“‘1’ 03‘ THE PSEUQOSCORPIONS OF MECHEGAN SURVs; 1959 WI“NH“\llUllNHlH“llllH“|H21|1|NH||NL|W _ 3 1293 10402 LIB R A R Y Mi chig nState Uni! rsity SURVEY OF THE PSEUDOSCOFPIONS OF MICHIGAN By JOSEPH D. FFNSTWRMACHWR AN ABSTRACT Submitted to the School of Graduate Studies of Michigan State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE Deoartment of Zoology 1959 Approvedjflw_ fizz ABSTRACT This study was conducted as a preliminary survey of the species of pseudoscornions found in Michigan end their habi- tat preferences. Apnroximately 1450 specimens were collected by the author. Around 500 additional snecimens were made available for this survey from institutional and nersonal collections. Records published prior to this study list four species of pseudoscorpions in the state. With the nresent survey the list has been increased to include twelve species, ten genera, five families, and three suborders. Three of the four previously recorded species were taken at new locali- ties. An accurate species determination could not be made for six specimens. They appear to demonstrate the presence of three or four additional genera and species. Pseudoscorpions have varied habitat preferences. Four species were found in the leaf litter and ground cover of deciduous forests: ghfhonius tetraghelgtus, pactvlocheljfer cooiosus, Microbisium confusum, and Fselanhochernes oarvus. The latter two were taken also in rotten loss and wood de- bris. Microbisium brunneum_was collected from Sphagnum moss ”no -—-—.—_ and bog debris. Several species were taken near the habits- tions of man: Ehelifer cancroides in an abandoned shack; Lamnrocherngs minor and Eaispghelifer callus in a grain bin. ——’--¢-..-— —-— —._ -4- ——.—- A single cOllection of Lamnrochernes oblongus was made from under the elytra of the beetle Alaus ocullatus (Linnaeus). No ecological data are available on the Michiaan collections reported in the literature; habitat information is recorded in this survey on collections involving nine species. The present records of Michigan pseudoscornions offer only limited distribution information. Microbisium confusum WW ——.— was taken throughout both the Northern and Southern Peninsulas. ' Lamprochernes oblongus_appears to be widespread and common in the Southern Peninsula. Although only recorded from four scattered counties, ghelifervgangrgiggs is probably found throughout the Southern Peninsula, also. The state records of the remaining species indicate only a small or local dis- tribution at the conclusion of this study. SURVEY OF THE PSENDOSCOPPTONS OF MICHIGAN BY JOSEPH D. FENSTHHMACHEP A THESIS Submitted to the School of Graduate Studies of Michigan State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE Department of Zoology Approved ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The author wishes to express his sincere gratitude to Dr. T. Wayne Porter for initiating and guiding this study and for sharing the collection made on his research grant. The writer is greatly indebted to Dr. C. Clayton Hoff of the University of New Mexico for sending specimens and for checking the identification of several specimens. Sincere thanks are extended to Drs. Hubbell, Cantrell, and Hairston of the University of Michigan; Dr. H. K. Wal- lace of the University of Florida; Dr. K. K. Bohnsack of San Diego State College; Dr. H. L. Fischer and F. Scheibner of the Michigan State University Entomology Department; Mrs. E. Pruitt of Fairbanks, Alaska; H. R. Dreisbach of Midland, Michigan; and G. Steyskal of Grosse Isle, Michigan for col- lecting and making specimens available for this study. Grateful acknowledgements are due Drs. J. H. Beaman and M. N. Hensley for their critical evaluation of the manuscript. The author would also like to express his appreciation to fellow graduate students John Bushnell, Ken Boss, and William Malcolm for their aid and Mrs. Bernadette Henderson for her suggestions throughout the study. Deepest thanks are extended to my wife for her constant help during the course of this study. TABLE OF C ONTENTS INTRODUCTION...................................... 1 COLLECTING METH()DS............QOO................. 4 LABORATORY PREPARATION OF MATERIALS FOB MICROSCOPIC ST‘.IDY........O....O.......... 7 DETERMINATION OF SPECINTENS..O...0.....0........... 9 DISCUSSION OF RESULTS............................. 10 Key to the pseudoscorpions of Michigan....... 10 Species descriptions......................... 12 Discussion of undetermined specimens......... 28 SIM-MARY........................................... 51 BIBLIOGRAPHYOOO...................................~ :53 APPENDICES..O......................0....0000...... 57 Appendix A..........................0....... 38 Appendix B.................. ..... ........... 4O INTRODUCTION Pseudoscorpions are small,.secretive arachnids general- ly found in leaf litter, ground cover, rotten logs, and sim- ilar habitats. Because of their small size, one to several millimeters in length, and ability to masquerade as inanimate specks of dirt in their natural surroundings, these animals have been generally overlooked or ignored by collectors al- though pseudoscorpions are cosmOpolitan and abundant. With the develOpment of the Berlese funnel method of collection as well as considerable work on the systematics of the order (Chamberlin, 1951; Hoff, 1949, 1958), our know- ledge of the pseudoscorpions of North America has been expan- -ding. Such states as California, New Mexico, and Illinois which have been extensively collected boast species lists of fifty, thirty-eight, and thirty representatives respectively (Hoff, 1959). Michigan, however, has only four species re- corded (Hoff, 1958). Previous citations of Michigan pseudoscorpions include Banks' (1895) original description of ghelgpops_mggg§gg. This was later redescribed by Hoff (1947) as Dendrochernes morosus. The type locality of this pseudoscorpion is Isle Royals. Chelifer cancrgideg, a cosmOpolitan species, was collected by H. G. Hubbard from Grosse Isle, Wayne County, and publidaed by Banks (1895). Pseudoscorpions of this 2 species have also been taken from Rock Point, Douglas Lake, and Midland, Michigan (Hoff, 1950). The remaining two pub- lished Michigan pseudoscorpion species, Eamprochernes oblon- gug and Microbisium brunneum, were also collected by Hubbard in Detroit, Wayne County, and first cited by Banks (1895). Subsequent references to these were made by Beier (1932a, 1932b) and later by Hoff (1958). In addition to the above mentioned species cited in the literature for Michigan, two other state records of pseudo- scorpion species are known but unpublished. The following remarks are Quoted from a personal communication with Dr. K. K. Bohnsack, San Diego State College, in reference to part of his doctoral research. "All my collecting or rather berlesing was done with.material from an oak-hickory woods on the Edwin S. George Reserve and during three years of collecting only two species turned up; namely Dactylochelifer copiosus Hoff, and Microbisium annIanm HETT. The E. 3. George Reserve i§-IE Livingston County. They were collected in the soil cover as well as in the surface soil. M. confuspm is an ubiquitous inhabitant of the for- est litter in the midwestern and eastern states. 2. COpiosus is encountered less often in the same environment. During a year's sampling (April, 1949-April, 1950) in which I took 68 soil and 60 litter samples, I collected 140 specimens from the litter and 150 from the soil. The sample area was about 44 square inches and the depth of the soil sample was three inches. The lowest density of these animals occurred in August, and December through.March. The remainder of the year there were rather uniform numbers per sample. In Sept. a peak pOpulation was obtained which when expanded to numbers per acre (for the litter and surface 5 inches of soil) would be approxi- mately 1,500,000 pseudoscorpions. "Here is a brief resume of the species and the months in which they were collected. The "8" indicates specimens taken from the soil, and "L" from the litter. D. ggpiosus...Jan. (S), Feb. (L), Mar. (L), Apr. (3), May (L), July (L), Sept. (L), Oct. (L,S) Nov. (L). g, confusum...Jan. (S), Feb. (L,S) Mar. (L), Apr. (L,S), May (L,S), June (L,S), July (L,S), Aug. (L,S), Sept. (L, S), Oct. (L,S), Nov. (L,S), Dec. L,S)." The primary purpose of this study has been to enlarge our knowledge of the pseudoscorpion fauna of the state of Michigan by collecting as extensively as possible through- out the state and working on specimens already collected by other individuals. Secondarily, a record was kept of the type habitats in which collections were made and speci- mens found. No attempt was made to determine the distribu- tions and ranges of specific pseudoscorpions within the state; however certain general distributional data were obtained. COLLECTING METHODS In this study the specimens were collected by the Ber- lese funnel technique or a modification of this technique. Small animals which dwell in leaf litter, soil, and debris such as pseudoscorpions can be efficiently and effectively collected in this manner. In all samples the material that was to be placed in the funnel, e. g. leaf litter, was collected in large plas- tic bags. Leaf litter, debris, and tOp soil were picked up and placed in the bag either by hand or with a shovel. For some samples bark and rotten logs were collected by hand, broken up, and placed in collecting sacks. The material was brought back to the laboratory and placed in a Berlese funnel or a similar funnel arrangement. While working at the W. K. Kellogg Biological Station, large funnels normally employed in capturing aquatic insects were utilized. The funnels were three feet in diameter and ta- pered to an opening of two inches in diameter. A fine screen was placed several inches above the latter Opening and the funnels held upright by wooden butter tubs. Large mouth Jars containing 70 per cent alcohol were placed in the butter tubs at a level permitting the bottom of the funnel to rest Just inside the mouth of the jar. The collected material was placed in the funnel. A light with a five-inch reflector was placed several inches above the material. (For the other collections, Berlese funnels used were patterned after those described by Hoff (1949). The fun- nels measured twelve inches in diameter across the t0p and tapered to seven-eights inch in diameter at the bottom. The sides were fifteen inches high. The screen was placed ap- proximately five inches above the bottom Opening, a change from the type used by Hoff. The funnels were placed in me- dium sized excelsior cans and the bottom ends inserted in the teps of large mouthed jars containing 70 per cent ethyl alcohol. Similar funnels, with electric lights installed in the small openings, were inverted and placed flush over the tOps of the funnels held by the cans. The material from which animals were to be collected was placed in the bottom funnel. In both set-ups the remaining procedure is identical. The lights were turned on and left on for several days gen- erating enough heat to dry the material and drive most of. the small animals down through the sample and the screen and finally into the Jar of alcohol. When the samples were com- pletely dried and all of the animals collected, specimens in the jar were sorted and placed in bottles containing 70 per cent alcohol. Each bottle was assigned a collection number which corresponded to the previously recorded date and local- ity information in the collection journal. A.minimum of three and a maximum of seven funnels were run at a time throughout the various collecting periods. In general all funnels were filled and emptied at the same time. Both funnel arrangements gave excellent results throughout the collecting period. LABORATORY PREPARATION OF MATERIALS FCR MICROSCOPIC STUDY For proper identification of pseudoscorpions, the spe- cimen must be cleared, partially dismembered, and mounted on a microsc0pe slide. Microsconic magnifications from 75x to 645x were required to study the various morphological fea- tures of taxonomic importance. Methods of preparation previously recommended were ra- ther difficult and foreboding (Chamberlin, 1951; Hoff, 1949). In this study a simpler technique was used. This method, which is used by the U. S. National Museum in mounting ar- thronods, involves the use of Hoyer's solution both as a clearing agent and mounting medium. Hoyer's solution was prepared by combining 50 grams of distilled water, 200 grams of chloral hydrate, 50 grams of clear crystals of gum Arabic, and 20 grams of glycerine. The mixture was heated gently in a dOuble boiler until all ingredients were dissolved. The solution was then filtered through glass wool and coarse filter paper using a suction flask-Bfichner funnel arrangement. The specimens were placed in small vials containing Hoyer's solution several days prior to mounting in order to initiate the clearing process. Prior to mounting, all speci- mens were transferred into small beakers of distilled water to remove the rather sticky Hoyer's solution from the speci- (I) mens to facilitate handling. The washed pseudoscorpions were placed on the slide and blotted partially dry with paper towels. By using fine insect pins and a dissecting microscope, the chelicerae and pedipalps were removed. The chela Was in turn removed from one pedipalp, and the fingers of the chela were spread apart. The chelicerae and the removed chela were mounted lateral side uppermost. The entire pedipalp was mounted dorsal side up. The body was mounted on its dorsal side under the same cover slip with the appendages. The slides were placed in drying ovens set at 600 C. for at least 24 hours. After sufficient drying the slides were re- moved and cleaned with a razor blade and an alcohol soaked cloth. Since Hoyer's solution is water soluble, it is neces- sary to ring the slides several times. Fingernail polish, diluted slightly with acetone to make it spread more easily, was used in the ringing process. DETERMINATION OF SPECIMENS All specimens were determined to genus by means of a key published by Hoff (1958). By use of this key, checking and comparing descriptions, measurements and morphological characteristics with the original descriptions and other lit- erature, the identification of species was made. A calibra- ted American Optical Microstar binocular microscOpa with an integral illuminator base and variable transformer was used to study and identify the specimens. Five specimens, after tentative determinations. by the author, were sent to Dr. C. Clayton Hoff, University of New Mexico, for confirmation. For the other determinations, a sufficiently large series of specimens for each species was obtained to make their identification certain. 10 DISCUSSION OF RESULTS The results of this survey will be presented in three parts. The first section will be devoted to a key of the known species found to date in the state of Michigan. The second section will consist of brief species diagnoses, eco— logical data, and date-locality information for those Michi- gan chelonethids which have been previously described. The last section will contain a discussion of the five specimens for which positive determination could not be made. Key to the species of pseudoscorpions of Michigan A knowledge of the external morphology of pseudoscor- pions is necessary in the use of this key and in the follow- ing species descriptions. The more important morphological features are illustrated in the appendix. Further informa- tion has been provided by the works of Chamberlin (1951) and Hoff (1949). This key is designed to cover only those species of pseudoscorpions known from the state of Michigan to date. Since there are undoubtedly other species uncollected as yet, some specimens will not fit the key. Such specimens should be checked through the key to the genera of North American 11 pseudoscorpions (Hoff, 1958) and the literature for deter- mination. 1. 4. 7. 8. Tarsus of first leg with one segment, tarsus of fourth leg subdivided to form two segments; chelal fingers without venom apparatus (suborder Heterosphyronida) .......................Chthonius tetrachelatus (p.15) Tarsi of all legs similar; venom apparatus usually pre- sent in at least one chelal finger..................2 Tarsi of all legs divided (suborder Diplosphyronida)..5 Tarsi of all legs undivided (suborder Monosphyronida).. Cocoooooooeeeooeeeso.eoe00.000000.0000000000000000005 Pleural membrane of abdomen granulate; moveable chelal finger with three tactile setae, fixed finger with seven...............................................4 Pleural membrane of abdomen longitudinally striate; moveable chelal finger with four setae, fixed finger with eight........................Syarinus sp. (p.28) Palpal femur 0.4 mm. long or less; length between 2.42 and 2.89 times the width............................. .........................Microbisium confusum (p.15 ) Palpal femur more than 0.4 mm. long; Iength between 2.87 and 5.2 times the width......................... ............... ....... ...Microbisium brunneum (p.16 ) with four promInent eyeSeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeoe coco.......o...........oPSGUd0gaI‘YDUS hespgllfl (p.17) mtith two Eyes 01" n0ne.................................6 Venom apparatus developed in only the moveable chelal finger; chelal fingers almost always with accessory teeth............... ................ .......7 Venom apparatus develOped in both chelal fingers; no accessory teeth present on chelal fingers..........15 Pleural membrane smoothly striate, never wrinkled, ru- gose, or granulate; tactile seta present on tibia of fourth leg..........................................8 Pleural membrane not smoothly striate; no tactile seta on tibia of fourth leg..............................9 Hand of chela subquadrate in dorsal view, subtruncate at base; chela exclusive of pedicle Less than 0.8 mm. long....................Lamprochernes oblongus (p .18) 10. 11. 12. 15. 14. 15. Hand of chela subovate in dorsal view, basal margin rounded; chela exclusive of pedicle more than 0.8 mm. long.......................Lamprochernes minor (p.20) Flagellum of chelicera with three blades; tarsus of fourth leg with tactile seta near midpoint........... ........................Psel§phpchernes parvus (p.21) Flagellum of chelicera with four blades; tarsus of fourth leg without a tactile seta or with a distal taCtile setEOOCOOOOOOOOOOOOO00.00.000.000...0.0.00.10 Tarsus of fourth leg with a tactile seta.............ll Tarsus of fourth leg without a tactile seta............ ............................Hesperochernes sp. (p.29) Moveable chelal finger with tactile seta st. closer to sb than to t.............Dendrochernes morosus (p. 22) Moveable chelal finger with“tactile seta st closer to t than to Sboocooeoeoeooooooo0000000000000...000.0012 Male with strongly deve10ped anvil-shaped process on the inner surface of chelal hand. (Females of Miro- chernes and Dinocheirus difficult to separate)....... ...............................Mirochernes sp. (p. 28) Male without an anvil-shaped process on the inner sur- face of the chelal hand........Dinocheirus sp. (p.28) Dorsal plates of the entire posterior half of the ab- domen bearing a seta in the center of each scleroti- zed half in addition to peripheral setae...........l4 Dorsal plates of the posterior half of the abdomen with only peripheral setae on each sclerotized half, ex- cept occasionally on last several segments.........l5 Tarsal claws acute; subterminal setae of fl>urth pedal tarsus acute.........Dactylochelifer copiosus (p.24) Tarsal claws of the fourth leg bifid or with an acces- sory tooth; subterminal setae of fourth pedal tarsus m denticu13teo o o e o o o e o o o e o p .Chelifez £820r01d£§ (p.23) ‘: Tibia and tarsus of the fourth leg subequal in length; coxae without spurs.......fiaisochelifeg_callus (p.25) Tibia 1.25 times as long as the tarsus of the fourth leg; coxae of fourth leg with anterolateral spurs.... ......................Idiochelifer nigripalpus (p.26) Species descriptions The following descriptions include sufficient morpholo- 13 gical detail to fully characterize and delineate the species. In the citations preceding each diagnosis, the author has in- cluded only the literature necessary for accurate determina- tions and pertinent distributional information. The specimens collected by R. B. Dreisbach, Midland, Michigan, and by Dr. K. K. Bohnsack, San Diego State College, are deposited in their personal collections. The remaining material is deposited in the Michigan State University Entomo- logy ,Museum, East Lansing, Michigan. Chthonius (Epflaeieahthcnius) 13292991193329: (Preyssler) Scorpio tetrachelatus Preyssler (1790, p.59). Chthonius’tetrachelatus var. maculatus Menge. Stecker (1875, -___DETEI4TZ '- ""”-—_-_” ' Chthonius longipalpus Banks (1891, p.164). Chthonius lOngipalpus Banks. Ewing (1911, p.80). Chthonius tetrachelatus (Preyssler). Chamberlin (1929 gfififionius (Ephippiochthonius) tetrachelatus (Preysslers. Hadzi (1935a, p.139; 1955b, p.179). Chthonius tetrachelatus (Preyssler). Vachon (1941a, p.442; 1941b, p.5407. Chthonius tetrachelatus (Preyssler). Proctor (1946, p.510). Chthonius (Ephippiochthgnius) tetrachelatgg (Preyssler). “‘““fiofr (1946a, p.109; 1949, p.453; 1951, p.2; 1958, p.5). Chthonius (Ephippiochthonius) tetrachelatus (Preyssler). '““' HSff afid‘BoIEterTf“(1956, p.157Y. p.73). This species is the only member of the suborder Hetero- sphyronida found in Michigan to date. Chthonius tetrachel- atus is widely distributed in EurOpe, northern Africa, and eastern United States. GENERIC MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERS: An undivided tarsus on the first leg and a divided tarsus on the fourth leg; a 14 transversely oriented spiracles which are not surrounded by a separate sclerite; the coxae of the second and third leg with a group of short, feathered, median spines; an inter- coxal tubercle with a pair of short setae between the coxae of legs three and four; no venom apparatus in either chelal finger. SPECIFIC MCRPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERS: Long, pointed teeth on the chelal fingers; a dorsal transverse pair of setae on the chelal hand; in lateral view a marked depression between these setae and the chelal fingers. HABITAT PREFERENCE: Specimens were collected from leaf mold and ground cover samples taken in deciduous woods. TYPE SPECIMEN: Unable to be located by the author. TYPE LOCALITY:‘ Unable to be determined by the author. MICHIGAN RECORDS: Ingham 99., May 26, 1958, 6 adults, Fenstermacher; May 28, 1958, 5 adults, Fenstermacher. flicrobisium_ Chamberlin GENERIC MCRPHOLGGICAL CHARACTEPS: All legs with divi- ded tarsi; inner margin of moveable cheliceral finger den- tate; chelicerae without laminal setae; granulate pleural membrane; unique reduction in number of tactile setae on the chelal hand, seven on the fixed finger and three on the move- able finger: venom apparatus in the fixed finger only. 15 Microbisium confusum_ Hoff Microbisium brunneum Hoff (non Hagen), in part (1944, p. 125; 1945a, p754; 1946a, p.109). Microbisium confusum Hoff (1946b, p.496), (1949, p.446; 1958, p.97. - Migrgbi§%%m ggnfusum Hoff. Hoff and Bolsterli (1956, p. . , M. ggnfusum is the most common and widely distributed species of pseudoscorpion in the eastern part of the United States including Michigan. SPECIFIC MORPHOLCGICAL CHARACTERS: (The length of the palpal femur is never more than 0.4 mm.; the length of the femur is between 2.42 and 2.89 times the width. HABITAT PREFERENCE: Microbisium confusum was found in virtually all samples from which pseudoscorpions were obtain- ed. It was also found in the collections of other individuals. Forest litter, top soil, and rotten logs are its common habi- tats. TYPE SPECTMAN: Deposited in the collection of the State Natural History Survey, Urbana, Illinois. TVPE LOCALTTY: Antioch, Illinois. MICHIGAN RECORDS: Many adults and nymphs were taken throughout the year. fialamagpg County, July 2 through July 25, 1957, Fenstermacher; Ingham Cpunty, April 12 through May 51, 1958, Fenstermacher; Ealkagka Epunty, July 2 through August 9, 1958, i‘enstermacher; Antrim County, July 51, 1958, Fenstermacher, August 5, 1958, Fenstermacher; LEE? County, September 4, 1958, Porter; Alger qunty, September 4, 1958, 16 Porter; Schoolcraft gppnty, September 4, 1958, Porter; M993 ow kin99 Spunty, June 7, 1957, Dreisbach: Midlapg 993991, Dreis- bach; Livingston County, April 1949 through April 1950, Bohn- sack; October 27, 1949, through May 27, 1950, Hairston and Byer; August 9 through August 25, 1951, Wallace; October 27, 1951 through June 7, 1955, Pruitt; June 26 through August 1, 1954, Wallace. Microbisium brunneum (Hagen) —..-...—-—-———-. Obisium brunneum Hagen (1869, p. 52). Cbisium Eru nneum Hagen. Banks (1895, p.12). Mic rcETsi ium 5r runneum (Hagen). Chambeilin (1950, p.20). Micr9bisium brgnpgpm (Hagen). Beier (1952a, p.159). Microbisium brunneum (Hagen). McClure (1945, p.12). Microbisium brunneum (Hagen), in part. Hoff (1944, p.125; M 16468., p.109). Microbisium brunneum (Hagen). Hoff (1945d, p.494; 1949, p.445; 1958, p. 8). Microbisi u? 939999um (Hagen). Hoff and Bolsterli (1956, p 161 ' M1939919i9m brunneum is not as common and widespread as Migr9pi§i9m 99nfugum; however both species have been found closely associated in bog situations (Hoff, 1949). ‘ SPECIFIC MORPHOLOCICAL CHARACTERS: Palpal femur more than 0.4 mm. long; length of femur between 2.87 and 5.2 times the width. HABITAT PRF LFERENCE: Specimens were taken from bog soil and litter and by sight from sphagnum moss. TYPE SPECIMEN: Deposited in the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University. 17 TYPE LOCALITY: Massachusetts. MICHIGAN RECORDS: Wayne County, H. G. Hubbard, (cited from literature); Clinton Coungz, June 3, 1958, 5 adults, Fenstermacher; Barry County, June 27, 1958, 5 adults, Porter; Midland County, April 12, 1957, 1 adult, Dreisbach. Pseudogarypug hesperus Chamberlin Pseudoggrypus hesperus Chamberlin (1951, p.252). Pseudogarypus hesperus Chamberlin. Hoff (1958, p.18). Pseudggagypug hesnerus is a rare pseudoscorpion having been previously recorded only in the state of Washington. The Michigan record is based on a single female specimen. GENERIC MOHPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERS: Undivided tarsus on all legs; four prominent eyes; sclerotic shield protecting the posterior pair of eyes; pseudocoxal spines on the coxae of the first pair of legs. SPECIFIC MOHPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERS: Marginal teeth of the chela basally contiguous; number of chelal teeth about 52 on the fixed finger and 26 on the moveable finger. HABITAT PREFERENCE: No information published. TVPH SPECIMEN: DepositiOn not published with original description. TVPE LOCALTTV: Puyallup, Washington. MICHIGAN PRCOPDS: Luce County, June 6, 1957, 1 adult, Dreisbach. 18 Lamprochernes Tbmbsvary GENERIC MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTWPS: Undivided tarsus on all legs; venom apparatus on the moveable chelal finger only; smoothly striate abdominal pleura; femoral articulation of legs one and four distinctly different; dorsal tactile seta on the tibia and proximal tactile seta on the tarsus of the fourth leg: interior terminal seta of the fixed chelal finger farther from the finger tip than the distance be- tween the interior subterminal and the interior subbasal setae. Lamprochernes oblonqus (Say) Chelifer oblongus Say (1821, p.64). Chelaggps oblongus Say. Banks (1895, p.5). Chelifer (Lamprochernes) oblongus (Say). Ellingsen (1909, p.368}. Chelanogg oblongus (Say). Ewing (1911, p.79). Chelanops oblongus (Say). Banks (1911, p.638). ChelanOps oblongus (Say). Pratt (1916, p.410). Lamprochernes oblongus (Say). Beier (1932b, p.84). Lamgrochernes oblongus (Say). Hoff (1945a, p.57; 1949, p.450; 1958,p.2'7. Lamprochernes oblongus (Say). Hoff and Bolsterli (1956, p.165). Although not collected during this study, L, oblongus appears to be widespread throughout the state and has been taken by several other collectors. It has a wide geographic range in the United States, extending from Massachusetts to Florida and westward to the Great Plains. SPECIFIC MORPHOLCGICAL CHAPACTVFS: Outline of the 19 chelal hand when viewed dorsally subquadrate; length of chela exclusive of the pedicel of less than 0.8 mm. HABITAT PREFERENCE: A group of specimens was collected by R. L. Fischer in Ingham County on April 15, 1948, under the elytra of beetles of the species Alaus ocullatus (Lin- neaus). A similar association of these two species was re- ported by Leidy (cf. Coolidge, 1908). A report on E, 22122‘ 523 from Illinois (no ecological data are available on the ‘ other Michigan specimens) indicates that its normal habitat is under the bark of oak logs and stumps. NEOTYPE SPECIMEN: Deposited in the collection of the Illinois State Natural History Survey, Urbana, Illinois. NEOTYPE LOCALITY: Havana, Illinois. MICHIGAN RECORDS: Saginaw County, May through August 1949, 6 adults, Dreisbach: May 25, 1956, 2 adults, Dreisbach; Midland County, May 28, 1941, 2 adults, Dreisbach; June 11, 1945, 2 adults, Dreisbach; June 16, 1945, 1 adult, Dreisbach; May 6, 1948, 1 adult, Dreisbach: May 16, 1956, 1 adult, Dreis- bach; Clare Count 5 June 26, 1944, 1 adult, Dreisbach; July 1, 1944, 1 adult, Dreisbach; Montcalm County, September 10, 1949, 1 adult, Dreisbach: La Peer County, June 2, 1942, 1 adult, Dreisbach; Ggatiot County, August 2, 1947, 1 adult, Dreisbach; Mecosta County, June 25, 1949, 1 adult, Dreisbach; Osceola County, 1 adult, Dreisbach; SE.Clair County, May 29, 1949, 1 adult, Dreisbach; Grand Traverse County, July 12, 1929, 7 adults, Byer. Lamprochernes mingg Hoff Lamprochernes minog Hoff (1949, p.453), (1958, p.21). Lamprgghernes mine; Hoff. Levi (1955, p.59). famprochernes 3199: Hoff. Hoff and Bolsterli (1956, p.166). This species shows closer relationships to EurOpean and North African species of Lamprochernes than it does to E. oblongus, the other Michigan species of this genus. SPECIFIC MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERS: Granular carapace: chelal length less pedicel of greater than 0.8 mm.; chela outline sub-ovate in dorsal view. HABITAT PREFERENCE: Date available for one collec- tion; the pseudoscorpions collected in Clinton County were taken by sight in a grain bin. A similar collection of E. £1333 is reported in the literature (Hoff and Bolsterli, 1956): the specimen(s) was taken from a railroad grain car. TVPE SPECIMEN: Deposited in the collection of the Illi- nois State Natural History Survey collection, Hrbana, Illinois. TVPE LOCALITY: Urbana, Illinois. MICHTGAN RECORDS: Midland County, August 8, 1945, 1 adult, Dreisbach: October, 1945, 1 adult, Dreisbach; Clinton County, October 24, 1956, 50 adults, Scheibner. 21 Pselaphochernes parvus Hoff Pgelaphochernes paryps Hoff (1945, p.58; 1949, p.461: —”“I959:IBTBI). Pselaphochernes parvus Hoff. Hoff and Bolsterli (1956, ’5. 1611.77.” _-. M” This is the species of Pselaphochernes that is defin- itely known from the nearctic region. A doubtful record of the Euronean species B. scorpiodes is listed from Kentucky. GENERIC MORPHCLCGICAL CHAFACTRPS: Femoral articulation of the first and fourth leg distinctly different: median tactile seta on the tarsus of the fourth leg, but no tibial tactile seta present on the fourth leg; venom apparatus in only the moveable clelal finger: pleural membrane granulate; cheliceral flagellum of three blades: interna1.setae of the fixed chelal finger not basally grouped. SPECIFIC MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTFFS: Denticulate or cla- vate body setae: single internal accessory tooth on each chelal finger: somewhat flattened external margin of the chelal hand. HABITAT PREFERENCE: Many pseudoscorpions of this species were taken in leaf litter and rotten logs from deciduous woods. TVPE SPECIMiN: Deposited in the collection of the Illi- nois State Natural History Survey, Urbana, Illinois. TVPE LOCALITV: Washington County, Arkansas. MICHIGAN RECORDS: Kalamazoo Eounty, July 9, 1957, 1 —..— ‘ —— —- tritonymph, Fenstermacher: Tngham Spunty, May 11 through May 22 28, 1958, 16 adults, Fenstermacher. Dendrochernes morosus (Banks) Chelanops morosug Banks (1895, p.7). Dandrochernes morosus (Banks). Hoff (1947, p.556). The only record of this species is from Michigan. The type specimen was collected by H. G. Hubbard from Isle Roy- ale, Keweenaw County and described by Banks (1895). GENERIC MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERS: Tarsi of all legs un- divided; femur and femoral articulation of first leg distinct- 1y~ different from that of fourth leg; venom apparatus in only moveable chelal finger; no accessory teeth; pleural membrane rugose or granulate; flagellum of four blades; tarsus with tactile seta; moveable chelal finger with the subterminal tactile seta nearer the subasal than the terminal. SPECIFIC MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERS: Palpal tibia slim~ and slightly bulging; inner margin of fixed chelal finger not regularly convex; pedal podomeres short. HABITAT PREFERENCE: No habitat information is avail- able for this single collection. TYPE SPECIMEN: Deposited in Museum of Comparative Zoolo- gy, Harvard University. TYPE LOCALITY: Isle Royale, Keweenaw County. MICHIGAN RECORD: Keweena! County, 2 adults, Hubbard (cited from literature). 23 Chelifer cancroides (Linnaeus) Acarus cancroides Linnaeus (1758, p.616). Chelifer cancroides Fourcroy (1785, p.526). Chelifer muricatus Say, in part (1821, p.65). Chelifer cancroides (Linnaeus). Hagen (1869, p.51). Chelifer cgncroides (Linnaeus). Packard (1886, p.45). Chelifer cancroides (Linnaeus). Banks (1895, p.5). Chelifer cancroides (Linnaeus). Ellingsen (1908, p.165; 1909, p.384). Chelifer cancroides (Linnaeus). Ewing (1911, p.75). Chelifer cancroidgg (Linnaeus). Beier (1952b, p.256). Chelifer cancroides (Linnaeus). Brimley (1958, p.497). Chelifer cancroides (Linnaeus). Hoff (1944, p.125; 1949, p.486; 1950, p.1; 1956, p.5; 1958, p.52). Chelifer cancroides (Linnaeus). Proctor (1946, p.510). Chelife; cancroides (Linnaeus). Hoff and Clawson (1952, p.557} ‘ Chelifer cancroides (Linnaeus). Hoff and Bolsterli (1956, p.177). . This species of pseudoscorpions is the one commonly en— countered by man and can be found in all parts of the world. It is the only species of the genus 22211393 found in North America. GENERIC MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERS: Undivided tarsus on all legs; distinctly different femoral articulation on the first and fourth leg; venom apparatus in both chelal fingers; flagellum made up of three setae; subterminal setae of the fourth pedal tarsus denticulate and tarsal claw of the same leg bifid; divided tergites with.a central seta: cheliceral hand without a subbasal seta. SPECIFIC MOPPHOLOGICAL CHARACTEDS: Males 2.5 to 5.5 mm. long; females 5.0 to 4.5 mm. long; palpal femur 5.5 times as long as Wide; palpal tibia 4.1 times as long as wide. 24 HABITAT PREFERENCE: One collection was taken from an abandoned shack; no information is available for the remain- ing specimens. TYPE SPECIMEN: Deposited in the Cornell University Museum, Ithaca, New York. TYPE LOCALITY: Otto, New York. MICHIGAN RECORDS: Chebgygan ngnty, August 10, 1940, 2 adults, Porter; Midland County, 1949, 1 adult, Dreisbach; July 18, 1950, 1 adult, Dreisbach; Washtenaw County, 1958, 1 adult, Fenstermacher; flgyne County, Hubbard (cited from literature). Dactylochelifer oppiosus Hoff Dactylgghelifer coniosus Hoff (1945a, p.55: 1945b, p.521; ‘ 1949, p. 491; 1959, p.55). Dactylochelifer cogiosus Hoff. Hoff and Bolsterli (1956, p.178). Members of this monosphyronid species are common decid- uous forest inhabitants of central United States. The other species of the genus are found throughout the palearctic re- gion. GENERIC MORPHOLOGTCAL CHARACTFPS: Undivided tarsus on all legs; distinctly different femoral articulation on the first and fourth leg; venom apparatus in both fingers of the chelal hand; posterior tergites with a seta in the center of each plate in addition to a row of peripheral setae: tarsal 25 claws without teeth; no tactile seta on the fourth pedal tarsus; and short, denticulate or clavate setae on the body palps. SPECIFIC MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERS: Male 2.5 to 2.6 mm. long; female 2.4 to 3.15 mm. long: palpal femur length 5.9 to 4.25 times width; anterior stigmatic plate devoid of setae; posterior plate with a single seta. .HABITAT PREFERENCE: Specimens were taken from leaf litter and tOp soil. TYPE SPECIMEN: Deposited in Illinois State Natural History Survey collection, Urbana, Illinois. TYPE LOCALITY: Washington County, Arkansas. MICHIGAN RECOFDS: Many adults and nymphs were taken at several sites. Kalamazoo County, July 25, 1957, Fenster- macher; July, 1957, Porter; Livingston County, April 1949 through April 1950, Bohnsack; June 17 through August 10, 1954, Wallace; October 14, 1951, through April 19, 1952, Pruitt. Paisochelifer callug (Hoff) Hysterochelifer callus Hoff (1945b, p.515). Paisochelffér callus (Hoff). Hoff (1946c, p.487), _' (1949, p.489; 1950, p.10; 1958,p.35). .3. callus is a rare monosphyronid pseudoscorpion pre- viously found only ih Illinois and Maryland. A single male constitutes Michigan's lone record of this species. 26 GENERIC MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERS: Undivided tarsus; markedly different femoral articulations on the first and fourth leg; venom apparatus in both chelal fingers; three setae in the flagellum; posterior tergites with only peri- pheral setae; tibia and tarsus of the fourth leg subequal in length; distal tactile seta on the fourth pedal tarsus. SPECIFIC MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERS: Male 1.65 to 1.95 mm. long; female 1.55 to 2.15 mm. long; palpal femur length 5.55 to 5.65 times width: palpal tibia length 2.4 to 2.7 times width. ' HABITAT PREFERENCE: This species was collected by sight in a grain bin with.a group of Lamprgghegneg mipgg. TYPE SPECIMEN: Deposited in the collection of the State Natural History Survey, Urbana, Illinois. TYPE LOCALITY: Washington County, Arkansas. MICHIGAN RECORDS: Clinton Cgunty, October 24, 1956, 1 adult, Scheibner. Idiochelifer nigripalpus (Ewing) Chelifer muricatus Say, in part (1821, p.65). Chelifer cancroides var. nigripalpug__Ewing (1911, p.75). Chelifer nigripalpus Ewing. Chamberlin (1951, p.19). Hysterpphélifer—léhgidggtylug Hoff (1945b, p.511). Idiochelifer nigripalpus (Ewing). Hoff (1946b, p.26; 1949, p.487; 1950, p.s?’I958, p.54). Idiochelifer pigripglpus (EWing). Hoff and Bolsterli (1956,—p.177). 27 Pseudoscorpions of this monotypic genus are known from the north-central part of the United States only. This spe- cies is commonly found under the bark of trees (Hoff, 1949). GENERIC MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERS: Undivided tarsus on all legs; femoral articulation of the first and fourth leg distinctly different; venom apparatus developed in both che- lal fingers; flagellum of chelicera with three blades; den- ticulate subterminal setae on fourth pedal tarsus; tarsal claws of fourth leg simple and acute; coxae with spurs; ter— gal plates with only peripheral setae; and tibia 1.25 times as long as the tarsus of fourth leg. SPECIFIC MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERS: Males with coxal sacs lacking atria; females with small, median cribiform plates; male 2.1 to 2.55 mm. long; female 2.1 to 2.55 mm. long: palpal femur length 4.5 to 4.6 times the width. HABITAT PREFERENCE: No ecological information is avail— able for the single specimen collected by Wallace. TYPE SPECIMEN: Deposited in the Cornell University; Museum, Ithaca, New York. TYPE LOCALITY: Ames, Iowa. MICHIGAN RECORDS: Livingston County, July 24, 1954, 1 adult, Wallace. Discussion of undetermined specimens Five specimens, after tentative determination by the author, were sent to Dr. C. Clayton Hoff of the University of New Mexico for confirmation. In the Opinion of Dr. Hoff (personal communication) no positive identification can be made on these specimens at the present; however, a brief discusSion of each will be given to provide information which.may be of value to further studies made in Michigan. A single diplosphyronid pseudoscorpion was collected in Delta County by R. R. Dreisbach on July 7, 1955. This speci- men is probably a tritonymph of the genus Syarinug. This is indicated by the smoothly striate nature of the pleural mem- brane; the strongly oblique femoral articulation on the fourth leg; the presence of a galea; and the contiguous mar- ginal teeth on the chela. Species determinations on all im- mature specimens are difficult without an accompanying series of adults. In addition, this specimen apparently does not belong to the known Syarinus species of the Great Lakes area, S, granulosus, thus making even a tentative de- termination impossible. In the family Chernetidae, the generic characteristics of the Mirochernes-Dinocheirus-Reginachernes-Hesperochernes complex is very inadequately described. Three damaged fe- male specimens were taken in three different counties by as many different collectors, and all three examples belong to 29 this complex. Each of these three pseudoscorpions appears to be missing a tactile seta on the fourth pedal tarsus al- though this can not be accurately determined. The presence of such a morphological character would place them in either the genus Mirochernes or Dinogheizug. The criteria of sep- aration between females of these two genera is rather nebue~ lous, hinging upon the distance between the tactile setae of the moveable chelal finger. In Mirochernes the distance between the subterminal and subbasal setae is at least a lit- tle more than twice the distance between the terminal and subterminal setae; in Dinocheirus the first measurement is seldom more than twice the second. It is practically manda- tory to have males before a positive generic determination can be made. The specimens were collected by R. R. Dreis- bach from Livingston County, May 28, 1944; by A. S. Watson from Washtenaw County, May 5, 1941; and by G. Steyskal from Wayne County, June 16, 1952. Another single tritonymph was collected by the author on May 22, 1958, in Ingham County. Because of the granulate pleural membrane, four blades in the flagellum, and the na- ture of the tactile seta on the fourth pedal tarsus, it probably belongs to the genus Dinocheirus. No accurate species determination can be made due to the inadequate de- scriptions and the age of the specimen. The last specimen was taken by R. R. Dreisbach in Saginaw 50 County on June 6, 1949. This specimen is probably a member of the genus Hesperochernes; however, the number of setae in the flagellum can not be distinguished with certainty to confirm such an identification. Also the denticulate nature of the basal and subbasal cheliceral setae, once thought to be diagnostic for the genus, are not constant generic charac- ters. The taxonomy of this group is in need of further analy- zation and revision. 51 SUMM ARY The preceding discussion makes a substantial increase in our knowledge of the pseudoscorpion fauna of the state of Michigan. The most recently published record (Hoff, 1958) indicates four species representing four genera, three fami- lies, and two suborders present in the state. With this survey the list has been increased to include twelve species, ten genera, five families, and three suborders. Six speci- mens for which an accurate determination could not be made appear to demonstrate the presence of three or four additional genera and species. Pseudoscorpions occupy a variety of habitats. Ecologi- cal data are available on collections involving nine species. Four species were found in the leaf litter and ground cover of deciduous forests: Chthonius tetrachelatus, Microbisium —---_M-—-— *- hm”... —.—— confusum, Pselaphochernes parvus, and Dactylochelifer coni- , .._ ——.———— osus. Two of these, M. co_nfusum and P. parvus, were taken also in rotten logs and wood debris. Microbisium brunneum -——-.<—- ————-_ was collected from sphagnum moss and debris in bogs. Three species were found in domestic situations: Chelifer cancroi- des in an abandoned shack; Lamproghernes minor and Paisochel- .0 * ..._- —-— -—o- -- ifs; callug in a grain bin. An interesting collection of Lamprochernes oblongus was made from under the elytra of the beetle Alaus opullatgg (Linnaeus) indicating a possible 32 symbiotic relationship. Microbisium confusum was taken in sufficient collections to indicate a continuous distribution throughout both the .Northern and Southern Peninsulas of Michigan. Lamprochernes oblongus appears to be widespread and common throughout the Southern Peninsula. Although only recorded from four scat- tered counties, Chelifer cancroides is probably found through- out the Southern Peninsula also. For the remaining species, the present records only list small or local distributions. 55 BIBLIOGRAPHY Banks, Nathan 1891. Notes on North American Chernetidae. Can. Ent. E: 161‘60 1895. Notes on the Pseudoscorpionida. N. Y. Ent. Soc. Jour. 5: 1-15. 1911. The pseudoscorpions of California. Pomona Col- lege Jour. Ent. g: 655-40. Beier, Max . 1952a. Pseudoscorpionidea. I. Subord. Chthoniinea et Neobisiinea. Tierreich 57: 1-258. 271 figs. 1952b. Pseudoscorpionidea. II. _§ubord. Cheliferinea. Tierreich 58: 1-294. 500 figs. Brimley, C. S. 1958. Insects of North Carolina. Dept. of Agriculture, Raleigh, North Carolina, 560 pp. Chamberlin, J. C. 1999. A synoptic classification of the false scarpions or chela-spinners, with a report on a cosmOpoli- tan collection of the same. Part I. The Heter- osphyrbnidaionnn. Mag. Nat. Hist., Ser. 10, 2: 50-80. 5 figs. 1950. A synOptic classification of the false scorpions or chela-spinners, with a report on a cosmOpoli- tan collection of the same. Part II. The Dip- losphyronida. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.,Ser. 10, 5: 1-48; 585-620. 5 figs. 1951. The arachnid order Chelonethida. Stanford Univ. Pubs., Univ. Ser., Biol. Sci. 1; 1-284. 71 figs. 1952. A synOptic revision of the generic classification of the chelonethid family Cheliferidae Simon (Arachnida). Can. Ent. 65: 289-94; g5: 17-21; 55-9. (Volume fig dated 1951). Ellingsen, Edv. 1908. Two Canadian species of pseudoscorpions. Cana- dian But. 40: 165. 1909. Die Pseudoscorpions des Berliner Museums. Zoolo- gisches Museum in berlin Mitteilungen g: 557-425. Ewing, H. R. 1911. Notes on pseudoscorpions; a study on the varia- tions of our common species, Chelifer cancroides. 54 Lin., with systematic notes on other species. N. Y. Ent. Soc. Jour. 12: 65-81. 15 figs. Fourcroy, Antoine Francois 1785. Entomologia parisiensis. 2 vols., 554 pp. Paris. Hadzi, Jovan 1955a. Primos poxnavanju pseudoskorpijske faune Primorja. Prirodoslovna istrazivanja Kraljevine Jugoslavije 18: 125-92. Zagreb. 1955b. §Eitrag zur Kenntnis der Pseudoskoroionen-—-Fauna des Kustenlandes. .Academie Yougoslave. Classe des sciences mathematiques et naturelles Bul- letin International 21: 175-99. Zagreb. Hagen, Hermann . 1869. The American Pseudo-scorpions. Record of American Entomology for the Year 1868: 48-52. Salem. Hoff, C. Clayton . 1944a. Notes on three pseudoscorpions from Illinois. Ill. State Acad. Sci. Trans. 57: 125-8. 2 figs. 1945a. New species and records ET'nseudoscorpions from Arkansas. Am. Micros. Soc. Trans. 64: 54-57. 2 p13. 21 figs. “ 1945b. New species and records of cheliferid pseudoscor- pions. Am. Midland Nat. 53: 511-22. 12 figs. 1946a. Additional notes on pseudoscorpions from Illinois. Ill. State Acad. Sci. Trans. 58: 105-10. 1946b. New pseudoscorpions, chiefly Kaotropical, of the suborder Monosphyronida. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. .Novitates 1518: 1-52. 52 figs. 19460. The pseudoscorpion tribe Cheliferini. Chicago Acad. Sci. Bul. 7: 485-90. 1946d. American species-of tre pseudoscorpion genus Microbisium Chamberlin, 1950. Chicago Acad. Sci. 8111. 1: 493-970 1947.. The species of the pseudoscorpion genus Chelanons described by Banks. Harvard Univ. Mus. Compar. Zool. Bul. 98: 475-550. ‘V 1949. The pseudoscBrpions of Illinois. Bul. Illinois Nat. Hist. Surv. 24: 415-4980 1950. Some North American cheliferid pseudoscorpions. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. Novitates 1448: 1-18. 1951. New species and records of chthoniid pseudoscorpions. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. Novitates 1485: 1-15. 1956. Pseudoscorpions of the family cheliferidae from New Mexico. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. Novitates 1804: 1-55. 1958. Hoff, C. 1956. Hoff, C. 1952. Levi, H. 1955. List of the pseudoscorpions of North America North of Mexico. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. Novitates 1875: 1-49. C. and J. E. Bolsterli Pseudoscorpions of the Mississippi River drain- age basin area, Am. Micros. Soc. Trans. 75: 155- 179. __ C. and D. L. Clawson Pseudoscorpions from rodents nests. Amer. Mus. Novitates 1585: 1-58. W, Observations on two species of pseudoscorpions. Canadian Ent. 85: 55-62. Linnaeus, Carolus 1759. McClure, 1945. Packard, 1886. Systems naturae, tenth edition I. 2+824 pp. Helmiae. H. Elliot Aspection in the biotic communities of the Church- hill area, Manitoba. Ecol. Monogr. 15: 1-55. A. S. The cave fauna of North America, with remarks on the anatomy of the brain and origin of blind species. Mem. Natl. Acad. Sci. 411): 42-48. Pratt, H. S. 1916. A manual of the common invertebrate animals. A. C. McClurg and Company, Chicago, pp. 1-757. Preyssler, J. D. E. 1946. Biological survey of the Mount Desert reaion. wistar Inst. of Anatomy and biology, Philadel- phia, pp. 1-566. Say, Thomas 1821. An account of the Arachnides of the United States.. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Jour. a: 59—82. Stecker, Anton 1875. Ueber swiefelhafte Chernetiden-Arten, welche von A. Menge beschrieben warden. Deutsche (Berliner) Entomologische Zeitschrift 19: 505-14. 56 Vachon, Max 194180 1941b. Chthonius tetrachelatus P. et ses formes imma- tures (1 note§.-Museum'national d'histoire nat- urelle Bul. 15: 442-9. 25 figs. Chthonius tetrachelatus P. et ses formes imma- tures (2 note). Museum national d'histoire nat- urelle Bul. 19: 84-7. Paris. Appendix A. Appendix B. LIST OF APPENDICES Species distribution map. Morphology illustrations. 57 Figure 1. Appendix A Distribution of pseudoscorpions in Michigan. 10. 11. 12. LEGEND Chthonius tetrachelatus Microbisium confusum Microbisium_brunneum Pseudogarypus hesperus Lamprochernes oblongus Lamprochernes minor Egalsphaahe mas. aaryus Dendrochernes morosus mm W Chelifer cancroides Dactylochelifer c0piosus Idiochelifer nigripalpus Paisochelifer callus 59 RAND M9NALLY LOOSE LEAF OUTLINE MAP MICHIGAN ' H Y RAND ALI. A CHI 00 Figure 1. . (C 8 .ou‘roumou J WWI W. I.i I- If IRON I I. _ . ' l.— - ...l l—l / '1 "\._.\ I MO ‘ [mus -. I IJ I ‘ ‘ ,.J IR wascousm\"$u , I Imoum: Q l was ! - 1.. - ' I—'—' ' 3. 1‘ ‘ A --—i"'°" __ .‘I ,IALGER I I Icmppam ‘ (C A N A D A J Wilma] 'T'lu- __ _ Emacs»? .MAEKTITAE Jul _____ | I \I‘ § an . . TA . " v'usIronew o I I.____I I I a '--I & 4 ' ‘FLoncuca r - L. I ’— . ‘ Q 3 O l i l '/' g \ ‘ uzuomuczi I '0 ‘ WISCONSIN g .\ "firm” I ,A: . \ ' Q immou: MARINE": i9 ‘ v \ ! ' ISLE Q -...........I——- .337 1.1.1:: ‘ . 0 W mfi ' 1318560 I ”"9“" ,l a!» a! so so to com“: MADE IN U. S. A. 2 I 9“" Ion. Tmm' . 5 ! a LEW . ' l I -— . — _ - — — - — - — . "ATOM I K: O I o l ' I 5 I 5 I -_I_-_.-'_-..._-' .__-_L_- ocean I mAvnoluecosu Fwem Woman. I I I I Ia.3.5.| I 6 ' I 5 feta-Tar i3. 6, I2 7 imam—m ‘Imfi' 2.745? [2, 7 .7 I .—-—-—-_-—. I "JOSEPH I gauge“ I DEBBIE“ ' PORIEIS-nJ—osz3fifuh+[domtl ' mag-l} . . — INDIANAomm This “an is nkn aunilahln In (in 11-” rid—ISSAUKE4 nos- locum» , common , l'oscsou [cums [ouomIT-P ' l'": uv . 9 r1.-- ‘i'o—nififi'immm 5 — . .—.."o—si:Tu. [salmnsse'f 4’? "Taéfiu' jfisfififiw‘rfifii I l— -jde’ I __;""' 1 t—I IWEER 1,______ ‘ 5 \smum -L_-__I_- 5 {TI—mo rucOMq I I0,H| '3'5 9 !q ' CANADA rs an MI Appendix B Morphology illustrations Figure 2. Lamprochernes oblongus. Dorsal view of chelicera. The setae important in taxonomy are indicated by the standard- ized designations: b, basal seta; gs, exterior seta; 5&9 ga- leal seta; is, interior seta; ls, laminal seta; s2, subbasal seta. (After Hoff.) Figure 5. Chelifer cancroides. Lateral view of chelal hand of palp. The standardized symbols used for the tactile setae of the moveable finger are as follows: 2, basal seta; Eb, sub- basal seta; st, subterminal seta; E, terminal seta. 0n the fix- ed finger, 3 indicates exterior and 3 indicates interior; either is used in connection with 2, £2, and the like. (After Hoff.) 41 rami galea serrula exterior moveable finger serrula interior fixed finger lamina exterior flagellum it ' t es st ist 3b isb ‘b ib (Fig. 5 .Iv" . I .0 .I/ .1! . _ .. . . I .. ..vl '. l.’ ‘11.“ 4.1.0... .I I .. I. . . I . _. ’ a . . u \ a I! .. V. . .av‘l utl.1'l ll Appendix B (continued) Figure 4. Chernes cervus. Bifid tarsal claw of tarsus. (After Chamberlin.) Figure 5. Pselaphochernes parvus. Tarsus of fourth leg showing dorsal tactile seta. (After Hoff.) Figure 6. Syarinus obscurus. Longitudinally striate pleural membrane of abdomen. (After Chamberlin.) .",Figure 7. Dactylochelifer copiosus. Male genital complex of highly specialized type showing coxal sacs with medially paired atria (above) and statumen convolutum with laterally paired genital sacs (below). (After Hoff.) Figure 8. Chelifer scabriculus. Tarsus of fourth leg showing a denticulate subterminal seta. (After Chamberlin.) Figure 9. Lamprochernes ellipticus. Genital area of female with special reference to setae. (After Hoff.) “7... /, .,..\ .J L .3 x III IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIS 4298