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RETURNING MATERIALS:
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An.Experimental Study of Effects of Varying

water Temperatures on Lumnite Concrete.

A Thesis Submitted to
The Faculty of
Michigan State College
of
Agriculture and Applied Science

3?

Re A. 313111611

Candidate for the Degree of

Bachelor of Science

in
civil Engineering
June 1925

 

 

THESIS

 

'I‘Il. III

 

Introduction

Lumnite Cement is made from limestone and bouxite, the latter
material being high in alumina and taking the place of clay used in
the manufacture of Portland Cement. The rapid hardening properties
and high initial strength of Lumnite cement concrete are due to the
presence of the greater amount of calcium aluminate, develOping at
twentyufour hours a strength considerably greater than that of Port-
land cement concrete at twenty-eight days.

Various tests have been made on Lumnite cement concrete such
as, chemical analysis, and standard Laboratory tests such as, fine-
ess, Specific gravity, soundness and the setting time of the cement.‘
tension tests of cement mortar and strength comparisons with Port-
land cement concrete. But at the time of this writing no such
tests as the tension and compression of Lumnite cement concrete
cured in varying water temperatures and the using of varying water
temperatures in the gauging of the mortar have come to my notice.

Some of the outstanding prcperties of this cement are the
very high strength which it develcps in twenty-four hours and its
prcperty of resisting or being less effected by freezing temper-
atures before it has set than Portland cement concrete.

The following data and curves are carried out on the basis of
twenty-four hour tests using concrete of the following specifica-
tions.

Atlas Lumnite Cement.
Size of Test Pieces:
Cylinders: 3.33” I 6.5" : 8.73 sq. in.

Briquettes: 1" square. thru the center.

1039335

Time of curing- 24 hours.
Slump: 4 1/2" to 5"
fineness Modules:
Coarse Aggregate: 6.654
Fine Aggregate: 3.286
Mix: one (1) to five (5)
One part cement ot five parts coarse and
fine aggregate.

The specimens were placed in moist air, changing the tempera-
ture with each set of specimens to determine which temperature
would give the greatest compressive strength. When this temperature
was found we next made specimens varying the temperature of the mix-
ing water and cured these in the moist air temperature which was
previously found to be critical and observed the result. The same
method was also carried out in using specimens cured in water of
vavaricus temperatures, critical temperature was found and then the
temperature of the mixing water was was varied.

However in the tensions tests we found a seven day test was
made by first curing specimens in moist air of seventy degrees
Fahrenheit for the first twenty-four hours and then immersing them
in water of the same temperature of seventy degrees for the balance
of the seven days and noting the results.

The experiments were conducted in the concrete laboratories
of the Michigan State College by R. A. Truman in the Spring of

Nineteen Hundred Twenty-five.

 

 

 

 

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Total

Total

Cured in Water- Temperature Varying.

Cylinders

1:6 mix

46 degrees Fahrenheit

65

cylinder

No.1
No.2
No.3
No.4
No.6
£2.22

6

average: 13800# per cylinder 6 l/2x 3"

degrees Fahrenheit

cylinder

No.1
No.2
No.3
No.4
No.6
No.6

6

average: 16000 pounds per cylinder

crushing strength in pounds

Total

crushing strength in pounds

I3000
12400
14600
I5200
13600
$39.92
82800

14000
12000
20000
14000
16000
14000

90000

63 degrees Fahrenheit

cylinder crushing strength in pounds
No.1 14000
No.2 13200
No.3 13000
No.4 14200
No.6 3900
M $33292
Total 6 Total 81600

average: 13600 pounds per cylinder

72 degrees Fahrenheit

cylinder crushing strength in pounds
No.1 13600
No.2 12000
No.3 17000
No.4 11000
No.6 13200
12.2.9 mess
Total 6 Total 80400

average: 13400 pounds per cylinders

80 degrees Fahrenheit

cylinder crushing strength in pounds
No.1 16000
NO-2 16600
No.3 15400
N°~4 15200
No.6 16400
No.6 M
Total 6 94800

 

BVBI‘ER‘S:

16800 pounds per cylinder.

90 degrees Fahrenheit

cylinders crushing strength in pounds
No.1 21000
No.2 19000
No.3 20000
No.4 20400
No.6 19600
m 99999.
Total 6 Total 120000

average: 20000 pounds per cylinder.

98 degrees Fahrenheit

cylinders crushing strength in pounds
No.1 17000
No.2 16800
No.3 17800
99a 9.2999
Total 4 Total 68600

average: 17160 pounds per cylinder.

106 degrees Fahrenheit

cylinders crushing strength in pounds
No.1 13800
No.2 14000
No.3 14600
92...; 99999
Total 4 Total 66300

average:

14076 pounds per cylinder.

120 degrees Fahrenheit

cylinders crushing strength in pounds
No.1 12000
No.2 11600
No.3 11200
9.12.4: £999
Total 4 Total 46400

averagezll600 pounds per cylinder

Compression Tests Cured in water
of

Various Temperatures.

From the previous data taken from tests of cylinders cured in
water, the temperature of which varied from forty-five degrees to one
hundred-twenty degrees Fahrenheit, it was found that the temperature
at which the Lumnite cement concrete attained its highest strength
wae ninety degrees Fahrenheit. This gives a strength in compression
of two thousand two hundred ninety pounds per square inch. According
to observations and previous outside experiments this is low for
Lumnite cement concrete. It also seems that the temperature of the
curing water is a trifle high for ordinary working conditions, but
according to these results appears to be the pr0per temperature in
which to cure Lumnite cement concrete to obtain the greatest strength.

It was also noted that an excessive amount of heat was generated
by the hydration of Lumnite cement concrete. This heat generated
starts about the sixth hour and continues until about the twelvth
hour after mixing due to the violent chemical action during the rapid

hydration of the cement.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

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Cylinders
Cured in atmosphere- Temperature Varying.

1:6 mix.

65 degrees Fahrenheit

cylinders crushing strength in pounds
No.1 20200
No.2 20000
No.3 20000
No.4 22000
No.6 20400
99.9... 9.9199.
Total 6 Total 123300

average: 20550 pounds per cylinder.

70 degrees Fahrenheit

cylinders crushing strength in pounds
No.1 19400
No.2 15000
No.3 18000
N6.4 19000
UHO.6 15500
99.9 lugs
Total 6 . Total 104800

average: 17466 pounds per cylinder

cylinders crushing strength in pounds.
No.1 13400
No.2 11400
No.3 11400
No.4 12000
No.6 12600
99.19 has;
Total 6 Total 72400

77 degrees Fahrenheit

average: 12067 pounds per cylinder.

85 degrees Fahrenheit

cylinders crushing strength in pounds.
No.1 11000
No.2 12200
No.3 10000
No.4 10500
No.6 10000
9.49. .19999
Total 6 Total 64500
average: 10750 pounds per cylinder.
95 degrees Fahrenheit
cylinders crushing strength in pounds.
N0 . 1 11000
No.2 10000
No.3 9000
No.4 10000
No.6 10500
.1122. 92299
Total 6 Total 60000

average: 10000 pounds per cylinder.

110 degrees Fahrenheit

cylinders crushing strength in pounds
No.1 ' 7800
No.2 9000
No.3 8200
No.4 8600
No.5 8000
999.9 9999
Total 6 Total 50400

average: 8400 pounds per cylinders.

120 degrees Fahrenheit

Cylinders crushing strength in pounds
No.1 8000
No.2 7800
No.3 8100
No.4 7700
No.5 7600
9.2.9 9999
Total 6 Total 47400

average: 7900 pounds per cylinder.

130 degrees Fahrenheit

cylinders crushing strength in pounds
No.1 8000
No.2 6800
No.3 8000
No.4 7400
No.6 7800
99.9. 2929.
6 Total 45600

average:

7600 pounds per cylinder.

Compression Tests cured in Mbist Air
of

Various Temperatures.

These conclusions are taken from the tests of cylinders of
the same mix as those before except that these were cured in moist
air, the temperature of which varied from sixty-five degrees to
one hundred thirty degrees- Fahrenheit. From the curve it is seen
that these specimens show a high compressive strength at a low
temperature nearer to ordinary working conditions.

From sixty-five degrees to seventy-five degrees it is seen
that nearly one third of the compressive strength is lost, and from
there up to one hundred thirty degrees it decreases very slowly,
showing the critical temperature to be sixty-five degrees Fahrenheit.

we may also note that, if the temperature of the moist air
chamber be changed within ten degrees of this critical temperature
it appears that some chemical reaction of the heat set up in the
cylinders and that of the moist air more nearly approach each other
and thus brean down that property which gives Lumnite cement con-
crete its early high compressive strength. It must be noted how-
ever that this is Just a conclusion drawn from the curve and data,
and before being authenic a chemical analysis should be made to
determine if this change in temperature hastens these reactions or

not.

 

 

MICHIGAN AGRICULT'J '7 AL COLLEGE

 

 

 
 
 
   

 

 

 

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DEPARTh-“iNT OF MATriCAATICS

Conclusions

Taken from comparison of Curves on Cylinders cured in Moist
Air and those cured in Water under Varying Temperatures.

From the comparison of the two curves it is seen that the
critical temperature is not the same in either curve. For the curve
from which the cylinders were cured in moist air, the critical tem-
perature was found to be sixty-five degrees Fahrenheit, while the
critical temperature of the cylinders cured in water was ninety
degrees Fahrenheit. It is readily seen that these two curves do not
coincide but act cpposite to each other except when high tempera-
tures are reached and then they both show low compressive strength.
The strength is decreased due to the heat action going on in the cy-
linder being high and that of the curing temperature also being
high.

Important Notes to Determined:

What chemical action take place within the cylinders that
changes the color of the concrete when they are cured in water vary-
ing from a low temperature to a high temperature? The color at a
low temperature being a light gray and changing to a dark brown
color at a high temperature. This color is noted whether the cy-
linders are cured in moist air or in water.

At this point it is also important to note that the water has
an important part in the compressive strength of the Lumnite cement
.concrete. We noted the cylinders cured in moist air and those
cured in water had different critical temperatures. From this it is
seen that the water in which the cylinders are cured furnishes that

water which is used up by the heat action going on within the cy-

linders. This raises their critical temperatures which gives to

them their highest compressive strength.

 

 

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Cylinders

Cured in Critical Temperature of AtmosPhere 65 degrees Fahrenheit-

Temperature of Mixing Water Varying.

Total

Total

1:5 mix

45 degrees Fahrenheit-Mixing Water.

60

cylinders
No.1"

No.2
No.5
No.4
No.5
l§g;§

6

crushing strength in pounds

21000
22800
21000
21500
82300
2mg.
Total 129600

average: 21600 pounds per cylinder

degrees Fahrenheit-Mixing Water

cylinders

No.1
No.2
No.3
No.4
No.5
No.6

6

crushing strength in pounds

27800
87400
23000
26900
23700
was
Total 156400

average: 26067 pounds per cylinder

1
i
I

75 degrees Fahrenheit-Mixing Water.

cylinders crushing strength in pounds
No.1 20600
No.2 19200
No.3 26000
No.4 21000
No.5 18800
Ell-.9. £29.99.
Total 6 Total 131600

average: 21933 pounds per cylinder

90 degrees Fahrenheit-Mixing Water

cylinders crushing strength in pounds
No.1 16000
No.2 15800
No.3 15600
No.4 16000
No.5 15600
112:5). £13.09.
Total 6 Total 94800

average: 15800 pounds per cylinder

105 degrccc Fahrenheit-Nixing Water

cylinders crushing strength in pounds
No.1 10400
No.2 10200
No.3 10400
No.4 10600
No.5 10000
M 1%
Total 6 Total 62000

average: 10333 pounds per cylinder

Total

Total

cylinders

No.1
No.2
No.3
No.4
No.5
No.6

W

6

cylinders

No.1
No.2
No.3
No.4
No.5

No.6
6

120 degrees Fahrenheit-Mixing Water

crushing strength in pounds

9900
9600
9400
10000
9700
gggg
Total 57900

average: 9633 pounds per cylinder

average!

135 degrees Fahrenheit-Nixing Water

crushing strength in pounds

7000
9400
9400
7200
9200
eggg
Total 49600

8267 pounds per cylinder.

Compression Tests Cured at Critical Temperature
of
Heist Air

Mixing water at Various Temperatures.

We must bear in mind that the following conclusions are based
not on the curing temperature, but the temperature of the mixing is
now varying and the cylinders are being cured in moist air whose
temperature is sixty-five degrees Fahrenheit. This was found to
be critical from the previous curve.

Here again it is to be seen that the highest compressive
strength is developed at a low temperature of mixing water. That
temperature of mixing water at sixtyefive degrees was found to give
a compressive strength of two thousand nine hundred eighty pounds
per square inch.

Again the same question arises, "What chemical reaction takes
place within the cement concrete that gives a higher compressive
strength at lower temperatures?"' Surely some important reaction
takes place, for at this point it was noticed that the color of
the Lumnite cement concrete was changed at different temperatures
of curing and mixing water. At the lower temperatures, the color
of the Lulnite cement concrete was a light gray and as the higher
temperatures were reached the color changed to a light brown.
Whether an excessive amount of iron is liberated or not, a chemical
analysis would have to be carried on to determine just what unknown
element this is that effects the strength of the concrete and if it
would be possible to eliminate this, thus increasing the strength

of the Lumnite cement concrete at higher temperatures.

 

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Cylinders
Cured in Critical Temperature of Water- 90 degrees Fahrenheit-
Temperature of Mixing Water Varying.
1:5 mix

45 degrees Fahrenheit-Mixing Water

 

cylinders crushing strength in pounds
No . 1 ' 16500
No.2 17800
No.3 18600
No.4 15900
No.5 16400
No.6 11892
Total 6 Total 103000

average: 17200 pounds per cylinder.

60 degrees Fahrenheit-Mixing Water.

cylinders crushing strength in pounds.
No.1 16600
No.2 15200
No.3 17800
No.4 16400
No.5 15400
9&2 12.9.9.9.
Total 6 Total 99200

average: 16533 pounds per cylinder.

Compression Tests Cured in Water
of
Critical Temperature

Mixing Water varying.

These conclusions are also based on the temperature of the mix-
ing water varying, but the critical temperature of the curing water
is now being used instead of moist air. This temperature was found
to be ninety degrees Fahrenheit and gave the highest compressive
strength.

This curve also shows the highest compressive strength is de-
ve10ped at a low temperature of mixing water. The strength decreases
slowly from forty-five degrees to seventy degrees. From here up to
ninety degrees it changes and decreases very rapidly.

This curve follows what one would more naturally beleive the
compressive strength to be, since it was seen that the Lumnite ce-
ment concrete generated excessive heat. It can be seen from this
curve, the low temperature of mixing wate off sets or retards the
heat set up in the concrete and the element of which we spoke of
before does not have a chance to hasten the chemical reaction and
reduce the compressive strength. Thus the compressive strength
is greater at the lower temperatures. From the curve it can be
seen that the compressive strength of the concrete has decreased to
less than half at the higher temperatures than at the lower tempera-
tures.

It is important to note here that the mixing water was ordinary
tap water and the temperature at which we found the conrete to have

its highest compressive strength can be easily obtained under or-

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Briquettes
Cured in Water- Temperature of Water Varying Standard
Ottawa Sand.
1:3 mix.

45 degrees Fahrenheit-Water

Briquettes Tension strength in pounds.
No.1 420
N012 440
No.3 400
No.4 420
No.5 410
No.6 420
No.7 425
.9949. 4%..
Total 8 Total 3360

average: 420 pounds per Briquette.

55 degrees Fahrenheit-Water

Briquettes Tension strength in pounds.
No.1 400
No.2 650
No.3 475
No.4 450
No.5 460
No.6 490
No.7 450
M 9.19..
Total 8 Total 3750

average: 469 pounds per Briquette.

63 degrees Fahrenheit-Water

Briquettes , Tension strength in pounds.
No.1 470
No.2 480
No.3 500
No.4 470
No.5 490
No.6 470
No.7 460
99.49. 20.9..
Total 8 Total 3840

average: 480 pounds per Briquette.

70 degrees Fahrenheit-Water

Briquette Tension strength in pounds.
No.1 A 610
No.2 460
No.3 450
No.4 480
No.5 446
No.6 460
No.7 485
92:9. 2.29.
Total 8 Total 3860

average: 483 pounds per Briquette

78 degrees Fahrenheit-Water

Briquette Tension strength in pounds.
No.1 430
No.2 450
No.3 460
No.4 420
No.5 410
No.6 470
No.7 435
92.9. 9.95..
Total 8 Total 3520

average: 440 pounds per Briquette.

85 degrees Fahrenheit-Water.

Briquette Tension strength in pounds.
No.1 375
No.2 380
No.3 385
No.4 390
No.5 360
No.6 395
No.7 350
9.9.9. 9.2.9..
Total 8 Total 3060

average: 382£5pounds per Briquette

‘95 degrees Fahrenheit-water

Briquettes Tension strength in pounds
No.1 330
No.2 340
No.3 350
No.4 320
No.5 360
No.6 310
No.7 - 315
9.9.9 999.
Total 8 Total 2680

average: 335 pounds per Briquette.

105 degrees Fahrenheit-Water

Briquettes Tension strength in mounds
No.1 310

No.2 320

No.3 305

NO.4 315

No.5 320

No.6 295

No.7 325

99.9. 919.

Total 8 Total 2500

average: 312.5 pounds per Briquette.

125 degrees Fahrenheit-Water.

Briquettes Tension strength in pounds.
No.1 175
No.2 190
No.3 145
No.4 150
No.5 180
No.6 170
No.7 160
99.9 99.9..
Total 8 Total 1305

average: 164 pounds per Briquette.

Briquettes Cured in Water
of

Varying Temperatures.

These specimens were cured in various temperatures of water.
Here it can be seen the critical temperature of curing water to
give the highest strength in tension to be seventy degrees Fahren-
heit. This temperature is near normal temperature and easy to ob-
tain under ordinary working conditions.

It is seen from this curve the strength varies more regularily
than in the curve showing briquettes cured in moist air.

If we compare this curve with the curve of cylinders cured in
water it can be seen they do not coincide as the curves taken
from tests of specimens using Portland Cement Concrete. This an
important point to note about Lumnite Cement Concrete.

The high point in compression is a low point in tension and
fice versa. However it can be seen that the two curves run to-

gether more closely as the higher temperatures are reached.

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Briquettes
Cured in Moist Atmosphere- Temperature Varyin.
Standard Ottawa Sand.
1:5 mix
60 degrees Fahrenheit-Atmosphere

Briquettes Tension strength in pounds
No.1 425
No.2 415
No.3 415
No.4 440
No.5 430
No.6 410
No.7 425
.999. 9.9.9.
Total 8 Total 3390

average: 424 pounds per Briquette.

65 degrees Fahrenheit-Atmosphere

Briquettes Tension strength in pounds
No.1 350
No.2 370
No.3 410
No.4 440
No.5 370
No.6 390
No.7 335
92.9 999.
Total 8 Total 3160

average: 395 pounds per Briquette.

Briquettes Cured in Moist Air
of

Varying Temperatures.

From the curve and the preceding data we observe the critical
temperatures of curing sixty degrees and eighty-five degrees Fahren-
heit. Note here that there are two temoeratures that give a max-
imum tensile strength. Between the two points however, the tensile
strength decreases, where one would think the tensile strength
under normal conditions would be greater.

In the comparison of this curve and the curve on cylinders
cured in moist air it can be seen that the two curves do not coin-
cide, that is the critical temperature in compression is not the
critical temperature in tension but is opposite. This is not true
of Portland cement concrete. Specimens of this cement coincide
as to compression and tension at the same critical temperatures.

The high point in Atlas Lumnite cement concrete in tension
was found to be the lowest point in compression. However when the
higher temperatures are reached the two curves are seen to coin-

cide very closely.

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Briquettes
Seven Day Test
Cured in atmosphere- 70 degrees Fahrenheit- first twenty-
four hours- other six days cured in water temperature of 70
degrees Fahrenheit. Results are as follows:

Ind of 24 hours.

Briquettes Tension strength in pounds
No.1 335
No.2 375
No.3 340
No.4 345
No.5 350
99.9 999.
Total 6 Total 2090

average: 349 pounds per Briquette

End of 48 hours

Briquettes Tension strength in pounds
No.1 450
No.2 440
No.3 500
No.4 450
No.5 470
9.9.9.. 99>.
Total 6 Total 2760

average: 460 pounds per Briquette

End of 72 hours.

Briquettes Tension strength in pounds
No.1 460
No.2 460
No.3 480
No.4 510
No.5 440
99.9 999.
Total 6 Total 2820

average: 470 pounds per Briquette

End of 96 hours

Briquettes Tension strength in pounds
No.1 420
No.2 440
No.3 445
No.4 430
No.5 420
99.9. 999.
Total 6 Total 2585

average: 431 pounds per Briquette

End of 120 hours

Briquettes Tension strength in pounds
No.1 405

No.2 405'

No.3 430

No.4 400

No.5 405

9299 9.9.9.

Total 6 Total 2440

End of 144 hours

Briquettes Tension strength in pounds
No.1 390
No.2 380
No.3 _ 400
No.4 410
No.5 390
99.9 9.99
Total 6 Total 2370

average: 395 pounds per Briquette

End of 168 hours

Briquettes Tension strength in pounds
No.1 380
No.2 395
No.3 380
No.4 400
No.5 390
9.9.9. 9.9.9.
Total 6 Total 2325

average: 388 pounds per Briquette.

 

 

Summary
Critical Temperature of Moist Air to give highest compression was

found to be - 65 degrees Fahrenheit.

Critical Temperature of Water to give the highest compression was

found to be - 90 degrees Fahrenheit.

Critical Temperature of Mixing Water, specimens cured in moist air
of critical temperature, to give the highest compression was found

to be - 60 degrees Fahrenheit.

Critical Temperature of Mixing Water, specimens cured in water of
critical temperature, to give highest compressive strength was

found to be - 90 degrees Fahrenheit.

Critical Temperature of Moist Air to give highest tensile strength
was found to be - 60 degrees and 80 degrees Fahrenheit.

Critical Temperature of curing water to give the highest tensile

strength was found to be - 70 degrees Fahrenheit.

The curves showing tension and compression of Atlas Lumnite Cement
Concrete do not follow each other as do curves of tension and com-

pression when Portland Cement Concrete is used.

The color of the specimens changes from a light gray at low tempera-

tures to a dark brown at high temperatures.

The compressive strength of Lumnite Cement Concrete was low in these

tests.

Not only does the chemical reaction vary the strength of the concrete

Summary (Con't)
but the curing water will effect it also. The water retards the

hydration and increases the strength.

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HICHIGQN STRTE UNIV. LIBRQRIE

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