-TILN AND EVALUnTIm' LF Tress
LETRCPCLITAL ILLICE Bahamas-rs

INTRCEUCTILN

while it is possible to learn much from the literature
written on alcoholism about the operation and practices
of metropolitan police departments, muc. more may be learned
from the departments themselves. Three departments were
chosen to be utilizei for this study because of their e:-
cellent reputations and their accessibility. A.study was
made of the literature published by these departments and
an extensive interview was held with a command officer in

each police department. In aidition, interviews were held

C):

with the municipal and probate judges and an interests
representative from the medical profession in each of the
locations.

In order to cover the range of operations as out-

V

lined in Chapter III, the following questions were posed to

‘

udiciary, anc medical

C. J.

the representatives of the police,

professions:

Police Representative
1. What percentage of the department workload is
generated by alcohol-related offenses?
2. Approximately how many subjects are arrested per

year for alcohol-related offenses? what percentage is this

\1
()1

of the total arrests?
3. Would it create any insurmountable problems for

your deyartment to tran3pcrt all intoxicated persons LO the

93

medical facility for n examination by the medical doctor
on duty?

4. Would it be possible for the department to assign
personnel, a minimum of two to work in the area of alcoholic
offenders, in conjunction with the medical, and judicial
authorities?

5. Is the department cagable of the supervision of
alcoholism instruction as required by the court?

6. What would be the reaction of the department to a
local board being established for the control of alcoholism
with the police, medical, judiciary, and citizens being re-

presented on the board?

Judicial Representative

 

 

1. What percentage of offenders before tre court are
there for "drunkenness" or alcoholic-related offenses?

2. What is the court's sentencing proCedures for
first offense, second offense, etc.?

5. Are all second offenders charged as such? Are
all third offenders charged as such? Are subsequent
offenses similarly charged?

4. Would the court be amenable to sentencing the nor-
mal fine plus mandatory instruction on alcoholism to be

administered by the police department?

7%

6. Upon third or subsequent offense would the court
be amenable to recommending the offender to the Probate
Court for passible commiitment to the State Hospital for the
mentally ill?

6. What is the court's reaction to a local board
being established for the control of alcoholism with the
judiciary, police, medical, and citizenry being members of

the boerd?

Medical Representatige

1. If the police brought an intoxicated person to the
emergency ward for examination, would the individual be
examined, and if needed, admitted to the hospital?

2. After examination, could the examining physician
forward a report of the examination to the police department?

3. From a medical point of View, what is the reaction
to a local board being established for the control of al-
coholism with the medical, judiciary, police and citizenry

being members of the board?

I. FLINT, MICHIGAN

 

Introduction. Flint, Michigan covers an area of
I P 0 1 I l v
64.8 square miles and has a pOpulation of 196,940. It is

administered by the commission-manager form of gOVernment

 

1
"City of Flint," Fact Bulletin, Flint, Michigan:
Municipal Center, 1962, 6d.

\')
(II

With an annual city budget of approximately nine million
dollars of which the police department receives approximately
wo and one-half million.2 The city appears to be thriving

due to a high tax base which is made possible by the large
amount of heavy induscry located within the area. The police
department has a force of 260 regular police, 112 school
police, and seventy-seven pieces of motor e;uipment.5
Police operation and department organization. The
police department experienced an increase of eighteen per—
cent in class I crimes in 1966 over 1962.4 The annual

statistics (extracted) for 1965 show the following arrests:

 

 

 

 

 

 

TABLE 5
FLINT ARRESTS FOR 19655
ARRE STS NUMBER PER CENT AGE;
Total 7,595 100
Drunkenness 2,360 53
Disorderly conduct 221 less than 1
Vagrancy-loitering 597 less than 1
Prostitution and
commercialized vice 400 less than 1

Juvenile arrests 1,158 15
Traffic arrests 1,816 16

Zgggg. 3Ibid.

4

Annual Report, Flint Police Dept. Flint, Mich.,196:.

01

Ibid.

These figures show that drunkenness accounted for the
largest percentage of all the arrests in Flint during 1966.

The department at the present time is experiencing
a cut of twenty percent in its budget for the coming fiscal
year. This cut is expected to be felt mainly in the staff
and peripheral services.6

The physical plant for the department is ultra-
modern in both sc0pe and design. The detention facility
is located within the department and is of superior con-
struction and design. Detainees and sentenced prisoners
are kept for a maximum period of thirty days.

The command lines for the department follow those
as outlined by the organization chart which is given in
figure two. The line inspector, though shown as equal to
the staff inspector, is the second in command when the chief
is away.7

The department has experienced growth in the area
of juvenile activities during the past two years. This has
been caused by the placing of a uniformed officer within
each of the city's schools for a combination of duties; en-
forcer, preventor, counselor, parole supervisor, among them.

This program has obviously proved beneficial as there is no

 

6George B. Paul, Interview, Chief of Police, Flint,

Michigan, April 22, 1964.
7Gerald R. Lyons, Interview, Inapector of Police,
Flint, Michigan, April 22, 1964.

'77

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

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78

no anticipated change.8
The police have an excellent relationship with the

Municipal Court. The court has the authority to hear, try,

and determine suits and prosecutions for recovery of fines,

penalties, and forfeitures imposed by the city charter and

ordinances. This amounts, in effect, to the trying of all

misdemeanors committed within the city.9

Present practices in handling the alcoholic offender.
There are no written instructions for use by the department
for the handling of the alcoholic offender. During the
pre-service training, examples are given verbally indicating
when to arrest and when not to arrest. Upon assignment to
the department, a new patrolman is assigned as a partner to
a senior patrolman and is eXpected to learn by watching the
example set by the senior.1

If a person under the influence is with friends, near
his abode, or is sufficiently capable of getting a taxi, the
average officer on the force will allow the subject to pro-
ceed to his abode.ll If the subject is belligerent, danger-

ous to himself, to others, or to property, he is arrested,

 

8George B. Paul, op. cit.

9Annual Report, Flint, 92. 933.

10Gerald R. Lyons, op. git.

11George B. Paul, 92. cit.

79

booked, and placed in a large group cell to await sobriety,
at which time he is brought before the municipal court.

Chief George B.Paul states that over thirty percent
of the department's workload is generated by alcohol-related
offenses. He feels that the department should avoid social
work and that alcoholism is definitely in the social work
area. P

When the questions in the introduction of this chapter
were posed, the chief responded with candid answers which
reflected his personal attitude toward alcoholism and the
alcoholic offender. "The tranSporting of 'drunks' to the
hospital would, in the main, be a waste of time." Commenting
briefly on the lack of personnel, he gave much the same
answer to the query concerning the assignment of personnel to
work in the area of alcoholism. Chief Paul felt that his
personnel were incapable of giving instruction to alcoholics,
although he indicated his willingness to function as a mem-
ber of an alcoholism board of control and to cooperate with
the courts in any endeavor in this area. Chief Paul summed
up his answers by saying, "Alcoholism is not a disease, and
if an individual wants to refrain, he can by exercising his
free will".10

The Honorable Judge of Municipal Court in Flint,

 

BO

Basil F. Baker, finds the subject guilty as charged in over

ninty-five percent of the cases brought before him for

 

 

drunkenness. The schedule of sentences is as follows:14
TABLE. 6
SENTENCES FOR DRUNKENNSSS, FLINT MUNICIPAL COURT

OFFENSE FINE JAIL
First appearance p10.00 (normally suspended) No
Second appearance $20.00 (some suspended) No
Third appearance seo.oo Rarely
Subsequent $30.00 Sometimes

Judge Baker suSpects that over seventy percent of the
cases which come before him are alcohol-related, although he
feels that "The only way to cure a 'drunk' is for the 'drunk'
to use his free will...". He was very emphatic in his re-
plies to the questions posed to him.

The judge would be very interested in occupying a
position on a board of alcoholism control and in sentencing
offenders to instruction which would be provided by the police.
He has never recommended committment for alcoholics to the

State Hospital to the Probate Judge, but felt that this area

 

l4 . . . -
Basil F. Baker, Municipal Judge, Interview, Flint,

Michigan, April 22, 1964.

81

could be explored.15

Medical and social agency facilities. he City of

 

 

Flint owns and operates Hurley Hospital. The hospital
employs a full-time social worker to operate the alcohol
rehabilitation service. Jilliam Keaton answered the medical
representatiVes questions as posed in the introsuction. Be-
cause Hurley Hospital is Operated by the city, the police
have full access to all its facilities. The medical doctor
on dutyvvould be willing to diagnose, and admit any alcoholic
brought to the hospital as well as submitting a prognoses to
the police department. Mister Keaton was enthusiastic in
his support for a board of alcoholism control and would be
very willing to participate and give his service to any
function of such a board.15

The Honorable Judge Frank In McAvinohy, Probate Judge
of Genessee County and the dean of Michigan probate judges,
committs an average of two alcohol addicts per me.th to the

d

state Hospital. The judge would accept police petitions for

*4.

a hear ng for any serious repeater that the police department

17
feels is an alcohol addict.

*M‘ flaw- .- .

l51mg.

16William Keaton, Interview, Chief Social Service
Division(Alcoholism). Hurley Heepital, Flint, Michigan, April
22, 1964.

Frank I“ McAvinchy, Interview, Judge of Probate
Court, Genesee County, Flint, Michigan, April 22, 1964.

The social agencies in Flint are well-supported and
the Salvation army and Rescue Mission have assisted alcoholics
in the past. he Alcoholics Anonymous has not been active

in the city jail for quite some time.18
II. GRAND RAPIIB, MICHIGAN

Introduction. Grand Rapids, the furniture capital
f the world, has a population of 201,487 living in 42.2

square miles.19

The police department operates on a budget
. , r , 20 ,.. .
of apprCXimately sl,7s0,0oO per year. This budget pro-
vides for a force of 255 men and seventy-six pieces of motor
. 21 a g 0 0
equipment. The heavy industry in the City prov1des for a
high tax base which insures adequate financial city govern-

ment.

1 ' I , v ' , m D

Bolite operation ESQ department_grganizatign. The
police department has shown a reduction in class I offenses
during the past two years. The annual statistics for 1952

show the following arrests:

8George B. Paul, 92. cit.

19Annual Report, Grand Rapids folice Department,
Grand Rapids, Michigan, 1962.

20%;?)
lebid.

83

TABLE 7

GRAND.RAPIDS ARRESTS res 1962

-‘-——-—- -‘ - A‘- -‘ ‘— ‘fl-‘—-~—O‘——O.~“-—a-n-

 

 

 

ARRES S A NUILIEjgi _______ _ __ PERL} ‘NTégg____
Total 4,399 100
Drunkenness 1,459 s1
Disorderly conduct 638 14
Vagrancy 5 less than 1
Prostitution nd -

Commercialized vice 158 3
Juvenile arrests 81 2
Traffic arrests 355 7

- u ‘- _‘ _— ! _‘— A___‘ _

‘ ‘! __. .—_“—_-—‘ A_-_-

Many subjects under the influence are booked as dis-
orderly persons. Even eliminating this factor, alcoholic-
oriented offenses accounted for the largest block of arrests
in Grand Rapids in 1962.22

The department is presently located in very old and
inadequate quarters; however, plans have been completed for
a new complex to be built starting in the fall of 196%.

The Kent County jail serves as the detention facility for the

police department. All prisoners are housed there except

 

84

r a;
Cu."

those awaiting their initial contact with the court.

The cemmand lines for the supervision of the depart-
ment follow those as given in the organization chart, figure
three. The organization chart does not show the ambulance
service which is an integral part of the force. The ambulance
service serves the entire City of Grand Rapids.rl

Grand Rapids Police Ibpartment is proud of its train-
ing program. The recruit receives ten weeks of instruction
before graduating to the force. Grand Rapids is unique in
its "Cadet" program. This program is designed for the high
school student eighteen or nineteen years old. The student
works for twenty hours per week and receives from $54.50 to
$65.50 per week. The Cadet must complete two years of study

at the Grand Rapids Junior College prior to being established

" f"

. . do
as‘a.uul.member of the department.

The department has an excellent and close relation-
ship with the courts. The police court (municipal) has two
judges who hear all misdemeanors brought before them. The

police department provides uniformed assistance to both these

courts and to the city attorney who administers to the court.do

4‘ __

‘—. r;-

v.) . . .
William Johnson, Interview, Superintendent of
Police, Grand Rapids, Michigan, april 25, 1964.

24Annual Report, Grand Rapids, 9p. cit.

QDIbid.

zafiilliam Johnson, 2p. ci .

85

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AS was true in Flint, there are no written instructions or
standard operating procedures for handling the alcoholic
offender. During the ten week pro-service training course,
the recruits are given verbal examples of how individual
cases should be handled” Upon integration into the force,
the patrolman is expected to learn from the example set by
his senior partner.27

If a person under the influence is not belligerent,
a danger to himself, othenSGr property, the average patrol-
man on the force will first think how he can get the man
home. If the subject is arrested, he is taken to the police
station, booked, and placed in the temporary detention facil-
ity to await sobriety and the appearance before the police
court.2

Superintendent (Chief) William Johnson feels that
over forty percent of the force workload is generated by
alcohol or alcohol-related offenses. Chief Johnson does not
feel the police have any business in the area of social work.
He further feels that alcoholism, per se, falls within the

reaponsibilities of the welfare services. When questioned

relative to the extensive youth program within the department

Superintendent Johnson stated that, even in this area, wel-
fare agencies should be carrying the workload rather than the

police department. The courts and the police in Grand Rapids

27gggg. ZBIbid.

m

87

have excellent rapport and Superintendent Johnson stated
that even though the members of his force were not educators
or social workers, he would be willing to join in any effort
to combat alcoholism with the judiciary, medical, and cit—
izenry. Superintendent Johnson stated that, "The police
represent force and for this reason rehabilation of any

Kind is not a police function".29

The Honorable Roman J. Snow, Senior Police Court

Judge, finds virtually all the subjects brought before him

 

 

for drunkenness, guilty. The schedule for sentences follow:60
TABLE 8
SENTENCES FOR DRUNKENNESS, GRAND RAPIDS
POLICE COURT
OFFENSE FINE JAIL
First appearance $15.00 No*
Second appearance $15.00 No*
Third appearance $25.00 (less than 10%)
Subsequent $25.00 (less than 10%)

*If subject cannot pay fine, tren.thirty days jail.

 

29William Johnson, 92. 913.

30Roman J. Snow, Interview, Senior Police Court
Judge, Grand Rapids, Michigan, April 25, 1964.

88

In Speaking of the alcoholic offender, Judge Snow
opened his remarks by saying, "I've had a feeling of help-
lessness in this area for a long time". Judge Snow would
be very willing to engage in any worthwhile project which
has any degree of probability of suCCess within the area
of the alcoholic offender. He has, in the past, referred
subjects to the alcoholism clinic available in Grand Rapids
through the City Health Department. He has never recommend-
ed to the Probate Court that a petition should be sought
to commit alcoholics to the State Hospital for the mentally
ill. He feels this petition, if sought, should be initiated
by the police department when the family is reluctant to do
50.31

Medical and social agency facilities. The hospitals
in Grand Rapids are all private or sectarian in ownership.
Doctor W. B. Prothro serves the city and Kent County as
the director of the joint Health Espartment. Under his
guidance falls the alcohlism service which operates on a
limited budget of $25,000 per year. Dr. Prothro stated
that only two of the city's four hospitals would accept an
alcoholic as a patient; however, he felt that the medical
doctors in Grand Rapids would cooperate in any alcoholism

l, i .
Roman J. Snow, op; Cit.

89

program established within the city.32

The Probate Court last year committed forty-four
alcohol addicts to the State Mental Hospital at Kalamazoo.
The Probate Court would accept any petition submitted by
the Police [spartment; however, this has not happened in
the recent past. This court has not experienced any signif-
icant delay in the admission of committed patients to the
hospital for the past year.'3:5

According to Doctor Prothro, many social service
agencies are willing to give time and effort in any al-
coholism project initiated within the city. The Salvation
Army, Volunteers of America, and Catholic Christian Service
Bureau have all, in the past, assisted both from a financial

54
and counseling aSpect in the rehabilitation of alcoholics.

III . LAI‘TSING, MICHI GAN

Introduction. The population of lensing in 1965.
was estimated to be 114,454. The mayor and council form of
government is used to administer the twenty-nine square

miles within the city limits. lensing is noted mainly for

 

52
N. B. Prothro, Interview, Director, City-County
Health Department, Grand Rapids, Michigan, April 25, 1964.
3‘5Carmen EBRuiter, Interview, Secretary to the
Probate Court, Kent County, Grand Rapids, Michigan, April 25,
1964.
54 ,
W. B. Prothro, op. El£°

90

being the capital of Michigan. The automobile industry
gives Lansing a large tax base from which comes the city
budget of approximately eleven million dollars per year.
The police department receives approximately one and one-
half million for its operation. The department employs
a force of 174 and has fifty-three items of motorized equip-
Ina-int”:55

The department has experienced a relatively static
number of arrests for the past few years. The annual re-

56
port for 1966 shows the following arrests:

5" H
0Thomas N. O'Toole, Interview, InSpector of Police,
Lansing Police Ibpartment, April 21, 1964.

éoAnnual Report, Lansing Police Department, lensing
Michigan, 1966.

91

TABLE 9

L 'SING ARRESTS FOR 1955 (extracted)

M ._ 4‘—-.—-_4-‘m-

 

 

 

ARRESTS -44-__l _4_ _ _EHM§ER _P§3CENTAGE
Total 4,589 100
Drunkenness 1,475 52
Disorderly conduct 181 4
Vagrancy O O
Prostitution and

commercialized vice 2 less than 1
Juvenile arrests * *

60 8

Cr]

Traffic arrests

* The youth division opened 4,292 cases and pros-
seated 3,690. These figures include adults
that were contributors to youthful offenses or
offenders.

 

“ _—-‘ “ w~-.-a—-‘-_ -

The above table shows drunkenness to be the largest
offense in the number of arrests for 1965.

The physical facilities for the department are ultra-
modern in appearance. The detention facility is located
within the department and houses detainees and sentenced
prisoners for periods up to sixty days.67

The command line for the department follows the

_‘___

$7

Thomas W. O'Toole, op. cit.

organization chart as given in figure four. It is interest-
ing to note that the youth division with its dozen personnel
accounted for e,eec prosecutions as compared to 4,669 arrests
for the remainder of the department. This is attributed

to an excellent youth division which takes all complaints

’1

A

involving youthful offenders.U8

The relationship of the police department with the
municipal court is reported to be excellent. The municipal
court hears and sentences all violations of city ordinances
and provides initial arraignment for the circuit court. The
city ordinance Specifies three charges for drunkenness:

't w i I "n 09
first ofiense, second oernse, and third oflense.

Present practices for handling the alcoholic offendeg.

 

The patrolman learns how to handle the alcoholic offender
from verbal instructions or by observing senior members of
the department. Normally, the officer's first reaction to
the alcoholic offender will be to try to get the offender
off of the street and to his abode. This is accomplished
through friends, if available, taxi, or if the subject is
capable, he may walk unescorted. There are no written
instructions or standard Operating procedures within the

department. The booking sergeant has the final word on

##_4 ‘4

SBThomas N. O'Toole, 92. gig.

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94

booking and releasing. If the subject is booked, he is
placed in a large group cell to await sobriety and appear-
ance before the municipal court.40

Inspector Thomas N. O'Toole feels that the police
department's first duty is to prevent crime and that tte
second duty is to appredend criminals. He states that "The
public thinks that the alcoholic offends only himself and
not society, and the police, in the past, have taken some-
what the same tack". Inspector O'Toole would be willing
for the department to enter into a program as suggested by
the model in Chapter III. The only possible limitation
would be budgetary.41

The police department has not petitioned the lrobate
Court for committment of alcoholic adults; however, in the
past, the youth division has petitioned for juvenile al-
cohol addicts. Inspector O'Toole feels that progressive
police departments will soon be in the alcoholic rehabilita-
tion field from a crime prevention angle. He used as an
example, "Ten years ago, no police department was in the
juvenile and youth business; now it is a major portion of
our operation". He feels that alcoholism control will be

0
the next area of endeavor.4“

4Olbm. 41gpgg.

(0
(fl

Judge Earl McDonald, Municipal Judge of Lansing,
suSpects that well over half of the subjects brought before
him are there due to alcohol alcohol-related reasons. He
finds almost all guilty and sentences according to the

following schedule:
TABLE 10

ssnrsncas FOR naunxsnnass, LANSING MUNICIPAL COURT“5

 

gFFENSE_ A :J FINE __ _4 _{AIL_ _‘
First appearance $15.00 (90% of cases) No
Second appearance $25.00* No
Third appearance $50.00 15 days

* if within the same year, if not $15.00.

__ A‘“ _-__.

Usually, an alcoholic subject is charged as a first
offender for six or seven times before his arrest is re-
garded as a second offense. It is the prerogative of the
police to charge the subject as a second offender. When
this occurs, the judge realizing that the subject is a re-

peater, imposes the sentence of a third offense.&&

4“Z’Earl McDonald, Interview, Judge of Municipal
Court, Lansing, Michigan, April 21, 1964

44Ihid.

Judge McDonald would be extremely happy to enter in-
to the proposed program as outlined by the model in Chapter
III. He states that "Some of the worst criminals before
me are there because of alcohol". He has, in the past,
recommended Alcoholics Anonymous to offenders, but feels
that "It is the personal responsibility of the alcoholic
to refrain from the use of alcohol". If he cannot refrain,
the judge feels that the police should petition the Probate
Court for committment of the alcoholic to a State Hospital
for the mentally ill. In line with this petition, Judge

45
McDonald would be willing to mane a verifying recommendation.

gedical and social facilitieg. Lansing does not

 

 

have a city hOSpital. The police use all the medical
facilities withintflncity.Doctor Richard C. Bates, Chairman
of the Michigan Medical Society Committee on Alcoholism,
states that from a medical aspect, "The Doctors of lensing
would cooperate in any way possible to alleviate the al-
cohol problem within the city".46 Sparrow Hospital admits
alcoholic patients on the same criteria as any other patient.
It operates a fifteen bed ward solely for the person with

an alcohol problem. Doctor Bates foresees no problem in

 

451mg.

46Richard C. Bates, Interview, Chairman, Committee
on Alcoholism, Michigan State Medical Society, Lansing,
Michigan, April 17, 1964.

97

diagnosing a subject brought in by the police, with the
possible exception of monetary payment to the examining
doctor. He feels this exception could be remedied by
allocation of funds from the City Health Department.47
Honorable James T. Kallman, Probate Judge of Ingham
County, committed less than ten alcohol addicts last year
to the state mental hospital. He would not accept a petition
for committment from the Police Department. He feels the
petition should properly come from the family of the al-
coholic. The Court has not experienced any delay in the
acceptance of patients by the hospitals committed for the

past year.48

IV. COMPARISON OF EXISTING METHODS WITH
TEE PROPOSED MODEL

Introduction. The model program as listed in

 

Chapter III was drawn from the literature on the subject

of alcoholism and from personal research. Sections I-III
of this chapter were develOped from the personal interviews
within each city. When comparing the actualities of the
existing departments with the theoretical model, personal
opinions of the respondents will be discounted, although

it is realized that these opinions influence the policies

471h1d.

48James T. Kallman, Interview, Judge of Probate

Court, Ingham County, Lansing, Michigan, April 21, 1964.

98

and the actions of the personnel.

EllEE' The police department in Flint at the pre-
sent time does not have any policy or procedure for the
handling of the alcoholic offender, even though this group
of offenders accounted for thirty-three percent of the
arrests made in Flint during 1963. The department places
all subjects booked before the municipal judge on the charge
of drunkenness regardless of the number of arrests for the
same offense. The chief of the department would be willing
to enter into a system as posed by the model in cooperation
with the courts. The hospital in Flint is city owned and
the medical aSpect would be handled without difficulty.

The municipal court in Flint would sentence as indicated
by the model. Police petitions for alcohol addicts would
be accepted by the Probate Judge.

The only possible limitation to establishing the
model as practice in Flint would be from a financial

vieWpoint.

EEEBQ Rapids. The procedure used for handling
alcoholics in Grand Rapids is virtually-the same as in
Flint. The alcoholic offender in Grand Rapids accounted
for thirty-one percent of the arrests made in 1962. The
superintendent of police would be willing to cooperate
with the court and other agencies to reduce this figure.

The City Health Officer would be willing to institute any

99

program among the medical practitioners in Grand Rapids

that would benefit the alcoholic offender and the police
handling of the same. The Probate Court would accept
petitions from the police for alcohol addicts. The financial
aspect appears to be a barrier in this case as it was in

Flint.

Lansing. Thirty-two percent of the arrests for 1965
were for drunkenness. The police department has placed
the official duty of alcoholic counselor upon one of its
court officers. Outside of this, there is no existing pro-
gram for handling the alcoholic offender, even though they
account for almost one-third of the arrests made. Inspector
O'Toole would be extremely willing to enter into a program
such as the model preposed. He feels it is only a matter
of time until this happens. The medical aspect of the
program is covered by Doctor Bates's comments on coopera-
tion. The municipal court would welcome the program. The
Probate Court will not accept police petitions since it
feels that they should come from the family of the offender.

Again, the financial cost of the program is still in question.

CHAPTER V
SUMMARY, CCNCLUSICNS, PRCBLEMS TO BE ANSWERED
I . SUMI ARY

Intoxicating beverages have been in existence since
the early dawn of civilization. Cver seventy-five million
people in the United States today drink alcoholic beverages.
For one out of thirteen drinkers, alcohol becomes the sus-
taining substance of life itself. For these five and one-
half million people, alcohol is the corner-stone for the
disruption of social, economic, and family life. In most

cases the police are the initial surveyors of this dis-

.
ruption.

In the past decade, the medical profession has open-
ed the portals of its vast treatment and research facilities
to the study of alcoholism. The medical profession has
fully explored and documented the effects of alcohol on the
body. Drugs have been develOped to ease the withdrawal
symptoms. Hospital wards have been established to care
for and rehabilitate those seeking help. Studies are being
conducted to establish a diagnoses for the person in the
early stages of alcoholism. In the field of medicine, al-
cohol and its physical effects are now considered the fourth

most prevalent disease of man.

Sociologically, alcoholism is now accepted as a

front-runner among the deviances of man. The limited socio-
logical studies have indicated that, with the prOper inter-
disciplinary approach, fifty percent of the alcoholics can
be rehabilitated to a discernable extent. For many centuries,
it was felt that man drank to excess because of his desire
to do so. It has now been determined that to some peOple
alcohol intake is a disease, likened to tuberculosis and
cancer. As with tuberculosis, the person with the disease
does not have to desire treatment to receive its benefits.
Large industry has come to realize the tremendous
cost of alcoholism. With this realization, programs have
been established to alleviate the lost man-hours and the
loss of trained personnel. The success statistics, as
reported by three of the larger companies in the United
States, show that an average of over fifty percent of those
treated are rehabilitated to adequately perform their jobs.
The Federal Bureau of Investigation crime statistics
report over one-third of all arrests in the United States
are made for drunkenness. Very few municipal police de-
partments have made any effort to reduce this figure. In
those few departments that have made an effort, the success
has been reported to coincide with the fifty percent as
given by the studies of industry. None of the three medium-
sized departments investigated by this study has any pro-
cedure for dealing with the alcoholic offender. All three

have elaborate programs and personnel involved in youth and

vice activities, even though both of these areas combined

do not generate the workload or arrests caused by the al-
coholic offender. Two departments were willing to enter
this field, but felt that it would be better handled by

the social work agencies within the city; however, all

three departments were willing to enter the field of al-
coholism control in cooperation with the judiciary, medical,

and social agencies within the community.
11. CONCLUSICNS

As a result of this study, several conclusions were
reached. Some are of a specific nature; others are general.
Both categories are felt to be important.

Drunkenness is classified as a crime and accounts
for over one-third of the arrests made in the United States.
Progress has been made in the area of rehabilitation for
alcoholics to the extent that police agencies would save V/
resources if they participated in this rehabilitation. Both
the literature and the field investigations support this
conclusion which was the major hypothesis for this study.

Participation as outlined in the model would have
to be knowledgeable in the field of alcoholism. Their duties
would consist of the technical control over the arrest
procedure for persons under the influence of alcohol,
coordination with the medical facilities used by the de-

partment, supervision of the records of all persons arrested

 

for being under the influence of alcohol, and the formula-
tion and administration of alcoholism education for those
sentenced by the courts to receive such education.

Based upon the investigation of the three municipal
police departments, eduoation on alcoholism is needed, not
only for the patrolman on the beat, but also for command
officers. It appears, under existing statutes, that this
education should be given by the ‘tate Board of Alcoholism
to the police agencies. Every member of the department
should understand alcoholism and the laws regarding alcohol-
ism as vell as he does traffic laws and offenders. The
police come in contact with more alcoholics than any other
governmental agency. Their capability in the handling of
the alcoholic offender could well become a bridge of know-
ledge and understanding between the alcoholic and the gen-
eral public.

Government and law have become so complex that the
total resources for support of the police functions have
not been explored fully by the departments visited. The
police labor with the deviate without knowing the full cap-
ability of other governmental agencies geared to support
this labor. Police departments are the initial contact for
most of the pOpulation with the bureaucracy of government.
They should have knowledge of and close cooperation with
all of the governmental agencies to insure complete coverage

of all laws. The three departments investigated need

k;
C:
“u

education in this area.

The three medium-sized police departments visited
did not negate any of the provisions of the proposed model
as outlined in Chapter III. With the exception of any
overwhelming negative answers to the unanswered problems
given in Section III of this chapter, it is felt that the
model program would satisfy the need for a consistent and

compatable guide for the handling of the alcoholic offender.

III. QUESTIORS TO BE “NSW‘RED

Many problems were encountered during the course
of this study. Many could not be resolved. The following
questions were considered to be the most important.

Jhat would be the cost of initiating the model pro-

ram for police handling of the alcoholic offender?

OD

How much professional training would be required
for the police to engage in alcoholism rehabilitation?

Would it be a violation of civil rights to force
an alcoholic to accept treatment?

Where shall the line be drawn between the duties
of the police agencies and the social work agencies?

From the review of the literature, it would appear
that financial assistance would be available to any agency
or individual contemplating research to answer these ques-
tions. The three police departments which were visited

would be excellent agencies for initiating pilot programs.

105

Their willingness to cooperate is demonstrated by their
acknowledgement of the large amount of work generated by
the alcoholic offender and their candid ansters to questions
posed by this study.

he alcoholic offender has been rotated through
the revolving dOor of the Courts, the police, and the
streets for long enough. The alcoholic is now recognized hi
as being mentally ill. In the words of Presivent John F.
Kennedy in one of his last sneeches, "We have long neglected

a
the mentally ill....this neglect must end".

BI ELIE; GRAPHY

SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY
A. BOOKS

Aaron, James E., and Albert J. Shafter. Th3 Police Officer
and Alcoholism. Springfield: Charles CT'Thomas,
1963.

 

Alcoholics égonymous Comes pf ggg. New York: Harper and
Brot are, 1951.

Allardt, Erik, Touko Markkanen, and Martti Takala. Drink-

ino and Dringers. Helsinki: Uudenmaan Kirjadaino,

i537.

Chafetz, Morris E., and Harold W. Eamone Jr. Alcohol and
Society. New York: Oxford University Press,'I962.

Courville, Cyril B. Effects 93 Algghgl 92 £99 Nervous System
93 332. Los AngeIes: San Lucas Press,-I953.

Cressy, Donald R., and Edwin H. Sutherland. Pginciples pf
Criminolo . Chicago: J. B. Lippincott Company
mar-‘51. ’

 

Elliott, Mabel A., and Francis E. Merrill. Social Dis-
organization. New York: Harper and Brothers, 1961.

 

 

Ford John C. Le th Psychology Mogglit and Alcoholism.

’ Weston, fiass.: Westdn Press, 9ST?

Fox, Ruth, and Peter Lyon. Alcoholigm, Its §go-e, Cause
and Treatment. New York: Random House, I955.

 

Haggard, Howard W., and E. M. Jellinek. Alcohol fig lored.
Garden City: Doubleday, Doran and Company, 9Z§.

Handbggk 9f Ego rams on Alcoholism ggsearch, Treatmeng, 33g
Heha 1 ItatIEn. New York: iicensed Beverage
Industries, Inc., 1959.

 

 

 

Harris, Sara. Skid Bow, g.§.g. New York: Doubleday and
Company, 1955.

Hartmark, A. D. Psychodynamics of Alcoholism. Minneapolis:

Color Press Advertisers, I960.

 

108

Hart, fialer C. Potential For Rehabilitation of Skid ng
AlcohoIic Men. 103 AngeIes: Vqunteers of America
of Los Angeles, 1961.

 

 

 

Hollingshead, August B. Elmstown's _guth. New York: John
Wiley and Sons,'I949.

Jackson, Joan K., and Marty Mann. Primer On Alcohglism.
New York: Rinehart and Company I95 0.

 

Jellinek, E. 1. The Disease Conceig of Alcoholism. New
Haven: HiIlEouse Press, 96

. Phases of Alcohol Addiction. New Haven: Reprint
from 9n arteFIy Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 1952.

 

m-a.

Keller, Mark, and John R. Seeley. The Alcohol Lanouage.
London: Oxford University Pres I958.

Kexny, John P., Dan C. Pursuit. Police work Nith Juveniles.
Springfield: Charles C. Thomas Company, I954. '

Kruse, H. D. Alcoholism as a Medical Problem. New York:
Paul B. Hoeber, Tfic.,T 956.

 

Lovell, Harold W. Ho e and Help for the Alcoholic. New
York: DcubIe Say and Company,.I951.

McCarthy Raymond G. Drinkin and Intoxication. Glencoe:
' The Free PreES“I§S§.""

McCord, Nilliam, and Joan McCord. Origins of Alcoholism.
Stanford, California: StafiforqunIver31fy Press,
1900.

 

Pittman, David J., and C. Wayne Gordon. Revolving Door.
Glencoe: The Free Press, 1958.

Pittman, Robert J., and Charles R. Snyder. Sggie y, gglgure,
and Drinking Patterns. New York: John Wiley an

 

Dons ’ I110 o , 1902 o

Popham, Robert E., and w'olfgang Schmidt. Statistics of
Alcohol Use and Alcoholism in Canad:, I8 7I- I956.
Toronto: University of Torofito Press, I95 .

 

 

 

Rea, Fredrick B. Alcoholism, Its Psychology 2E9 935g.
London: The Epworth Press, 6.
Shaw Clifford R. The Jack Roller. Chicago: The University
of Chica ago “Press, 1950.—

Sinclair, Upton. The Cu Ci Fury. Greatneck, N.Y.: Channel
Press, 1955.

Thompson, George N. Alcoholism. Springfield: Charles C.
Thomas, 1956.

 

‘Jallerstein, Robert S. HOSpitai Treatment 9: Alcoholism;
New York: Baisc Books, Inc., 1957.

 

 

Warner, W. Lloyd, Marchia Meeker, and Kenneth Sells. Socigi
Class in America. Chicago: Science Research
Associates, I939.

 

Williams, Jesse F. Aigghol: The Siudy g; a Current Problem.
Sacramento: CaII?ornia State Department of

Education, 1955.

Wilson, 0. N. Police Administration. New York: McCray-Hill
Book Company, Inc., I963.

 

 

B. PUBLICATICNS or THE GOVERWENT, LEARNED
SOCIETIES AND OTHER ORGANIZATICNS

Admission Statistics, Unnumbered form, Alcoholic Ward,
Edward W. Sparrow Hospital, Iansing, Michigan,
January 19, 1964.

 

Aicoholism Resources in Mighiggn. lensing: Michigan In-
stitute of IICBEOI Programs, Undated.

Annual Report. Flint, Michigan: Flint Police Ibpartment,l965.

 

Annual Report. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Grand Rapids Police
Department, 1962.

Annual Re ort. lensing, Michigan: Lansing Police Bapartment,
63.

Boissiere, Robert. PTOposed Indian Program 39 Combat Alcohol-
ism in New Mexigg. Report of New Mexico Commission
on Alcofiafisaj July 18, 1960.

 

 

gipy 92 Flint. Fact Bulletin, Flint, Michigan: Municipal
Eenter, 1962-65.

Compiled laws 9: the State oi Michigan, Section 28.565,
Subsection 168, 1948.

 

. Act 151, 1925 as
tion 550.18, Sub-

 

Compiled laws of the Stat_o of Michigan
amendEd’By Act 52,1965, Sec
section 8.

 

. Act 151, 192 5 as amended by Act 521965, Section
550.21, Sub- section 11.

Section 750.167, 1948, as amended by Act 261, 1955.

Section 47 and 47a of Public Act 264, 1957.

_. Public Act 271, 1945.

________. Public Act 216, Section 18.1018, Sub-section 47a.
May 2, 1952.

Daily Lectures and Discussion Schedule. Alcoholism Group

T? erapy Program, Edward W. Sparrow Hospital, lansing,

Michigan. 12- 19 January, 1964.

 

 

Fact Sheet. The National Council On Alcoholism. New York:
NCA Press, 1965.

 

Financial Re ort. Lansing, Michigan: Greater Lansing Council
on Alcoholism. June, 1965.

Quarterly Report. lansing, Michigan: Greater Lansing Council
on Alcoholism, June, 1965.

Uniform Crime Re orts,1962. Washington: Federal Bureau
of Investigation, 1965.

 

Sales of Alcoholic Beveraoes to Minors. New York: Joint
Committee of the Statés o Tgtudy Alcoholic
Beverages Laws, 1952.

Sum wary Data. Larsing Michigan: Michigan [Boartment of
Mental Health, January 51,1964. r

The Vehicle City. Flint, Michigan: Chamber of Commerce,1964.

 

C . PIER 10 D10 ALS

Ashby, Neal. "Rx for Alcoholism," Parade Magazine, March 15,
1964.

Bacon, Selden D. "Inebriety, Social Integration and Marriage,"
g_arter1y Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 5: 86-
125,1944.

 

’4
5. J
H

Bates, Richard C. "Why Not Treat Alcoholics," Journal 9:
the Michigan Medical Society, Volume 62, Number 10,
October, 1965, pp. 1009-12.

 

. "Clues to the Diagnosis of Alcoholism," Journal
of the Michi an Medical Societ Volume 62 October
F563“, 1310-767 "" ’ ’ '

Block, Marvin A. "Medical Treatment of Alcoholism," Journal
23 the American Medical Association, Volume I62,
December 29, 1956.

Channing, Alice. "Alcoholism Among Parents of Juvenile
Iblinquents, " The Social Service Review, Volume 1,
Number 5, September, 1927, p. 058- 68.

Gehrmann, G. H. "Dupont Program for Alcoholics," Inventory,
Volume 5, Number 21, 1955.

 

Goldberg, Marvin. "The Occurrence and Treatment of
Hypothyroidism Among Alcoholics," Journal of
Clinical Endocrinology, Volume 20, I965, p. —609.

 

Henderson, R. M., and Selden D. Bacon. "PToblem.IEinKing:
The Yale Plan for Business and Industry," @uarterly
Journal 9; Studies on Alcohol, Volume 14, v.

p.

Jackson, Joan K. "Alcoholism and the Family, " Annuals 9;
the American Academ of Political and Social
Science, Volume SIS, January, I958, pp. 96—98.

Jackson, Joan K, Ronald J. Fagan, and Roscoe C. Burr. "Seattle
Police Ibpartment Rehabilitation PToject for Chronic
Alcoholics," Federal Probation, Volume 22, June,
1958, pp. 56-4

Jacobsen, E. "The Metabolism of Ethyl Alcohol," Pharma:
cological Reviews, Volume 4, 1952, p. 109.

Jellinek, E. M., and Mark Keller. "Manual of the Classified
Abstract Archive of the Alcohol Literature,"
diam e .11 Lemma; c112. daddies 9.21. 111.9299; V0 l me
14, 1955.

Kalant, H. "Some Recent Physiological and Biochemical
Investigations on Alcohol and Alcoholism," Quarterly
Journal 23 Studies on Alcohol,Volume 25, l962,p. 52.

112

Keller, Mark, and Vera Efron. "The Prevalence of Alcoholism,"

l6, recember, 1955, pp. 619- 644.

. "The Rate of Alcoholism in the U. S.A.," Quarterly
Journal of Studies on Alcohol, Volume 19, June,
IgSB, pro —316‘C I90—

 

Lemert, EdwinM M. "Alcoholism and Sociocultural Situation,"

Cuarterl Journal of Studies on Alcohol, Volume
la, June ,1936, pp. ‘506- 517.

Maxwell, M. "A Study of Absenteeism, Accidents, and Sick-
ness Payments in Problem Dminkers in One Industry,"
Quarterl Journal of Studies on Alcohol, Volume
Wis 9 9, 1157—525 612.

McGeorge, John. "A100? 01 and Crime," Medicine, Science, an
the Law, Volume 5, January, I965, pp. 27- 8.

McKinley, A. P. "Ancient Experience with Intoxicating Drinks:
Non-classical Peoples," Quarterly Journal of
Studies on Alcohol, Volume 9,1Bcem5er,1948,pp.

 

McNeill, A. J. "Antabuse in the Treatment of Alcoholism,"
Dallas Medical Journal, Volume 57, 1951, pp. 75-80.

 

ioore, Robert A. "Alcoholism-~A Business and Public Health
Problem," Michigan Business Review, Volume 14,
Number 1, January, 1962.

 

. "Reaction-Formation as a Counter-Transference
Phenomenon in the Treatment of Alcoholism,"
guarterly Journal of Studies on Alcohol, Volume
22

, pp. 381-486.

Rivo, Julian D. "Police Handling of the Alcoholic," Focus,
Volume 2, Number 5, November-Ihcember, 1961.

 

"Salvaging Alcoholics on the Payroll," Management Review,
Volume 45, 1956, p. 579.

Seliger, Robert V. "Alcohol and Crime," Journal of Criminal
Law, Criminology, and Police Soience. Vglume 44:
Number 4, NovemEer- Ikcember, I955.

 

 

 

Selzer, Melvin L. "Alcoholism: Diagnosis and Long Range
Treatment," Journal of the Michigan Medical Society,
Volume 62, Number 10, October, 1965, p. 986.

 

115

Selzer, Melvin L. "Hostility as a Barrier to Therapy in
Alcoholism," Psychiactric Quarterly, Volume 51,
1957, pp. 501-505.

 

Sheverman, Arnold Jr. "A Study of Fifty-Four Compulsory
Referrals to a Community Alcoholic Rehabilitation
Clinic," California Alcoholism Review and Treat-
EEBE.EE£2£§: March-April, 1961.

 

 

Straus, R., and Selden D. Bacon. "Recognizing the Problem
Drinker in Business and Industry," Journal of
. . . . ‘ . “coco—r, ..
Bu81ness, Un1vers1ty of Chicago, Volume 25,

NumBer 2, 1952.

Syme, Leonard. "Personality Lfluruosorlotlta and the Ad-
coholic, A Critique of Current Studies," Quarterly
Journal of Studies on Alcghgg, Volume 18, June,

TES?’ pp. “Egg-L602.

"The Drunk On the Hill," Newsweek Magazine, March 16, 1964
pp. 101-104.

 

 

r3
3:.
H.
O
(D

, H. "The Problem Drinker on the Job," New York State
School of Industrial and Labor Relation BETletin,
Number 10,1962.

Williams, R. J. "Biochemical Individuality and Cellular
Nutrition: Prime Factors in Alcoholism," Quarterly
Journal 2; Studies on Alcohol, Volume 20, 1959,
p. 452.

 

Wolfgang, Marvin 3., and Rolf B. Strohm. "The Relationship
BetWeen Alcohol and Criminal Homicide," Quarterly
Journal of Studies on Alcohol, Volume 17, 1956,
pp. 411- 425.

 

D. UNPUBLIS H13 D EATER I AIS

Ballachey, Warren Garst. "Some Discriminative Factors in
Peer Acceptance Among Male Juvenile Delinquents
in a Training School Situation," Unpublished
Master's thesis, Michigan State University, East
lensing, Michigan, 1952.

Belknap, George, and Robt- rt H. Scott. "Police and Alcohol
Offenders," UKEUblifihqd Maz:uscript, Michigan
Board of Alcoholism, Lansing, Michigan, 1961.

114

Maddox, George L. Jr. "A Study of High School Drinxing: A
Sociological Analysis of a Symbolic Act," Un-
published Ph.D. Thesis, iichigan State University,
mast Lansing, Michigan, 1956.

Moore, Robert A. "Alcoholism: A Community and Medical
Responsibility," Unpublished Ma nuscrirt, Ypsilanti

tate Hospital, Ypsilanti, Michigan, 1965) .

Potter, Rose Matthews. "A Comparison of the Social Ad-
justments of Children from Bremen Homes," Un-
published haster's Thesis, Michigan State University,
East Lansing, Michigan, 1952.

E. NEWSPAPERS

Introit Eggs Press, June l965-March 1964.

“1...“

Stat (Lansing) ournal, June l965-March 1964.

‘2.
JV
“0-.“

F. INTERVIENS, LLCTUR‘S AND SPSE'C.33

Alano Club, Interview, East Lansing, Michigan, September 15,
.196Uo

Alcoholic Ward, Interview, Edward W. Sparrow Hospital,
Lansing, Michigan, February 15, 1964.

Baillie, J. H. Speech, GeneSee County Medical Society,
Alcoholism Day Program, February 19, 1964.

Baker, Basil F. Int

rv iew, Municipal Judge, Flint, Michigan
April 22, 9 m}

a
D
1
J

Bates, Richard C. peech, Genesee County Medical Society,
Alcoholism Day Program, February 19, 1964.

. Interview, Chairman, Committee on Alcoholism,
Michigan State Medical Society, lensing, Michigan,
April 17’ 1964.

Bell, R. Gordon, Speech, Genes see County Medical Societg,
lcoholism Day Prejram, Flint, Michigan, eeruary

19, 1964.

Bodwin, Daniel J. Interview, Chief Pa ie at f ~i .
Ikpartment of Mental Health, February 1”, 1954

Crane

, John. Sp
h

Daniel, Ralph 3. Interview, Executive Seo1 etary, Michigan

ate Boa} d of Alcoholism, March 13, 196%.

DeRuiten Carmen. Interview, Secretary to the Probate Judge
Kent Courty. Grand Rap'ds, Michigan, April as,
1964.

’

Us
0.

0.
cf

Downs, William. Lecture, Michigan State University,
Lansing, Michigan, July 16, 1965.

Greater Lansing Council on Alcoholism, InterVidW, LwWSN 3,
Michigan, November 20, 1955.

;, Jilliam. Interview, Superintendent, Grand Rapids
Iolice LEpartnent, Grand Rapids, ‘--n1zan April

Kallman, James T. Interview, Judge of Probate Court, Ingham
Co uniy, Lansing, Michigan, April L1, 1964.

Keaton, J'illi am. Speech, Genesee County Medical Society,
Alcoholism Day Program, Flirt, Michigan, February
19, 1904.

Int rview, Chie f, Soc cial Service Division (Alcohol
ism) Hurley Hospital, Flint, Michigan, April L2,
190‘: o

“g..-“

Lyons, Gerald R. Interview, IhSpector, Flint Police [B-
partment, Flint, Michivun, April 22, 1964.

McAvinchy, Frank L. Interview, Judge of Probate Court,
Genesee County, Flint, Michigan, April LL, 1964.

McDonald, Earl. Interview, Judge of Munic ipal Court,
Lansirg, Michigan, April 51, 1964, .nd No'em ber 21,
196$.

O'Toole, Thomas J. Interview, Inso actor of Police, Lansing,

Police prartment, Lansiig, Michigan, April 21, 1964.

Paul, George B. In erview, Chief of Police, Flint Police
Ikpartment, Flint, Michigan, April L2, 1954.

116

Prothro, W. B
Dev
19.

Interview, Director, City—County Health
'rtment, Grand Rapids, Michigan, april as,

04 *0
use

Snow, Roman J. Interview, Judge of Police Court, Grand
Rapids, Michigan, April LS, 1964.

StatistiCal Section. Interview, Michigan IBpartment of
Mental Health, February 16, 1964.

 

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