A TAGMEMIC CLAUSE -. LEVEL ANALYStsf -- '

0F MODERN IRAQI ARABlC "

Thesis for the Degree ‘of. MA. ..
MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY .
THERESA McLAUGHUN AL - AZZAWI '

1969 -

7-.--.

*

LIQRARY L ‘
11111310!WM3311311311313:um M3 3:353:31

 

 

 

 

 

“63'3in

 

A TAGMEMIC
CLAUSE-LEVEL ANALXSIS

OF MODERN IRAQI ARABIC

Theresa McLaughlin Al-Azzawi

A THESIS

Submitted to
Michigan State University
in partial fulfillment of the requirements
for the degree of

MASTER OF ARTS

Department of Linguistics and Oriental and
African Languages

1969

 

ngOQ‘K
5 -xq—70

PREFACE

This thesis is an attempt to approach scientifically
the description of a natural language. namely modern Iraqi
Arabic. Since it would be impossible to give a complete
description within a reasonable amount of time. an attempt
was made to describe adequately a single level within the
system.

My main objective in writing this thesis is to show
that a tagmemic clause-level analysis of modern Iraqi
Arabic may be obtained, by the process of transformation.
from a single kernel matrix. I also wish to show that the
clause types which are displayed graphically in these
kernel and transform matrices form the clause level of
Iraqi grammar.

The data which supplied the corpus of this analysis

were taken from Part Two (A) Spoggn Arabic of_Baghdag3

~- “,u

 

ApgAnthology_of Texts. edited by B.J. McCarthy.S.J. and
Faraj Baffouli. Two of the four pieces herein recorded
(and taken from the above work) are stories from Classical
Arabic but spoken in the Baghdadi dialect. The remaining
two pieces consist of a recorded conversation at the market

and.a recipe given orally.

ii

 

 

”A:
aaAKfl

Asi.

 

Zr. 2

Any questions which arose on matters of pronunciation

and/or meaning were answered by my husband and informant
Asim Hashim Al-Azzawi, a native of Baghdad, Iraq.

Special thanks are in order to the Michigan State
University Inter-Library Loan for obtaining the above
volume, to the Princeton University Library for lending it.
and especially to Professor Ernest N. McCarus (University
of Michigan) for suggesting it. ”

Also I would like to take this opportunity to thank
the members of my thesis committee, Dr. Patrick Bennett,
Dr. Ruth Brend, and Dr. David Lockwood. for their suggestions

and encouragement during the preparation of this thesis.

iii

Adh‘vrfl
CL nib-Al D

d ..—«- .- -'

Page
PREE‘ACE OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOI0......OOOOOOOOOOOCOO 11

INTRODUCTION l

001 The Language 0.0000000.000...0000.000....0..0..0 l
0.2 The Corpus Used 0f..00.0.0.00...0....0000.00000 7
0.3 Tagmemlc Theory 00000000000000.00000000000.0.00 8

0.4 Crthography ................................... 10

CHAPTER ONE: the Kernel Matrix 13
1.1 Elements of the Matrix ........................ 13
1.2 Criteria for Distinction ...................... 18

CHAPTER TWO: Transform Matrices 20

PaSSive 00.000.000.000000000000.000000000000000 20

(\J
O
H

(‘0
0

("\J

InterrOIative 0.0.0.000.0.0.0.0000000000000000. 21

PO
\A)

Imperative .................................... 25
CHAPTER THREE: Transform Series 26

3.1 Transform Potential .................l......... 26
3.2 Interrogative-Passive ......................... 27
3.3 Imperative-Passive ............................. 28
CHAPTER FOUR: Kernel Allotypes 29

h.l Emphatic (tOpical) ............................ 29
h.2 Negative ...................................... 30
CHAPTER FIVE: Dependent Allotypes 31

CONCLUSION 33

iv

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Page

BIBLIOGRAPHY 00000.0......0..0.00...000...0..000 34
APPENDIX 1 Lata 0..0.00....0.000000000000000... 35

APPENDIX II Symbols ........................... 83
APPENLIX III Summary .......................... 88
CHARTS, MAPS AND FIGURES

SYN'CEEC'IQIC LANGUAIGE AREA ixléP O O O I C 0 I O O O O O O O O O O O O

N

LANGUAGE FAMILY .0000000...0....0.00.00.00.00...

\fi V‘

DIACHRCKIC LANGUAGE AREA MAP 0.000000000000.000.
CCNSCRARTS .0......0000........0...000.000...... ll

V‘JONELS .0...0.0.0.0...OOOOOOOOOOOOOOO0.0.0.0.... 12

INTRODUCTION

0.1 FDPMLQEEEESE' Arabic is a member of the language
family ”designated since 1781,as Semitic” (Chomsky 1957321)
because the peoples employing these languages were said to
be descendents of Shem. son of Noah.

They (the Semites) "occupied a territory extending from
the Mediterranean to the other side of the Euphrates up to
the Tigris, or MeSOpotamia. and from the mountains of Armenia
to the southern coast of Arabia. Through conquests and
migrations these languages spread also to parts of Africa

and Europe." (Chomsky 1957:21)
The Semitic languages are generally divided into the

:following branches:

A. East Semitic (Assyrian-Babylonian or Akkadian)
B. Northwest Semitic
l. Aramaic Branch
a. Eastern Aramaic (Syriac)
b. Western Aramaic (Palestinian)
2. Canaanite Branch
a. Moabitic
b. Phoenician
c. Hebrew
d. Ugaritic
3. South Semitic
a. Arabic and its dialects
b. Ethiopic and its dialects
(Chomsky 1957223)

These divisions are geographical as can be seen on the

f0lilowing map .

    
  

nun-usaaguu,‘

  

ARABIC.

      

ETHIO9 It,

(Chomsky 1957321)

' 1This map is meant to illustrate the language areas
8337611 in the outline above and is not intended as a synchronic
Therefore all of the

representation but as a diachronic one.
gnages in the outline appear. even though some of them

lan
ceased being spoken before others of them had appeared.

ha
N
0‘3 all the languages shown on this map are Semitic. e.g.

E3313 tian.

Linguistically, however. the Semitic Language
Family may be divided as shown in this chart. (Chomsky 1957.22)

Assu MED
PARENT LANGUMt

     

  
     
  

 

A.
‘3,
a 2' 1
9‘? o
00 N
4" '
v:
I; U‘
,1 6‘
L ‘1.
H \4
i 3 A
4000 ‘9 d (‘
.—
ulw P
I-u 1"
H; O
c 00 a c
b 4 ‘
1t 0 V
I m
B.c.2ooo V o e A
~—-— 31 a a a
2 g 3 ,8 e
w 9 T 1
games 2} a :4 1' e0 "
m 1’
"( D r g p a
b , r" P
o " 5 1 P 3
two. ' w H 3 m
—-—-—- E: D Q r 3’ "‘ >
) n H p 3.1 z
m s 7 o > 3-;
§ 3 z ‘5' '“‘
- - H
Abncoo 3/ :3 “‘ P‘n g
I :1:1 z "‘
2 z 2 3' Z
9 ;: z - s;
a llqo -~ ; 3 z
z‘ "' '<
c 3’ 3
.0 9‘ '

This map represents one possible analysis. The dates
ShOWn are dates of earliest inscriptions found and do not

necessarily indicate the actual ages of the languages.

”These are quite rough groupings and there is considerable
dispute about the precise relationships between these
languages and groups of languages.” (Bateson 1967:51).

Originating in the Arabian Peninsula, with inscriptions
dating back to the 9th century B.C.. Arabic has two main
divisions: South Arabic, now spoken as a modern vernacular
in portions of the southern Arabian Peninsula and the island
of Soqotra, and North Arabic, the common literary language
of Arabia (stemming from the tribal and inter-tribal dialects
at the time of Mohammad's revelations. i.e. Qur'anic Arabic)
and spoken in a great number of dialects and vernaculars by
approximately ”80,000,000” (Bateson 1967) native speakers.

The Arabic language is spoken today throughout

an area that lies partly in southwest Asia and

partly in Africa. The eastern boundary of this

region is the Zagros Mountains, dividing Iraq

from Iran; the western boundary is the Atlantic

Ocean off the coast of Morocco. In the north the

boundary is the Taurus range, dividing Turkey

from the Fertile Crescent (Syria and Iraq), and

in the south the Indian Ocean. the African jungle.

and the Sahara Desert. Outside this region. the

spread of Islam carried the language east into

Central Asia and south into Africa. (Rice 1966xxiii)

The geographical extent of Arabic may be seen on the

ma!) below. (Bateson 1967zfacingjpage l)

f .- r f
\ b4 \ 3.x )lsf\‘ . o

 

 

 

 

A, \i
b It 3&9.
\
\ 053$
\
\ (Hagan. c.3213
C(l-
I/i etude
J
. 6.23 e
Duh— \
23“? 2496 «3&an . asst.

          

,. . 3432 Ha... . .
A. <20 a» 74:0 ,4 I efiwezo 1.ha H
.gial’50 . .<>deld
\ s. (H334
854st. 98%,
4.93m." \ m.
u 0333..

.. 4.61%“) Q/ 3&3 m x. .. xnfisggo

. (#320 V as. . ,5“...

Mir/v r. .6 £3ch
, \d at sea -. an s \nmf

Though Arabic is the everyday speech of most of the
inhabitants of the region describedabove. it would be a
mistake to assume that they all speak the same kind of
Arabic. Arabic has shared the fate of all languages that
are spread out over a large area for a long period of time.
It has developed a wide variety of dialects (some descended
from previously existing dialect differences). some of them
being so different from one another that they might almost
be considered separate languages. The mutual intelligibility
of different dialects depends, as in the case of other
languages, upon the dialects themselves and upon the
educational background and cultural bias of the speakers.

The literary language is frequently called Classical
.Arabic. This is basically the language of the Qur'an and
earfly'literature. It is this language which the Arab calls
Azuibic and ”an exact knowledge of its grammar (is) in
cu1:tured circles the distinguishing mark of a gentleman."
(Arnold 19313viii) The aforementioned fact accounts for

the: reluctance of informants to utter the so-called dialectal
(01‘ informal) speech for use in a ”grammar" of the language.
SPOkenlanguage. is by tradition. not something one writes
grammars of or bothers to study. It is considered somehow
inferior to Classical Arabic - a form of the language which
no One ”speaks" since it is a written form which when

"Spoken" is subject to dialectal variation.

Despite the supposed inferior quality of the spoken language
(regional dialect - informal) the linguistically naive Arab
considers his own regional dialect somehow closer to the
Classical Arabic (as spoken during the 7th century). and
therefore ”better" than other vernacular forms of Arabic.

The dialect which I propose to study is the educated

Moslem Iraqi dialect spoken in Baghdad.

The prestige dialect of Iraq ... is the dialect of
the Muslim population of Baghdad. This is one of
several dialect varieties spoken in Iraq .... The
Muslim dialect of Baghdad. while it clearly belongs

to the Iraqi regional type, is a nomadic dialect ....
Sedentary dialects ... dominated the area until the
drastic breakdown of urban control, (when) ... the

old sedentary Muslim populations were so heavily
infiltrated by speakers of nomadic dialects that

their dialects were Bedouinized. (Bateson 1967:104-6)

0.2 Thewggrpg§my§§dx The data which serve as a corpus

kar this study are four pieces recorded and transcribed by

thea authors of the volume cited below. I rewrote the pieces

in. the transcription that I adopted for this thesis. All
:1‘= 6’ JCud ere t~ on fro: gpggen Arab_c effigy head,
5~-.~“V‘-v10.3.-£;3;_ £__j;__*‘ , :‘ir: i c (a) o it”. hoCort‘; ,5.»'.
Qt-“ Earaj Baffou i. Two of the pieces are tales from
The

Cleussical Arabic recorded in the Baghdadi dialect.
:finst story. Midaas Abul Qaasim it-Tamburi and the second
Story, Mu'allim Jaahil. "are good examples of the type of
Story told to children by their parents or, more often. .
tkuej;r grandparents. They were recorded ... by Umm Faraj.

8':E%1ghdad grandmother, who herself heard them from the lips

of her grandmother." (McCarthy l965zxxi) The other two
pieces consist of a recorded conversation at the market and
a recipe orally given.

The four items along with their translations may be

found in Appendix I.

0.3 Epgpgmip.jhepryz This section is not intended as
a formal statement of tagmemic theory, but as an intro- I.
duction to some of the concepts and terminology of this
linguistic theory for the reader to whom the theoretical
framework of this thesis may be unfamiliar.

The following are definitions of terms essential to
an understanding of the theory.

§yntagmeme - a construction. i.e. a fixed combination
of elements. namely tagmemes.

Tagmeme- a unit within the construction consisting of
n<>t only the set of elements which may occur at that point
iri the construction (not necessarily fixed or linear) but
also the relationship of the members of the given set to
Other members of other sets within the particular construc-
tion, i.e. the function of the set.

The two concepts are mutually dependent - one cannot
exist meaningfully without the other. i.e.. a syntagmeme
Inust have components (tagmemes) and tagmemes only have
Ineuining with respect to a point within the construction

( SErntagmeme) .

Clause - a unit of predication. in which tense or aspect

99ll8§§2£3.- Any tagmeme which must always occur at a
ggiven point within the construction is considered obligatory.
fall obligatory tagmemes are preceded by a plus sign (+).

thignal - Any tagmeme which may or may not occur at a
ggiven point within the construction is considered optional.
jkll Optional tagmemes are preceded by a plus-over-minus sign
(3t). If in a particular reading of the syntagmeme the
reader chooses plus (+) then the tagmeme will occur. If.
Iicywever, the reader chooses minus (-) then the tagmeme

vvj.ll not occur.

Nu_clear - Any tagmeme which is distinctive. i.e. an
”(assentmial and characteristic part" (Longacre 1964319) of the
czcnistruction or syntagmeme is considered nuclear. All other
tagmemes are considered peripheral. The nuclear/peripheral
ciisstinction was set up in order to obtain the three-way
d1 s tinction:

(1) Nuclear and obligatory,

(2) Nuclear and optional.

(3) Peripheral (and optional) (Longacre l96h318 ftn.)
SO tflnat one may discuss the tagmemes distinctive to the
construction whether or not they are obligatory.

‘gggtpria_9f Contrasts: The criteria I have used for
distl nguishing emic clause types are from Robert Longacre's
§I?¢¢flyarwpiscgyeryflgrgcgduggs. Longacre feels that in order
to separate any two clauses into emically distinct clause

types at least two differences must be apparent. one of which

is nuclear. He further states that nuclear tagmemes may appear as

10

unequivocably distinct (from each other) on the

basis of: (a) distinctive physical positions;

(b) difference in obligatory versus optional status;
(c) distinctive manifestations in terms of word
classes; (d) distinctive manifestations in terms

of word types, phrase types, or subordinate clauses;
(e) distinctive cross reference of certain nuclear
tagmemes to affixes within the verb manifesting
predicate; (f) distinctive transforms? (Longacre 1964:

62-3)

Having stated the ways in which nuclei may differ
ILongaore goes on to discuss other ways in which two
ssyntagmemes may differ. He states that

countable structural differences between two syn-

tagmemes would seem to be such features as (a) dif-

fering linear orderings: (b) differing number of
tagmemes; (c) differing syntagmemes manifesting
similar but distinct tagmemes; (d) differing emic
classes manifesting similar but distinct tagmemes;

(e) differing transform potential (or differing

derivations via transform). (Longacre 1964319)

Unless otherwise stated, the above criteria will
'bea adhered to as closely as possible in determining the

cigause‘types contained within this paper.

0.4 Crthpgraphy: I have adopted the orthography
given in Wallace Erwin's A..V.Si1_9rit-B¢f§renc§-gateway
Il¥1ggLflAra§gp, which is not entirely phonemic - a matter
V371Cfln is not significant since my discussion is at the
Clause level. The consonants and vowels of Iraqi Arabic

are given in tabular form below.

11

CONSONANTS

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

H J. .s a!» 4. 1! 1
schooner 7 h M . w i
f .1--. - 13.1.! rt . a. , - t, t
Hoownhhonm . h . o i. A s ., H
.. H s a i +_ .7 -_
Hwambumom q M w
(..cuuiiiiiL -.-. _ . -.- h _
as 0 fl i . . i . u
H > k. 8 x .. S _. . i M
,).).| 3).. - - . _ _ i _ h .. _
H333 w is .c_ ...... y w . i . i
......ii: I; . i _, .. . ._ .__ . if M r
t _ d n S _ Z n“ l r to
Hoodoo . . fl . m . _ W s. z. 1;
I..fl)l(||.1lll((41 1 H. .q .i w a W m.
HopsooampsH m _ O __ .e w . , i i __
1.... +- {Eta} - ,. .. L a , . .h Md.
Hoesoonofifl f _ m i . A H i U .
: -- i-.- - . - . W M . ... ., , i ,_. f. _ .
$333 p a L: . u. - r t t , . .fl _
S unis fl S i. - SA 8 a I .
. i
V V . V V .. ..V V V V V V
M _ S S . S _ a
.e e 1 _ _
s s t t e _ s s
t t a a W. l t t _ . 1
n n O C S O. a n n w i a
s s a a .1 .1 l v” r s s a a . l . r
p p r r r r a .1, e p p D. r r a m. e
o o i i f f s m t a o o i i . s t
t t P P f f a e_. .m l t t P Pi a
S S S S A A N S. F S S S S ._ N g
'brl
4 1 1 I L ....2
35ng i,
a Seaman

 

SHORT

LONG

12

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

VOWELS
_~“_ Front_ ;TCentral ' Back“
High 1 11 ‘)
Mid k h o
Low a;
High 11 uu
Mid ee 00
Low aa

 

 

 

 

 

CHAPTER ONE: THE KERNEL MATRIX

1.1 Elemenls of th Ma ix: The kernel matrix of

F-“-‘ fin- «& O----"-'-—.-u—’

Iraqi Clause Typeg‘consists of the following elements

described in detail below:

 

 

 

 

 

 

Independent Dependent
Transitive x x
Intransitive x x
Expletive x x
Descriptive/ x x
Equative

 

 

 

 

 

 

Thililfiepapdent ..Trens 13.1.?3...C..l_.e2.s.e is represented by
'b3r the following tagmemic formula:

[Ehlnssz/Pp iT:Adv.p iLoc:Adv.p‘] +TPthp :SApr

Etlns :Np/Pp iT:Adv.p isLocth] 106sz2

A detailed explanation of this first formula will be
Eixrenn here to familiarize the reader with the notation.
HO‘Woaver, such an account will not be given for any of the
fOJLLcnving formulas since it will be assumed that the reader
car: idafer all pertinent information foI‘himself. Only those
thillexs which are unusual in some way or which cannot be in-
cluded in the formula itself will be noted.

1
Number, gender concord between fillers of slots has not been

31"”. cod. -

nh- - _ i 7 -

14

The formula reads: The nuclear tagmemes of the

Independent Transitive Clause are: a) the obligatory

Transitive Predicate tagmeme, which is manifested by a
transitive verb phrase. followed immediately by b) the
optional Subject-as-Actor tagmeme, which is manifested by
a noun phrase, followed by c) the Optional iject-as-Goal

tagmeme which is manifested by a noun phrase. The marginal

tagmemes may occur preceding and/or following the Predicate
and Subject tagmemes and are given as an optional Instrumental
tagmeme manifested byzanoun phrase or a prOpositional phrase,
zan optional Temporal tagmeme manifested by an adverb phrase.
sand two Locative tagmemes - one which is manifested by an
aidverb phrase and only occurs preceding the Predicate and
<3ne which is manifested by a prepositional phrase and only
<>ccurs following the Predicate. Classes of. for example,
zaciverbial fillers have not been distinguished since it has
'bteen assumed that the slot, e.g. Temporal, restricts the
class of adverbial fillers which may occur.

Note: The Subject may occur directly preceding the
P1?euiicate but I have considered this as an Emphatic Allo-

type. See Chapter Four (4.1).

The brackets in this and all following formulas are

used to enclose marginal tagmemes.

The order of nuclear tagmemes is fixed, i.e. they

OCCNJI? in the given order. However. the order of marginal

tagmemes is variable.

14a

Note: All formulas given in this thesis have been
developed from the corpus. No attempt has been made to
generalize them so that they account for the clauses of

the language as a whole.

15

The nuclear tagmemes of this construction are:
+TP iSA :CG

 

 

The following are illustrations from the corpus

which are examples of possible readings of the formula.
a) szth ‘1 SAsz

?urfooh ‘kull ahal Bagdaad

they-know-it all pe0p1e Baghdad
'all the pe0ple of Baghdad know it'

 

 

 

b) Ins:Np TthVp CGsz
wallah estiri gayrah
by-Soi I-buy I another
'hy God

I'll buy another'

c) TPth4 Locsz J OGsz

saaf' Ebmukaanathidaas jidiid hiluu min ahsan ilenwaa
h

e-saw n-place-i shoe new beautiful from best the-kind
'he saw in its place a beautiful new shoe of the best
kind'

 

the following formula:

ETemxAdvm/Pp] +IPxivp iSAsz [iTemep iLocst/Np]

The nuclear tagmemes of this construction are:
+IP iSA

 

The following are examples of possible readings of the
formula .

16

. l
a) IPain l Locsz .SAsz

 

v“— #1 “...“. 1'. -J'Iw.’ .“

 

past he-lives in-city Baghdad certain man
'a certain man lived in the city of Baghdad'

Sean yi'iis (Limedinet Bagdaad fad rajjal

 

b) IPxin Temst . Locsz
jaay ibdaak ilyoom lilhammam
he-came on-that the-day to-the-bath

 

'on that day he came to the bath'

c) IPsin

 

tila'

he-came-out
'he came out'

..;-a.la9».epe_n.§1.e.n.tm.1?leeiive. Clause is represented by
the following tagmemic formula:

+ExP:exp.P [:LocsAdv.p J +SI:Np
The nuclear tagmemes of this construction are:
+ExP +81

The following are examples of possible readings of the

 

 

formula:
a) ExPzexp.p Locsadv. SIsz
akuu hnaa tacjir min Halab
there-is here merchant from Aleppo

 

'there is a merchant here from Aleppo'

17

Note that the Predicate and Subject are both obligatory.
The. inaebendent.-D.e§ar.12.tixe;-£q_uat.i 1e. ..Ql.a.u.s_e. may be
represented by the following formula:
1 SI: Np +DeP :asp .verb 4E1 :Np [iTeIm t.Adv.p]
The nuclear tagmemes of this construction are:

+SI +EI

 

 

The following are examples of possible readings of the

 

 

formulas
a) DeP:asp.verb WEELQP.WH'N"_EI‘NP. fl, _..
Xaan Abu l-Qaasim haaea zengiin kullis‘ihwaaya
past Abul Qasim this rich(one) very much

 

'this Abul Qasim was very, very rich'

 

 

 

 

b) SI:Np ‘DeP:asp.verb EI:Np
haada l-midaas 8aan midaas il-qaadii
this the-shoe past shoe the-judge
'this shoe was the judge's shoe'
c) SI:p LDeP;jEI:n *The Descriptive
52‘ Predicate is always
haada fl xarut realized as fl in the

this nonsense present tense.

'this is nonsense'
Note: Although the Subject-as-Item tagmeme is shown as
optional. it becomes obligatory if the Descrrptive Predicate
tagmeme is not manifested. If. however. the Descriptive
Predicate tagmeme is manifested. then the Subject-as-Item

tagmeme is optional.‘ When a Descriptive—Equative Clause

is composed of two contiguous noun phrases and there is no
Descriptive Predicate present, it may still be considered

a unit of predication, thus conforming to the definition

18

in the present tense.

‘Thguggpgndentfigyggsess The corresponding dependent
clauses of the kernel matrix have the same structure. i.e.
tagmemic formulas,as the independent clauses to which they
correspond (described above) except for the addition of an
Optional Belator tagmeme at clause beginning. The elements
of the set of fillers of this Belator slot serve to dis-
tinguish the various allotypes of the dependent clause.

This topic is covered fully in Chapter V.

The dependent clauses may also be distinguished from
the independent on the basis of different transform potentials.
The Independent clauses may be transformed into interrogative
and imperative clauses whereas the dependent may not be.
Therefore one may have an Independent Intransitive Inter-
rogative clause, but not the corresponding Dependent
Intransitive Interrogative clause.

1.2 Qfilfifi£i§.£9r Distingtiqn: If a chart is made of

 

the nuclear tagmemes of the components of the kernel.
matrix (shown below). one can see more readily the criteria

for distinguishing each clause type.

 

 

 

 

Independent DepeHEEnt R
.Wiflmx_r,_xm_w_m_mu_wM-
Transitive +TP iSA iOG 4R +TP 18A iOG
Intransitive +IP fSA 1R +IP iSA
Expletive +ExP +SI i8 +ExP +SI
Descriptive/ jSI +EI , i3 jSI +EI
Equative

 

 

 

 

 

Note: When only a function (slot) symbol is used, the

whole tagmeme, i.e. including fillers, is implied.

19

The dependent column is distinguished from the independent
column by the presence of an optional Relator tagmeme and
by its transform potential (InterrOgative and Imperative
transformations not possible). The intransitive and
transitive clause types contain zero and one object tagmeme
respectively. and are further distinguished by means of
the different predicate tagmemes, namely IP and TP. The
Intransitive may also be distinguished from the Transitive
on the basis that it cannot take the passive transformation
while the latter can. The expletive clause is distinguished
from the descriptive/equative clause. first. by the fact
that its Subject-as-Item slot is Obligatory and not optional,
and secondly, by the fact that its predicate tagmeme is

nuclear .

Note: See Chapter V for examples.

CHAPTER TWO: TRANSFORM MATRICES

Note: Transform matrices are matrices which result

from the transformation of clauses in the kernel matrix.

2.1 Passive: The following is the formula for the

passive transformation:

p . (Transitive Row of Mk) = Mp

When the kernel matrix (minus its rows with no nuclear
Object Tagmemes. i.e. the Transitive How) is multiplied
by the passive transformer. the result is the passive

matrix shown below (with nuclear tagmemes indicated for

all passive clauses).

A;

 

Independent I
:SG +PP :C'A l ,+_..R Jess +PP +cj

an. --um-~-~ —-~\.M ”W.

Dependent

..- . ...—.1,

 

Transitive Passive

 

“-Loh~mw*nr.n

These clauses contrast with the corresponding clauses

111 the kernel matrix by the presence of the respective
ZPEISsive predicate tagmemes and by different subject

tagmemes (Subject-as-Goal versus Subject—as-Actor). They

differ from the clauses of the InterrOgative Matrix (below)

‘by’ their predicate tagmemes. and by the presence of an
In‘berrOgative tagmeme in the clauses of the Interrogative

Matrix versus its absence in the clauses of the Passive

MEitriix.

20

21

The passive clauses above differ from the imperative

clauses by different predicate tagmemes and by the fact

that the passive clauses have an optional SG tagmeme

while the imperative clauses have no subject tagmeme.
Examples of the Transitive Passive forms do not

occur in the corpus but the following example was elicited

from my informant. |

Independent. _V Trens.1.ici1e_.Pas.sixe :

 

SGsz { PP:pr OAsz
l-kitaab dean maktuub min qibal Ahmad
the-book past written by Ahmad

'the bOok was written by Ahmed'

By application of the passive transformation. the
tagmeme OG becomes SG (Subject-as-Goal), the predicate
becomes passive and the SA becomes 0A (Object-as-Agent)

always manifested by a prepositional phrase.

2.2 Inter ogative: The interrogative transformations

m-‘M‘mo 4-". L-

may be represented by the following formulas:

a) i . (M minus Dependent Column) = M
l k 11

19

~

b) 12 ° (Mk minus Dependent Column) = M

There are two possitde alternate interrogative
transformations as shown above. The resultant matrices
of the two are shown below (with nuclear tagmemes shown

for each clause).

22

 

a) M = Independent
11
Transitive 1—1 +1 +TP iSA iCG

 

Intransitive 1% +1 +IP iSA
Expletive 1-1 +1 +ExP +SI

Descriptive/ +I jSI +EI
Equative 1-1

 

 

 

 

Note the inclusion of the Interrogative tagmeme in each
clause type of this matrix. Dependent clause types of the
kernel matrix lack this transform potential.

The second interrogative transformation (M12) yields
clause types which are structurally identical to the clause
types of the independent column of the kernel matrix.
Although structurally identical, the clauses of the two
columns (kernel and interrogative-2) differ in intonation

and transform potential (explained more fully below). The

following is the second interrogative transformation matrix.

 

 

 

 

b) Mi g Independent
21 ‘=-""' ‘0‘ shun-93.1.4- .l’Q-..‘-'I.-- 1 -._ .. . ..fi ~ ‘ _‘_,___1
Transitive 1—? +TP TSA mgr +(1:Ter.ln.;h/
.. 1 r -- V. - 5 ~ w +_ ”.17 \
Intransitivelr? +1? ion +(inte1.ihoox;
-~ -—- a w-— ." ..'- z.~ -, ft“ \
Expletive 1—2 +;:P +5; +(ihttr.lhtoh/~
Descriptive/ is: +EI +(Inter.lnton).
Equative 1-2 :
a . __ ..-__ . - J

 

 

 

Note: The intonation tagmeme was included in the inter-
rogative—2 formulas since it was of diagnostic importance

in this case. It was not included in the other clause type

- Ann +A +hn 1onb AP annh flincnngfln importance.

Note: The interrogative tagmeme 1, nuclear to the
interrogative-1 syntagmemes. may be analyzed as

l) the simultaneous manifestation of two tagmemes,
e.:. I:wayn 'where' is actually two tagmemes simultaneous-
ly manifested, i.e. I the interrogative tagmeme and Loo

the Locative tagmeme, as in

 

I & Loc:interr. IP:iv
wayn truuh
where you-go

 

'where are you going?‘
where wayn_fillstwo slots simultaneously, the interrogative
and the locative, as it prohibits the occurrence of a Loc
tagmeme elsewhere in the sentence which reduplicates its
function. There may be an additional Loc tagmeme within
'the syntagmeme if the I(Loc) tagmeme is present but not

one which reduplicates the function of I(Loc), e.g.

 

 

 

Isinterr. IPztv Loc:Pp
wayn truuh bil-madina
where you-go in-the-city

'where are you going in the city?‘
where wayn is replacing some phrase designating a specific
part of the city. The phrase which wayn replaces cannot
occur in the example above.

Other interrogative fillers which may be similarly

analyzed are: minuu 'who' sloon 'how'
sinuu 'what' bays 'how much'
raah 'what' egad 'how much'

lays 'why'
sda'wa 'why'

24

2) the manifestation of a single tagmeme, i.e. I the

interrogative tagmeme, as in

 

 

 

I:interr SA:n IPziv
sinuu . rajalha maat
what husband-her he-died

'what is this about her husband having died?‘
where the interrOgative filler sinuu fills an interrogative
function only.

Other_interrOgative fillers which function similarly

are: sloon 'how'
qaabil 'what'

The type of Interrogative tagmeme discussed in part 1
above is a portmanteau tagmeme, which fulfills two functions:
that of Interrogative and that of Locative, or Manner, or
Subject-as-Actor. etc. depending on the word manifesting
the Interrogative tagmeme. A more detailed analysis would
include a discussion of the possible functions of each
:interrogative filler included under type 1. The discussion

iriven above is but a brief introduction to an analysis of

the problem.

75

note: 1*» '. 27.1:"t.:f~.:"rOi"etite intone tion tagmemes ate 'iven in
parentheses in the rows Of the previous chart in order to
indicate that they are not linear tagmemes but supra-
segmental contour tagmemes.

The clauses of the first of these interrogative
transformation matrices (Mil) contrast with the clauses
of the kernel matrix by the inclusion of an obligatory
Interrogative tagmeme in the interrogative-1 clauses
which is absent in the clauses of the kernel matrix. and
by transform potential (Imperative transformation cannot
be applied to the clauses of the interrogative-l matrix
but can be applied to those of the kernel matrix. The
distinctiveness of the interrogative-l clauses from the
‘clauses of the Passive Matrix has been shown above
(of. Section 2.1). Further. the interrogative-1 clauses
are distinct from the clauses of the Imperative matrix in
the following ways: 1) optional subject tagmeme in the
interrogative-l clauses versus absence of subject tagmeme
in imperative clauses, and 2) differing predicate tagmemes.

The clauses of the second of the interrOgative
transformation matrices (M12)may be distinguished from
the kernel matrix by differing intonation patterns (rising
'versus falling pitch clause finally). and by the same

«difference in transform potential stated for M1 above.
1

26

Distinction of the clauses of M from the syntagmemes of

i
the passive matrix may be shown %y the presence of an
Intonation tagmeme in the clauses of the interrogative-2
matrix versus its absence in the clauses Of the passive
matrix, and secondly by the different predicate tagmemes

in the clauses of the two matrices. The clauses of the
interrOgative—2 matrix are distinguished from the

imperative clauses in the same manner as the interrogative-l
clauses.

and M )

i i
1 2
are emically distinct since they differ in two tagmemes.

The two sets of interrogative clauses (M

namely the Interrogative tagmeme (present in the first

and absent in the second). and the Interrogative Intonation
tagmeme

(absent in the first and present in the second). both

of which are nuclear to their respective sets of syntagmemes.

Examples of several interrogative clauses follow:

Indepanii .e.n. 13., Trans-1.13.1ya-.1ate_r_r.osa.tiye (M )

 

 

 

 

 

11
a) T:adv.jl:interr TP:th OG:n U _-‘
aaxirlisloon . itriid itbuug jiiraanak
finally how you-want you-rob neighbors-your

'how could you want to rob your neighbors?‘

 

 

independent I ntrans 1.tixe._.1x1_t.e.r.r.9.sei1ye (M1 )

 

 

 

 

l
b) I:interr SA:n IPaiv
sinuu rajilha maat
what-132this husband-her he-died

'what's this about her husband having died?‘

Independent.Treasiiixailrserresatixe (M1 )

 

 

2
c) TP:tv - OG:n ‘ Interr.Inton:rising contour
esugg ihduumii [ ______’//
'I-tear clothes-my

'should I tear my clothes?’

2.3 Impergtiye: ‘The multiplication of the independent
column of the kernel matrix (minus the rows with pseudo—
predicates, i.e. copulars, expressed or unexpressed) by
the imperative transformer yields the Imperative Matrix.
imp . (Independent Column of Mk minus Expletive and

Descriptive/Equative Rows) = Mimp

The matrix itself is shown below (with nuclear tagmemes).

 

 

 

 

 

Mimp = Independent
Transitive Imp +ImP ‘ +OG
Intransitive Imp +IiP

 

 

The clauses of the imperative matrix above may be
distinguished from the corresponding clauses of the kernel
Imatrix by their predicate tagmemes, and by their transform
Inctential (the clauses of the kernel matrix may take the
:interrOgative transformation whereas the clauses of the
imperative matrix cannot). The criteria for distinguishing
the imperative clauses from the passive and interrogative

luave been discussed above (cf. Sections 2.1 and 2.2).

3 - 1 Transfers Patentiels

CHAPTER THREE:

TRANSFORM SERIES

The following chart

graphically describes the transformations covered in

Chapter Two and the transformation series to be covered

in this chapter.

CLAUSES CF THE KERNEL MATRIX AND

THEIR TRANSFCRM POTENTIALSfif

 

 

 

 

 

Interrogative-l &

“'r

:21

 

 

 

Independent
Transitive x x x
Intransitive x x x
+
Expletive x x x
Descriptive- x x x
Equative iv“. - - _ _ __..,,-...--....-..-.....-..........-.---..-1.-..---_..__.
Independent Imperative
Transitive x x ’
Intransitive x x
Independent. Independent
Transitive x Passive x
Dependent ‘é>' Dependent
x x

 

 

Notice that the independent transitive clause. the

only clause of the kernel matrix which possesses all the

possible transform potentials. is the only clause which

can enter into a series of transformations (cf. below &

Sections 3.2-3.3)..as can be seen in the following table.

28

29

..‘1‘.".-.." Inuflv-r-c— ,.,__-_.‘

 

 

Independent Passive Interrél Interr-Z
Transitive X }-—————>— x i x x
Imperative

 

_ at! ...-Met“. "...-.7 o- o *1“ ...-9L». v- [.6 ._--..,-. ...- w—-~l

3.2 Ingerrggative33a§§ivm All the transformations

-:

 

given in the previous chapter may be applied separately
to the clauses of the kernel matrix. Some of the trans-
formations may also be applied to the derived clauses
shown in the transform matrices in Chapter Two, yielding
further matrices of clauses which I have called Transform
Series clauses. It is the clauses of theseflhansform
Series Matices which I will discuss in this chapter.
The first of these is the interrogative-passive matrix.
The interrogative-passive matrix may be obtained
by multiplying the clauses in the passive matrix (minus
the dependent clauses) by the interrogative transformers,
thus:
a) i ' (M minus Dependent Column) = Mi

1 P

P
l
b) 12 . (Mp minus Dependent Column) 3 Mizp

Thus matrices obtained from this process are the following

(with nuclear tagmemes):

 

M 3 Independent
ilp -_
Transitive Interr-1 Passive +1 +SOHH¥PP’E}0A'"

__ _ ._ w..- ...-war ‘-

 

— h-d‘.~-.'-~ ...----

 

Mizp = L“ Independent

Transitive Interr-2 Passive ’L;SG +PP 10A +(Interr.Inton)

‘_.4._—- *' “~0-

 

 

 

 

30

The clauses included in these matrices may bedis-
tinguished from those in the previous matrices by their
differing predicate tagmemes and by their transform
potential. None of the clauses of the Transform Series
matrices enter into any other transformation processes.

An example of a possible reading of the elements of
the interrogative-passive matrix (elicited) follows:

Ipdepgndent Tpagsitive Interrogative-1 Passive

 

 

 

I:interr. PP:pv 0A:Pp
mada maktuub min qibal 'ali
what was-written by Ali

'what was written by Ali?‘

3.3 Imperative-Passive: The imperative-passive
matrix may be obtained by multiplying the clauses of the
passive matrix (a transform matrix) minus its dependent

clauses by the imperative transformer, thus:

imp - (Mp minus Dependent Column) 2 Mimp.p

The matrix obtained from this multiplication is as

follows (with nuclear tagmemes):

 

M = Independent

imp.p
Transitive Imperative Passive

 

 

+IpP iSG iCA

 

 

 

An example of a possible reading of the elements of

the imperative-passive matrix (elicited) follows:

Independent Transitive Imperative Passive

 

 

 

 

 

IpP:ipr EGsz OAaPp

_ y'--" 11--
*xalli ... l-kitaab ...yinkutub__mip qibalihum
let the-book it-be-written by-them

'let the book be written by them:”

30a

Note: The validity of the previous example is
questionable since an iject-as-Agent tagmeme does not
occur in the corpus within a syntagmeme containing the

same type of verb of which 'yinkutub' is an example.

CHAPTER FOUR: KBRNEL ALLOTYPES

4.1 Emphaticfliippiggl): Any of the tagmemic clauses
of the kernel matrix may have
the etic variant emphatic (or topical). The reason for
considering these allotypes rather than contrastive
constructions is that all the tagmemes of the respective
formulas and the sets of fillers of the slots remain the
same. Also the transform potentiai of the clauses remains
the same. The only difference is in the position of one
tagmeme. In order to emphasize a particular tagmeme
within any independent syntagmeme, the tagmeme under
emphasis is positioned clause initially and is omitted
from its regular position in the independent clause. In
the cases where, in the non-emphatic clause the item to
be emphasized was not overtly present as a separate
tagmeme, the tagmeme of the implied item is present at
the beginning of the clause under emphasis. Compare
examples a and 0 below where gen; "1" is covert in example
as, but under emphasis becomes overt in example 0.

Some examples follow:

a) Independent.irensiiive

 

TP:tv ‘ OG:n | L:Pp
sifta 'ali bil-gahwa
I-saw-him Ali in-the-café

 

'I saw Ali in the café'

'1 l

I

32

 

b) Emphatic_yariant (0G)

 

c)

 

 

 

4 - 2 liasatixm

 

OG:n I TPztv J L:Pp

'ali sifta bil-gahwa

Ali I-saw-him in-the-café

'lsaw gr; in the café'

fimphatigflflariflgtfi_(?rom L»fcovert)

SAzp I TPztv I; OG:n L:Pp

aani l sifta ‘ali bil-gahwa

I I-saw-him Ali in-the-café

'l saw Ali in the café'

 

I have considered negative constructions

to beaallotypes of the clauses of the kernel matrix rather

than emically distinct clause types because they only differ

from clauses of the kernel matrix by the addition of a

negative element manifested as part of the verb as a filler

in the predicate slot.

The transform potential of the

clauses of the kernel and negative matrices is the same.

Some examples of the negative allotypes of kernel

clauses follow.

a ) independent. __.Dss..0.rip.tivs;§quativa. -.(_.r1.es.a t.i.v.e_s.ll.9tyas)

b)

 

 

SI:p DePzndepl EI: n
hada muu sahiih
this not true

'this is not true'

 

 

 

in demadenfi finale: ire. .. .. (Erastus .al 1.01:,yp 6. )
ExPznexp Slsn Loc:Adv.p

maakuu daa'ii lilgbal

not-there-i need to-the-washing

 

'there is no need to wash'

CHAPTER FIVE: DEPENDENT ALLCTYPES
The etic variants of the clauses of the dependent column of the
kernel matrix are many and varied. But I have considered
them to be allotypes. since they only differ by fillers.
All of these fillers may be considered members of the set
of relators, filling the relator slot.
I have distinguished the following dependent allotypes

based on the types of fillers that fill the relator slot.*

a) Conditional ('iéaa) 'if'

b) Temporal (mataa, lamma) 'when'

0) Adjectival (al-) woman the-he~married-her
'who,whom'

d) Manner (sloon, miOil)'how, like, as'

6) Relative nominal (71111) 'that,who'

f) Possessive (fl) cow milk-her sweet 'whose'

g) Causal (li'an) 'because'

Some examples follow!

a) yepengent Intransitivg_ClausemLconditional)

“cu—....-

 

B:cond | IV:in
?iéaa triid tiji
if you-want you-come

 

'if you want to come'

b) Dependent. Eransitixe. 91.81.1152- ..(..t_emp.sr.ell

 

Ratem J TVsth
lamma saafah
when he-sees-it

 

'when he sees it'

*Some of these are portmanteau tagmemes. See, for example,
examples c and d on the following page.

c) Dependent. .Iranaitive glasses. .(A_d,3.e.c.1:_1.va.l_-)

Ezadj TPthp

al- iddaayanta
the- I-borrowed-it
'that I borrowed'

 

d) Paperfient. .Transxtixe ElaassmfitELtaI-AXJQ

Rzrel-nom TthVp

 

?1111 §aafah
who he-Sees-it

 

'whoever sees it'

The seven dependent clause allotypes listed on the
previous page fill various slots in the independent
formulas. The Belator—Axis allotype
functions aseanoun and therefore may fill any slot
requiring a noun phrase as a filler. The Conditional,
Temporal, Manner and Causal allotypes function as
adverbs and thus may fill any slot requiring an adverbial
phrase as a filler. And the Possessive and Adjectival
.allotypes function as adjectives and as such may
modify nouns. The Possessive and adjectival allotypes
of the dependent clause vzen considered together with
1fl1e nouns which they modify compose noun phrases which
‘may'fdll any slot in the independent formulas requiring

a noun phrase as a filler.

CONCLUSION

Seeing the thesis in review I feel that this matrix
analysis approaches an adequate description of Iraqi
Arabic clause types. I realize, however. that, in time,
some parts of the analysis may be subject to revision.
My analysis is. therefore, not intended as the final
analysis or as the only solution to the problem of classifying
Iraqi clause types, but rather as a beginning attempt to
handle Arabic data scientifically within tagmemic matrix
theory.

Even from the view of tagmemics this work is far
from a complete analysis since there has been nothing
said regarding the distribution of clauses in higher
levels,and only a limited corpus was used to accomplish
the analysis. It is a starting point, however. since
I will be able to use this analysis as a rough outline
of clause types. changing and refining it as I encounter
Inore data.

Because the phrase level has not been analyzed, classes

of fillers are tentative.

35 ‘

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Arnold, Sir Thomas & Alfred Guillaume. The Legacy of Islam.
London: Oxford University Press, 1931.

Bateson, Mary Catherine. ArabipflLanguagemHandbogk.
Wazhington, D.C.: Institute for Applied Linguistics,
19 7.

Chomsky, William. Hebrew: The Eternal Language.
Philadelphia: The Jewish Publication Society of
America, 1957.

Erwin, Wallace. Reference Grammar of Iraqi Arabic.
Washington, D. C.: Georgetown University Press, 1963.

Longacre, Robert E. Grammar Discovery Procedures.
The Hague: Mouton & Co., 1964.

McCarthy, R. J., s. J. and Faraj Raffouli, eds.
_poke_n.Arabic of Baghdad: An Antholqu .qf Texts
Part Two (A). Baghdad: American University, 1969.

Pike, Kenneth L. "Dimensions of Grammatical Constructions"
Laflgugge. o l 9 6 2

Rice, Frank A. & Majed F. Sa'id. EasterngAralgc. Beirut:
Khayats, 1966.

APPENDI CES

APPENDIX I
THE DATA
Midaas Abuu lQaasim itTambuurii

1. 8aan yi'iis ibmadinat Bagdaad fad rajjaal ismah
past he-lives in-city Baghdad one man name-his

Abuu lQaasim itTambuurii. 2. uu caan.Abuu lQaasim haaéa
Abul Qasim it-Tamburi. and past Abul Qasim this

zangiin kullig ihwaaya, laakin caan baxiil uu ma yusruf
rich very much , but past miserly and not he-spends

'ala nafsah wa laa filis. 3. uu caan 'indah fad midaas
on himself with no fils. and past with—him one shoe

'atiig imragga' libasah sab' isniin nu ma dabbah min
old patched he-wore seven years and not he-drops from

rijlah. 4. uu caan, kull ma yinsegg minnah mukaan,
feet-his. and past, each time it-tears from-it place,

yiraggi'ah, 11a ansaar Oigiil uu kullah ruga'. 5. uu
he-patches, until it-becomes heavy and all patches. and

?urfooh kull ahal Bagdaad uu saraw yudurbuun ilmaOal biih.
they-know all people Baghdad and they-became they-give
the-example of-him.

37

38

6. fad yoom fad sadiiq min asdiqaa? Abuu lQaasim
one day one friend from friends Abul Qasim

seafah w gallah: ”wallah yaa Abuu lQaasim, Alla mfaddil
he-saw-him and said-to-him: ”by-God C Abul Qasim God good

'alayk uu muntiik ifluus ihwaaya. 7. fa lays ma tistirii
to-you and gave-you money alot. so why not you-buy

lak midaas Jidiid bidaal midaasak il'atiig? aanii a§uur
to-you shoe new instead-of shoe-your the-old? I I-think

'ayb 'alayk tilibsah, winta bhazzangana haay!” 8. fa
shame to-you you-wear-it, and-you this-wealthy now:“ so

Jaawabah Abuu lQaasim: ”'ala 'ayni w rasi: ingallah
he-answered-him Abul Qasim: "on eye-my and head-my! will-God

astiri gayrah:"
I-buy another:"

9. ibdaak ilyoom raah Abuu lQaasim lilhammaam hatta
on-that the-day he-went Abul Qasim to-the-bath until

yisbah. lO. 1amma sibah uu xallas, tila' uu libas
he-bathes. when he-bathed and finished he-came and put-on~

ihduumah, laakin min raad yilbas midaasah, ma ligah.

clothes-his, but from he-wanted he-puts-on shoe-his, not
he-found-it.

11. bass éaar ibmukaanah midaas Jidiid, hiluu, min ahsan
so he-saw in-place-it shoe new, beautiful, from best

ilanwaa', fatsawwar sadiiqah gtiraa lhiyaah, fa gaam

the-kind, so-he-thought friend-his bought to-him-it, so he-
upped

libasah uu rija' lilbayt.
he-put-on-it and returned to-the-house.

39

12. laakin haada lmidaas caan midaas ilqaadii, uu
but this the-shoe past shoe the-Judge, and

caan Jaay ibdaak ilyoom lilhammaam hatta yisbah.. 13. lamma
past he-came on-that the-day to-the-bath until he-bathes when

tila' nu ma liga midaasah, galhum ijjamaa'tah: ”yaa Jamaa'a,

he-came and not found shoe-his he-said-to-them the-friends-
his: 0 friends,

'ajaba llii axad midaasii ma xalla bmukaanah midaas?
I-wonder one he-took shoe-my not he-left in-place-it shoe?

xallii ndawwir balkit nilgii £11." 14. lamma dawraw ligaw

allow we-look maybe we-find thing." when they-looked
they-found

midaas Abuu lQaasim uu ?urfooh, li?an, miOil ma ginna,
shoe Abul Qasim and they-know, because, like what we-said,

caan ilmidaas mashuur ibBagdaad. l5. ilqaadii, min saaf
past the-shoe famous in-Baghdad. the-Judge, from he-saw

haada, zi'al ihwaaya, uu dazz xadamah 'ala Abuu lQaasim
this, he-got-mad alot, and sent servants-his to Abul Qasim

hatta yuqubduun 'alayh. 16. lamma jaaboh giddaamah,
until they-arrest to-him. when they-brought-him before-him

razzalah uu hukam 'alayh bgaraama 31biira, uu ba'ad ma

he-reprimanded-him and sentenced to-him on-fine big, and
after when

difa'ha haddah.
he-paid-it he-freed-him.

l7. Abuu lQaasim inqihar ihwaaya uu gaam yil'an
Abul Qasim he-got-sad alot and he-upped he-curses

4O

midaasah lmas'uum, uu raad yitxallas minnah, fa axadah

shoe-his the-unlucky and wanted he-get-free from-it so he-
took-it

uu dabbah bDijla. 18. min rija' imnisgatt, faat ibsuug

and threw-it in-Tigris. from he—returned from-the-river,
he-passed in-market

izzujaaj, wihnaak saadafah fad dallaal uu gallah: l9.
the-glass, and-there he-met-him one broker and he-said-to-him

”yaa Abuu lQaasim, akuu hnaa tanir min Halab 'indah zujaaj
'0 Abul Qasim, there-is here merchant from Aleppo he-has glass

imdahhab badii' kullis, uu maakuu waahid yistiriih.
gilded beautiful very, and not-there-is one he-buys-it.

20. agdar a§tirii lkiyaah bsi?ir rixiis, uu ba'dayn abii'
I-can I-buy to-you-it price cheap, and afterwards I-sell

ilkiyaah uu tirbah biih di'if qiimtah." 21. fa gaam Abuu
for-you-it and you-gain by-it twice price.” so he-upped Abul

lQaasim wistiraah bsittiin diinaar.
Qasim and-he-bought-it at-sixty dinars.

22. ba'ad haada raah Abuu lQaasim issuug il'attaariin,
after this he-went Abul Qasim the-market the-perfumers

wihnaak saadafah dallaal laax uu gallah: 23. ”yaa Abuu
and-there he-met-him broker other and he-said-to-him: ”0 Abul

lQaasim, akuu fad taajir min Nasiibiin 'indah mai warid
Qasim, there-is one merchant from Nisibis with-him water rose

kullis faaxir, wiiriid iisaafir lahlah bil'ajal. 24.
very excellent, and-he-wants he-goes to-people-his in-the-hurry.

\

41

ta'aal estirii lkiyaah bmoot aglah, uu ba'dayn abii'
come I-buy for-you-it before expensive, and after I-sell

ilkiyaah bsi'ir 'aalii uu tirbah biih di'if qiimteh."
for-you-it at-price high and you-gain by-it double price."

25. Abuu 1Qaasim gaam wistiraah bsittiin diinaar, waxadah

Abul Qasim he-upped and-bought-it for-sixty dinars, and-
he-took-it

lilbayt uu xallaah bizzujaaj limdahhab uu hattah 'arraff.

to-the-house and put- -it in-the-glass the-gilded and put-it
on-the-shelf.

26. laakin saadaf ibdaak ilyoom fad sammaae daabb
but it-happened on-that the-day one fisherman cast

issibca maltaah bissatt. 27. lamma jarha lii barra,
the-net of—his in-the-river. when he-pulled to-it outside,

saaf biiha midaas Abuu lQaasim, fa gaal ibnafsah: 28.
he-saw in-it shoe Abul Qasim, so he said to-himself:

"yimkin Abuu lQaasim 13a yigsil ihna uu wuga' minnah
“perhaps Abul Qasim came he-washes here and it-fell from-him

lmidaas. xatiiya: xall aguum awaddii lhiyaah3” 29. min
the-shoe. pity: allow I-up I-give to-him—it:“ from

iJa ltayt Abuu lQaasim, ma ligaah bilbayt:uu saaf ilbaab

he-came to-house Abul Qasim, not he-found-him in-the-house
and he-saw the-door

imasduuda. 30. laakin.§aaf yamm ilbaab fad fatha miOl
closed. but he-saw near the-door one opening like

iggibtaac, 'aad gaam uu dabb ilmidaas minha lilhoos.

theawindow, then he-upped and threw the-shoe through-it to-
the-house.

42

31. laakin limidaas, min duun ilbukaanaat kulha, wuga'
but the-shoe, from out the-places all, it-fell

'azzujaaj uu kisarah, wincabb maiy ilwarid 'algaa'.
on-the-glass and broke-it, and spilled water the-rose on-floor.

32. 1amma rija' Abuu lQaasim lilbayt uu saaf izzujaaj
when he-returned Abul Qasim to-the-house and saw the-glass

maksur uu maiy ilwarid macbuub, wilmidaas gaa'id bidaalhum

broken and water the-rose spilled, and-the-shoe sitting in-
stead-them

'arraff. bida yultum uu yiini wiisiih: 33. ”wallah
on-the-shelf, he-began he-sobs and weeps and-shouts: ”by-God

fugarnii halmidaas: laazim asuuf lii suurat haall

it-impoverished-me this-shoe: necessary I-find to-me picture
solving

watxallas min halmidaas ilmal'uun2" 34. Oaanii yoom
and—get-away from this-shoe the-cursed:” next day

issubuh gaam Abuu lQaasim uu xalla 1midaas Jawwa ubtah,

the-morning he-upped Abul Qasim and put the-shoe under arm-
his,

uu raah il fad xaan uu dabbah (tukurmuunz) bilmirhaad
and he-went to one inn and threw-it (pardon-me) in-the-toilet

maal xaan.
of inn.

35. ba'ad yoomayn itlaaOa gabbat irriiha, uu gabbat
after day-two three it-rose the-smell, and it-rose

wiiyaaha l'ayta, uu bidaw innaas idawwiruun 'an issabab.

with-it the-shouts, and they-began the-people they-search for
the-cause.

243

36. uu bil'axiir ligaw midaas Abuu lQaasim saadd ilburbux

and in-the-end they-found shoe Abul Qasim it-stOpped the-
pipe

maal mirhaad illii ntiras uu til'at minnah 4118 irriiha
of toilet which it-filled and it-came from-it that the-smell

lkariiha. 37. 'aad raahaw wistikaw 'ala Abuu lQaasim
the-bad. then they-went and-complained about Abul Qasim

'ind ilqaadii. 38. ilqaadii dazz 'alayh, uu garramah,
with the-judge. the-judge sent for-him, and fined-him,

uu tilab minnah ysallih ilmirhaad. 39. 'id halhadd
and demanded from-him he-repairs the-toilet. at this-point

zihgat ruuh Abuu lQaasim min midaasah, uu bida yfakkir

it-bothered soul Abul Qasim from shoe-his, and he-began he-
thinks

ibfad tariiqa hatta yxallus minnah.
on-one way until he-gets-rid from-it.

40. 1amma rija' lilbayt axad ilmidaas uu gassalah uu

when he-returned to-the-house he-took the-shoe and
washed-it and

talla'ah foog issatih uu xallaah bissamis hatta yaybas.
took-it up the-roof and put-it in-sun until it-dries.

41. laakin sudfatan calb ijjiiraan gilab ibsatih Abuu lQaasim
but by-chance dog the-neighbors climbed on-roof Abul Qasim

uu saaf ilmidaas. 42. uu zannah fad §ii yinwikil fa
and he-saw the-shoe. and thought-it one thing to-be-eaten so

axaéah uu gumaz biih lbayt laax hatta yaaklah hnaak ibraaha.

he-took-it and jumped with-it to-house next until he-eats
there with-rest.

44

43. laakin, ma'a l'asaf, aOnaa' ma caan da yutfur, filat
but, with the-sorrow, while past jumping, it-slipped

ilmidaas min halgah, uu wuga' 'ala raas fad rajjaal asla'
the-shoe from mouth-his and it-fell on head one man bald

maa§ii bittariiq, uu jirahah. an. irrajjaal ilmajruuh
he-walked in—the-road and it-cut-him. the-man the-cut-one

'uraf ilmidaas, uu zann Abuu lQaasim sumarah 'alayh, fa
knew the-shoe, and he-thought Abul Qasim threw-it at-him, so

raah wistika 'alayh 'ind ilqaadii. 45. ilqaadii jaab
he-went and-complained on-him with the-judge. the-judge brought

Abuu lQaasim uu garramah halmarra flus ihwaaya, uu tilab
Abul Qasim and he-fined-him this-time money alot, and demanded

minnah yidfa' kull masaariif ilmajruuh. 46. uu gallah:
from-him he-pays all expenses the-one-cut. and he-said-to-him

\

"ida jaabook mart illuxka hnaa, ahibsak3" 47. Abuu lQaasim

”if they-bring-you time the-other here, I-imprison-yout"
Abul Qasim

li-miskiin sikat, uu difa' lifluus, uu saal midaasah

the-poor was-silent, and paid the-money and picked-up shoe—
his

w tila'.
and left.

48. 1amma wusal lilbayt gaal: ”ida maasuuf 111

when he-arrived to—the-house he-said: if not-I-find
to—me

caara waxallus min halmidaas ilmas'uum ilmal'uun, raah
way and-get-rid from this-shoe the—unlucky the-cursed, it-goes

iimawwitnii'" 49. 1amma ija llayl uu naamaw innas, gaam

it-kills-me3" when it-came the-night and they-slept the-
peOple, he-upped

Abuu lQaasim uu nizal lissirdaab, uu bida yihfur hufra
Abul Qasim and he-went to-the-cellar, and began he-digs hole

hatta yidfin biha midaasah. 50. laakin ijjiiraan hassaw,
until he-buries in-it shoe-his. but the-neighbors woke

uu zannaw akuu haraamii da yungub haayit baythum hatta
and thought there-is robber making hole house-their until

ybuughum, fa til'aw uu saahaw issurta. 51. issurta
he-robs-them, so they-went and called the-police. the-police

ijaw uu lizmaw Abuu lQaasim uu waddooh lilqaadii.
came and took Abul Qasim and brought-him to-the-judge.

52. ilqaadii bida yinlii 'alayh uu gallah: "ma tistihii?

the-judge began he-reprimanded on-him and said-to-him:
"not you-ashamed?

muu 'ayb 'alayk? aaxir isloon itriid itbuug jiiraanak?
not disgrace for-you? how way you-want you-rob neighbors-your?

yallah, uxduuh lilhabis!"
hurry, take-him to-the-prison:"

53. uu hassikil inhibas Abuu lQaasim ilmiskiin min
and thus-it-was he-was-jailed Abul Qasim the-poor from

wara midaasah. 54. uu 1amma xallas mahkuumiitah, garramah

behind shoe-his. and when he-finished sentence-his, he-
fined-him

lqaadii uu atlaq siraahah. 55. laakin Abuu 1Qaasim,
the-judge and let freedom-his. but Abul Qasim,

46

gabul ma yitla', iltifat lilqaadii uu gallah: 56. "yaa
before he-left, he-turned to-the-judge and said-to-him: ”O

mawlaana lqaadii, ariidak tiktib sanad baraa'a baynii uu

lord the-judge, I-want you-write voucher innocense between
mee and

bayn haada lmidaas. 57. ariidak tiktib bi'an 1aa huuwa
between this the-shoe. I-want you-write that no it

yxusni wa 1aa aanii axussah, wisma ysawwii, aanii ma'layya:"

it-connects-with-me and no I I-connect-with-it, and-what it-
does, I not-with-it:”

58. uu ba'dayn hicaa lah lilqaadii hcaaytah kulha, uu

and afterwards he-told to-him to-the-judge story-his all,
and

'addad lah kull ilesyaa' illi wug'at ibraasah min wara
told to-him all the-things which fell on-head-his from behind

lmidaas. 59. 1amma sima' ilqaadii lihcaaya, dihak, uu
the-shoe. when he-heard the-judge the-story he-laughed, and

\

nutaah mablag min lifluus uu dazzah lbaytah. 60. uu lii
he-gave—him sum from money and sent-him to-house-his. and to

hassa ahal Bagdaad, kull maa ysuufuun qundara 'atiiga
now pe0ple Baghdad, each time they-see shoe old

meagsiga, yigluun: ”Xanha midaas Abuu lQaasim itTambuurii:"
tattered, they-say: "it-is shoe Abul Qasim it-Tamburi:”

1+7

The Shoe of Abul Qasim it-Tamburi

1. There used to live in the city of Baghdad a man by
the name of Abul Qasim it-Tamburi. 2. And this Abul Qasim
was very very rich, but he was miserly and wouldn't spend.~
on himself even a fils. 3. And he had a certain old patched
shoe which he wore for seven years and didn't (want to)
throw away. 4. And whenever a place in it would get torn,
he would patch it up, until it became heavy and was all
patches. 5. And all the people of Baghdad knew the shoe
and were making a byword of it.

6. One day one of Abul Qasim's friends saw him and said
to him: "Really Abul Qasim, God has been generous to you
and has given you a lot of money. 7. So why don't you buy
yourself a new shoe in the place of your old shoe? I think
it's a shame for you to wear it, when you're so well off:”
8. And Abul Qasim answered him: "I'll be glad to do as you
say: God willing, I'll buy another:"

9. That (same) day Abul Qasim went to the (public) bath
to bathe. 10. When he had bathed and finished, he came out
and put on his clothes, but when he wanted to put on his shoe,
he did not find it. 11. But he saw in its place a new shoe,
[fine looking, one of the best kinds, and he thought his
friend had bought it for him, so he upped and put it on and
returned home.

12. But this shoe was the shoe of the judge, and he had

come that day to the bath to bathe.

13. When he came out and didn't find his shoe, he said to
his companions: ”My friends, I wonder whether the one who
took my shoe has not left a shoe in its place? Let's look
around, perhaps we'll find something.” 14. When they looked
around they found Abul Qasim's-shoe and recognized it,
because, as we've said, the shoe was famous in Baghdad.

15. The judge, when he saw it, got very angry, and he sent
his servants to Abul Qasim to arrest him. 16. When they
brought him before him, he gave him a good dressing down and
sentenced him (to pay) a big fine, and after he paid it he
let him go.

17. Abul Qasim was very much grieved and he started
cursing his ill-omened shoe, and he wanted to get rid of it,
so he took it and threw it into the Tigris. 18. When he
returned from the river, he passed through the glassware
bazaar, and there a broker encountered him and said to him:
19. ”Abul Qasim, there's a merchant here from Aleppo who has
some very lovely gilded glass, and no one is buying it.

20. I can buy it for you at a cheap price, and then I'll sell
it for you and you'll gain by it double its price.” 21. So
.Abul Qasim upped and bought it for sixty dinars.

22. After that Abul Qasim went to the perfumers' bazaar,
anni there another broker met him and said to him: 23. ”Abul
Qasim, there's a merchant from Nisibis who has some very

taxcellent rose water, and he wants to go off to his peOple

in a hurry.

49

24. Come (let) me buy it for you for a song, and afterwards
I'll sell it for you at a high price and you'll gain by it
double its price.“ 25. Abul Qasim upped and bought it for
sixty dinars. and he took it home and put it in the gilded
glass (bottles) and put them on the shelf.

26. But it happened on that day that a fisherman had
cast his net into the river. 2?. When he pulled it out,
he saw in it Abul Qasim's shoe, so he said to himself:
28. "Perhaps Abul Qasim came to wash here and the shoe fell
off him. A pity: Let me go and take it to him." 29. When
he came to Abul Qasim's house, he didn't find him at home
and saw that the door was closed. 30. But he saw near the
door an Opening like a window, so he upped and threw the
shoe through it into the house (or: courtyard). 31. But
the shoe, out of all the places, fell on the glass (bottles)
and broke them, and the rose water was spilt on the floor
(ground). 32. When Abul Qasim returned home and saw the
glass broken and the rose water spilt, and the shoe sitting
in place of them on the shelf, he tmgan slapping his face
and weeping and shouting: 33. "By God, this shoe has im-
poverished me: I must find myself a solution (to the problem)
and get rid of this accursed shoet” 34. The next day in the
morning Abul Qasim upped and put the shoe under his armpit,
and he went to a certain inn and threw it (pardon the ex-

pression:) into the toilet of the inn.

50

35. Two or three days later the smell rose up, and the
shouting rose up with it, and the peOple began looking for
the cause. 36. And finally they found Abul Qasim's shoe
blocking up the drainpipe of the toilet which had become
filled up and from it came that disgusting smell. 37. So
they went and lodged with the judge a complaint against
Abul Qasim. 38. The judge sent for him, and he fined him,
and demanded of him that he repair the toilet. 39. At this
point Abul Qasim got completely fed up with his shoe, and
he started thinking of some way so that he could get rid of
it.

40. When he returned home he took the shoe and washed
it and took it up onto the roof and put it in the sun to
dry. 41. But by chance the neighbors' dog climbed over onto
Abul Qasim's roof, and he saw the shoe. 42. And he thought
it something eatable, so he took it and jumped with it to
another house so that he could eat it there at leisure.

43. But, unfortunately, while he was jumping, the shoe slipped
from his mouth, and it fell on the head of a certain bald-
headed man who was walking in the road, and it cut him.

44. The man who had been cut recognized the shoe, and he
thought that Abul Qasim had thrown it at him, so he went and
lodged a complaint against him with the judge. 45. The judge
had Abul Qasim brought, and this time he fined him a lot of
money, and demanded of him that he pay all the eXpenses of

the man who had been cut.

‘

A‘N

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51

46. And he said to him: "if they bring you here again, I'll
put you in prison:" 47. Poor Abul Qasim was silent, and he
paid the money, and he picked up his shoe and went out.

48. When he arrived home he said: "If I don't find
myself a way out and get rid of this ill-omened, accursed
shoe, it will be the death of we2" 49. When night came and
peOple were asleep, Abul Qasim got up and went down to the
cellar, and he began digging a hole to bury his shoe in it.
50. But the neighbors woke up, and they thought there was a
robber making a hole in the wall of their house in order to
rob them, so they went out and called the police. 51. The
police came and apprehended Abul Qasim and took him away to
the judge. 52. The judge began upbraiding him and said to
him: ”Aren't you ashamed? Isn't it a disgrace for you?
Now how could you want to rob your neighbors? Come on,
take him off to prison:”

53. And thus it was that poor Abul Qasim was jailed
because of his shoe. 54. And when he finished (serving) his
sentence, the judge fined him and released him. 55. But
.Abul Qasim, before going out, turned to the judge and said
to him: 56. ”My Lord Judge, I want you to write out a
‘voucher of innocence between me and this shoe. 57. I want
;you to write that it has no connection with me and I have
run connection with it, and whatever it does, I am not to be
blamed:" 58. And then he related to the judge his whole

story, and enumerated to him all the things which had fallen

52

on his head because of the shoe. 59. When the judge heard
the story, he laughed, and he gave him a sum of money and
sent him home. 60. And till now the people of Baghdad,
whenever they see an old tattered shoe, they say: ”It's as

though it were the shoe of Abul Qasim it-Tamburi:“

pus ‘4U831IIGQUI~9W
pus Sutuxeet with euo mtq-qqfinoqi-Keqi 'smeded-eqi-pue

nn 'WIQIQJIK nn mtte, usesut peg qoomtmmesi 'beaxmettm

spxeoqxoqu-eqi-pue Stq srq-ueqxni MES pue mtq-mes
qeexnnqqesstn elttqtgg weimeem.t negaes nn qooiees

etdoed-aqi ueqm 'tooqos—eqi loop-u: qes pus ‘stq-ueqzni
sesuu emmet -w ‘qeiwemtt qeeqqt pe,IS nn 'qeqmeem,t

qu spam-sq pus 'Iooqos
-eqq qt-ut peuedo-eq qotqn eoeId-eqi-ut meqi-Sunq-eq pus

Iquex nn ‘qenxemt WIIQ WBQIJ IIIIT ueexnmttq quBIIB. nn

'Butthm meqi-uo
sxeded pus spleoqxoetq mtq-oi peacettoo-eq pus peddn-eq stud

‘aqeeth aqfiete, basins nn delnnqqes qet .emtt nn meefi epsaq

Jaije
u°epexq-srqq mom; fim-Butntt utsS-I-pue 'Surqtmm-pue Butpeex

'pe.vq '6 .‘B.ue§§eu atm Itafrt. .Itteien ‘QQBBQHIM BKBEIb

uexpttqo
-eqq cut-u: qoeei-I-pua ‘Iooqos em-oq uedo-I 311qu Its .quqequ

IB9WIFC qttq WIIIB.9M ‘qeaxem III 48418 Itfi IIHX UBSQB.

:Jtesmtu-oq pres-sq Asp euo 'srq-peexq qt-mozj paureS-aq
:quJeuqt tee? mooK pa; '3 'qezqnx equtm .IIIBiIK

etdoed

-eqi {NEHOIIl-aq emsoeq-eq issd qnq ‘seqtim-eq ou pus spasm-sq

seeuua, textfi ttnnestr usea utxeet ‘qthtfi set an albtfi

snoux-eq on new euo st-emaqq qssd :Kes-Keqi
Jn1,n& set [settex pa; nnxe use? :unntnnBIK '1

IIUBBF WIIIgunN

(I
34

gaamaw iijiibuun wilidhum wiiga'duuhum 'indah bilmaktab.

they-upped they-brought sons-their and-they-put-them wiht-
him in-the-school.

5. uu huuwa, 1amma saaf ilwilid gaa'diin wiiriiduun
and he, when he-saw the-boys sitting and-they-want

yit'almuun, bida yguul il haaéa ”iqra!" wid daaka ”iktibfi",
they-learn, he-began he-say to this ”readt” and-to that

”wri te c .

uu gaammaw ilwilid waahid yi'allim illaax.
and they-upped the-boys one he-taught to-other.

6. fad yoom, 1amma caan gaa'id ala 'aadtah bbaab
one day, when past he-sat to custom-his in-door

ilmaktab, saaf fad imrayya jaayatah min bi'iid, uu biidha
the—school, he-saw one woman coming from far, and in-hand-her

maktuub. 7. 1amma t'akkad hiiya jaaya yammah, gaal ibnafsah:
letter. when he-sure she coming to-him, he-said to-himself:

"haadii lumrayya laazim jaayatnii da aqraa lah lmaktuub.

"this the-woman necessary she-coming-me I-reading to-her the-
letter.

'aad israah adabbur wiiyaaha, waanii ma'ruf aqra waktib?:"

:now what I-do with-her, since not-I-know I-read and—I-
'write?!"

8. uu.gaam saahibna min mukaanah dayriid yinhizim minha,

and.he-upped friend-our from place-his wanting he-runs from-
her.

1H1 yiEEaffa ssarr uu yistur 'ala nafsah. 9. laakin
axui he-avoids the-evil and he-preserves on himself. but

Jjnmrayya lihgatah gabul ma yinhizim uu gallatlah:
tluaawoman she-caught-him before when he-flee and said-to-him:

"haay wayn Mulla?" lO. gallilha: "wallah ariid asallii
"now where Mulla?" he-said-to-her: ”by-God I-want I-pray

salaat izzuhur, uu 1amma axallus arja'." ll. gallatlah:
prayer the-noon, and when I-finish I-return. she-said-to-him:

”ihna wayn? wizzuhur wayn? im'awwad, iqraa lii haada
"we where? and-the-noon where? man, read to-me this

1maktuub2"
the-letter!"

12. mu'allimna ddaddaabii twahhal, wittarr yaaxud

teacher-our the-deceitful was-stuck, and he-compelled
he-takes '

ilmaktuub minha. 13. laakin lizamah bil magluub, uu
the-letter from-her. but he-held-it on-the bottom, and

bida ybaawi' biih, uu marra yihizz i'maamtah, uu marra
he-began he-looks on-it and now he-shakes turban-his, and now

yraggus ihwaajbah, uu wujhah m'abbis Kannah gayma sooda.
it-danced eyebrow-his, and face-his frowned like cloud black.

14. lumrayya 1miskiina caan rajilha msaafir, uu daan daak
the-woman the-poor past husband-her journeyed, and past that

ilmaktuub jaay min 'indah. 15. 1amma saafat ilmu'allim
the-letter came from with-him. when she-saw the-teacher

ibéiic ilhaala 1gariiba, gaalat wiiya nafisa: ”akiid
in-that the-state the-unusual she-said to herself: "he-must

rajlii maat, wilmu'allim da yistihi gullii!" l6. fa
husband-my died and-the-teacher being shy he-tells-me3" so

gallatlah:
she-said-to-him:

56

”iéa huuwa mayyit, gullii!” l7. limu'allim hazz raasah,
"if he dead, tell-me2" the-teacher shook head-his,

uu zall saakit. 18. 'aad gallatlah: "asugg ihduumii?”
and stayed silent. then she-said-to-him: "I-tear clothes-my?"

gallilha: "suggii!" l9. gallatlah: "altum 'ala wujhii?"
he-said-to-her ”tearz" she-said-to-him: ”I-slap on face-my?"

gallilha: ”lutmii!"
he-said-to-her: "slap!"

20. ilmiskiina salmat amurha lallah, waxdat ilmaktuub

the-poor resigned affair-her to-God, and-took the-
letter

min iidah, uu rij'at il baytha, uu bidat tibcii hiiya

from hand-his, and returned to house-her, and began weeping
she

w wilidha. 21. 1amma jjiiraan sim'aw uu si'law uu
and children-her. when the-neighbors heard and asked and

'urfaw issabab. waahid minhum gaal: 22. "sin halhaxii?
learned the-reason, one from-them said: "what this-talk?

sinuu rajilha maat? haada muu sahiih: haaéa xarut:
what husband-her died? this not true: this nonsense!

23. aanii lbaarha jaanii maktuub min rajilha, uu maa
I yesterday came-me letter from husband-her, and not

biih sii abdan: sihtah mumtaaza, uu ba'ad 'asirt ayyaam
to-him thing wrong health-his excellent, and after ten days

raah yirja' il ahlahfi"
he-goes he-returns to peOple-his:"

24. uu gaam daak irrajjaal uu raah il bayt lumrayya, uu
and he-upped that the-man and goes the house the-woman, and

galha: "ballah matraawiinii yaah lilmaktuub?" 25. 1amma
said-to-her: "in-God show-me it to—the-letter3” when

gaafah w qiraah, gallilha: "isim'ii gdayguul rajliK:

he-sees-it and reads-it, he-said-to-her: ”listen what-says
husband-your

26. wa ida tisi'luun 'annii, aanii bsihha zayna wib'aafya.
and if you-ask-about me, I in-health good and-in-well.

uu ba'ad 'asirt ayyaam akuun 'idkum. uu raah yoosalkum
and after ten days there with-you. and it—goes it-comes-you

min 'indii qmaas uu xaam.”
from with-me fabric and cotton."

27. min sim'at lumrayya haada, axdat ilmaktuub uu
from she-heard the-woman this, she-took the-letter and

raahat lah lilmu'allim uu gallatlah: 28. "aaxir matxaaf
went to-him to-the-teacher and said-to-him: ”you-have no-fear

min Babbak? sloon sawwayt biiya haliswaaya?:" 29. uu
from Lord? how you-could to-me this-thing?:" and

ba'dayn hiXat lah lqussa kulha bimaa unzilat: sihhat

afterwards she-told to-him the-story all exactly it-happened:
health

rajilha, uu rijuu'ah, wiliqmaa! iddaazzah wilxaam.

husband-her, and return-his, and-the-fabric the-he-sent and-
the-cotton.

30. 'aad ilmu'allim, hatta yxallus nafsah, gallilha:
then the-teacher, until he-saves himself, he-said-to-her:

\n
(I)

"tamaam wallah: haqq biidic. saamhiinii: aanii cint
”that's-so by-God: right with-you. forgive-me: I was

iswaayya ma'fuus, uu 1amma sifit liqmaas wilxaam zannayt

little upset, and when I-saw the-fabric and-the-cotton I-
thought

rajli! maat uu caffinoohz" 31. uu Eaanat lumrayya basiita,

husband-your died and they-shrouded-himfi" and she-was the-
woman simple,

uu min ahl Allah, uu ma tu'ruf ilhiila sinuu hiiya.
and from peOple God, and not she-knew the-trick what it.

32. fa gallatlah: ”Alla ysaamhak!" waxdat ilmaktuub

so she-said-to—him "God forgives-you2" and-she-took the—
letter

uu rij'at 11 baytha.
and returned to house-her.

An Ignorant Teacher

1. They say: There was a certain man who did not know
how to read or write, but he used to play tricks on peOple,
by means of which he eked out his living. 2. One day he
said to himself: "The best thing of all is to cpen a school
for myself, and it it I'll teach kids reading and writing,
and I'll eke out my livelihood from this trade.” 3. There-
upon he upped and collected for himself some blackboards
and sheets of paper with writing on them, and he hung them
in the place in which he cpened the school, and he enlarged
his turban, and he sat at the door of the school. 4. When
the pe0ple saw him and saw his big turban and the blackboards
and the sheets of paper, they supposed him to be a learned
man and intelligent, and they started to bring their sons
and put them with him in the school. 5. And he, when he saw
the boys sitting wanting to learn, began saying to this one
"Bead:”, and to that one ”Writez", and the boys started
teaching one another.

6. One day, when he was sitting according to his custom
at the door of the school, he saw a woman coming to him
from a distance, with a letter in her hand. 7. When he was
sure that she was coming up to him, he said to himself:
"This woman must be coming to me to have me read the letter
to her. Now what shall I do with her, since I don't know

how to read and write?:"

60

8. And our friend got up from his place wanting to run away
from her and to avoid the evil and preserve his reputation.
9. But the woman caught up to him before he (could) flee,
and she said to him: "Now where (are you off to) Mulla?"
10. He said to her: "Really I want to pray the noon prayer,
and when I finish I'll come back." 11. She said to him:
"There's a long time between us and noon. Dear man, read
me this letter:"

12. Our deceitful teacher was stuck (in the mud), and
he was compelled to take the letter from her. 13. But he
held it upside down, and he began looking at it, and now
he would shake his turban, and again he would make his eye-
brows dance, and his face was frowning as though it were a
black cloud. 1h. The poor woman, her husband had gone on a
journey, and that letter had come from him. 15. When she
saw the teacher in that unusual state, she said to herself:
"My husband has surely died, and the teacher is too shy to
tell me:" 17. The teacher shook his head, and he remained
silent. 18. Then she said to him: ”Shall I tear my clothes?"
He said to her: "Tear (them):" 19. She said to him: "Shall
I slap my face?” He said to her: "Slap (it):"

20. The poor woman resigned her affair to God, and she
took the letter from his hand and went back home and began
weeping, she and her children. 21. When the neighbors heard
and asked and learned the reason, one of them said: 22. ”What

is this talk? What is this about her husband having died?

O '\
F1

It's not true: It's nonsense: 23. Yesterday a letter came
to me from her husband, and there's nothing at all the
matter with him: His health is excellent, and in ten days
he'll return to his pe0p1e2" 2U. And that man upped and
went to the woman's house, and he said to her: "Won't you
please show it to me, the letter?" 25. When he saw it and
read it, he said to her: "Listen to what your husband is
saying: 26. And if you ask about me, I'm in good health
and very well. And in ten days I'll be with you. And
there will reach you, from me, some fabric and cotton cloth."
27. When the woman heard this, she took the letter and
went to the teacher and said to him: 28. "How have you no
fear of your Lord? How could you do such a thing to me?:"
29. And then she related to him the whole story exactly as
it happened: her husband's health, and his return, and the
fabric which he had sent and the cotton cloth. 30. Then
the teacher, to save himself, said to her: "That's so, by
God: You're right. Forgive me: I was a little upset, and
when I saw the fabric and the cotton cloth I thought your
husband had died and that they had shrouded him!" 31. And
the woman was simple, and quite naive, and did not know what
a trick was. 32. So she said to him: "God forgive you3",

and she took the letter and went back home.

CY)

10 Bag: la?, sab'iin. 'ijabak, uxud. ma 'ijabak, fiimaanillah!
no, seventy. like-your, take. not like-your, good-bye!

ll

'IND ILBAGGAAL

(ilbaggaal, ilmistirii, abuu ssayyaara, limrayya)
(the-grocer, the—customer, owner the-car, theswoman)

his: assalaamu 'alaykum:
the—peace with-you:

Bag: we.alaykumu.ssalaam:

and with-you the-peace:

his: ballah, bays ittamaata?
‘ on-God, how-much the-tomatoes?

Bag: kayluu biGmaaniin.
kilo at-eighty.

Mis: la?, ibdirhim!
no, at-dirham:

Eag: uxué 'ala sab'iin.
take on seventy.

Mis: 'ammii, yaa sab'iin? dassuufha mamruuda w raayha!

uncle-my, C seventy? you-see bruised and they-go:

Bag: agaatii, may'ijbak, 1a tistirii, haada lmawjuud:

sir-my, not-like-your, no you-buy, this the-present!

his: zayn, ibsittiin.
good, at-sixty.

Mis: amurna lallah: intiinii fad tubgiiya.
help-us to-God: give-me one basket.
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12

13

14

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Bag:

Mls:

Bag:

Miss

Bag:

Mis:

Bag:

tfaddal: ... yaabah, latgallub biiha hassikil:
here: man, no-touch on-them this-way:

truuh tinmurid:
they-go they-get-smashed:

ii, hass liiriid yistangii giisawwii? hamm

yes, so the-one he-chooses what-to-do? even

ibsab'iin uu ham latmidd iidak 'alayha: ii,

at-seventy and even no-stretch hand-your on-them:
yes.

qaabil hiiya duri?
what they gems?

duxud agaatii. uxud uu xallisna:
take sir-my. take and free-us'.

haak. oozin lii fad kayluwayn.
here. weigh to-me one kilos-two.

jiib faGGintayn itlaaOa lux.
bring so-the-two three the-other.

tfaddal. ballah, xallii 111 yaaha fraééiis waraq ...
here. on-God, put to-me them in-the-bag paper

ma 'indak ahsan min hal ixyaar?
not with-you better from these cucumbers?

diruuh dawwir issuug kullah §uu tilga axuuh:
go search the-market all see you-find brothers:

(ilbaggaal iisiih) maal igguwaatii yaxyaar!
(the-grocer shouts) of the-riverbanks O-cucumbers:

qalam yaxyaar:
pencil O-cucumbers:

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20

21

22

23

2h

25

26

27

His:

Bag:

Mis:

Bag:

Miss

Mis:

Bag:

M18:

64

zayn. zayn. bays datbii'ah?
good, good. how-much you-sell-them?

bdirhim.
at-dirham.

sda'wa? ilbaarha axattah barba'iin.
what-reason? the-yesterday I-got-them at-forty.

wallah, mistaraatah 'alayya bxamsa warba'iin:
by-God, buying-them on-five and-forty:

halyoom ma nizal ixyaar ihwaaya bil'alwa.
this-day not many cucumbers came on-the-wholesale.

zayn. intiinii fad kayluu. (ilbaggaal yoozin)
good. give-me one kilo. (the-grocer weighs)

11, lays dagsiilha, lilixyaara? ilmiizaan ba'ad

yes, why you-take-it, to-the-cucumber? the-balance
after

ma nizal: dixalliiha, xalliiha: ... ii, haay
not many: leave-it, leave-it: ...yes, now

tamaam:
right:

mamnuun agaatii: ba'ad sitriid?
obliged sir-my: after what-you-want?

bays tihsib 111 lluubya?
how-much you-charge to-me the-beans?

barba'iin.
Etc-forty o

ham baalga uu ham barba'iin? la?, bitlaaOiin:
even old and even on-forty? no, at-thirty:

28 Bag:
29 Bag:
30 Abs:
31 Bag:
32 AbS:
33 Bag:

65

uxud: haak haada tubag. (yibdi lmigtirii yistangii

take: here this basket. (he-starts the-customer
he-picks

lluubya liiriidha. bhalaOnaa yinzil waahid min
the-beans the-he-wants-them. on-this-while he-gets-
out one from

sayyaartah, uu yiJii yam tukkaan ilbaggaal)
car-his, and comes to shOp the-grocer)

hala b'ammii: hala: gtu'mur?
welcome on-uncle-my: welcome: what-you-like?

fad kayluwayn tamaata, tlaG kayluwaat ixyaar,
one kilos-two tomatoes, three kilos cucumbers.

kayluwayn luubya, kaylu w nuss sijar. 'indak
kilos-two beans, kilo and half squash. with-you

baytinjaan zayn?
eggplant good?

ii, 'ammii, 'indii Jawwa xoos baytinjaan,

yes, uncle-my, with-me inside nice eggplant,

tarih. ggad tu'mur?
young. how-much you-like?

fad kayluwayn.
one kilos-two.’

(yibdii bilwazin uu ba'd i§wayya yguul) Hasan:

(he-begins on-the-weighing and after little he-says)
Hasen:

lak Hasan: ta'aal waddii haay wiiya 'ammak
to-you Hasen: come take now these uncle-your

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40

#1

#2

43

nu

AbS:

Bag:

Abs:

Bag:

Lim:

Bag:

Lima

Bag:

Lim:

Bag:

Lim:

66

lissayyaara:
to-the-car:

sgad ihsaabak?
how-much bill-your?

Oman miit filis.
eight hundred fils.

haak:

here:

eskurak 'ammii:
thank-you uncle-my:

imrayya da tistirii)

woman buying)

bays il'armuut?.
how-much the-pears?

brubu' diinaar.
at-one-fourth dinaar.

1aa: bmiit filis:
no: at-hundred fils:

Allah yintiié:
God forgives-you:

sinuu?
what?

daajaddii minnak?
I-beg from-you?

bass gaayr. 'armuut ibmiit fills?

fiimaanillaah:
good-bye:

(yintii licyaas 11 Hasan)
(he-gives the-bags to Hasen)

(tljll fad
(she-comes one

so you-saw pears at-hundred fils?

ii, huuwa mnaggid:
yes, they develop-spots:

 

“5

#6

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51

Bag:

le:

Bagsr

Lim:

Bag:

M18:

67

hassa huuwa ham laayig il halgic:
now they then fit to mouth-your:

lak inta ma tistihii:
to-you you not shamed:

wallah, maakuu waahid ma yistihii gayric:
by-God, not-there—is one not he-shamed other-you:

zayn: dixalliih 'ala galbak: (truuh limrayya)

good: put-them on heart~your: (she-goes the-
woman)

wallah, loo a'ruf, adibbah biddarub uu maabii'ah

by-God, if I-know, I-throw on-the-street and not-
sell-them .

bmiit filis:
at-hundred fils:

laakin ma laazim it'iil 'alayha bilhacii.
but not necessary you-speak to-her in-the-harsh.

haay 'imla. triid, bii': matriid, latbii':
now deal. you-want, buy: not-you-want, no-buy:

ii, muu zehgatnii: huuwa akuu 'armuut ilyoom

yes, not she-killed-me: they there-are pears the-

day

ibmiit r1118? uudaa'tak mistaraatah 'alaya
at-hundred fils? life-your cost to-them

bmiitayn filis. uu yilihgah ardiiya wihmaala

at-hundred—two fils. and he-adds ground-rend and-
porter

w naqil wiijaar tukkaan. ii, maarid ahsassil
and transport and rent store. yes, not—I-want

_I-make

 

52

53

54

55

56

57

M18:

Bag:

M18:

M13:

Bag:

68

111 fad xams ifluus bilkayluu? uu tijii nnaayma

to-me one some money on-the-kilo? and she-comes
the-sleeper

liddiha witgullak ibmiit filis: ii, haay

to-the-noon and-tells-you at-hundred fils: yes,
now

sagla? wallah, loo aruuh adfa' lii 'arabaana
what-job? by-God, if l-go I-push to-me cart

wabii' Pipsii ham ahsan lii: sgad oozin lak

and-sell Pepsi even.better to-me: how-much weigh
to-you

luubya, 'ammii?
beans, uncle-my?

kaylu w nuss.
kilo and half.

tfaddal:
here:

ggad saar ihsaabii ballah?
how-much becomes bill-my on-God?

smaaxid?
what-you-took?

kayluwayn tamaata, uu kayluu xyaar, uu kaylu
kilos-two tomatoes, and kilo cucumbers, and kilo

w nuss luubya.
and half beans.

kayluwayn tamaata bmiiya warba'iin. uu kayluu
kilos-two tomatoes at—hundred and-forty. and kilo

{ll‘
ll"!!!

 

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M18:

Bag:

M18:

M18:

Bag:

69

xyaar ibdirhim, saar miiya w tis'iin. kaylu

cucumbers at-dirham, becomes hundred and ninety.
kilo

w nuss luubya bxamsa warba'iin, saar miitayn

and half beans at-five and-forty, becomes hundred-
two

uu xamsa witlaaOiin.
and five and-thirty.

haak: (yintiih nuss dinaar)
here: (he-gives-him half dinar) ;;

ma 'indak xurda? ilxurda swayya tfiidnii.
not with-you change? the-change little helps-me.

1aa, wallah.
no, by-God.

tfaddal: haay miitayn uu xamsa w sittiin filis.
here: now hundred-two and five and sixty fils.

askurak. fiimaanillaah:
thank-you. good-bye:

fii daa't illaah: (yisiih) maal issuwaatii
keep-you God: (he-shouts) of the-riverbanks

yaxyaar: luubya nabi': laawii yaa tiin:
O-cucumbers: beans new: ripe 0 figs:

waziirii yaa tiin: mhanna yaa xox: miskii
best 0 figs: red O peaches: musk

w 'ambar yaa xox:
and amber O peaches:

twml—o

\DO\UI

11
12

13

1M

15
l6

17

AT THE GROCER'S

(Grocer, Customer, Car Owner, Woman)

Customer: Greetings:

Grocer: And greetings to you:

Customer: Please, how much are the tomatoes?

Grocer: Eighty (fils) a kilo.

Customer: No, a dirham:

Grocer: Take (them) for seventy.

Customer: My good man, what seventy? You see they're
starting to go: '

Grocer: Sir, if you don't like (them), don't buy (them).
This is what there is.

Customer: Alright, for sixty:

Grocer: No, seventy. If you like (it), take (them).
If you don't like (it), good-bye:.

Customer: God help us: Give me a basket.

Grocer: Here you are: ... My dear man, don't paw over
them like that: They'll get smashed:

Customer: Yes, but one who wants to choose, what is
he to do? Even at seventy, and also: Don't handle
them: Huh, is it possible they are gems?

Grocer: Do take them sir: Take and have done with it:

Customer: Here you are.‘ Weigh me out two kilos.

Grocer: Bring two or three others.

Customer: Here you are. Please, put them in a paper bag.
70

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25
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27
28

29

71

... Haven't you any better than these cucumbers?

Grocer: Do go search the whole market (and) see if
you'll find their brother(s): (the grocer shouts)

Of the riverbanks, O cucumbers: Reeds, O cucumbers:

Customer: O.K. C.K. How much are you selling them
for?

Grocer: For a dirham (a kilo).

Customer: How come? Yesterday I got them for forty
(fils).

Grocer: I assure you, buying them cost me forty-five
(fils): Today not many cucumbers came down to the
wholesale market.

Customer: C.K. Give me a kilo. (the grocer weighs)
Hey, why are you taking it away, the cucumber? The
balance hasn't gone down yet: Do leave it, leave it:
... There, that's right:

Grocer: Much obliged sir: What else do you want?

Customer: How much will you charge me for French beans?

Grocer: Forty (fils a kilo).

Customer: Old, and still forty fils? No, thirty:

Grocer: Take (them): Here, take this basket. (the
customer starts picking out the beans he wants. Mean-
while a man gets out of his car and comes up to the
grocer's shop)

Grocer: Welcome my good sir: Welcome: What would you

like?

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33

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no
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1:1:
“5
L16
1:7

#8

Car Owner: Two kilos of tomatoes, three kilos of
cucumbers, two kilos of French beans, a kilo and a half
of squash. Have you any good eggplant?

Grocer: Certainly sir, inside I have some fine eggplant,
nice and young. How much would you like?

Car Owner: Two kilos.

Grocer: (begins weighing and after a little while says)
Hasan: Hey Hasan: Come take these with the gentleman
to the car: (he gives the bags to Hasan)

Car Owner: How much is your bill?

Grocer: Eight hundred fils.

Car Owner: Here you are:

Grocer: Thank you sir: Good—bye: (a woman comes to
buy)

Woman: How much are the pears?

Grocer: A quarter of a dinar (a kilo).

Woman: No: A hundred fils:

Grocer: May God give you:

Woman: What? Am I begging from you?

Grocer: Well have you seen pears for a hundred fils?

Woman: Why they're getting rotten:

Grocer: Now then they're fit for your mouth:

Woman: You, you're shameless:

Grocer: Good heavens, you're the only one who's shame-
less:

Woman: Fine: Let them rot in your shOp: (the woman goes)

73

.99 Grocer: By God, if I knew, I'd throw them in the street

and not sell them for a hundred fils:

.50 Customer: But you ought not to speak so harshly to her.

It's a business deal. If you wish, buy: If you don't
wish, don't buy:

51 Grocer: Well she got my goat: Are there any pears

52
53
5b

55
56

57

today for a hundred fils? By your life they cost me
two hundred fils. And added to that, ground rent

and porter's fee and transport and store rent. Then
don't I want to make some five fils on a kilo? And
the lady who sleeps till high noon comes and tells you:
for a hundred fils: Now is this a job? By God, if

I were to go pushing a cart and sell Pepsi I'd be even
better off: How much French beans shall I weigh out
for you sir?

Customer: A kilo and a half.

Grocer: Here you are:

Customer: How much is my bill, please?

Grocer: What have you taken?

Customer: Two kilos of tomatoes, ande:kilo of cucumbers,
and a kilo and a half of French beans.

Grocer: Two kilos of tomatoes for one hundred and forty.
And a kilo of cucumbers for a dirham, (that) makes one
hundred and ninety. A kilo and a half of French beans
for forty-five, (that) makes two hundred and thirty-five
(fils). I

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63

Customer: Here you are: (he gives him a half dinar)

Grocer: Haven't you any change? Change would be of
some help to me.

Customer: No, really.

Grocer: Here: This is two hundred and sixty-five fils.
Customer: Thank you. Good-bye:

Grocer: God keep you: (he shouts) Of the riverbanks,
O cucumbers: New beans: Ripe figs: The best of figs:

Bed peaches: Peaches of musk and amber:

ILKUBBA

1. ilkubba min a§her aklaat il'Iraaq. laakin asilha
the-kubba from famous food the-Iraq. but it-began

mnilMuusil, uu ahsan illii sawwuuha humma limsaalwa.
from-the~Mosul, and best those they-make it the-Muslawis.

2. uu kubbat ilMuusil itkuun 'aadatan ikbaar uu xafiifa;
and kubba the-Mosul usually large and thin:

haadii hiiya lkubba lasliiya. 3. uu kuburha taqriiban
this the the-kubba the-original. and size-its almost

ibgadd irgiif ilxubuz, laakin ham tilga kubba wasat
on-that round the-bread, but even you-find kubba medium

wiZgaar wimda'ibla hasab maysawwuuha nnaas.
and-small and-round like they-make-it the-peeple.

u. uu tariiqat 'amal kubbat ilburgul hassikil.
and way to-do kubba the-ground-wheat this-way.

5. awwalan, inhaddir ilhasuu.6.injiib liiya wi§wayyat
first, we-prepare the-stuffing. we-get fat sheeptail

laham sirih wingatti'ah b1ss18¥11n loo niOurmah bilmakiina.

meat lean and-we-chOp-it with-the-knife or we-grind-it in-
the-machine.

7. uu niOrum wiiyaah busal hasab kammiiyat ilhasuu,
and we-grind with-it onions like amount the—stuffing

winxallii 'ala haada kullah swayyat milih uu filfil loo
and-we-put on this all little salt and pepper or

bahaaraat. 8. uu nuxubtah winxalliih 'ala kutur, winguum

spices. and we-mix-it and-we-put-it on side, and-we-
start ”5
I

inhaddir ilburgul maalkubba.
we-prepare the-ground-wheat of-kubba.

9. 'aad injiib laham sirih winduggah bijjaawan.
then we-get meat lean and-we-pound-it on-the-mortar.

10. laakin ibhalayyaam saaraw innaas yistas'ibuun iddagg

but in-these-days found the-people it-hard the-pound-
ing '

bijjaawan, wijjaawan nafsah saayir qaliil halayyaam.
on-the-mortar, and-the-mortar itself became scarce these-days.

ll. 'aad gaamaw yista'imluun ilhaawan bidaalah biddagg.

then they-began they-use the-small-mortar in-place-it
for-the-pounding.

.12. ba'ad mandugg illaham iswayya nuxlut wiiyaah swayya
after we-pound the-meat little we-mix with-it little

jiriis maal hunta, winxallii 'alayh milih, winzill indugg

wheat of find-ground, and-we-put on-it salt, and-continue we-
pound

biih hatta ysiir wusla wihda.
on-it until it-becomes piece one.

13. ba'dayn naaxud ilburzul uu nigislah bilmai

afterwards we-take the-ground-wheat and wash-it in-
the-water

winlaggut lihjaar minnah. 1a. laakin, ida Xaan ilburgul
and-we-pick stones from-it. but, if past the-ground-wheat

'niziif'uu maa biih hjaar, maakuu daa'ii lilgsdil.
clean and not in-it stones, not-there-is need to-the-washing.

15. naaxud haada lburgul uu ni'ijnah wiiya lxaliit
we-take this the-wheat and knead with-it the-mixture

Lu: _.

77

illii daggaynaah bijjaawan loo bilhaawan. l6. windugg

which we-pound-it on-the-mortar or on-the-small-mortar. and-
we-pound

haada kullah ila an iisiir miGl 11'1118 hatta nigdar
this all until it becomes like the-gun so we-able

niftah ilkubba fatih zayn.
we-spread the-kubba out well.

17. 1amma yikmal dagg ilburgul willaham naaxud
when it-done pounding the-wheat and-the-meat we-take

wusla min halxaliit gidar kubbaaya uu nigsimha binnuss. r”
piece from this-mixture size kubba and we-cut-it in-the-half.

l8. winjiib wusultayn xaam, loo wusultayn naaylon,
and-we-get pieces-two cotton, or pieces-two nylon,

winballilha bilmai uu nusurha uu nufrusha 'attaxta

and-we-wet-them in-the-water and we-wring-them and spread-
them-out on-bench

winnaggi'ha biidayna min jidiid. l9. uu naaxud ilwusultayn

and-we-soak by-hand-our from new. and we-take the-pieces-
two

maal ilburgul illii gisamnaaha, uu nufru§ kull wihda
of the-wheat which we-cut-it, and we-spread each one

'ala wusla farig xafiif. 20. ba'dayn naaxud iswayya
on piece cloth thinly. afterwards we-take little

mnilhasuu illii sawwaynaah, uu nufursah 'ala wihda min
from-the-stuffing that we-made and we-spread on one from

halwusultayn bihaiO ingattiiha. 21. uu naaxud tabgat
these-pieces-two so we-cover-it. and we-take layer

78

illuxxa winxalliiha foog ittabga 11111 biiha lhaguu.
the-other and-we-put over the-layer which on-it the-stuffing.

22. winballil iidayna bilmai wintabtub 'alayha,
and-we-moisten hands-our in-the-water and-we-tap on-it,

winsiil min foogaaha wuslat ilxaam loo nnaaylon, winguum

and-take-away from on-tOp-it piece the-cotton or nylon, and-
begin

ingallub ilhawaasii hatta ssiir ittabugtayn wusla wihda.
we-turn the-edge so becomes the-layers-two piece one.

23. wibhalaOnaa', intabtub biidna 'alayha win'addil
and-on-this-while, we-tap with-hand-our on-it and-even

ilkubbaaya. 2h. winjiib qaagad winxalliih foog ilkubbaaya
the-kubba. and-we-get paper and-put-it on the-kubba

uu nuglubha 'alqaagad winsiilha 'ala kutur, winguum
and we-turn on-paper and-put-it on side, and-we-start

insawwii llux.
we-make the-next.

25. ba'ad manxallus min taktiil ilkubba kulha,
after we-finish from'forming the—kubba all,

inxalliiha tinsaf ila an iisiir wakt ilakil. 26. min
we-let-them dry until it becomes time the-eat from

iifuur ilmai, indibb ilkubba bnussah winxalliiha biih
boils the-water we-drop the-kubba in-it and-leave-it in-it

ila anittuuf ilkubba w tistuwii. 27. 'aad intalli'ha
until floats the-kubba and are-cooked. then we-take-them

biecifciir winxalliiha bilmuwaa'iin winqaddimha lilakil

with-the-ladle and-put-them on-the-plates and-serve-them to-
the-eat

79

uu hiiya haarra.
and they hot.

28. wilasyaa? ittinwukil wiiya lkubba hiiya tturgiiyaat

and-the-things the-eaten with-it the-kubba they the-
pickles

wil'amba. 29. uu yaakluun wiiyaaha swayyat xubuz loo

and-the-pickled-mangoes. and they-eat with-it little bread
or

yaakluuha blayya xubuz.
they-eat-it without bread.

in."

. KUBEA

l. Kubba is one of the most famous foods of Iraq.

But it originated in Mosul, and the best of those who make
it‘are the Muslawis. 2. And the kubba of Mosul is usually
large and thin: this is the original kubba. 3. And its
size is almost that of a (round flat) loaf of bread, but
you also find medium sized kubba and small (kubba) and
rounded kubba according to the way people make it.

A. And the way of making ground wheat kubba is like
this. 5. First we get the stuffing ready. 6. We get some
sheeptail fat and some lean meat and we chOp it up with
a knife or grind in in the machine. 7. And we grind up
onions with it according to the quantity of the stuffing,
and we put on all this a little salt and pepper or spices.
8. And we mix it and put aside, and we start preparing the
ground wheat of the kubba.

9. Then we get some lean meat and pound it in the large
mortar. 10. But in these days peeple have come to find
pounding in the large mortar too hard and the mortar itself
has become scarce nowadays. 11. So they have begun to use
the small mortar in place of it for pounding. 12. After we
pound the meat for a while, we mix with it some finely
ground wheat, and we put salt on it, and continue pounding it

until it becomes one piece.

80

81

13. Then we take the ground wheat and wash it in water
and pick out the stones from it. lb. But, if the ground
wheat is clean and has no stones in it, there is no need
for the washing. 15. We take this ground wheat and knead it
with the mixture which we have pounded in the large or the
small mortar. 16. And we pound all this until it becomes
like gum, so that we'll be able to spread out the kubba well.

17. When the pounding of the ground wheat and meat is
completed, we take a piece of this mixture the size of one
piece of kubba and we cut it in half. 18. And we get two
pieces of white cotton cloth, or two pieces of nylon, and
we wet them in water and wring them out and spread them out
on the low kitchen bench and soak them by hand again. 19. And
we take the two pieces of the ground wheat (mixture) which
we have cut, and we spread each one on a piece (of the cloth)
thinly. 20. Then we take a little of the stuffing which we
have made, and spread it on one of these two pieces so that
we cover it. 21. And we take the other layer and put it
over the layer which has the stuffing.

22. And we moisten our hands in‘water and tap on it
(the kubba), and we take away from on top of it the piece of
cotton cloth or nylon, and we start turning over the edges
so that the two layers become one piece. 23. And in the
meantime, we tap on it with our hand and make the kubba even.
24. And we get some paper and put it over the kubba and turn

it upside down on the paper and we put it aside, and we

lmjuwnm -—_

start making the next.

25. After we finish forming all the kubbas, we let
them dry until it is time to eat. 26. Then we boil water
in the pot and put in it a little salt. 27. When the water
boils, we drOp the kubbas into it and leave them in it until
the kubbas float and are cooked. 28.‘Then we take them out
with the ladle and put them on plates and serve them up for
eating while they are hot.

29. And the things which are eaten with kubba are
pickles and pickled mango. 30. And they eat with it a little

bread, or eat it without bread.

 

APPENDIX II

SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS

§§y_tgw§ympgls and Abbreviatigns: The following is

 

a key to the abbreviations used throughout the thesis.

0 m‘u"

l+

 

fl

adject.
adv
[ J
aspect
Ben.
C

caus

cond.

*Capitalization indicates a slot.

indicates a filler.

83

Interpretatign
Optional

Obligatory

Interdependent Option-
ality, i.e. either a or b
will occur but not both

either ... or

zero-element (no realiza-
tion)

multiplication

adjectival filler

adverb

brackets enclosing
marginal tagmemes

‘aspect

Benefactive
Causa1*
causal

conditional

No capitalization

AbbreviationZSymbpl

Conj.

84

lirarp.§$e§i_h

Conjunction

Descriptive/Equative
Predicate

Equative Item

expletive phrase
Expletive Predicate
Interrogative
interrogative transformer

interrogative transformer

E5

fl3§lfléfil§§1§m921

IiP
.iiv

imp.

ImP

imv
interr.p.

Ins

IP

IpP

ipv

ipr

iv
in
L

l.Adv.p.

Interpretatipri

Imperative Intransitive
Predicate

imperative intransitive
verb

imperative transformer
Imperative Predicate
imperative verb
interrogative phrase

Instrumental

Intransitive Predicate

Imperative Passive
Predicate

imperative passive verb

imperative passive verb
phrase

intransitive verb
intransitive verb phrase
Locative

locative adverbial phrase
Interrogative Matrix
Interrogative Matrix
Imperative Matrix

Passive Imperative Matrix

86

nvamwm“.

man.

ndep

Neg.
nom.pro.
Np

OA

obj.pro.

poss
Pp
PP
prep
pv
W p
H

rel-ax

*See foot-note on page 83.

nt rpretatign

“pa-M ' .Q r.-m

Passive Interrogative
Matrix

Passive Interrogative
Matrix

Kernel Matrix
Passive Matrix
Matrix
manner
Manner*

negative descriptive/
equative phrase

Negative

nominative pronoun
Noun phrase
8E3§3€:§§:駧 '
objective pronoun
passive

possessive
Prepositional Phrase
Passive Predicate
preposition
passive verb
passive verb phrase

Relator

relator-axis

87

AhhltexmtiQn/fixmhql.
SA

so

51

Tem

temp.

TP

.I.n.te.1:ar_e.ta.t_.1,0.r1
Subject-as-Agent
Subject-as-Goal
Subject-as-Item
Temporal

temporal

Transitive Predicate
Transform

transitive verb

transitive verb phrase

APPENDIX III

SUMMARY OF CLAUSE TYPES AND VARIANTS

AND THEIR RELATIONSHIPS TO EACH OTHER

1.1 Positive active igdicative matrix (kernel)

 

 

 

 

Mk = Independent Dependent
Transitive w“x x L?
Intransitive x x
Expletive x x
Descriptive/ x x
Equative wwwwwwww '

 

 

 

 

2.0 Transforms of Kernel Matrix

an. I

 

-v-”-.

p ' (Transitive How of Mk) = Mp

2 . 2 Interrogative

a) i - (M minus Dependent Column) - M.
l k 11
b) 12 ° (Mk minus Dependent Column) = M

12 .

N
o
\A.)

. imperative.

imp - (Independent Column of Mk minus Expletive &

Descriptive/Equative Rows) = Mimp

Transformwfieries (i.e. transforms of transformed
matrices formed by processes shown
in 2.1 - 203)

i
...J

\

M
ilp

a) 11 ° (Mp minus Dependent Column)

b) 12 ° (Mp minus Dependent Column) M

i P
88 2

Note: As the above is meant to indicate, all transforms

may be applied to Mk; the Interrogative and Imperative
transforms may be applied to Mp which is itself a Transform,
Matrix, yielding the transform series.

4. o Derived Allpmaea...OLCJakS§§.. 0er

4.1 gmphggig (tOpical)

L: - 2 Nesaiitia

 

5 . 0 $2113.19: _-§11.e_...Lap.an9_eni Clause. _. Types p.f--..I1k
5.1 Sanditianal

5.2 Tempprgl

5 . 3 Adieaismixel

5 . 4 Manner.

Mn— u- a “ma-....-‘y-n

:15

5.6 Possessiye

5 . 7 Sausal

‘111111111111