Gm OF YOUNG WIVES Thesis far H19 Dagmar of M‘ A. MICWGAN STATE UNE‘JERSITY Camiyn Palmer Thomas 1965 J',":ii"‘v". LIBRARY Mich agan Sta re University Will/LI [Ill/WNW ll/II/I/II/III/I/l/fl/I/ll/W ' 93 10391 1321 ROOM USE ONLY GOALS OF YOUNG WIVES By CAROLYN PALMER THOMAS AN ABSTRACT Submitted to Michigan State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS Department of Home Management 1965 col] ABSTRACT GOALS OF YOUNG WIVES by Carolyn Palmer Thomas This study identified the goals, especially the nonphomemaking goals, of a group of young married women. It related factors of wives' age, education, present kind of work, and religious preference to their goals. It also related the following factors to the wives' goals: the employment history of the mothers of the wives, the occu- pation of the fathers of the wives, the expected occupa- tion of the husbands, and the amount of participation by husband and wife in family activities. The sample consisted of 100 randomly selected couples living in.married student housing at Michigan State University at which the husband was an undergraduate stu- dent. Husbands and wives were interviewed simultaneously but separately. This study deals primarily with the data collected from the wives. All the wives reported that they had, or would have, time remaining after the duties of housewife and mother had been discharged to the reasonable satisfaction of them- selves and their families, e.g. uncommitted time. How they hoped to use this time was the focus of this study. ~‘KI'1 "J- Carolyn Palmer Thomas Responses were grouped into the following cate- gories: Volunteer work (church, community) Paid work (full, part time) Individually oriented (school, creative personal activities) Interpersonally oriented (sports, more social life) Family oriented (increase family, better perform- ance as housewife) More goals fell into the individually oriented cate- gory than in any other, both in first choices (58) and when viewed as a total of first, second, and third choice goals (85). More wives hOped to go to school both as a first choice goal (26) and when viewed as a total of first, second, and third choices (43). More husbands both are pected and hoped that their wives would continue their education rather than pursue other goal activities. As many wives were interested in the volunteer work category as were interested in the family oriented cate- gory as a first choice goal (22). When viewed as a total of first, second, and third choices the wives evinced more interest in volunteer work (73) than in family concerns (64). Very few wives were interested in paid work as a first choice goal (12) or as a total of first, second, and third choices (54). And not many were interested in the goals in the interpersonally oriented category: 6 first choices, 58 as a total of first, second, and third choices. Carolyn Palmer Thomas The majority of the wives who had only a year or two of college planned to continue their formal education. The wives who had three or more years of college were more interested in paid employment than the wives with less formal education. Wives who were working, either full or part time, or who were going to school were more interested in future paid employment than the wives who were solely homemakers. Wives whose mothers had worked one to three years were more interested in.paid employment than wives whose mothers had worked for a longer time. Wives whose mothers had not worked were the least interested in paid employb ment. The following groups were more interested in the goals represented in the interpersonally oriented category and less interested in the family oriented category: wives who had finished grade school or high school wives who did not plan to finish college wives who were solely homemakers wives whose religious preference was Catholic wives whose fathers were not managerial or pro- fessional Household responsibilities were carried out pri- marily by the wife; however, approximately a sixth of the husbands were reported as sharing equally in such activi- ties as house care, laundry, child care, and food prepara- tion. In these families the wives were less interested in Carolyn Palmer Thomas interpersonally oriented goals than were the other wives in the sample. Nearly four-fifths of the wives and their husbands reported that wives would work some time during their life- times. Few of the wives or their husbands expected wives to work while their children were pre-schoolers, and some did not plan paid employment until the children were in high school or college. However, many wives said they would work if it were financially necessary. GOALS OF YOUNG WIVES By CAROLYN PALMER THOMAS A THESIS Submitted to Michigan State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS Department of Home Management 1965 ACKNOWLEDGKENTS The writer wishes to express gratitude to the many peOple who contributed help and encouragement- She particularly would like to thank Dr. Beatrice Paolucci, director of this research, for her inspiration, patience, and invaluable assistance. She is grateful to Dr. Jean Schlater and Dr. William Form, the other members of her Guidance Committee, and to Dr. Daniel Kruger, con- sultant to the Committee. She would like to thank Mrs. John (Chandlee Lloyd) Stevens for assistance in the interviewing and coding the data. And she would like to thank the one hundred hus- bands and wives who were kind enough to take time from their busy lives to answer her questions. She also thanks her husband, Dr. J. William Thomas, for his forebearance, moral support, and intellectually stimulating attitude. A special "thank you" for their patience is due her children: ChristOpher, Barbara, John, and Linda. ii CHAPTER II. III. IV. THE PROBLEM Purpose . . Hypotheses. Assumptions CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK AND REVIEW TUB-E. O O 0 TABLE OF CONTENTS Definitions of Goals. The Role of Goals in Home Management. Individual Goals of Wives . . PROCEDURE . Selecting the Sample. Deve10pment of the Schedule Collection of the Data. Analysis of the Data. DESCRIPTION OF THE SAMPLE Age . . . . Number of Years Married Number of Children. Age of Children . Present Kind of Work of Husbands Educational Level of Husbands . Education of Wives. Present Kind of Work of Wives . Occupation of Wives if Employed . Religious Preference. FINDINGS. . Objective 1 Objective 2 Wives' Wives' Wives' Age . Education . Present Kind of iii Summary Statement of Sample Work. Wives' Religious Preference. OF LITERA- Charac t O O O O I‘ d' Hoeeeoeeeeee O meeeeoeeeee eeee Page \NNN \‘JUI-P -P CHAPTER Employment History of Wives' Mothers . Wives' Father‘s Occupation . Husbands' Expected Occupation. Participation by Husbands and Wives in Family Activities . Husbands' Goals for Their Wives. Future Paid Employment for Wives. Reasons Reported for Goals. VI. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS. Implications of This Study for Home ment . . . . . . . . LI TERAWRE C I TED O O O O O 0 O 0 APPENDIX I. APPENDIX II. INTERVIEW SCHEDULES . ADDITIONAL TABLES. iv Page 38 46 47 57 62 66 7O 82 88 95 Table 11. 12. 15. l4. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. LIST OF TABLES Age of husbands and wives . . . . . . . . . . Number of years married . . . . . . . . . . . Number of children. . . . . . . . . . . . . . Age of children . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Present kind of work of husbands. . . . . . . Educational level of husbands . . . . . . . . Education of wives. . . . . . ... . . . . . . Present kind of work of wives . . . . . . . . Occupation of wives if employed . . . . . . . Religious preference of husbands and wives. . Goals of wives. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Relationship between age and goals. . . . . . Relationship between education and goals. . . Wives' plans for college education. . . . . . Wives' preferred kind of work . . . . . . . . Relationship between present kind of work and goals I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O 0 Relationship between religious preference and goals 0 O O O O O O O O O O O O O 0 O O O O 0 Present kind of work of wives' mothers. . . . Wives' mother's occupation. . . . . . . . . . Employment history of Wives' mothers. . . . . Relationship between mother's employment his- tory and Wives' goals . . . . . . . . . . . . Page 20 2O 21 21 22 23 23 24 25 25 29 52 35 54 35 56 58 58 59 4O 41 Table 22. 25. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 500 31. 52. 55. 54. 35. Present kind of work of wives' fathers. . . . Wives' father's occupation. . . . . . . . . . Relationship between fathers' occupation and Wives' goals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Expected occupation of husbands . . . . . . . Relationship between husbands' expected occu- pation and Wives' goals . . . . . . . . . . . Relationship between participation in family activities and Wives' goals . . . . . . . . . Husbands' goals for their wives . . . . . . . Husbands’ expectations of wives' goals. . . . Wives' first choice goals as reported by wives and husbands. . . . . . . . . . . . . . Wives' employment plans . . . . . . . . . . . Timing of wives' paid employment plans. . . . Reasons reported by wives for goals . . . . . Reasons for husbands' goals for wives . . . . Reasons for husbands' expectations of wives' go als O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O 0 O O O 0 vi Page 42 43 46 47 56 58 59 61 65 66 67 68 LIST OF FIGURES Figure ‘ ' Page 1a. Participation in care of house as reported by wives and husbands. . . . . . . . . . . . 48 1b. Participation in laundry activities as re- - ported by wives and husbands . . . . . . . . 49 lo. Participation in food preparation as re- ported by wives and husbands . . . . . . . . 50 1d. Participation in keeping accounts as re- ported by wives and husbands . . . . . . . . 51 1e. Participation in planning family recreation as reported by wives and husbands. . . . . . 52 1f. Participation in child care as reported by wives and husbands . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 lg. Participation in shopping as reported by wives and husbands . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 2. Goals for wives as reported by wives and 111181381163 0 e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e 65 vii CHAPTER I THE PROBLEM Interest in the goals of women has been increasing. Are the goals of women almost entirely around the family, or do they have goals beyond their homes? Both popular and professional writers have examined this problem. Friedan (5) writes of the drive to the kitchen to the ex- clusion of individual develoPment and fulfillment of a number of women. Mead (9) sees women retreating to fecundity and refusing to accept the wider social responsi- bilities of women. Bettelheim (15) reports that young women view themselves as pr0perly belonging in the haven of marriage and motherhood even though they have been edu- cated for success outside the family. The family is composed of individuals, each of whom is important, and each of whom has certain responsibilities and privileges depending on his sex, age, and personal characteristics. The family is an entity in itself, but it is made up of two or more unique persons. As a family, a group of individuals, they will have certain goals; and as individuals they will have other goals in addition to the family goals. Some of the personal goals will orbit around the family and some will take off in other direc- tions. Home management is concerned with the achievement of goals through use of resources (6).' How a family man- ages depends upon the wife's personal as well as her ‘family goals. Are these goals mainly Concerned with home- making, or do women have rather definite ideas about non- homemaking activities in which they can engage now or at some future time? An understanding of wives' goals can be helpful to the home management professional in two ways. First, it would document the speculative information about the goals of young women. Secondly, it should lead toward better understanding of managerial aims. Purpose 1 The overall purpose of this study was to better understand the goals of young wives. The specific objec- tives were: (1) to identify the non-homemaking goals of young women and (2) to relate these goals to age, educa- tion, employment, religious preference, and other particu- ' lar factors from their families of orientation and procre- ation. Hypotheses It was hypothesized that: l. Wives who have completed three or four years of college will aspire to paid employment more often than wives who have less formal education. 5. 5. Wives who are presently working for pay will aspire to paid employment in future years more often than wives who are not currently employed. Wives whose mothers have worked at least one year after marriage will aspire to paid work more often than wives whose mothers have not worked. Wives whose husbands aspire to professional careers will aspire to volunteer activities rather than paid employment. The majority of wives will not plan to work for pay so long as they have pre-school children. Assumptions In this study it will be assumed that statements of preferred use of time (particularly uncommitted time) are a valid reflection of goals. CHAPTER II CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK AND REVIEW OF LITERATURE Definitions of Goalg Goals are defined variously by writers for their particular purposes. A goal is "a condition not yet at- tained which an individual is trying or could try to at- tain.” (25:12) Goals are identified as ”something definite toward which one works.” (6:20) Goals may be short-term or long-term. Short-term goals can be arrived at in a day or a week or a month. They can be, and often are, means to achieving longer term goals. Goals may be a reflection of an individual's values. They are often viewed as: "specific ways of realizing the values one holds.” (5:10) The relationship between goals and values is not simple. Several values may be realized when a particular goal is attained. Values may serve as criteria for formulating goals. Not only are goals a reflection of the individual's values, and as such are normative or idealistic, but they must also be factual and realistic if there is to be a pos- sibility of achieving them. Goals are not static. They - 4 - 5 change with changing situations. Or the means of arriving at them may have to change. The Role of Goals in Home Management Gross and Crandall define home management as, "a series of decisions making up the process of using family resources to achieve family goals." (6:4) Home management is not an end in itself; it is a Eggng of reaching goals, an effective way of realizing desired ends. Values (what we think important) are the "why." Goals (what we work toward) are the ”what." It is believed that families can more effectively make the managerial decisions required if they know what it is that they want. One of the major shifts in emphasis in home management has been from the use of resources to the importance of understanding goals and values. Goodyear and Klohr define management as "the process of realizing values and goals through the effective use of human and material resources.” (5:5) They suggest that good management: (1) encourages intelligent awareness of the values one holds, (2) relates values to the purposes and goals sought in everyday activity and long-range plan- ning, and (5) provides ways for using most effectively the available human and material resources in attaining goals. (5:4) 6 By definition goal-setting is an integral function of management. Decisionymaking about goals is the focus of management. If a family doesn't know where it is going, what it is aiming toward or what it wants, it is more likely to be directionless and less able to meet effectively the needs of the family members. Deacon states that, ”Management is concerned with the values and goals of individuals in the family, because the goals and the values which underlie them represent not only the motivating force for effective management but also the basis for evaluation." (15:762) Dubos (2) states that the critical problem of science in shaping the real civilization of the future quickly shifts from the sphere of the technical into the realm of values and goals. It is not the "how to" that emerges as important, but the "why" and the "to what end." Lewin (8) points out the importance of clarifica- tion of goals and of the path one takes toward attaining them for the security of the individual, especially in a competitive culture. Williams states, "Some human behawnng at least, is purposive; peeple can and do state their goals in advance and can then be observed to act as if they were in fact pursuing these ends.“ (12:401) Home management is concerned with improving the managerial ability of family members so that family goals 7 can be more effectively achieved. "Individuals or families who have deveIOped or recognized a system of values which provided a basis for selection among attainable goals will experience more satisfaction in their management activi- ties than those who have not. It would seem that regard- less of the facility acquired in other aspects of manage- ment, satisfaction would be limited if there were too much vacillation on goals or uncertainty about relative impor- tance of the values one holds.” (14:765) The attainment of goals is a reflection to some degree of the quality of the management. Circumstances and fate may play a part, but if the management has been ”good” there is more pos- sibility that the well-being and positive develOpment of the family and of each individual within the family can be achieved. Ipdividual GOQAE of Wives Mrs. Lyndon B. Johnson in an address at the Ameri- can Home Economics Association national meetings said that, "The horizons of women are widening from home to humanity - from our families to the family of man . . . We must help. we must use our talents, our energies, our ambitions and our dreams." (19:464) Meyer (10) writes that educated women are not tak- ing seriously their responsibilities to the nation's strength and welfare. She states that educated women should function not only as wives and mothers but as cre- ative personalities. Popenoe (24) states that every married woman needs some absorbing interest outside the home so that she will feel not merely a wife and mother but an individual in her own right. Gray (17), a physician largely occupied with psychotherapy of family anxieties, writes of the strain to the modern woman of trying to fulfill the role of devoted mother demanded by other women in_our modern society versus the need for self-fulfillment. The latter human right is too commonly regarded askance as selfish- ness and therefore attended by a feeling of guilt over imagined or actual neglect of children, or possibly lack of normal self-assertion. Gray states that this is one of the commonest anxieties that leads women into psycho- therapy. Goldberg suggests that, ”If we have one child, then our inner life becomes our second child . . . even if there are six children . . . the inner life within a woman must be her seventh child . . . and it must be given all the attention, concern, and money we would somehow find if it were a child in the flesh." (4:9) Riesman writes, "Ybung college women today, it is my impression, feel that they can fulfill themselves only in marriage and child-rearing, and an exciting career is not really an escape route even from the prospects of a dull and trying marriage." (11:552) In a study of the life plans of 677 freshmen and SOphomore women from 15 colleges and universities Chilman and Meyer concluded that, "There is little evidence of personal ambition on the part of women students with reference to accomplish- ment outside the orbit of home and family.” (55:8) The Simpsons state, "All things considered, it would seem that the easiest adjustment for most women would be to avoid any strong commitment to occupational career and focus their ambitions wholly on the home and family roles.“ (28:578) This same feeling is reflected by Klein in Great Britain as she writes, "The outstanding impression gained from this survey (of working women) is that women's lives, today as much as ever, are dominated by their role-~actual or expected--as wives and mothers. Home and family are the focal point of their interests and are regarded by themselves as well as by others, as their main responsi- bility." (22:15) Foreman (56) found that 88 percent of young wives questioned preferred as a life pattern that of wife-mother- homemaker or wife-small family-companion to husband. Only 12 percent were interested in any kind of career, part or full time. Steinman found that "women want expression in lO terms of their relationships to their families as well as through their own individuality. They do not consider vocational interests as intrinsic to their way of life-- and in many cases, prefer to orient their lives away from such activity." (50:100) Kbmarovsky (7) questioned college women about what they wanted out of life. Half of them thought that mother- hood and homemaking was the ideal design for living. They would work if they had to, usually to help their husbands to get started. Twenty percent were determined career girls, planning to combine careers and marriage. They were not anti-housewifery but had a positive interest in their particular field. Thirty percent planned to work until the first baby came, stop working for ten to fifteen years, and then go back again. They might take part time jobs when the children were young, but they preferred to rear them. Dr. Komarovsky writes, "At the present histori- cal moment, the best adjusted girl is probably one who is intelligent enough to do well in school but not so bril- liant as to get all A's . . . capable but not in areas relatively new to women, able to stand on her own two feet and to earn a living, but not so good a living as to com- pete with men; capable of doing some job well (in case she doesn't marry, or otherwise has to work) but not so identi- fied with a profession as to need it for her happiness.” (7:74) 11 Do homemakers have time for activities other than their homemaking duties? Wiegand (54) studied the time used for various activities for both employed and non- employed homemakers. She concluded that women have an average of four hours a day for community or other leisure activities. Employed women had an hour less for leisure and nonpemployed women had an hour more. When the mother had a child or children under four years of age her leisure activities were an hour less than the average. Thorpe (52) in her study of family use of farm homes found similar results. She also reported four hours per day for leisure. These data would suggest that most women do have and/or will have time for other than their homemaking and housekeeping responsibilities and duties. To what use do they expect to put this time? What are their goals for utilization of uncommitted time? When their children are all in school and they have blocks of uninterrupted time, what will they plan to do with it? And what of the time, so soon arrived, when the children no longer live at home? It would appear from the evidence that the young women of today are not interested in careers and are reasons ably content to fill the roles of wife and mother. Kiell and Friedman (21) state that women do not have to give up the roles of housewife and mother to realize their aspira- tions. Within this framework do they have personal goals 12 that may lie somewhere outside their immediate responsi- bilities as wives and mothers? Do the young women aspire to jobs, if not careers? Do they aim to serve the larger worlds of church and community? Are they interested in self-develOpment and/or self-expression? CHAPTER III PROCEDURE Selecting the Sample It was deemed desirable to hold relatively constant as many variables as possible. Therefore, a sample that was reasonably homogeneous as to age, living quarters, and pattern of living was selected. The sample consisted of one hundred randomly se- lected married couples who fulfilled the following criteria: (1) the husband was an undergraduate student enrolled at Michigan State University and (2) the couple was living in Michigan State University married student housing. The population from which the sample was chosen consisted of all undergraduate students enrolled for the fall term, 1965, at Michigan State University who were living in married student housing. According to the as— sistant manager of married student housing, undergraduate couples numbered 846. The sample in this study was ap- proximately 12 percent of the population. The student directory served as the source for lo- cating the student husbands as it furnished information about class standing, marital status, and the address of every student enrolled for the fall term, 1965. A random _ 13 - l4 selection of the pages in the directory was taken, using a table of random numbers (1:566-570). Each chosen page was examined for eligible respondents. The number of eligible students on each page ranged from none to six names. The eligible names were listed and called by telephone for an appointment. Two hundred and twenty-six names were drawn in the sample before one hundred interview appointments were made. Couples were eliminated by: (1) no answer to telephone call after several attempts, (2) the student selected had left campus, (5) the student had obtained graduate status, and (4) inability or unwillingness to cooPerate in the study for various reasons. Because husbands and wives were to be interviewed simultaneously, some couples could not cOOperate because it was difficult to set up an appointment when they would both be available. Many of the husbands and/or wives were employed in the evening, which was the time most of the interviews were conducted. Other reasons for non- participation were lack of time by one member of the couple or no interest in being a part of the study. There were less than.4 percent out-right refusals. Development of the Schedule Interview schedules were developed to elicit infor- mation from the wives and their husbands about background 15 factors and about the goals of the wives. The goal ques- tions were preceded by the question, "Do you envision that you might have time for other than homemaking pursuits-- uncommitted time available when your duties as housewife and mother, if you have children, have been carried out to the reasonable satisfaction of yourself and your family?" This question set the stage for the questions about specific goals. Two interview schedules were prepared, one for the wives and one for the husbands. They were similar but were worded differently. For example, wives were asked about their goals. Husbands were asked what they hoped their wives would do with uncommitted time, and also what they thought their wives would want to do. The questions concerning goals were pre-coded into five categories: 1. volunteer work a) church (women's society, teach Sunday school, etc.) b) community (P.T.A., Girl Scouts, hospital work, etc.) 2. paid employment a; full time Eat least 40 hrs/wk) b part time less than 40 hrs/wk) 5. individually oriented a) go to school (college, adult evening classes, etc.) b) creative activities (painting, gourmet cooking, etc.) 4. interpersonally oriented a; sports (bowling, golf, etc.) b social life (bridge games, parties, etc.) l6 5. family oriented a increase family b better performance as housewife In the interest of better understanding of their aspirations, an open-ended question was asked the wives about their reasons for their goals. These reasons were coded into six categories adapted from Eyde's study of why women work. (16:20) The six categories, with short descriptions were: 1. duty--"I feel I should," "One has to . . ." 2. economic--monetary return (applicable only to paid work) 5. independence-~"I like to stand on my own two feet--to be me.” 4. interesting-~"It's good to get out and do some- thing different." 5. mastery-achievement--"I'll finally have my degree this spring." 6. social--"I like company,” "I feel that I can help people." The completed schedules were pretested with eight graduate student couples living in married student housing. Graduate students were used because they were not a part of the study p0pulation. Changes were made in several questions to increase clarity and to obtain more exact in- formation. The modified schedules for males and females are included in Appendix I. 17 Collection of the Data The two interviewers questioned the husband and wife simultaneously, one questioning the husband in the living room of the respondents' apartment and the other interviewing the wife in another room. The average length of interview was approximately thirty-five minutes, with the shortest being twenty minutes and the longest one hour. Data were collected during November, 1965, and January and February, 1964. The interviewers asked the questions on the sched- ule and recorded the responses. However, to expedite the interview and to give the respondent an opportunity to see as well as hear some of the longer questions, the re- spondent was handed five cards. The respondent was asked to refer to a particular card at the appropriate time. The interviewers followed a set format in present- ing the questions. Each interviewer talked to approxi- mately half of the husbands and half of the wives in order to minimize bias toward a particular interviewer. The respondents were c00perative. The only infor- mation that was refused was source of income (not amount) by two husbands. Many of the respondents seemed to enjoy the interview (people like to talk about themselves). Several commented that it stimulated them toward further thinking about goals. 18 Analysis of the Data Openpended questions were coded. Each interviewer coded independently, and then she checked with the other interviewer. Disagreements were resolved by a third per- son. All coded data were punched on IBM cards. Columns were counted and cross tabulated by data processing machines. Percentages were manually calculated. The hypotheses were accepted or rejected by inspec- tion on the basis of comparison of columnar percentages. CHAPTER IV DESCRIPTION OF THE SAMPLE The population from which this sample was drawn consisted of one hundred randomly selected couples who re- sided in.Michigan State University married student hous- ing, at which the husband was an undergraduate student for the fall term, 1965. The one hundred wives and their student husbands comprising the sample are described as to age, number of years married, number of children, age of children, pre- sent kind of work of husbands, educational level of hus- bands, education of wives, present kind of work of wives, occupation of wives if employed, and religious preference. A32 None of the wives or husbands were under 18 or over 40 years of age. The husbands in the sample were generally older than the wives. (See Table 1, page 20) Ngmber of Year§_Married Nearly three-quarters of the couples had been.mar- ried more than six months and less than four years. This was the first marriage for all couples. (See Table 2, page 20) _ 19 _ 20 Table 1.-Age of husbands and wives A e Group Percent of Percent of IYears) Husbands Wives 18 or 19 2 8 20 or 21 29 58 22 or 25 25 28 24 to 29 44 25 50 to 59 2 5 Total 100 100 Table 2.--Number of years married Number and Percent Number of Years of Couples Under 0.5 14 0.5 to 0.9 19 1.0 to 1.9 22 2.0 to 5.9 50 4.0 and over 15 Total 100 21 Number of Childrep Table 5.--Number of children ._______ _ __.._. 7*, —_ Number and Percent Number of Children of Families 0 55 1 55 2 ll 5 5 Total 100 Age of Children Table 4.--Age of children e Group Number of Percent AEYears) Children of Children Under 1 18 28 l to 1.9 10 16 2 to 2.9 17 27 5 to 4.9 7 ll 5 to 6.9 7 10 7 to 9.9 2 5 Total 61 95 There were 64 children in the sample. Only the ages of the oldest and the youngest were obtained. There- fare, ages of the three middle children in the three-child families are not shown in table 4. The average age of the children was slightly under two years. Present Kind of Work of Husbands Table 5.--Present kind of work of husbands Number and Percent Kind of Work of Husbands Student, full time 12 or more credit hours 96 Student, part time under 12 credit hours 4 Paid worker, full time 40 hours per week 5 Paid worker, part time 15 to 59 hours per week 25 Paid worker, part time under 15 hours per week 50 More than half of the husbands were working either full or part time during the school year. Summer employ- ment was not included. Educational Level of Husbands Only one tenth of the husbands in this study were underclassmen. Nearly two-thirds were seniors. Table 6.--Educational level of husbands Number and Percent Class Standing of Husbands Freshmen SOphomore Junior 28 Senior 62 Total 100 Education of Wives Table 7.--Education of wives Number and Percent Last Year Completed of Wives Grade school 2 5 or 4 years high school 52 l or 2 years college 55 5 or 4 years college 27a Graduate work 4 Total 100 aEighteen percent of the wives had finished college. 24 Present Kind of Work of Wives Table 8.--Present kind of work of wives Mm.— .__._ ._.___. ‘4 .— *-. . _ .,.. __ Number and Percent Kind of Work of Wives Homemaker and full time paid workera 49 Homemaker and part time paid workerb 16 Homemaker and student and/or volunteer workerc l6 Homemaker, solely 19 Total 100 aIncludes 2 part time students bIncludes 2 full time students and 1 part time student 0Includes 10 full time students and _5 part time students 20 student wives (12 full time, 8 part time) Only 7 or 7 percent of the wives reported in this study stated that they did any volunteer work. Occupation of Wives If Employed Clerical workers made up the largest occupational group (55 percent). Twenty-two percent were professional, either teachers or nurses and 19 percent were service workers. 25 Table 9.--Occupation of wives if employed Occupation Number of Wives Clerical 56 Service worker 12 Educational Other professional (nursing) Other Total 65 Religious Preference Table lO.--Religious preference of husbands and wives Number and Number and Religious Percent of Percent of Preference Husbands Wives Protestant 66 66 Catholic 25 26 Jewish 1 2 Othera None 7 4 Total 100 100 aLatter-day Saints, Jehovah's Witness. 26 Summary Statement of Sample Characteristics In summary, the predominant characteristics of the sample were: 1. 4. They were young-- 74 percent of the wives were 25 years old or younger 54 percent of the husbands were 25 years old or younger They were in the beginning stages of the family life cycle: 55 percent had been married less than 2 years 55 percent had no children average age of children slightly under 2 years They were busy-- 58 percent of the student husbands worked either full or part time 65 percent of the young homemakers were em- ployed outside their homes Most professed a religious preference-- 66 percent Protestant preference 25 percent Catholic preference The husbands had more formal schooling than their wives-- 90 percent of the husbands were juniors or seniors 54 percent of the wives had completed grade or high school 55 percent of the wives had completed 1-2 years college 51 percent of the wives had completed 5 or more years of college. In order to ascertain the representativeness of this sample, the sample characteristics were compared to those found by Oppelt (39). Shaffer (27), am Halliday (57), all 27 of whose research studies were conducted at Michigan State University. The husbands in Oppelt's study were slightly older, had been married longer, and had more children than the husbands in this study. Many of the husbands worked, at least part time: Oppelt, 66 percent; Shaffer, 65 per- cent; and this study, 58 percent. There was agreement on educational attainment of wives: Oppelt reported 21 per- cent had completed college; Halliday, 18 percent; and this study, 18 percent. In several other areas there was ap- proximate similarity: educational level of husbands, num- ber of wives who had not continued their education past high school, number of wives who were students, number of wives who were working for pay, and religious preference. CHAPTER V FINDINGS In this chapter findings are presented in relationc to the two objectives of this study. The first objective was to identify the goals of the young wives. The second was to relate these goals to particular background factors. Objective 1 Two questions were posed in order to elicit data for determining homemaker's goals. The questions were: 1. "Do you envision that you might have time for other than homemaking pursuits . . . ?" and 2. ”How do you hope you might use this available time?" The homemakers were asked to rank their stated time uses as first, second, and third. Wives' goals were placed into five categories. Four of the five categories could be identified as ”non-homemaking," with the realization that any of the four could be clearly and sometimes strongly related to family goals. The fifth category was directly family oriented. All of the one hundred wives in this study indicated that they would have time for other than homemaking pursuits. - 28 - 29 Not infrequently the comment was made, "I have that kind of time now." Table 11 shows their first, second, and third choices for the use of uncommitted time. Table ll.--Goals of wives m First Second Third Choice Choice Choice Total Goals Number of Respondents Number Individual 85 school 26 ll 6 45 creative 12 15 15 42 Volunteer work 75 church 7 8 15 50 community l5 17 ll 45 Family 64 increase l8 l5 9 40 better perform- 4 l4 6 24 ance as housewife Interpersonal 58 sports 6 ll 12 29 social 0 4 5 9 Paid employment 54 full time 7 4 l 12 part time 5 5 14 22 Total 100 100 94 294 50 The individually oriented category received the most first choices (58). Of the wives who chose this category, 26 wanted to continue their formal education. Both the volunteer and family categories received 22 first choices. More wives were interested in community (15) than church (7) work. In the family category 18 of the 22 wives were interested in increasing their families and 4 in bettering their performance as housewives. The inter- personal category was smallest, with 6 wives interested in sports and no one interested in a more active social life as a first choice goal. Paid work, either full or part time, was not a first choice for very many wives (12). The largest group in the paid work category consisted of those wives who wanted part time work as a third choice (14). The individually oriented category not only received the most first choices; it also received the highest total of first, second, and third choices (85). Volunteer work was second (75) and the family oriented category was third (64). The four highest ranking first choice goals (school, 26; increase family, 18; community work, 15; creative ac- tivities, 12) also ranked highest when viewed as a total of first, second, and third choices although the range was 51 less (school, 45; community work, 45; creative activities, 42; increasing family, 40). Viewed as totals, the paid work and interpersonally oriented categories were again the least preferred by the wives, receiving 54 and 58 choices respectively. The goal that received the least interest as a total of first, second, and third choices was a more active social life. Objective 2 The following background factors were investigated: age of wives, education of wives, wives' present kind of work, and wives' religious preference. Two factors in the wives' families of procreation were investigated: the employment history of their mothers and their fathers' oc- cupation. Three factors in their families of orientation were investigated: their husbands' expected occupation, the amount of participation by husbands and wives in family activities, and the husbands' goals for their wives. With the exception of husbands' goals for their wives, these background factors have been cross-tabulated with the first choice activity. Wives' Age The goals of the 18 through 21 year old wives were primarily in the individual and family categories. In.the 52 Table l2.--Relationship between age and goals l 18 to 21 22 or 25 24 to 59 Total Years Years Years No. & Goals No. % No. % No. % % Individual 18 (59.2) 9 (52.1) 11 (42.4) 58 Volunteer work 7 (15.2) 10 (55.8) 5 (19.2) 22 Family 12 (26.1) 5 (17.8) 5 (19.2) 22 Paid employment 6 (15.0) 4 (14.5) 2 ( 7.7) 12 Interpersonal 5 ( 6.5) O ( O ) 5 (11.5) 6 Total 46 (100.0) 28 (100.0) 26 (100.0) 100 22 or 25 year group the primary goals were volunteer work and those of the individually oriented category. Nearly half of the wives in the older group, aged 24 through 59, expressed a first choice interest in the individually oriented category. Paid work, as first choice, was not selected by many wives, with the older women least inter- ested. Wives' Educatiop The wives who had no more than a grade or high school education were primarily interested in individually oriented goals or volunteer work. They expressed fewer goals in the family category and more in the interpersonal category than wives who had had more formal schooling. 55 Table l5.--Relationship between education and goals Grade School One or Two Three or Total or Years More Years No. & High School __§ollege College % Goals No. %’ No. % No. % Individual 12 (55.5) 20 (57.1) 6 (19.4) 58 Volunteer work 10 (29.4) 5 ( 8.6) 9 (29.0) 22 Family 5 (14.7) 9 (25.7) 8 (25.8) 22 Paid employment 5 ( 8.8) 2 ( 5.7) 7 (22.6) 12 Interpersonal 4 (11.8) 1 ( 2.9) 1 ( 5.2) 6 Total 54 (100.0) 55 (100.0) 51 (100.0) 100 More than half of the wives who had had a year or two of college reported individually oriented goals. An- other quarter of this group was interested in family con- cerns. The large numbers in these two categories resulted in a lesser number professing goals in the volunteer work, paid employment, or interpersonal categories than wives with less or more education. The wives who had completed three or four years of college or who had done graduate work had a greater range of goals. Four of the five categories were represented as first choices with some degree of equality. These wives were much more interested in paid employment than either of the other two groups. Table 14.--Wives' plans for college education Ii No. and % Plans of Wives Plans to finish college 42 Does not plan to finish college 51 None; has finished college 18 Plans to take non-credit classes 7 Doesn't know plans Total “ loo Table 11, page 29, shows that 45 of the wives questioned stated that they wanted to go to school, either first, second, or third choice. This compares with the 42 wives in Table 14 who planned to finish college. (One of the wives who had not finished high school was eager to do so.) Wives' Present Kind of Work The 100 wives in this study were all homemakers. Some considered themselves full time homemakers; others reported themselves as part time homemakers. As shown in Table 8, page 24, only a fifth (l9) saw themselves as solely homemakers. The others worked part time (16) or full time (49), went to school part time (8), or full 55 time (12), and a few of them reported doing some volunteer work (7). The wives were asked, ”If you had a choice, what would you be doing this school year?" Table 15 shows their answers to this question. Table 15.--Wives' preferred kind of work No. and % Kind of Work of Wives Homemaker and student and/or volunteer workerbac 59 Homemaker, solely 29 Homemaker and part time paid workera l7 Homemaker and full time paid worker 15 Total 100 ‘Includes 4 part time students. bIncludes 22 full time students and 12 part time students 45 total, wives aspiring to be students. cIncludes 7 wives who want to do volunteer work. Not many of the wives (15) would prefer to be full time paid workers in addition to their responsibilities as homemakers. At the time the data were collected, 49 of the wives were employed full time. Nearly half of the wives (45) would have preferred to be students as 56 contrasted with the 20 who were going to school when ques- tioned. More wives (29) would rather be solely homemaker than were (19). Only 7 wives mentioned volunteer work either as a current or a preferred activity. The relationship between present kind of work and goals is shown in Table 16. Table l6.--Relationship between present kind of work and goals Employed Employed Homemaker Solely Total Full Time Part Time Student Homemaker No. Goals No. % No. %, No. 0 No. 0 and % Indi- vidual 18 (56.7) 7 (45.7) 5 (51.2) 8 (42.1) 58 Vol. work 12 (24.4) 5 (18.7) 2 (12.5) 5 (26.5) 22 Family 12 (24.4) 2 (12.5) 6 (57.5) 2 (10.5) 22 Paid empl. 6 (12.2) 5 (18.7) 2 (12.5) 1 ( 5.5) 12 Inter- l ( 2.4) l ( 6.2) l ( 6.2) 5 (15.8) 6 personal Total 49 (100.0) 16 (99.8) 16 (99.9) 19 (100.0) 100 The first choice goals of wives who were working full time when questioned were very similar to those of the sample of wives as a whole when comparing percentages of this group to the number and percent of the total sam- p16. 57 The wives who were working part time when the data were collected evinced more interest in paid work and less interest in family goals. The wives who were going to school but not working for pay were more interested in family oriented goals than the wives in the other groups. The wives who were solely homemakers were not as interested in paid employment or family concerns as the other groups. They were considerably more interested in participation in interpersonal kinds of goals. Wives' Religious Preference The relationship between religious preference and goals is shown in Table 17. The wives with Protestant preference and those with Catholic preference were very similar in their first choice goals in the volunteer work, paid work, and individually oriented categories. They differ rather sharply in the two other categories. The Catholic wives were more in- terested in interpersonal activities. Only one Protestant wife reported a first choice goal in that category. Twenty of the Protestant wives made their first choice in the family goal category; only two of the Catholic wives did 80. Table l7.--Relationship between religious preference and goals Goals No. No. 0 No. a 1N0. & % Individual 25 (54.8) 10 (58.4) 5 (62.5) 58 Volunteer work 15 (19.7) 6 (25.0) 5 (57.5) 22 Family 20 (50.5) 2 ( 7.7) O ( 0.0) 22 Paid employment 9 (15.6) 5 (11.5) 0 ( 0.0) 12 Interpersonal l ( 1.5) 5 (19.4) 0 ( 0.0) 6 Total 66 (99.9) 26 (100.0) 8 (100.0) 100 Employment History of Wives' Mothers The wives were asked, "What kind of work does your mother do?" The answers are recorded in Table 18. Table 18.--Present kind of work of wives' mothers No. and % Kind of Work of Mothers Homemaker and full time workera 50 Homemaker and volunteer worker 50 Homemaker, solely 27 Homemaker and part time workerb 12 Deceased 1 Total 100 8‘Includes 11 mothers who do volunteer work. bIncludes 4 mothers who do volunteer work. 59 Forty-two of the mothers of the 100 wives in this study were employed for pay either full or part time. Fifty-seven.mothers were not employed, but more than half of these were reported as doing volunteer work. Fifteen of the employed mothers also did volunteer work. Nearly half of the mothers (45) were volunteer workers. The wives were then asked, "What is your mother's occupation if she is working? If she is not working cur- rently, but has worked since her marriage, what was her occupation at that time?" The results are shown in Table 190 Table l9.--Wives' mother's occupation Occupational Category No. of Mothers Professional 20 Managerial Sales 4 Skilled craftsman Clerical 55 Operative 8 Service worker 11 Total 858' ‘Seventy—one mothers had worked, some in more than one category. 40 The occupational category in which the largest num- ber of mothers had participated was clerical (55). Twenty of the mothers held professional jobs, such as teaching and nursing. This compares with the occupations of the 65 wives who were currently in the labor force as shown in Table 9, page 25. Thirty-six of the wives were in clerical occupations and 14 in professional occupations. The wives were asked about their mother's employ- ment history, "Has your mother worked since her marriage? If so, how long?" The results are shown in Table 20. Table 20.--Employment history of wives' mothers Employment History of Mothers of Wives Has not worked or has worked less than one year 29 Has worked 1 to 5 years 25 Has worked 4 to 8 years 25 Has worked 9 years or more 21 Has always worked 4 Total 100 The relationship between mothers' employment his- tory and wives' goals is shown in Table 21. 41 Table 21.--Relationship between mother's employment his- tory and wives' goals Mother Mother Mother Mother Worked Worked Worked Has Not Total 1- Yrs. 4-8 Yrs. + Yrs. Worked No. & Goals No. OZ No. 070 N0. OZ No. % % Individual 6 (26.1) 8 (54.8) 9 (56.0) 15 (51.7) 58 Vol. work 5 (21.8) 4 (17.4) 8 (52.0) 5 (17.2) 22 Family 5 (15.0) 8 (54.8) 5 (20.0) 6 (20.7) 22 Paid empl. 6 (26.1) 5 (15.0) 2 ( 8.0) 1 ( 5.4) 12 Interpers. 5 (15.0) 0 ( 0.0) l ( 4.0) 2 ( 6.9) 6 Total 25 (100.0) 25 (100.0) 25 (100.0) 29 (99.9) 100 The wives whose mothers had worked one to three years were considerably more interested in working for pay than any of the other wives in the sample. They re- ported more interest in interpersonally oriented goals and less in the family category than did other wives in the sample. The wives whose mothers had worked four to eight years showed less interest in working outside their homes than did the wives whose mothers had worked one to three years. They were more interested in the family and in the individually oriented categories. Wives whose mothers had worked nine years or more were less interested in paid employment than wives whose 42 mothers had worked one to eight years. They were more in- terested in volunteer work and individually oriented goals. Wives whose mothers had not been employed since marriage or who had been employed less than one year were themselves not particularly interested in working for pay as their first choice preference. More than half of the wives in this group selected the goals in the individually oriented category as their first choice goal. Wives' Father's Occupatigp The wives were asked, "What kind of work does your father do? Full time? Part time? Is he retired? Any- thing else? The results are shown in Table 22. Table 22.--Present kind of work of wives' fathers Kind of WOrk No. and % of fathers Full time paid worker 88 Part time paid worker Retired 4 Other (deceased, ill) Total 100 The wives were then asked, ”What is your father's occupation? If he is not working at present, what did he 45 do when he was employed?" The results are shown in Table 250 Table 25.--Wives' father's occupation fimOccupational No. and % Category of Fathers Professional 22 Managerial 25 Sales 10 Skilled craftsman 25 Clerical 2 Operative 2 Service worker 9 Farmer 5 Total 100 Fifty-seven of the fathers could be categorized as professional or managerial, including sales. The re- maining 45 were skilled or semi-skilled workers. The relationship between father's occupation and wives' goals is shown in Table 24. None of the wives whose fathers were managerial aspired to work for pay as a first choice goal. None of them was interested in interpersonal activities as a first choice. They were interested in individual concerns and in family oriented goals. considerably greater than the family oriented goals of the whole sample. Their interest in family was The wives whose fathers were profes- sional or sales had interests similar to the whole sample. Table 24.--Relationship between fathers' occupation and wives' goals Semi- Mana- Prof. and Skilled Skilleda Total _gerial Sales Craftsmen Workers No. & Goals No. % No. % No. %i No. % Vol. work 5 (20.0) 7 (21.8) 7 (28.0) 5 (16.7) 22 Paid empl. 0 ( 0.0) 5 (15.6) 5 (12.0) 4 (22.2) 12 Individual 10 (40.0) 11 (54.4) 12 (48.0) 5 (27.8) 58 Interpers. O ( 0.0) l ( 5.1) 2 ( 8.0) 5 (16.7) 6 Family 10 (40.0) 8 (25.0) 1 ( 4.0) 5 (16.7) 22 Total 25 (100.0) 52 (99.9) 25 (100.0) 18 (100.1) 100 aIncludes service worker, Operative, clerical, farmer. Wives whose fathers were skilled craftsmen reported much less interest in family goals as first choice than did the wives in the sample as a whole or the wives whose fathers were in the managerial group. They were more in- terested in volunteer work and in individually oriented goals. 45 Wives whose fathers fell in the semi—skilled cate- gory had goals rather evenly divided among the five cate- gories. When compared with the whole sample these wives were less interested in volunteer work, individually oriented goals, and family concerns and were more inter- ested in paid work and interpersonally oriented goals. When the managerial or professional daughters were compared to the skilled and semi-skilled daughters, there was marked similarity between the two groups insofar as volunteer work and interest in individually oriented goals. However, there were differences in the other categories. Using percents, twice as many wives whose fathers were skilled or semi-skilled h0ped to work for pay (16.5 percent) than did wives whose fathers were professional or mana— gerial (8.8 percent). More than three times as many of the professional or managerial daughters reported family concerns as their first choice goal (51.6 percent) than did the skilled or semi-skilled daughters (9.5 percent). Though smaller in real numbers, the percent of wives in- terested in interpersonal goals was striking: 1.8 percent of the daughters of professional or managerial fathers and 11.6 percent of the skilled or semi-skilled daughters. 46 Husbands' Expected Occupation The husbands were asked, "What occupation do you in- tend to work at for pay after graduation?" The results are shown in Table 25. Table 25.--EXpected occupation of husbands Occupational Category No. and % of Husbands Professional 44 Educational (25) Other (19) Managerial 15 Sales 9 Other 54 Total 100 Nearly half of the husbands (44) expected to be in a professional field such as teaching, law, etc. Twenty- two husbands expected to be in managerial or sales occupa- tions. A third of the husbands could not be classified as strictly professional or managerial. They expected to be police administrators, accountants, specialists in forestry, packaging, etc. The wives whose husbands expected to be professional, the wives whose husbands expected to be managerial (includhm; 47 Table 26.-~Re1ationship between husbands' expected occupa- tion and wives' goals Pro- Managerial Total fessional and Sales _p0ther No. & Goals No. % No. % No. ‘% % Individual 1? (58.6) 6 (27.5) 15 (44.1) 58 Volunteer work 10 (22.7) 6 (27.5) 6 (17.6) 22 Family 7 (15-9) 7 (51.8) 8 (25-5) 22 Paid employment (15.6) 2 ( 9.1) 4 (11.8) 12 Interpersonal 4 ( 9.1) l ( 4.5) l ( 2.9) 6 Total 44 (99.9) 22 (100.0) 34 (99.9) 100 sales), and the wives whose husbands anticipated other oc- cupations had very similar first choice goals in the vol- unteer work and paid work categories. Fewer of the mana- gerial and more of the ”other” wives were interested in individually oriented goals. More of the managerial wives chose family concerns than did the professional wives. More of the professional wives were interested in inter- personal goals than managerial or "other" wives. Participation by Husbands and Wives in Family Activities The wives were asked to rate participation by their husbands and themselves in seven family activities. The husbands also rated participation. The results are shown in Figure l and in Appendix Table 15. o . . 1 . . . o . , . 3o ‘1 .. .... oe " <§3 1 ’ j 0:9: ’ 09 5 °' dfii ,a 20 - O .0.‘ 5 " <§3 z ’ ' 0.6 ' O - .9.‘ 0.0 O ' 9 ' O 0 0 ‘§' <§5 10.4 ,. 3f: <95 .. 0- 63. 0 “¢ <§b ' .. ‘0' <§5 O O o e g5 0.1 o J Q A.A wife wife wife share husb. husb. husb. does does does equally does does does all nearly more more nearly all all than than all half half Figure la.--Partic1pation in care of house as reported by wives and husbands “ wives - husbands 40 1 o :’ ' o 9 oz. 9; 50q 90 0‘ Q.( 0: £3 2; ‘ 0.! 0.‘ H Q 4 0 { ° .‘4 0% g 20 all ..‘ .:{ o ' e4 0‘ z: 6% €a ' 6% 2; {a 2; 10 «I Q.‘ ..‘ ..‘ ..‘ :O: ..‘ q :4 «fit :4 ’ 01 O 0 J a::: .z‘ :.1 0.0 .0 wife wife wife share husb. husb. husb. does does does equalky does does does all nearly more more nearly all all than than all half half Figure lb.--Participation in laundry activities as re- ported by wives and husbands “ wives - husbands 49 30~ number 20.. 10“ d?’ O O O o 0;. ezezezezeze O a. 0000 so... 0 o O a O O O 0! O4 0 O A O .1 ..Q O 6.. wife wife share husb. does does equally does nearly more all than than half half 50 husb. does more nearly all JII husb. does all Figure 1c.--Participation in food preparation as reported ‘ by wives and husbands f9; wives - husbands 55 Many of these activities were household activities, duties traditionally discharged by the wife and mother in our culture. So the fact that most of the participation was by the wives was not unexpected. However, the "share equally” column was surprisingly large. This was mainly due to the large number of husbands and wives who shared equally in planning recreation (85) and in shOpping (47). Approximately a sixth of the husbands were reported to share equally in the more domestic duties. A few husbands were reported as performing more than half of the house- hold duties. It would appear that wives did more than half or nearly all of the house care, and they did all or nearly all of the laundry and the food preparation. Husbands helped more often in the area of child care. Accounts were kept by the husbands more often than by the wives, with a quarter of the couples sharing equally. Family recreation was planned equally by husband and wife. Half of the families shared equally in shOpping. Appendix Table 16 shows the relationship between participation in family activities by husbands and wives and wives' first choice goals. Table 27 excerpts from Appendix Table 16 the three columns: wife does all (in any of the seven activities), share equally, and husband does all. 56 Table 27.--Relationship between participation in family activities and wives' goals Participation in Any of 7 Family Activities Wife Share Husband Does Al Equally Does All Total Goals NO. (30 NO. 0/0 NO. % NO. % Individual 59 (57.4) 71 (32.8) 10 (30.3) 247 (58.5) Vol. work 21 (20.2) 31 (23.6) 7 (21.2) 141 (21.9) Family 19 (18.3) 60 (27.8) 9 (27.3) 142 (22.0) Paid empl. 13 (12.5) 26 (12.0) 3 ( 9.1) 76 (11.8) Inter- personal 12 (11.5) 8 ( 5.7) 4 (12.1) 59 ( 6.0) Total 104 (99.9) 216 (99.9) 33 (100.0) 645 (100.0) The amount of participation by either husband or wife was affected by several external factors: did the wife work, was she taking classes, was the husband going to school full time or working full time, etc? These all help determine who will have time for the family activi- ties, a factor perhaps as important as who has the talent or inclination for them or for whom the cultural expecta- tion of performance was made. Wives who ”do all" in any of the seven family activi- ties seemed to be slightly less interested in family con- cerns than the sample as a whole. The opposite seemed true of the wives in the families that shared equally. 57 They had more family goals and less interest in interper- sonal goals. This group also did not choose individual goals as first choice as often as the sample as a whole. In the group in which the husband "does all" (primarily in the keeping accounts activity) the wives were less in- terested in the individually oriented goals and more in— terested in family oriented and interpersonally oriented goals. The interest in volunteer or paid work was roughly the same for all three groups. Hggbands' Goals for Their Wives The 100 husbands were asked, "Do you envision that your wife might have time for other than homemaking pur- suits . . . 7" Nearly all (98) of the husbands answered in the affirmative. The husbands were then asked two related questions: ”How do ygg hOpe she would spend this available time?" and ”How do you think ghg_might want to use this available time?" The questions were structured with the same ten esoals in five categories as the comparable question asked taf’the wives. The husbands were asked to answer the ques- tion ranking the goals first, second, and third. The answers to the question, "How do 293 hope she would use this available time?" are shown in Table 28. The answers to the question, "How do you think your wifg might want to use this available time?" are shown in Table 29. 58 Table 28.--Husbands' goals for their wives -: fi First Second Third Choice Choice Choice No. & No. & No. & Total Goals % % % No . Individual 89 school 28 9 ll 48 creative 18 11 12 41 Interpersonal 75 sports 12 14 17 45 social 7 9 16 52 Volunteer work 65 church 8 ll 4 25 community 7 21 12 40 Family 41 increase ll 15 7 51 better performance as housewife 5 2 5 10 Paid employment 21 full time 2 2 5 7 part time 0 5 9 14 None 2 5 6 ll Total 100 100 100 500 59 Table 29.--Husbands' expectations of wives' goals First Second Third Choice Choice Choice No. & No. & No. & Total Goals % % % No. Individual 81 school 25 7 4 56 creative 1? l5 15 45 Family 62 increase 21 15 7 45 better performance as housewife 5 8 6 19 Volunteer work 56 church 10 8 6 24 community 5 ll 16 52 Interpersonal 55 sports 5 9 15 25 social 5 15 12 50 Paid employment 29 full time 5 2 4 9 part time 4 20 None 4 ll 17 Total 100 100 100 500 60 A comparison of wives' first choice goals, husbands' first choice preferences for their wives, and husbands' expectations of their wives' first choice goals can be made using Table 50 which records these data. The first choice preferences reported by both wives and husbands were individually oriented goals. They were the first choice of 58 of the wives; 46 of the hus- bands h0ped that was what their wives would do; and 42 of the husbands expected that individually oriented goals would be their wives' choice. Going to school, one of the two goals in this category, received support from 26 wives, 28 husbands hoped their wives would go to school, and 25 of the husbands expected that was what their wives would want to do. Strictly family concerns were reported as first choice for 22 of the wives, 18 of whom were interested in increasing their families. Not as many husbands h0ped that their wives' goals would be family centered (16) with 11 h0ping for a larger family. Interestingly, 26 of the husbands expected that their wives' first choice goal would be in the family category, with 21 expecting her to want to increase the family. This is a larger number than that reported by the wives (18). Considerably more wives hoped to be employed for pay (12) than husbands h0ped they would (2) or husbands 61 Table 50.--Wives' first choice goals as reported by wives and husbands T :- 1 - Husbands' Husbands' Expectation Wives' First Choice of Wives' First Choice for Wives First Choice Goals No. and % No. and % No. and % Individual 58 46 42 school 26 28 25 creative 12 18 17 Family 22 16 26 increase 18 ll 21 better perform- ance as house- wife 4 5 5 Volunteer work 22 15 15 church 7 8 10 community 15 7 5 Interpersonal 6 l7 8 sports 6 l2 5 social 0 7 5 Paid employment 12 2 7 full time 7 2 5 part time 0 4 None 0 2 Total 100 100 100 62 expected that their wives would want to work (7). More wives expected to do volunteer work (22) than their hus- bands h0ped they would (15) or expected that they would want to (15). Six of the wives were interested in interpersonal goals, all sports. Nineteen of the husbands h0ped that their wives would be interested in interpersonal goals, with 12 reporting interest in sports. Only 8 of the hus- bands expected that their wives would be interested in the interpersonal goals, 5 particularly in sports. The first choice goals recorded by the wives, first choice goals that husbands hoped for their wives, and the first choice goals that they eXpected their wives to have are presented graphically in Figure 2. Future Paid Employment for Wives The wives were asked, "Do you intend to work for pay outside your home some time during your lifetime?" The husbands were asked, "Do you think your wife might work for pay outside your home some time during her life- time?" The results, as reported in Table 51, page 64, show startling unanimity. Only a fifth of the wives did not expect to work some time during their lifetime. Their husbands' answers supported this estimate. 65 501 401 50- Number 20- D.O.O.O.000...O.O...O.O.O.O.O.O.O.O.O.O 53§V%fe%fid5flfwfl3e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e .A 10.. d . ’ e o .. . 2" indi- family vol. inter- paid vidual work personal empl. Figure 2.--Goals for wives as reported by wives and hus- bands 29'. reported by wives E] hopes husbands have for wives - husbands' expectations of wives' aspirations Table 51.--Wives' employment plans As Reported As Reported Wives' by Wives by Husbands Employment Plans No. and %T' No. and % Expects to work 78 78 Does not expect to work 19 2O Doesn't know 5 2 Total 100 100 The husbands were asked, "Do you h0pe she will?" Nearly half of them said "yes." A third of the husbands said "no." Nine of the husbands gave a "yes and no" answer. Another eleven husbands said, "It's up to her." (This was a total of more than 100 because more than one answer could be given.) The next question posed was, "When do you think you (or your wife) would go to work for pay?" This was an open-ended question and did not fall into a few neat cate- gories as a structured question does. However, the data were coded, and the results are shown in Table 52. A total of 15 wives said that children would make no great difference to their paid employment plans now or in the future as they worked night or shift work (pri- marily nurses) or their work was part time. Twenty of the husbands reported similar answers. Table 52.--Timing of wives' paid employment plans As Reported As Reported Timing of Wives' by Wives by Husbands Employment Plans No. and 96 No. and %" Mother role: Not until children at least in nursery school (5 yrs.) 6 0 Not until children all in grade school 41 25 Not until children all in jr. or sr. high school 15 16 Not until children all in college or have left home 18 11 Total 78 5O Economic role: If needed money to live on 26 28 If something happened to husband 21 8 Twenty of the wives said, "I'd rather stay at home. I don't want to leave my children, especially when they're young." Fourteen of the husbands made a similar statement about their wives, and sixteen other husbands said, "The children come first; her major responsibility should be to stay home.” Twenty-three of the husbands said in effect, "She might enjoy working after the children are in school; it 66 might be good for her." Twelve of the husbands commented, ”It would be nice for her to go back to work when the children are grown." Reasons Reported for Goals In order to better understand the goals of the 100 young homemakers in this study they were asked why they aspired to the particular goals that they chose. Table 55.--Reasons reported by wives for goals First Second Third Choice Choice Choice Total Reason No. No. No. No. Social 58 46 41 125 Interesting 52 52 56 - lOO Mastery-achievement 58 25 2O 85 Economic 11 1 ll 25 Independence 6 2 ll 19 Duty 5 5 15 No answer 4 5 14 Don't know 0 6 5 ll Totala 132 120 138 390 8More than one reason could be given. Most of the answers fell into three categories: in- teresting, mastery-achievement, and social. These categnfiss 67 received the largest number of first, second, and third choices, the social reason received the most support (125); the interesting reason received 100 choices; and the mastamw- achievement reason was reported 85 times. Very few wives gave duty as a reason for a particu- lar goal. Not many more reported that a feeling of inde- pendence, or standing on one's own two feet, was the rea- son they chose any of their first three goals. Economic reasons were reported by a few more of the wives. The husbands were asked for the reasons why they chose particular goals for their wives. Table 54.--Reasons for husbands' goals for wives First Second Third Choice Choice Choice Total Reason No. No. No. No. Social 52 58 42 112 Interesting 27 27 25 79 Mastery-achievement 54 19 18 71 Independence 15 15 12 42 No answer 5 10 17 52 Economic 6 7 ll 24 Duty 6 1 16 Don't know 5 2 6 ll Total 128 127 152 587 68 The husbands were also asked, "Why do you think your wife would want to choose particular goals?" Table 55.--Reasons for husbands' expectations of wives' goals First Second Third Choice Choice Choice Total Reason No. No. No. No. Social 40 59 55 114 Interesting 5O 56 28 94 Mastery-achievement 55 18 18 69 No answer 5 7 21 51 Independence 9 9 9 27 Economic 9 5 8 22 Don't know 5 7 8 2O Duty 6 5 l 12 Total 155 126 128 589 The husbands' reasons for the goals they h0ped for their wives and their reasons for goals they expected their wives might choose are quite similar to the reasons ex- pressed by the wives themselves. Interesting, mastery- achievement, and social were the three reasons most often mentioned. However, one difference is worthy of attention. Nineteen wives chose independence as a reason for first, second, or third choice goals. However, 42 husbands 69 reported independence as a reason for goals to which they hoped their wives would aspire; and 27 husbands reported independence as a reason for goals that they expected their wives would choose. CHAPTER VI CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Implications for further study and some limited conclusions will be presented in this chapter. This was a pilot study, exploratory in nature. The nature of the survey data allows some tentative judgments. The first objective of this study was to identify the goals of young wives. At the first choice level, more wives wanted to go to school than to participate in any other goal activity. Husbands were supportive: more of them h0ped that their wives would go to school and ex- pected that their wives would want to go to school. The wives in this study also reported interest in other goals. They wanted to participate in community af- fairs; they wanted to be personally creative; and they wanted to increase the size of their families. To a lesser degree they were interested in participating in church activities; some wanted to better their perform- ance as housewives; and both husbands and wives hOped and expected that the wife might have more time for sports. There was very little interest in either full or part time paid employment as a first choice goal. A num- ber of the wives chose part time work as a third choice. _ 7o _ 71 The activity which received the fewest goal choices was that of a more active social life. The report of the President's Commission on the Status of Women (25) devotes attention to the education of women. It suggests that girls who leave school or college to marry should be encouraged to complete their education as soon as feasible. To help women do part time study, colleges could make admission and graduation requirements more flexible. The report states, "Means of acquiring or continuing education must be available to every adult at whatever point he or she broke off tradi- tional formal schooling. The education of girls and women for their responsibilities in home and community should be thoroughly reexamined with a view to discover- ing more effective approaches, with experimentation in content and timing, and under auspices including school systems, private organizations, and the mass media." (25: 17) Optimum education for women need not be thought of only in terms of preparation for paid employment, impor- tant as that may be. It is to be hoped that a well-educatal woman will also be better prepared to accept responsibili- ties both in her home and in the community. With the increased need of a complex society for the talents of highly educated women, it would seem 72 appropriate that continuous education be provided to help young wives complete their formal schooling. If adequate Opportunities were provided, the findings of this study indicate that women would be likely to take advantage of them to complete their educational plans. It is highly probable that they would receive both moral and financial support from their husbands in this endeavor as evidenced by the data in this study. The second objective of this study was to relate goals of wives to their age, education, employment, re- ligious preference, and particular factors from their families of orientation and procreation. The age of the wives seemed unrelated to their . choice of goals. Many of the wives who had completed one or two years of college had as a first choice goal going to school. Eighteen of the wives in this study had com- pleted college; forty-two planned to finish college. The first hypothesis examined in this study was: Wives who have completed three or more years of college will aspire to paid employment more of- ten than wives who have not. This hypothesis was conditionally accepted. Al- though there were not many wives in the sample who h0ped to work (12 percent), 25 percent of the wives who had com- pleted three or more years of college chose paid employ- ment as their first choice goal. Although the first choice 75 of many of the wives who had one or two years of college was to go to school, 6 percent h0ped to enter the labor force. Slightly under 9 percent of the wives who had no more than a grade or high school education selected paid employment as a first choice goal. The findings of this study correspond to the find- ings of other investigators. Chilman and Meyer (55), who investigated the career plans of wives of college students, found that all the wives who were college graduates planned to enter the labor force, while only half of the wives who had a high school education planned to do so. Weil (55) found that high educational achievement or specialized training influenced women's actual or planned work partici- pation. Swerdloff (51) stated that women's labor force participation increased pr0portionate to their educational attainment. He reported that college women were more apt to work full time and to remain in the labor market longer than others less well educated. The findings would indicate that the more college education women receive, the more they aspire to paid em- ployment. These findings raise some serious questions for women's education. Has higher education placed emphasis on the vocational aspects rather than on education as a means to a better life? Do women view the purpose of edu- cation in the same way as men do? 74 The second hypothesis examined in this study was: College students‘ wives who are presently work- ing for pay will aspire to paid employment in future years more often than wives who are not currently employed. This hypothesis was conditionally accepted. Work- ing currently would seem to be related to future work goals. Twelve percent of the wives in this study chose paid employment as their first choice goal. An equal pro- portion of the wives who were currently working full time and of wives who were not employed but going to school re- ported this goal. Almost one fifth of the young home- makers who were working part time h0ped to work for pay. Only five percent of the wives who were solely homemakers were interested in entering the labor force as a first choice goal. Other researchers have arrived at the same conclu- sion. Weil (55) reported that work experience after mar- riage was one of the determining factors in influencing actual or planned work participation. This aspect is worthy of further study. More women are working outside their homes today than ever before. Will this be a spiral- ling effect: if the wife has worked, will she be more in— terested in future paid work? It was felt that the family of orientation might provide some clues concerning wives' goals. The third hypothesis investigated in this study was: 75 Wives whose mothers have worked at least one year after marriage will have more paid work aspirations than wives whose mothers have not worked or have worked less than one year. This hypothesis was conditionally accepted. The work history of the mother seemed to influence the paid work goals of her daughter. Twenty-six percent of the wives whose mothers had worked one to three years aspired to paid employment. Thirteen percent of the wives whose mothers had worked four to eight years chose paid work as their first choice goal. Eight percent of the wives whose mothers had worked nine or more years hoped to enter the labor force. And three percent of the daughters whose mothers had not worked aspired to paid employment. The decreasing trend of the data strongly suggests a relationship between the length of time the mother has worked and the daughter's employment goals. Perhaps the mother who had worked only a few years remembered the years fondly, and she communicated these positive feelings about paid employment to her daughter. The daughter whose mother had worked for a long time may have been inconveni- enced by her mother's working, and she may have resolved not to inflict this added burden onto her children and husband. Komarovsky (7) ventures the thesis that a young woman usually identifies with her mother. If she identifies 76 with a career mother, she may want a career or a career combined with homemaking for herself. The influence of the mothers on attitudes toward not only paid work but toward family responsibilities may be important to investigate further. The kinds of goals that young women have relative to their families as well as to their own personal development may be in large measure de- termined by this identification with their mothers. The mothers serve as role models for their daughters. Might not the mothers also serve as models in other areas such as quality of housekeeping and acceptance of community re- sponsibilities? The wives' father's occupation was investigated. About one fifth of the fathers were semi-skilled workers. Their daughters were more interested in paid employment and interpersonal goals than the group in general. One fourth of the fathers were managers. Their daughters re- ported no interest in paid employment or interpersonal goals which is in direct contrast to the semi-skilled workers' daughters. The managerial daughters were more interested than the group in general in family concerns. The wives with Protestant preference and the wives with Catholic preference were very similar in their goal choices in the volunteer work, paid work, and individually oriented categories. However, the Catholic wives were 77 more interested in interpersonal goals; and the Protestant wives were much more interested in family goals. Socio-economic status has been investigated perti- nent to labor force participation. Well (55) found little relation between socio-economic background to planned or actual work participation by married women. However, Soysa (40) reported that more college-educated women of low socio-economic status attached importance to having a career than did college-educated women of high socio- economic status. Kelsall (20) found that in England and Wales the smallest prOportion of married women who worked were women whose husbands and fathers both had non-manual occupations. The present study reports findings similar to the latter two investigators. If the occupations of the wives' father was an indicator of socio-economic status, wives of upper socio-economic class were less interested in paid employment goals. In this study, some of the wives were upwardly mobile. Using occupation or education as indicators of social class, those daughters whose fathers were neither managerial nor professional were upwardly mobile because of the education and occupational aspirations of their husbands. Differences in socio-economic status may be a factor in the goals of young wives. The following groups were 78 more interested in interpersonal activities and less in- terested in family concerns: wives who had no more than a grade or high school education wives who did not plan to finish college wives who were solely homemakers wives whose religious preference was Catholic wives whose fathers were not managers or pro- fessionals. The relationship of socio-economic class and goals is worthy of further study. Are the goals of young wives an effect of socio-economic class, a matter of one's edu- cation or exposure to particular beliefs, or are they a result of modeling one's role and expected role to fit a particular picture? It was expected that some factors in the family of procreation might be important relative to the goals of young wives. The fourth hypothesis explored in this study was: Wives whose husbands aspire to professional careers will aspire to volunteer activities rather than paid employment. This hypothesis was conditionally accepted. Nearly twice as many of the wives whose husbands were preparing for professional careers aspired to volunteer work than aspired to paid employment. This was also true of the wives whose husbands expected to be employed in a mana- gerial capacity. 79 Helfrich (18) reporting on expectations of execu- tive wives indicated that both tOp level and lower level executive wives expected to participate in civic affairs. Reissman (26) found that pe0ple whom he classified as high class (on the basis of occupation: North-Hatt scale or on the basis of education: any college training) have a higher degree of participation and involvement in the community. Slater (29) also found that participation in voluntary associations was related to socio-economic class. More women of high socio-economic status belonged and participated in voluntary organizations than did women of a lower socio-economic class. In this study the daugh- ters of semi-skilled workers were less interested in vol- unteer work and more interested in paid work than the other wives in the sample. Further study needs to be done to identify whether or not there is a relationship between husbands' occupa- tion and the goals for volunteer work and/or paid work held by their wives. The educational level of the hus- band may be an important factor. Participation by husbands and wives in family ac- tivities was investigated. Most of the activities were household responsibilities and were carried out primarily by the wife. However, about a sixth of the husbands were reported as sharing equally in such activities as house 80 care, laundry, child care, and food preparation. In these families the wives were less interested in interpersonal goals and more interested in family concerns. Husbands were asked what goals phgy hoped their wives would choose, and what goals they expected that their wizgg would choose. There was a striking similarity between the wives' goals and those goals to which the husbands thought the wives would aspire. It would seem that the husbands have a fairly good understanding of their wives' goals. However, in two areas their hOpes for their wives' goals were quite different from that to which the wives aspired. Husbands were not as interested as wives in paid employment for wives. Husbands were more interested in sports and social life than the wives. How- ever, husbands were even more concerned that their wives go to school or be interested in creative pursuits than the wives themselves. These data would seem to show that while the husbands would be supportive of schooling and creative endeavours, they might be less positive in sup- port of a career or a job for their wives. In this study only 12 percent of the wives looked forward to paid employment as a first choice goal. One might raise the question: did the young wives expect to work some time during their lifetimes? Almost four—fifths 81 replied affirmatively, and the same number of husbands thought that their wives would work. The fifth hypothesis explored in this study was: The majority of wives of undergraduates will not plan to work for pay so long as they have pre- school children. This hypothesis was conditionally accepted. Fif- teen of the wives said that the fact of children, of what- ever age, would make no difference to their paid employ- ment as they worked shifts, nights, or part time. The majority of these wives were nurses; a few were teachers. Six wives would not plan to enter the labor force until their youngest child was at least three years old and in nursery school. The rest of the wives preferred if pos- sible to wait until their children were in grade school, high school, or even until the children had left home. Many reported that they would work if the family needed the money. The findings of this study are in agreement with those of other researchers. Hudson (58) reported that after children were born the normative expectations were clearly for full time motherhood. It was legitimate to work if the family needed the additional income or if the youngest child was in school. Weil (42) reported that women who worked or planned to work had children of school age (as opposed to pre-school age) to a significantly greater degree than the women not planning to work. 82 This aspect is worthy of further study. The young wives seemed to feel no great commitment to careers. Could the urge to complete their college education be more related to fulfillment of self, or is it a security hedge if they ever have to be self—supporting or have to help support their family? The implications for the education of women are important. Should we be educating them for off-and-on kinds of employment? What are the needs of society: ought we to be educating toward careers, volun- teer work, or to help them to be better wives and mothers? Implications of This Study for Home Management How will the family manage to help the wife reach some degree of individual goal attainment? How will the family make decisions relative to the use of family re- sources by a particular member such as the wife? What is the relationship of individual goals and family goals in terms of the long-time good of the family and of the in- dividual involved? What are the physical and mental costs of attaining these goals? And what is the cost if the goals are not attained? This study has been pilot in nature. Specific hypotheses could be generated from this study using a selected sample such as wives of particular socio—economic levels, wives who are solely homemakers, or wives who are career-oriented. 85 Will the goals as indicated at a given stage in the family life cycle remain reasonably constant over time? As some of them are achieved or are frustrated, will other goals in the same general category appear, or will they be totally different? What are the costs not only to the family but to society either in the fulfillment or lack of fulfillment of goals? We may sorely need the teachers and nurses (not to mention biologists or mathematicians) that these young wives could be. If the young wives aSpire to be career women, pro- fessional home management specialists should perhaps teach them how to be efficient housewives. The young wives who want to be homemakers, either solely or until their children are well-established in school, may need to be given help in learning to be better mothers. If we knew the goal patterns of particular groups in our society we could predict the managerial problems, and hence gear our managerial information to help them solve thesé problems more effectively. l. 2. 9. 10. ll. 12. LITERATURE CITED Books Dixon, Wilfred J., and Massey, Frank J. Introduction to Statistical Analysis. New York: McGraw—Hill Book Co., Inc., 1957. Dubos, Rene. The Dreams of Reason: Science and Utopias. New York: Columbia University Press, 1961. Friedan, Betty. The Feminine Mystique. New York: W. W. Norton and Co., Inc., 1965. Goldberg, Dorothy. The Creative Woman. Washington, D. 0.: Robert B. Luce, Inc., 1965. Goodyear, Margaret R., and Klohr, Mildred C. Managing for Effective Living. New Y0rk: John Wiley and Sons, Inc e , 1954e Gross, Irma H., and Crandall, Elizabeth W. Management for Modern Families. New Yerk: Appleton-Century—Crofts, 1965. Komarovsky, Mirra. Women in the Modern WorlquTheir Education and Their Dilemmas. Boston: Little, Brown, 1955 . Lewin, Kurt. "Selected Theoretical Papers" in Field Theoryin Social Science. D. Cartwright, ed. New York: Harper, 1951. Mead, Margaret. Introduction to American Women: The Changing Image. Boston: Beacon Press, 1962. Meyer, Agnes. "Leadership Responsibilities of American Women in American Women: The Changing Image. Boston: Beacon Press, 1962. Riesman, David. Abundance for What and Other Essays. Garden City, New York: Doubleday and Co., Inc., 1964. Williams, Robin. The American Society: A Sociological Interpretation. New York: Kn0pf, 1952. - 84 - l5. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 25. 85 Bulletins and Periodicals Bettelheim, Bruno. "Growing up Female." Harper's Magazine. 225, October, 1965, pp. 120-128. Deacon, Ruth E., and Brattin, Esther Crew. "Home Management: Focus and Function." Journal of Home Economics. 54, November, 1962, pp. 765-766. Deacon, Ruth E. "Home Management: Focus and Func- tion." Journal of Home Economics. 54, November, Eyde, Lorraine Dittrich. "Work Values and Background Factors as Predictors of Women's Desire to Work." Re- search Monograph 108, Bureau of Business Research, Ohio State University, Columbus, 1962. Gray, Horace. "Trapped Housewife." Marriage and Family Living. 24, May, 1962, pp. 179-182. Helfrich, Margaret L. "The Generalized Role of the Executive's Wife." Marriage and Family Living. 25, November, 1961, pp. 584-587. Johnson, Claudia (Mrs. Lyndon B.). "The International Leadership Challenge." Journal of Home Economics. 56, September, 1964, p. 464. Also in Saturday Evening Post. 257, June 27-July 4, 1964, pp. 88, 89. (An ad- dress to the 55th Annual Meeting of the American Home Economics Association, Detroit, Michigan, June, 1964). Kelsall, R. K., and Mitchell, Sheila. "Married Women and Employment in England." Population Studies. 15, JulY, 19599 PP. 19-350 Kiell, Norman, and Friedman, Bernice. "Cultural Lag and Housewifemanship: The Role of the Married Female College Student." Journal of Educational Sociology. 51, October, 1957, pp. 87—95. Klein, Viola. "Working Wives: A Survey of Facts and Opinions Concerning the Gainful Employment of Married Women in Britain." Occasional Papers Number 15, Institute of Personnel Management, London, 1960. Nielsen, James. "The Farm Families--Their Attitudes, Goals and Goal Achievement." Technical Bulletin 287, Agricultural Experiment Station, Michigan State University, Lansing, 1962. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 50. 51. 52. 55- 86 P0penoe, Paul. "The Wife--Inside and Outside the Home." Family Life. 55, November, 1965. President's Commission on the Status of Women. "Ameri- can Women." The report of the Commission. Washington, D. C.: U. S. Government Printing Office, 1965. Reissman, Leonard. "Class, Leisure, and Social Parti- cipation." American Sociological Review. 19, February, 1954. pp. 76-84. Shaffer, James D. "Financial Aspects of Undergraduate Student Life at Michigan State University, 1961-62.” Office of Institutional Research, Michigan State Uni- versity, Lansing, 1965. Simpson, Richard L., and Simpson, Ida Harper. "Occu- pational Choice Among Career-Oriented College Women." Marriage and Family Living. 25, November, 1961, pp. 377‘5850 Slater, Carol. "Class Differences in Definition of Role and Membership in Voluntary Associations Among Urban Married Women." American Journal of Sociology. 55, May, 1960, pp. 616-619. Steinman, Anne. "The Vocational Roles of Older Mar- ried Women." Journal of Social Psychology. 54, June, 1961, pp. 95-101. Swerdloff, S. "Job Opportunities for Women College Graduates." Monthly Labor Review. 87, April, 1964, pp. 596—400. Thorpe, Alice. "Patterns of Family Interaction in Farm and Town Homes." Technical Bulletin 227, Agri- cultural Experiment Station, Michigan State University, Lansing, 1952. Weil, Mildred W. "An analysis of the Factors Influ- encing Married Women's Actual or Planned Work Parti- cipation." American Sociological Review. 26, Febru- ary, 1961, pp. 91-96. Wiegand, Elizabeth. "Use of Time by Full-time and Part—time Homemakers in Relation to Home Management." Memoir 550, Agricultural Experiment Station, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, 1954. 55- 56. 57. 58- 59. 40. 8? Unpublished Materials Chilman, Catherine, and Meyer, Donald. "Educational Achievement and Aspirations of Undergraduate Married Students as Compared to Unmarried Students with Analysis of Certain Associated Variables." Unpublished Ph.D. Dissertation, Syracuse University, 1965. Foreman, Clyde Melvin. "Levels of Aspiration and Marital Status on the College Campus." Unpublished Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Washington, 1957. Halliday, Jean Rowan. "Relationship Among Certain Characteristics of a Decision Event: Decision Pro- cedure, Decision Context, and Decision-maker." Un- published Ph.D. Dissertation, Michigan State Univer- sity, 1964. Hudson, John Boswell. "Feminine Roles and Family Norms in a Small City." Unpublished Ph.D. Disserta- tion, Cornell University, 1965. Oppelt, Norman T. "A Study of the Relationship of Marital Status to Selected Characteristics of Male Undergraduate Students at Michigan State University." Unpublished Ph.D. Dissertation, Michigan State Uni- versity, 1962. Soysa, Nita. "Self-concept and Role Conflict: A Study of Some Aspects of Women's Self-Perception and Self-Evaluation in Relation to Their Attitudes Toward Their Sex-role." Unpublished Ph.D. Dissertation, Cornell University, 1961. APPENDIX I -88- By Time Date H m il.a .——u— 89 Repeat? FEMALE du O A/J/‘JAAAA {D ion, last year completed h.b. ) grade school P ) 1 or 2 yrs high school ) 3 or u yrs high school ) l or 2 yrs college ) 3 or u yrs college ) graduate wlrk, specify ) other, specify O‘UIP'WNHOG Do you plan to finish college? P yes no don't know u.d. 2. Age of respondent 3.a. ____f ____j ____( ( ( ( ( ____j ( ( ( ( ( 17 or under 18 or 19 20 or 21 or 23 2h to 29 to 39 ho to h9 h.e. If you had a choice what would you be doing this school year? (0) full-time homemaker part-time homemaker full~time student 5.8. part-time student V full-time paid wlrker part-time paid worker volunteer worker ownfifipanCD O‘U'IF'UJNH 3ebe Why are you working? Choose the 3 reasons that most apply to you and the 3 reasons that least apply to you. apply most apply least a. a. b. b. c. c. Of the 3 most important reasons which is THE most important? number If you had a choice of jobs, would you keep your present job or look for something e12 e? If so, what? keep job look for another what? Do you intend to keep on working? yes no don't know If you are a volunteer worker, why are you doing this? Choose the 3 reasons that most apply to you and the 3 reasons that least apply to you. apply most apply least Present occupation of SELF a. a. (O) full-time homemaker b. b. (1) part-time homemaker c. c. (2) full-time student (3) part-time student (4) full-time paid worker 5.b. Of the 3 most important reasons (5) part—time paid worker V which is THE most important? (6) volunteer worker, Specify number kind and amt./wk. 5.0 If you had a choice of volunteer V work, would you try something If aid worker, kind of work else? If so, what? Spec y_ do same (0) sales different (1) educational what? (2) other professional (3) skilled craftsman (M) farmer 6. Do you tend to have more sympathy (5) managerial with: (6) service worker the Democratic party (7) Operative the Republican party (8) clerical (9) other . - . . 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Present occupation of FATHER full-time worker part-timeyworker retired n‘ specify HI other, FATHER'S kind of work for pay Specif (o sales educational other professional skilled craftsman farmer managerial service worker Operative clerical other AAAAAAA’NA ~ocn~aown¥flproh4 occupation of MOTHER full-time homemaker homemaker student student paid worker paid worker workar ) ) part—time ) full-time ) part-time ) full-time ) part-time ) volunteer If MOTHER paid kind of work for pay worker, U) ‘U (D O 1..» SE? sales educational other professional skilled craftsman farmer managerial service worker operative clerical other AAAAAAAAAA \O (JD-x] O‘U‘l-F’b) [U l-' VVVVVVVVV IHHHH If your mother does volunteer work, what kind does she or has she done? If mother is a housewife, was she ever employed for pay out- side her home after she was married? yes no when and for how long? 12. 13. 1h. 15. 20. 9O FEMALE - no. If mother was ever a paid worker after marriage, What was her kind of work? é? (D 0 AF” i? \OCDNO‘U’IF'WNHO sales educational other professional skilled craftsman farmer managerial service worker Operative clerical other HIHHH Religious preference of SELF (O) Protestant (1) Catholic (2) JewiSh (3) other, (u) none specify Religious preference of FATHER O) Protestant (1) Catholic ‘ (2) Jewish (3) other, specify (u) none Reli ious preference of MOTHER O) Protestant (1) Catholic (2) Jewish (3) other, .(u) Source and approx. specify none amt. gross -cash income, July 1, 1963 to June 30, 196h (0) employment of husband (1) employment of wife (2) gift, his parents (3) gift, her parents (A) gift, other than parents, specify (5) loans (6) scholarships (7) savings used up (8) summer jobs (9) other, specify I ‘ - | ' .. i ‘ ‘ I . | .0 , | . - I 1 . I 1..__ J 1 -. . - . 1 . ' 1 ~ I . ‘. . a , . .—o>>v- l 1 1 .1-.. .... . .... .- . \ us -. ... - 1. . . . 1 .. _ J 1 . | ’ a 1 , . ... -.... . l I ' . I - . I. 1 - -r~.-- . - u If . ‘ - , ' . . L. . . . n‘ \ I I ‘ I I V 1' _. . . . v 1 a. I .. .. , . . .. ,~ p. - . . .. , I 1 9 ~ I 1' .I . r ’1. ' . . - , I . . I . 1 . . ,. . . . I l I I 4 0 . ‘ I l a r 1_ .5 I " . . .. . f "' I . . ‘ V ‘~V § . ‘ ' . ‘- - ‘J I I. . I 1“ I a, a.. o . . , , . 1 . t ‘ _ _ ..y 1 T ‘ n 5 (a ,I . v I . » V .-- .----n n 4 ...v n .. . > 1 l ’ | ' C . - g .- . .-_ . _ _, ' ~ ‘ ~ ‘1 . s . ' I '-. s -« - .... _ -'. ...‘1. u , 1 . . . . . I . . . . ... .-~ .. _. \ - -. ,. ~ \ . ‘ . . n ' . "v .1 ' H 7 l n . ‘.l V 1 . ' . . ) u . . .. __ .1 1 I -.." V 1': ‘7 .. ,. s . ' . - l " . ' . . , ,1 . . . I v 4 .A-Ih v . .~r , ..o- . r 'fl 1 V - .. 1 ' . 0. .- - .l . . .1. . _. .~ - ' , ' V . . ... . ...... - r- . f r - 1 ‘ .. < . .. .. ‘X I 1 ‘ I I 1 ‘ ' : .—. . v! . .. ._ ... . . . I . 1 A. . . . _ p, ‘ . . I . _ . . 21. Approximate total yearly income 25. (0) $2000 or less p2000 to $3000 ) ) $3000 to .uooo ) tuooo to 5000 ) $5000 to @6000 ) 1 000 ) ) %6000 to m8 @8000 to $10000 (1 (2 (3 ____XM (S __;;j6 (7 22. Family activities - who does wife husband careof‘house . '0 LlaundrY- 'ildllq-l' .j"‘7 plan fam. reor. '_L " afiefitifigm" l- I___..mu iEfafiépeitsfiieagf"m’w“"”l'“'”""V sewing l iqther, specify“; . -... 23. Do you envision that you might have time for other than home- making pursuits? yes no when? Eh. How do you hepe the t you might use this available time? (rank) 28: (0) community activities (PTA, hosp. aux., etc.) (1) church work (2) go back to SleOl (3) part-time job for pay (A) creative personal act. (painting, gourmet cooking, etc.) ) have another baby ) full-time job for pay ) try to be a better ahousewife ) broader social life ) sports (tennis, bowling) 0) other, specify Why? (unless paid employment) over $10,000 26. '27. 91 FEMALE — no. Do you intend to work for pay outside your home some time during your lifetime? yes no when? If you might work for pay out- side your home later on, what educational other professional skilled craftsman farmer managerial service worker Operative clerical other AAAAAAAAAA «Da»00\n$?uun+4 vvvvvvvvv HHHIH that least apply to you. apply most apply least a. g. b. b. c. c. How would the presence of children affect your plans to work for pay? . o..- 1‘ .r ,, r 1 ;‘1 r . . A. .7. . n ..- u ... . u . 1 . . 1_, i 1 . . . 0 -.. ' l n S .. - - . A. o . ... . o . i 1 . . J .. n e- NO. 92 By Time Date Repeat? MALE 1. Education, last year completed (2 (3 (u (0) high sdlool (l) 1 year college ) 2 years college ) 3 years college ) other, specify 2. Age of respondent ) ) ) g 22 or 23 ) ) 17 or under 18 or 19 20 or 21 2h to 29 30 to 39 no to M9 occupation Of SELF full-time student full-time paid worker part-time paid worker othe r, Specify t ) ) part—time student ) ) ) If paid worker, kind of work (0) sales ) educational ) other professional ) skilled craftsman ) farmer ) managerial ) service worker ) Operative ) clerical ) other Expected kind of work for pay after graduation Specify (0) sales (1) educational 2) other professional Skilled craftsman ) farmer ) managerial ) service worker ) Operative ) clerical ) other 6. DO you tend to have more sympathy with: the Democratic party the Republican party 7. Present Occupation of FATHER (0) full-time worker (1) part-time worker (2) retired _____L3) other, specify (13 ’13 ATHER'S kind of work for pay é? CD 0 Al—Jo \D CDK] O‘Ul b) N l-" O sales educational other 1r ofessional skilled craftsman farmer managerial service worker Operative clerical other HUN!!! 9. Present occupation of MOTHER (0) full-time homemaker 1) part-time homemaker 2) full-time student 3) part-time student h) full—time paid worker 5) 6) part-time paid worker volunteer worle r 10.a. If MOTHER paid worker, kind P of mark for pay (0 sales (1) educational other professional skilled craftsman farmer managerial service worker Operative clerical other VVVVVva lO.b. If your mother does volunteer V work, what kind does she or has she done? \ i x . i \ 4 - a . . o e u ...- 1 I 1 1 a: - r l I u u -: a ‘ 1 ,o \ . 1 . I 1 .-. . . ..l. . ~—~ .. -.. . - .. ... 4 ,-‘ v r. 1 1 . - .. . l -— . ... —‘. . | . 1 . ..-... n . --¢ s .1- .- N u». . ..-~. ' \ -‘ ...-.-.-..- ...... .-- 1 00a.“ 1. i - . . I -.. ...-.. . .c .i ..r. I , -...._. . a ..-... . ‘ . ~1--. .- 1 .- ...—...; n -0 .. c ~~ . . ‘ I ‘. -.ugfi ...a-A 1.1-.. .....4 - I 1 r a 1 ' -\ , A 1 u 1 .. 1' o I- o ‘ 1 I ! .-. . 7‘. ; 1L1. JMZ. 13. 111. 15;. 16>. If mother is a housewife, was 17. she ever employed for pay out- side her home after she was married? yes 18. no when and for how long? If mother was ever a paid worker after marriage, What was her kind of work? Specif . (0 sales (1) educational ”(2) other professional skilled craftsman farmer managerial service worker Operative clerical AAA/\AAAI \D 03% O‘UI-F-‘w vvvvvvv HHHH Reli ious preference of SELF %O) Protestant (1) Catholic (2) Jewish (3) other, Sp ecify (u) none “(1) Catholic (2) Jewish (3) other, quecify *— ' \ (u) none Reli ious preference of MOTHER O) Protestant (1) Catholic (2) Jewish (3) other, (u) HOW long have you been married? (P) less than 6 months (1) 6 months to 1 year (2) 1 to 2 years (3 (h giecify n one )2 to h.years ) over A years NH 19. 20. 22. 93 MALE "" n0. Have you.been married before? yes no 0 children f 0 1 2 3 u or more Age of youngest and Oldest child youngest Oldest Source and approx. amt. gross cash income, July 1, 1963 to June 30, l96h employment of husband ) employment of wife gift, his parents gift, her parents gift, other than parents, specify loans scholarships savings used up summer jobs other, Specify or less to B000 to §u000 to 5000 to 6000 to $8000 . to {510000 $10, 000 Family activitkas - who does them and how much? !child care lfOod_prep. 1 sawma, _, Eother, _- _ -jaésaaa care of house 1...... .. -.....)1- “-.., .. 'Taundry ,.._-.‘. “wom— .- ..u- m... -- keeping accts. Shapilns__w,_ - Itransportatipn A» *-~——aw.—~--- .- -- ..-—bod-..—---. ""“.‘P"" .-...--...-...4 specify 23. Do you envision that your wife might have time for other than homemaking pursuits? 94 MALE - no. 2S.a. Do you think she might work for pay outside your home some time during her lifetime? yes yes no no when? when? 2h.a. How would YOU hope the t she 25.b. Do you hope she will? would spend this available yes time? (rank) no (0) community activities why? 2h.b. (PTA, hosp. aux., etc.) (1) church work (2) go back to school (3) part-time job for pay (h) creative personal activities (painting, gourmet cooking, etc.) 5 have another baby ) ) full-time job for*pay ) try to be a better housewife ) broader social life ) sports(tennis, bowling) 0) other, specify way? (unless paid employment) 26. If s19 works for pay outside your home later on, what kind of work would you hOpe she would do? Specif (C) sales educational other professional skilled craftsman farmer managerial service worker Operative clerical other AAAAAAAAA \O GK] O‘U‘l—P'bo N H VVVVVVVVV IIIIIIIII 27.Why do you think she might want How do you think SHElnight want to use this available time? (0) community activities (PTA, hosp. aux., etc.) ) Church work ) go badc to school ) part-time job for pay creative personal activities (painting, to work for pay later on? the 3 reasons that might be most important and the 3 reasons that might apply least. Choose apply most apply least a. a. b. b. C. C. gourmet sacking, etc.)28. How would the presence of ) have another baby ) full-time job for pay ) try to be a better housewife ) broader social life 0 * I I sports (tennis, bowl) (5 (6 (7 (8 (9 (l ) other, specify - * why? (unless paid employment) children affect her plans to work for pay? APPENDIX II -95.. 96 Appendix Table l.--Re1ationship between age and goals (first choice) Age 18-19 420-21 22-23 24-2§ 30-5§ Years Years Years Years Years Total Goals No. No. No. No. No. No. Individual school 5 9 8 4 26 creative 4 1 6 1 12 Volunteer work church 6 l 7 community 1 6 4 5 l 15 Family increase 1 7 5 5 18 better perform- ance as house- wife _ 4 4 Paid employment full time 3 2 2 part time 5 2 Interpersonal sports 1 2 2 l 6 social 0 Total 8 38 28 23 3 100 97 Appendix Table 2.--Re1ationship between age and goals (total of first, second, and third choices) Age ‘— 18-19 20-21 22-25 24-29 50-59 Years Years Years Years Years Total Goals No. No. No. No. No. No. Individual school 6 13 15 8 1 4} creative 2 15 12 ll 2 42 Volunteer work church 2 '15 7 4 2 50 community 5 l2 14 13 l 43 Family increase 4 16 ll 9 40 better perform- ance as house- wife 1 ll 6 6 24 Interpersonal sports 1 l6 6 5 l 29 social 5 5 2 1 9 Paid employment full time 1 5 3 12 part time 5 7 6 6 22 Total 23 115 83 67 8 294‘;L 81Not all respondents could make three choices. 98 Appendix Table 3.--Relationship between education and goals (first choice) W Education Grade High 1—2 5-4 Grad? School School Yrs. Yrs. Work 001- Col- lege, lege, _____ Total Goals No. No. No. No. No. No. Individual school 1 7 17 l 26 creative 4 3 5 l2 Volunteer work church 4 3 7 community 6 3 5 1 15 Family increase 5 6 6 1 18 better perform- ance as house- wife 5 1 4 Paid employment full time 1 1 4 l 7 part time 2 l 2 5 Interpersonal sports 1 3 l l 6 social 0 Total 2 32 55 27 4 100 .1 99 Appendix Table 4.--Re1ationship between education and goals (total of first, second, and third choices) Education Grade High 1-2 3-4 Grad. School School Yrs. Yrs. Work 001- Col- lege lege _____ Total Goals No. No. No. No. No. No. Individual school 1 13 22 5 2 43 creative 1 15 10 13 3 42 Volunteer work church 1 14 5 10 30 community 15 12 14 2 43 Family increase 1 13 17 7 2 40 better perform- ance as house- wife 6 11 7 24 Interpersonal sports 1 11 11 6 29 social 1 3 4 1 9 Paid employment full time 1 5 4 2 12 part time 1 5 7 9 22 Total 6 94 103 79 12 294 100 Appendix Table 5.--Relationship between present kind of work and goals (first choice) Em- Em- Solely Home- ployed ployed Home- maker Full Part maker Student Total Goals Time Time No. No. No. No. No. Individual F school 11 5 6 4 26 i , creative 7 2 2 l2 Volunteer work church 1 7 L community 9 2 2 2 15 Family increase 9 2 2 5 18 better perform- ance as house- wife 3 l 4 Paid employment full time 3 2 2 7 part time 3 l 1 5 Interpersonal sports 1 1 3 1 6 social 0 Total 49 16 19 16 100 101 Appendix Table 6.--Relationship between present kind of work and goals (total of first, second, and third choices) .— T Em- Em- Solely Home- ployed ployed Home- maker Full Part maker Student Total I Goals Time Time No. No. No. No. No. Individual school 22 5 11 5 43 creative 20 7 9 6 42 Volunteer work church 16 4 7 3 30 community 26 6 4 7 43 Family increase 17 9 7 7 40 better perform- ance as house- wife 16 l 4 3 24 Interpersonal sports 11 6 7 5 29 social 5 2 l 1 9 Paid employment full time 5 2 1 4 12 part time 9 4 4 5 22 Total 147 46 55 46 294 102 Appendix Table 7.--Re1ationship between religious prefer- ence and goals (first choice) ,_l =..=========..-====—-- Pro- Cath- Jew- testant olic ish Other None Total Goals No. No. No. No. No. No. Individual school 15 8 l 2 26 creative 8 2 l 1 l2 Volunteer work church 4 2 l 7 community 9 4 l 1 15 Family increase 16 2 18 better perform- ance as house- wife 4 4 Paid employment full time 6 l 7 part time 3 2 5 Interpersonal sports 1 5 6 social 0 Total 66 26 2 2 4 100 103 Appendix Table 8.--Re1ationship between religious prefer- ence and goals (total of first, second, and third choices) Pro- Cath— Jew— testant olic ish Other None Total Goals No. No. No. No. N0. N0. Individual school 24 16 2 43 creative 28 10 1 3 42 Volunteer work church 19 9 2 30 community 24 15 l 2 43 Family increase 55 7 40 better perform- ance as house- wife 18 3 2 l 24 Interpersonal Sports 18 10 l 29 social 7 l 9 Paid employment full time 8 3 12 part time 15 5 l 22 Total 194 78 6 11 294 104 Appendix Table 9.--Relationship between mothers' employ- ment history and wives' goals (first choice) Mother Mother Mother Mother Mother Has Worked Worked Worked Worked Not 1-3 4-8 9+ Always Worked Yrs. Yrs. Yrs. Total Goals No. No. No. No. No. No. Individual school 9 5 6 5 1 26 creative 6 l 2 2 l 12 Volunteer work church 2 2 l 2 7 community 3 5 2 5 15 Family increase 6 2 6 4 18 better perform- ance as house- wife 1 2 1 4 Paid employment full time 1 4 1 l 7 part time 2 2 l Interpersonal sports 2 3 l 6 social 0 Total 29 23 23 21 4 100 105 Appendix Table 10.--Relationship between mothers' employ- ment history and wives! goals (total of first, second, and third choices) Mother Mother Mother Mother Mother Has Worked Worked Worked Worked Not 1-3 4-8 9+ Always Total Goals Worked Yrs. Yrs. Yrs. No. No. No. No. No. No. Individual school 13 9 ll 8 2 43 creative 12 7 10 10 3 42 Volunteer work church 7 5 7 9 2 50 community 10 ll 10 10 2 43 Family increase 12 10 12 5 1 40 better perform- ance as house- wife 6 4 7 6 l 24 Interpersonal sports 12 10 3 4 29 social 2 l 2 4 9 Paid employment full time 5 5 l l 12 part time 6 4 6 5 l 22 Total 85 66 65 62 12 294 106 OOH N N m 0 MN m 0H MH a mN Hspoa o HmHoom o a m m a apnoea Hanomnomaoqu m H H H H H 68H» puma u H H N H H H 03H» HHsH psoahonao eme d H m QHHBomdon mm ooawsnow Inca Happen mH H N H a m m omwoaonH seaaea ma H a a a a s m aeaqsaaoo m H m H N genome M903 HoopndHo> NH H d H N H m o>HpmoHo @N H m m N m N A Hoonom HmseH>HeqH .oz .02 .oz .02 .oz .02 .oz .02 .oz .02 .02 meoo proa HmoH o>ap possum HoMHoB sea .Hoam meHmm Honpo .osem HmHamm IaoHo [ammo oofirnom. :3“..th Inez quOHmmoHoan Imam: doHHHMm eonawaa oonHoo AmoHouo pmaHmv mHmom .mo>Hs dam QOHpsmsooo..maoprm soospon madmaOprHomll.HH odeB NHeqomgq 107 :11- IL émN m o #H 5N mu mH Om mm NH mu Hspoa mm H H H m e m m m m osHp peso NH H H H N H m H N oaHp HHsm pqoahOHmao eme m H H H H N m HwHoom mm H H m HH m m H m apnoea HonomnomHOan dN H H N m H m H OH oHHBomsoA we ooamsaom them Happen o: H m a m H m m N OH ommmaosH aHaaea m: m m m HH m m m m m aqusaaoo Om a m HH m H H H m noadno ance HoopsfiHo> Na H m OH a m w H m oprmono ma N H O OH H m m m NH Hoonom H856H>HenH .oz .02 OODW 00.2 .02 .oz .oz .02 .oz OODH .oz mnfimow proa HmoH opr seesaw noxnoa use .moam monm negro .osem wanom InoHO Imam mo 00H>Hom Impasse Isoz HeaOHmmomonm .8qu eoHHHMm emaHmaB omoHHoo 5 AmooHono eaan one .esooom .pmHHH Ho Hopouv mHmom .mo>H3 One qOHpmmaooo .mnoapmm noospon mflnquHpsHomIINH OHQsa Nwenomqw 108 Appendix Table l3.--Relationship between husbands' expected occupations and wives' goals (first choice) Mana- Professional Non- gerial E22; Othe? Sales prof. a 2935; Goals No. No. No. No. No. No. Individual I school 3 6 6 11 26 r creative 2 2 3 1 4 l2 Volunteer work church 2 l 7 L4 community 1 4 3 3 4 15 Family increase 3 4 2 2 7 18 better perform- ance as housewife l l 1 l 4 Paid employment full time 2 2 1 2 part time 1 l 1 2 Interpersonal sports 1 4 l 6 social 0 Total 13 25 19 9 34 100 aCollege trained non-professionals include accountants, police administrators, specialists in forestry, pack- aging, etc. 109 Appendix Table 14.--Relationship between husbands'expected occupations and wives' goals (total of first, second, and third choices) L _ I — Mana- Professional Non- gerial Educ. Other Sales prof. Total Goals No. No.~ No. No. No. No. Individual school 3 10 ll 1 18 43 creative 7 7 9 5 14 42 Volunteer work church 4 5 5 3 l3 30 community 4 l4 9 5 11 43 Family increase 5 l2 9 3 11 40 better perform- ance as housewife 2 5 5 1 ll 24 Interpersonal sports 6 9 2 4 8 29 social 2 2 2 1 2 9 Paid employment full time 1 4 2 2 3 12 part time 3 5 5 2 9 22 Total 37 73 57 27 100 294 110 Hesev mew Hmmv mm Hemv om Ammv om Amomv on AoHHO em HemHv mmH Amuv 40H Heeoa AOOHO OOH H Amv H HMO m HHmV ea Hmmv 5H HmHO mm HMO 0H mnHaeoam Hmov mm AHO m AHHO m Amv s Amev mm H HHO H H .aooa qum Hmmv mm Homv on AmHO eH Hmv e Ammv em H4O m va m Amv 4H .mpooe moon AOOHO 00H HHO Hev m Hmv mH HmHO mH Asev o: Hemv em .eoaa eooa Asev we AmO m AmHO mH AmHO eH HeHO HH H ease eHHno AOOHV 00H Amv m AHO m AmHO mH AmHO HH Ammv mm Ammv mm aheoseq AOOHO 00H Amv AoHO 6H Hemv mm HmmO o: HHHO NH ease oesom Hmv .3 Amv .a Amv .e Amv .e Amv .a Hmv .3 Hmv .3 Amv .e apHeroe .02 .oz .02 .02 .oz .02 .oz .02 Hepoa HHa HHe eHem aHHeeea HHem HH< HH4 moon hHHmoz sane madam some hHHwoz moon .nmdm moon oaos oHoS moon 09H; .pmsm moon moon oHHa .omom oHHs mequmnn use mo>Hs hp eopaomoa mm moHpH>Hpow hHHamH nH qOprmHOHpHdmII.mH oHnwa NHenomgd lll meO mm ON ON OHN mm OOH #OH proa O HwHoom mm a H H O n O NH mpaoam Hemomammamqu Nm H H m O OH O maHp name as N H 5H o O u 63H» HHSH pecahOHmao OHmm so 6 m 4 em a mm mH apaqsaaoo u: H s OH O HH O genome Mao; .Ho> #N N H O HH m m N oHHsom=on ms moss Iaaomhom Happen OHH O m a me OH NN 5H omwoaoQH mHHaea Om m N N mN NH ON HH o>HpmeHo OOH u m O Os ON mé ON Hoonom deeH>HenH .02 .02 .oz .02 .02 .oz .oz .02 meow Hspoe HH4 HH4 “Hem NHHwSmm “Ham HH< HH4 moon hHawoz sane oawnm saga hHHmoz moon .nmsm moon 0902 0902 econ oHHg .pmsm moom moon oHHg .nmdm OHHB (II ‘(lliil((((.lll(ll'll I III. . 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