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THE HISTORY OF RADIO
BROADCASTiNG AND RADIO
EDUCATION AT MECHiGAN STATE
COLLEGE 1917-1947

Thesis for the Degree of M. A.
MXCHlGAN STATE COLLEGE

Robert Winlam Kamins
1947

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THE HISTORI OF RADIO BROADCASTING AND RADIO
EIUCATION A! MICHIGAN STATE COLLEGE

191? .. 1947

by
ROBERT WILLIAM WINS

A THESIS
Submitted to the Graduate School of Michigan
State College of Agriculture and Applied
Science in partial fulfillment of the
requirements for the degree of

MASTER OF ARTS

Department of Speech, Dranetice. and Radio

1947

 

THESIS ‘

 

mmomnom
The author wishes to express his deep appreciation to
Ir. Paul Bag'ell, Acting Head. Department of Speech,
Dramatics and Radio for hie suggestions as to the
field of study to be undertaken in this thesis:
llr. Joe A. Callaway, Department of Speech, Dranatics
and Radio for his aid in aeeembling and preparing the
material contained herein; and to Hrs. Incia Morgan
llesom, Department of Speech. Dranatics and Radio for
her assistance in the organisation and form used.
The author wishes to express his appreciation also to
Mr. B. J. Coleman, Director of WEAR; and Er. Norris E.
Grover. Chief Engineer, NEAR, for their courtesy in

answering questions and supplying valuable material.

ABSTRACT

The first use of wireless telegraphy at Iichigan Agriculture College was
during World War 1 when the college taught radio morse code to army
personnel and civilians. From 1917 to 1922 an unofficial amateur radio
station was operated on the college campus. In 1922 the federal govern-
ment officially recognised a station at lichigan Agriculture College and
assigned it the call letters vm. J. B. Haselman of the Publications
department was given charge of the station and under his direction it
operated several hours a day broadcasting agricultural, home economics,
and classroom programs. Ir. Hasslman resigned in 1926 and Mr. Keith
Hinebangh of the Publications department was appointed director of radio
station WKAR. llr. Hinebangh did not relinquish his other duties with the
Publications department and these other responsibilities prevented him
from devoting his full time to the station. Therefore, a regular schedule
of only one hour per day was maintained with special programs broadcast
when they occured. Mr. R. J. Coleman, Business lanager of the Music
department was appointed director of IKAB August, 42:;an Ir. Einebaugh
resigned. Mr. Coleman devoted his entire time to the station and this
resulted in more broadcasting and a wider range of programming. he
station's studies were located in the Home Economics building where they
remained until new facilities were provided in 1940 in the mditorium
building completed that year. M's frequency was changed from 1040 to
870 in 1936 and its power increased from 1000 to 5000 watts in 1939. A
department of Radio was created in 1941 and h. Coleman was appointed
head. This adnunistration action removed the station from the Juris-
diction of the Extension Division, Buildings and Grounds and Journalism
departments.

Courses in radio education were first offered at Iichigan State College

under the Journalism department. When the Speech department was
established in 1938, radio courses were included in the curriculum.

The courses were in Radio Speaking, Radio Announcing, and Radio Dramtic
production. From 1938 to 1942 courses in radio were expanded to include
graduate classes and a further development of the courses already in
existence. A Master's degree in radio education is offered and staff
personnel to teach radio has increased from the time when the head of
the department was the only instructor for radio, to now, when an
Associate Professor of Radio Education is in charge of all radio
classes. in Assistant Professor, an instructor and graduate assistants
aid him in teaching classes in radio. In 1938, radio classes were held
in a makes-shift studio in the wood Shop. However, the mditorium
building provided the department with a modern studio, classroom, control

room and technical equipment when it was completed in 1940.

TABLE OF 0011131111593
INTRONCTIOH
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF RADIO

CHAPTER
1 - History of Broadcasting 191? ~ 1922
11 - History of Broadcasting 1922 - 1934

111 - History of Broadcasting 1934 - 19:59
lY - History of Broadcasting 1934 .. 1946
Y .. History of Radio Education 1937 .. 1946
APPENDIX
BIBLIOGRAPHY
BI OGRLPHI 01' AUTHOR

Page

11

23

 

IRTRODJCTIOR
It is the purpose of this thesis to show the historical development and
growth of broadcasting and radio education at Michigan State College _
from an experimental stage during world War 1 to the mrrent status of
operations and educational opportunities. Like many progressive schools
of higher learning. Michigan State has always been eager to gain new
means and methods of improving its educational program and public service
contact with the citisens of the State of Michigan. Radio entered this
sphere of thought during the first lorld War when as an aid in the
struggle against the Central Powers, radio mrse code and other phases
of this new commnications medium were taught to students enrolled at
Michigan Agricultural College. In the nineteen twenties, the development
of radio broadcasting at the college progressed from experimentation to
where true productive results could be ascertained. One of the first
educational radio stations was established on this campus and is today
one of the twenty—five remaining units of this nature in the United
States. In the late nineteen thirties, the Speech Department at Michigan
State College started developing its program to meet the change in times.
A radio section was instituted. Every effort has been made since to
provide the finest personnel and facilities available.
To adequately cover the many activities that have been recorded in thin
thesis, the author approached the problem from two major points of
view. There are men and women on campus now who have been intimately
connected with the movement of radio broadcasting and radio education
at Michigan State College, who have provided the mthor with information
and material otherwise unobtainable. By this interview method, the

author was able to discuss the problem with Dorris R. Grover, Chief

Engineer at FEAR since 1928: Robert J. Coleman, Director of WEAR
since 1932; R. J. Baldwin, chairman of the Radio committee from.1928
to 1941; and Professor D. L. Hayworth, head of the Speech.deparhment
when.it was organised in 1938. Prom.these men and other officials on
campus suggested to the author by the above mentioned persons, the
author proceeded to compile data and exhibits which would substantiate
and expand the original material gained in interview. This research
involved the study of all program bulletins of REAR from 1926 to 1946:
analysis of Michigan State College catalogues from 1935 to 1946:
analysis of the yearly reports of Michigan Agricultural and Michigan
State College presidents to the Board of Agriculture, plus a study of
the enrollment figures of radio classes from 1938 to 1946.

Compilation of all this data.proved to be a difficult taek in.view of
the wide area of subJects it covered and the 30 year period of time

\

it engulfed.

HISTORICAL summon) or 311310 lumen!
The beginnings of broadcasting go back over two thousand years to 640 B.C.
when.e.men called Thales of Miletus noted that amber acquires the electric
property of attracting straws after being rubbed together. Thalesi
observation was man's first recognition of what is today known as static
electricity. It tookzover a century and a half for science to make use of
this discovery. However, in 1600 A.D., an Englishman, Iilliam Gilbert,
produced a scientific treatise which went into more detail about the force
of the electron discovered by Thales of Miletus. Guglielmo Marconi
introduced wireless transmission to the world in 1895 when he sent and
received his first wireless signals across his father's estate at
Bologna, Italy. Immediately after World Var 1, the industrial might
and scientific genius of the United States moved rapidly ahead in their
effort to harness this wireless media-band fit it into the American way
of life. In 1926'President Calvin Coolidge signed the Dill-lhite radio
bill creating the federal Radio Commission, and the supervision of the
industry by the Commission eliminated the confusion caused by no control
of frequencies and spectrmmgplacemant. The Rational Broadcasting Company,
America's first national network, was organised and started operations
during 1926. In 1934 President Roosevelt signed a bill into law
establishing the Federal Col-minioations Commission which superseded the
rederal Radio Commission. The vast expansion of radio industry is shown
in a survey listed in the May 6. 1943 issue of Life thasine which
reported 91.9% of the nation's families have radios. Prequency mdnlation
and television stations loom on the immediate horizon and forecast even

more complete service to the vast American.listening public.

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Chapter 1

° 1917-1922
Michigan State College, in keeping with its policy of seeking new
methods of improving its educational program and public service
contacts with the citizens of the State of Michigan, inaugurated the
teaching of radio morse code during Iorld Far 1 as an aid to the war
effort. In April, 1917, Prank S. Kedsie, President of Michigan
Agricultural College, asked a student, lorris E. Grover, to teach
telegraphy at the college. Mr. Grover, 27 years of age and a freshman,
gave up a part-time Job in Lansing and was paid one-hundred and
twenty-five dollars a month to teach part time. Assisting him in the
organisation and operation of the classes was Paul 0. Andre, assistant
professor in the Physics Department. A laboratory was constructed on
the top floor of the Wood Shop on the campus and the Arm Signal Corps
provided one-thousand dollars worth of equipment to begin operations.
Additional equipment, including generators, spark gap transmtters and
high frequency bussers was donated by the Army Signal Corps. Since
part of the equipment was on the army “secret“ list, a federal security
agency was informed of the activities in which this equipment was used.
Telegraphy and mores code was taught to Am personnel sent to Michigan
Agricultural College for training and to civilians on the campus.
Nine hundred ornw students and civilians took the courses which ended
with World War 1. During that period of time, classes were held from
nine o'clock in the morning until nine o'clock at night, with one hour
off from twelve o'clock to one o'clock for lunch, and one hour from
five o'clock to six o'clock for dinner. An army commendation was
received by the college for the work done by Mr. Grover and Professor

Andre.

~2~

Immediately after world War 1, ton students in the Electrical
Engineering Department took part of the equipment that had been used
in teaching morse code and built an unlicensed radio station onthe
campus. The call letters BIG were used for identification. Sporadic
broadcasting took place from 1918 to 1923. No definite schedule was
maintained and no licenses were obtained by the operators. The M.A.C.
Wireless Telegraphy Service was set up during this period and messages
were sent to other amateur operators throughout this area. This
telegraphic service was free to all who wished to use it as it provided
the students with experience and training in sending and receiving of
wireless messages. BIG broadcast as many campus activities as possible.
The MAC Record, college ahumni magazine, noted a “red letter*day' in
broadcasting at the college‘at the time the station carried an address
by the college president, David Friday, to the Founders Day Meeting
May 13, 1922. Six days later on.lay 19, 1922 the federal government
formally authorized a radio station at Michigan Agricultural College.
It was a 250 watt station.operating on the wave length of 360 meters,
which represents 1040 kilocycles and with no limut on the hours of
broadcasting. The station, however, had equipment only to broadcast
on a.power of 50 watts.

The call letters assigned to the station were HEAR which are still
being used today. The letters have no significance. In addition to
the [EAR call letters, the federal government assigned the station the
call letters 8130. The latter set were assigned for experimental
purposes at the college.

In 1925 the federal government discontinued giving two sets of call

letters and the radio amateur club of lichigan State College assumed

~3—

these letters for amateur radio purposes. The radio club today still
has the same call letters 8m. Although the college hasbeen
officially authorised to operate a station its recognition on cams
was very limited, For example, Professor B. K. Osborn of the Electrical
Engineering Department tells of the occasion when Dean Rissell of the
Engineering Division walked into room 111 Olds Hall and saw all the
transmitter technical equipment piled on his lecture table. The Dean
was not aware of the purpose for which the equipment was being used

so he ordered it placed on the floor and out of the way. Professor
Osborn notes that the next time IKAR went on the air it did so from
the £10015” Ihen Dean Bissell was told what the equipment was for

he set aside a portion of room 111 which was partitioned off and this
became the WEAR broadcasting studio.

From the time the initial license was granted in 1922 until April 1923
when a director was put in charge of IKAR no regular programming took
place. 'It occasionally broadcast msical programs but the station was
still more of an experimental outlet for electrical engineers than it

was a medium for the dissemination of information and entertainment.

 

l. Osborn, 3.“ K., interview March 31, 1947, Michigan State College.

Chapter II

1922 ~1934
Mr. B. J. Easelman of the Publications Department was put in charge
of EAR in April, 1923. Mr. Easelman still maintained his other
duties in the department but in addition was authorized to manage
the radio station. Mr. 1'. I. Phipenny, who was one of the original
students who put the “ham station“ on the air in 1918, and who later
became a licensed radio operator, directed the technical work of
IIAR under the supervision of Professor Sawyer of the Electrical
Engineering Department. Although Mr. Easel-Ian took charge of the
station in April, a regular schedule of programs did not begin until
January 23, 1924. During this ten month period, new equipment was
built and bought, and work on a regular schedule was begun. A one-
hnndred forty-five foot tower was erected half—way between the
hgineering Building and the Foundry. Iith this new equipment, REAR
was able to operate on the 250 watts authorised by the federal
government. Previous to this time the station had been operating on
a power of 50 watts. The new equipment also remlted in the federal
government raising KAR's power from 250 watts to 500 watts.
In Jamary, 1924 the studios of EAR were moved from room 111 Olds Hall
to the fourth floor of the Home Economics building where the station
operated for sixteen years. At this time the station added a slogan
to its station break which said: “the oldest agricultural college in
the world.’2 The “AC Record of April 24, 1924 described the new

IKAR studios in the following manner:

 

2e “0 Record. “rah 26. 1923.

~5—

There is a main room, about thirteen by
seventeen feet which is covered by olive

drab drapes whose function it is to deaden
the sound. At one end of the room is a
board on which there are three lights . .

one of which is green, one white and one red.
The green light indicates that the operating
room is not ready: the white means that
everything is set and the red light signals
that the program is on the air.

Off the larger room is another smaller room
ten feet by ten feet by ten feet. This is
used for talks. This studio is well-equipped -
it has a rug on the floor, a piano, several
chairs and a small table. A waiting-room off
the broadcasting room is not used such but a
monitor speaker will be installed there so
that people visiting or waiting for a person
who is on the air will be able to hear what
is going on.

Although these studies were a mador improvement over the small quarters
in Olds Hall, there were certain defects in its efficiency. Professor
R. K. Osborn notes two. Reception was hampered by the elevator in the
Home Economics building which was picked up by the microphones and
created a continuous hum over the air. The problem of programming was
made more difficult in that many times the elevator was not available
and speakers would have to walk up four flights of stairs to broadcast.
This “climb“, according to Professor Osborn, deterred many professors
from accepting programs on IKAR. Professor Osborn recalls that when
no programs were available the announcer and engineer would talk to
each other over. the air and describe to the listening midience what a
broadcasting studio was like and what occurred when a program went on
the air. Stations during this period were required to monitor 600
meters at all times and when distress calls came in from ships at sea
the stations were to shut den and give the ships the air waves right
away. WEAR participated in this public service.

The tower formerly located between the Engineering building and the

~6-

Foundry, was placed on top the Wood Shop in 1925 when RICAR's studies
were moved from 111 Olds Hall to the Home Economics building, and the
technical equipment was placed in the Power House.

In mid-1924 “AR was placed under the Jurisdiction of the Extension
Division of the college, R. J. Baldwin, Director. One of the first
acts taken under this new authority was a short-course program for
farmers starting in April, 1924.

In November, 1924 WEAR was the recipient of new and more advanced
equipment. The Consumers Power Company gave the station a new tower
which was 182 feet high. At the same time the Detroit Rows, newspaper.
which by this time was operating America's first comercial broad»-
casting station, “J, donated a Western Electric Radiophone transmitter
valued at thirty-five thousand dollars. The Detroit station had
purchased new transmitting equipment and in order to do its part in
advancing non-comercial radio stations, presented their old equipment
to was

By virtue of obtaining this new equipment IKAR was able to increase its
frequency to the 400-500 meter wave length, with permission of the
federal govemment. The basic programing of the station consisted of
agricultural and msical programs with football and basketball games
being broadcast when the college teams were playing at home.

The first and only full-time announcer on IKAR, James Gamble, was hired
in lovember, 1925.

Mr. Reselman instituted a series of programs for children in December,

1925. Selected to handle the program was Ire. Dora Stockman, prominent

3. MAC Record, lovember 3, 1924.

-7”

Grange leader in Michigan, and an East Lansing housewife.‘

The federal government gave lichigan State College permission to
broadcast on 1000 watts and a.one-thousand watt tranmmitter was
put into use in January, 1926.
The type of service rendered by the station at this time and the
distance it sometimes covered is shown by two letters received by'
IKAR and re—printed in the ISO Record of February 22, 1926. .A
letter from.Silvertown, Oregon read as follows: 'The first time I
heard your station the reception.was loud and reasonably clear. so
would appreciate hearing your station often out here on the Pacific
coast.“ The second letter was received in.Pebruary, 1926 from the
United States Secretary of the Navy. It read:

I desire to express my very great

appreciation of the patriotic assist—

ance which you rendered the Navy through

lending the facilities of your station

to broadcast in connection with.layy Day,

.October 27, 1925. Rest excellent reports

hays been received of the broadcasting on

that occasion, and it is trusted that

should the navy again need your assistance

you will be in a.position to render like

services.
Mr. Easelman game up his duties of WKAR director in early 1926 and
Hr. Keith Rinebaugh also of the Publications Department took over.
In addition to his IKAR responsibilities Ir. Einebaugh.handled all
athletic publicity, was Extension News Editor, and issued college
news dispatches for the weekly papers of lichigan. It was because
of these other duties that Hr. Rinebaugh could not devote his full

attention to the station and it operated regularly only one hour

 

4. ISO Record, December 7, 1925.

-8--

per day, from twelve o'clock to one o'clock. Another maJor problem
with which the college had to contend was the government ruling that

the station divide its time on the air with WGHP, Detroit. 5 This

arrangement meant that NEAR could not broadcast when the Detroit
station was on and vice versa. Because WEAR was broadcasting so
little the federal government decided that the college station no
longer needed its full-time license or power of 1000 watts. There-
fore on November 11, 1928 the station was notified that it was to
reduce its hours to daytime only and was to reduce its power from
1000 watts to 500 watts. This did not affect the twelve o'clock to
one o'clock schedule which was in operation from Monday through
Saturday. Mr. Phipenny left Michigan State College in 1928 and

Mr. Dorris B. Grover, the present chief engineer, was hired to replace
him. Mr. Phipenny is now associated with the United States Department
of Comoros. Mr. Grover was given the added responsibility of
handling all public address and radio systems on the campus; a
responsibility he still holds today.

In 1927 President hitterfield of Michigan State College appointed a
College Radio Continuous It included: John D. 111th, chairman
and director of Contiming Education; H. R. Balladay: Professor

R. H. Misselman; Professor M. M. Corey; Miss Irma Gross: Professor
R. R. Hunt; Professor 0. S. Dunford: Professor A. J. Clark;

K. H. McDonel; and J. B. Hasslman, Secretary]

 

5. Frost, S. R... Jr., Educations Own Station, (Chicago 1937) p. 202.

6. McDonel K. H. interview ril 12 1947, Michi an State Coll e.
7. m Builetin.'1927, p.2. ‘P ’ 8 e3

..9...

Dean L. C. Emons, who was a member of the conittee from 1937 through
1941, characterised the comittee as a I‘huttress or buffer'. When
certain groups or persons requested time on the air, and it would not
be good policy to allow them to do so, the committee was called
together and voted no. Then the director merely had to report that
the executive conittee in charge of radio at Michigan State College
had rejected their request and the matter was closed. Dean Emons
said that the committee was “concerned with policy and programing
and not with day to day broadcasting.'8 n. J. Baldwin, chairman

of the committee during the station's greatest period of growth,
1928-1941, consented that the connittee under his direction did not
meet at regular times. Whenever a problem or policy-decision came
up I'd call the comittee together and a decision would be made;
otherwise we did not meet.“ Mr. Baldwin further revealed that the
committee had nothing to do with the budget of the station as that
came under the Extension Division responsibility.9

From 1928 to 1934 the station was at a stand-still. The one hour
daily schedule broadcasting was maintained with an occasional special
broadcast. It featured classroom broadcasts from the Agriculture,
Home Economics. and Liberal Arts Divisions; plus weather forecasts
and market reports. The courses included on the schedule were on
poultry, forestry, soils, mick farming, horticulture, landscaping,

spring shopping, meals, house furnishing, kitchens and kitchen equip-

 

8. Enmons, L. 0., Dean of Michigan State College Scho01, Science
and Arts, interview April 11, 1947.

9. Baldwin, R. J ., Extension Director Michigan State College,
interview April 11, 1947.

~10-0

ment, international relations, rural literature, modern trends
in education, principles of sociology. and Michigan Geology.
Appropriations for the station grew increasingly smaller from the
beginning of the depression which began in 1929. Then in 1934
Mr. Hinebaugh resigned to accept a position in Washington, D. G.
Mr. Hinebaugh is today associated with the United States
Department of Agriculture.

Chapter 111

1934 - 1939
The period from 1934 to 1939 was the greatest in expansion for WKAR in
its first twenty-five years of existence. It was during this time that
a full~time director of the station was hired, that its wattage was
increased from 250 to 5000 watts. a new transmitter was built, and
facilities for modern studios were provided in the Auditorium building.
Mr. Robert Jesse Coleman, Business Manager in the Music Department, was
appointed as director of IKAR in August, 1934. The appointment stip~
ulated that Mr. Coleman was to spend two—thirds of his time at the
station with the remaining one-third to be in the Music Department. In
1935, however, Mr. Coleman's position was redefined with the result that
he became full-time director of WEAR. Mr. Coleman had previous experience
in educational radio. having been full~time announcer and program super»
visor at the Ohio State station, IOSU, from 1925 to 1929, and previous to
this was with the education division of R. C. A. for one year. At the
time of Mr. Coleman's appointment, the station was operating one hour per
day, 12:00 o'clock to 1:00 o'clock. Pour months later the station was
Operating three hours a day. In addition to agriculture and home economics.
two departments of the state government were scheduled. They were the
Departments of Conservation and Education. For the first time since 1926,
all Michigan State football games were broadcast. Handling the play-by-play
were Mr. M. G. Farleman and Mr. Coleman. Arrangements were made for a
‘ wire rebroadcast of the college games when Michigan State was away.
A new feature was added November 5, 1934 when Mr. J. 0. Swan of the
Department of Modern Language offered a course in Spanish over WEAR.
Mr. Swan broadcast every Monday for 15 minutes from November 1934 to

June 1935. The text book used was Elementag M}; Granner 934 Reader,

~12-

by Garcia-Prada and lilson, published by Appleton Century Publishing
Company.10 No college credit was given for the course.
The lhsic Department started broadcasting in November, 1934 and has main-
tained its programs on EAR up to this date.

_]_._9_§5_
Mr. Coleman made two appointments to the NEAR staff at the beginning of
1935. Mr. Ronald Heath, a student, was hired as assistant announcer and
Mr. Cecil Nickle was put in charge of dramatics at the station. Mr. Heath
was paid through national Youth Administration funds. Mr. Hickle's
appointment was on a non-paying basis as he had other duties as a teacher
on the English faculty. Mr. Nickle produced a fifteen mimte drama every
Wednesday from January through April at 3:15 o'clock, using students as
his talent. Starting in January. 1935, mm extended its broadcasting
hours from 12:00 o'clock noon to 3:00 P.M., to 12:00 o'clock to 4:00
o'clock Monday through Pridsy. One hour of operations was maintained on
Saturday from 12:00 o'clock noon to 1:00 P.M., with no programs aired on
Sindey. There were special programs scheduled periodically which extended
the time HEAR was on the air for the particular day in question. On
January 3, 1935, FEAR broadcast direct from the classroom, a course of
lectures on the Economics of the “New Deal.‘ These classes were scheduled
twice a week from 4:15 P.M. to 5:30 P.M., with each lecturer being a
specialist in some phase of the adjustment program. Farmers Week at
Michigan State College was from January 28, 1935 to February 1. 1935.
mm was on the air from 9:00 1.x. to 5:00 m1. during this period with

special programs of Parmers leek.

 

10. Program bulletin WKAR, November, 1934.

-13..

Contiming its classroom programming schedule, IKAR aired a new program
of this type starting February 7, 1935. It was titled “Biology and a
New Deal" and was designed for listening by biology classes in high
school. Iecmre outlines were mailed to interested high school teachers.
It was aired weekly from 2:30 P.M. to 2:45 P.M. in February, March and
April.

Another Michigan department was added to the 'KAR'schedule in March as the
Michigan Department of Agriculture inaugurated a series of fifteen mimite
programs each hesdav and Thursday.

IKAR staff expansion was contimed when in March, 1935, Jack Parker and
Donald Hittle. students at Michigan State College, were hired as part-
time announcers.

At the request of the college. the Federal Comnications Commission
conducted a hearing September 10, 1935 to determine the need for a change
in frequency assignment for WKAR, and to study the request for more hours
on the air. This hearing was attended by Director R. J. Baldwin, chairmn
of the radio comittee. Robert J. Coleman, director of NEAR, and Norris
Grover, engineer. Following the hearing, the cousission granted a new
frequency of 850 kilocycles. replacing the former assigment of 1040
kilocycles. This change was made on January 20. 1936 and permitted WEAR
to be heard in many areas which formrly could not be reached.11 The
Lansing, Michigan newspaper, The. State, Journal, observed in a front page
story January 20, 1936, that: “The new wave—length will increase the
receiving area of the station as it now will be on a completely open
channel.“

 

11. Report to State Board of Agriculture, 1936, p. 205.

~14-

The Detroit area especially had been opened up. The cosmission also
granted the college, on the basis of the September hearing, full daylight
hours for broadcasting. Imis increased the time allotment from a
designated period at noon and in the early afternoon to include the entn'e
day. This increase enabled the station to broadcast an average of eight
to nine hours per day as compared with three or four under the old
assignment.
How WIAR compared to other college radio stations as to time on the air
was shown in a report by J. Willis Brown of the Ohio State University
Bireau of Educational Research. This report tabulated the results of a
comparative study of twenty-three college and university broadcasting
stations for the month of January, 1936. The national standing among
these stations in terms of actual time on the air was given as:

1. Wm! - University of norida.......20,595 mimites

2. DISC - Washington State College....16,900 minutes

3. WSUI - University of Iowa..........16,725 minutes

4. WHA - University of Wisconsin.....13,995 minutes

5. W031 - Ohio State University....... 8,520 mirnites12
6. WEAR - Michigan State College...... 6,180 mimtes

It should be noted that this was a quantitative and not qualitative
report.
Mr. Coleman in his annual report to the Secretary of the College in

1936 discussed Professor Brown's report.

The above figures are not wholly accurate since the
month of the survey, January, was a transitional period
for WEAR: at that time the change in frequency and the
first expansion of programs were taking place. During
April, May and June, WEAR operated on a schedule of
approximately lO,mO minites per unnth. Ohio State
University operates on its full quota allowed by the
rederal Commnications Con-ission, which is the above
figure. WEAR has therefore passed WOSU in the standing.
WHIP, University of Florida, operates as a commercial

 

12. Report to the State Board of Agriculture, 1936, p. 204.

-15-

station which.makes their placing questionable

when compared with strictly education stations.

With these facts considered, it would seem that

WKAR should occupy fourth place in the nation.
The tremendous increase in operations of WEAR is shown in a.comparison
of hours broadcast in 1934-35 and 1935-36. During the 1934935 period
WKAR'broadcast a total of 435 hours and 41 minutes. One year later the
station had broadcast 1,004 hours and 49 minutes which was an increase
of 569 hours and 9 minutes, or a.percentage increase of 130.4.13 This
1,004 hours broken down reveals the following figures. Departmental
broadcasts, 256 hours and 13 minutes: non-departmental shows, 261 hours
and 22 minutes: special broadcasts, 95 hours and one minute: and musical
programs, 392 hours and 13 minutes.
During 1934-35, WEAR.offered five programs in the nature of courses of
study, previously mentioned in this treatise. However, starting in
October, 1935, the station.coordinated its c1assroom.and lecture series
programs under the Michigan State College of the Air title. so
publicity other than announcements over WEAR were extended. rive courses
were offered during the fall term of the college, October through
the middle of December. 166 were in the five courses presented with
the Spring term enrollment showing an increase of 327, the total being
493. Broadcasts direct from the classroomiwers offered during the
winter and spring terms, including Survey of English Literature,
Criminology, and Ethics of Christianity.14
In the Michigan State College of the Air there was no attempt made to

give examinations or to record grades. The radio student was considered

 

13. Report to the State Board of Agriculture, 1936, p. 207.
14. Report to the State Board of Agriculture, 1936, p. 207.

-15;

as an auditor to derive such benefits as he would work for at home. A
review of enrollments showed that the radio students graduated from high
school between the years 1887 and 1935.
Specialised programs putting the facilities of WEAR at the disposal of
high school msic organisations were developed starting January, 1935.
The programs were known as the 'high school hour“ and were presented
each week. Mr. Coleman stated the purposes of this series were three-
fold: “To give an incentive for students in high school to work for
the broadcast and thus to assist the teacher: to permit a visit to the
campus by the students in order that they might see Michigan State
College: and to stimulate the listeners in the particular locality who
would want to hear their own organisations.‘ 15 The series lasted for
fourteen weeks with a different high school featured on each program.

‘ 12.315.
The studies located in the Home Economics building were renovated in
January, 1936. The old out-moded draping material was removed, the
walls were painted and pictures, loaned by the Art Department, were
hung. Mew drapes were obtained for the window and door.
Previous to 1936 the college station received its appropriations via
an indirect manner. He budget was set up in the Engineering, Buildings
and Grounds, or Extension Divisions, as is now the case. These in
change of WEAR.had to constantly ask for funds on each occasion when
such.monies were needed.
Ior’the first time in 1936, WKAR.was able to provide for program needs
through a budget set up by the Extension Division. This budget enabled

the station to pay directly for services of student announcers and for

 

15. Report to the State Board of Agriculture, 1936, p. 207.

- 17...

ensemble of msic students. It also made possible the purchase of a
library of record nusic without which it would have been iQossible to
provide the varied recorded unsical portions of the programs. Under
this budget it was possible for the station to maintain itself without
constantly requesting additional funds.

The full-time staff of the station at this time was three, two in the
technical division and only one, the director of the station, in the
program and production phase. Five student announcers were employed on
a part-time basis. WEAR was beginning to receive national recognition
of its programing and public service broadcasts. Ior example, the
Christian Science lbnitor issue of January 21, 1937 printed a front
page story devoted to the work of the NEAR feature: "The College of

the Air. '15

The headline for the story read: “College of Air called
success in Michigan test.“ The column further stated: "The feasibility
of teaching regular college courses by radio for the benefit of adults
listening in their own homes, is said to be demonstrated by the lichigan
State College of the Air. Student procednre is simple. Those taking
the state government courses, for example, listen three times weekly to
50-minute classroom discussions. They can follow with their own text-
books and at the end of the term they get the same “exams“ as those
given to campus students. But they do not send in any papers.“

12351
IKAR took a major step in its expansion program when in April, 1937
it filed an application with the Federal Comications Commission

asking for increase in wattage from 1000 to 5000. Mr. Coleman in his

 

16. Christian Science Monitor, Boston, Thursday, January 21, 1937.
Volume mx, No. 47.

~18-

annual report of 1937 termed this move. . . |'consistent with the trend
among other education stations.I The IKAB director made one other
important observation in his annual report when he noted. . . 'the
request is a matter of expediency. Radio facilities are rapidly being
taken up and any plans for future expansion of lKAB.must be carried out
now, before existing facilities are depleted."

The previous year the "College of the Air“ series had five courses
offered over WKAB. The college year of 1936-37 included ten courses of
study. Again no credit was given and no attempt was made to conduct
examinations. The courses given were Farm Accounting, French, Spanish,
Child Development, Soil Management, lews Writing, State Government,
Municipal Government, Contracts and Specifications, Shakespeare's
Comedies, and the Spraying Calendar. Tour of these courses were presented
direct from classrooms on the campus. These were national Government,
State Government, and Municipal Government, taught by Professor

J. T. Caswell, and Contracts and Specifications taught by Professor

C. L..A11en. Supplementing the “College School of the Air. series was
an individual pregram.set~up for high school classroom listening. The
course was in Biology, and was titled 'Man and His Environment.‘ The
departments cooperating in this program.were Bacteriology, Botany,
Entomology, Physiology, and Zoology. 1665 outlines were sent out to
the schools of Michigan for this program. These programs co—sponsored
by the station and individual departments indicate the increasing
interest shown in the college station. 31 departments contributed to
the years programs from.0ctober 1936 to June 1937. More than 150
faculty members appeared in regularly scheduled talks. Since the

granting of full day-tune operation to IKAB in January, 1936, efforts

~19-

were made to use every hour granted the station. The schedules for
October, 1936 were arranged on an eight-hour day basis, for a total
of 45 hours per week. Ten months later, the station hours per day
had been increased to nine and one-half, totalling 57 hours a week.
However, during the sumer months of July, August and September, the
station only operated two hours a day with the permission of the federal
government. During the months of January, February and March, 1936, the
first three months under the station's new allocation of frequency and
time, it broadcast a 6:00 A. M. record program titled I'Rising Sun
Melodies“. Then WEAR ceased operations until 12:00 o'clock noon when it
came back on with the “Farm Service Hourll and continued broadcasting until
5:00 o'clock P.M. Starting in April, 1936, NEAR scheduled programs in the
morning other than the 6:00 o'clock show. Classroom broadcasts were
placed on the schedule as well as additional recorded msical programs.
Special event programs were further developed by REAR. Farmers Week from
February 3, 1936 to l'ebruary 7, 1936, provided the station with many
special shows. For the first time, IKAR maintained lines of comication
to the capitol building in Lansing from where several events of historical
interest were broadcast. These included the inauguration of Governor
Irank Murphy, the meting for the organisation of the House, the Joint
session of the Legislature commenting the one-lundredth anniversary
of the statehood of Michigan, which was addressed by former Governor
Chase S. Osborn.

lg3_7
A major improvement in the development of special event programs took
place in April, 1937 when a mobile transmitter unit was put into operation.

The portable transmitter, IBXSC, enabled the station to broadcast by

short wave, within a radius of ten miles, the signal being received at
the transmitter and rebroadcast over IKAR. One month after WBXSC was
operative, a new program feature was inaugurated. I'The College at Work"
was planned to bring to the attention of the public new of the
activities of the campus which were not known to the casual visitor.
These broadcasts included interviews and descriptions of agricultural
experiments and timely visits to umsual points of interest on the
campus such as the campus gardens, laboratories, and experimental plots.
During the year two nation-wide broadcasts were made from the campus,
both of which were carried by FEAR. The Varsity Show program of the
Pontiac Motor Company was broadcast November 12, 1937 over a coast-to-
coast network of the National Broadcasting Company. The National Farm
and Home Hour, a daily feature of National Broadcasting Company, was
broadcast April 20. 1938 from the campus of Michigan State College over
ninety-two stations. On April 6, 1937 the Lansing State Journal began
listing the WEAR schedule. (p.2). WKAR's schedule was the only
individual station's complete programing that was listed by the
Journal at this date. Highlights of other station's programs were
printed, however.

The station's day-time grant from the Federal Communications Comission
stated that it was allowed to broadcast from sun-up to sun-down. Thus,
lKAR's schedule for a day grew progressively longer as the sumer months
approached and shorter as the fall and winter period came about. Fewer
than ten of the educational radio stations in this country were attempting

as complete a program service as that offered at “AR," and one of the

 

17. Report to the State Board of Agriculture, 1938, p. 120.

reasons for this high ranking of‘WKAR was that for the first time in
its history, it maintained a full eight-hour day schemle during the
sumer months.

In its organisation, IKAR made an advancement. It started at this time
to schedule departmental programs on a term basis rather than on
monthly as formerly.

1938

 

The full importance of radio as a service medium was shown in figures
released in Jamary, 1938 by the National Association of Broadcasters.
It showed that 1,122,200 families owned radios in Michigan. Within
one hundred miles of East Lansing, 85 pen-cent of these radio families
were located. 142,000 farms were within one hundred miles in each
direction from East Lansing.18 his potential audience available to
sun if it had 5000 watts in power, made the acquisition of this
increase highly desirable.

The portable short-wave transmitter was completely rebuilt under the
direction of Mr. Morris Grover in 1939 and was relicensed by the
Conission. Operating on 39,700 kilocycles, this mobile unit added
many areas to which WEAR could broadcast special programs.

The Federal Comications Couission approved an increase in power
from 1000 watts to 5000 watts on July 2, 1938. Mr. R. J. Baldwin,
Chairman of the Radio Committee, said of this action: "The granting
of the request made to the Federal Comications Connission for an
increase in power opens the way for further development of service to

the people of Michigan through the facilities of the college radio

 

18. Michigan State Mews, Friday, July 8, 1938, Volume 30-A.

station, WKAR.19 The construction permit was received on Febmary 9,
1939, stipulating that construction should begin by March 30, and be
completed by September 30.

Broadcasting hours of FEAR reached their greatest total up to that
time in 1939, with 3,400. The sumser schedule was the same as during
the winter.

All matters pertaining to broadcasting at Michigan State College were
still administered and determined by a College Radio Committee. The
comittee in 1939 was composed of: R. J. Baldwin, director of
Agricultural lxtension, chairm: J. A. Hannah, secretary to the
State Board of Agriculture; Marie Dye, Dean of Home Economics
Division: L. C. muons, Dean of the Liberal Arts Division:

A. A. Applegate, Head of Publications and Journalism Department:

H. R. Hunt, Head of Zoology Department: H. H. Musselman, Head of

Agricultural Engineering Department: and R.J. Coleman, Director
of WEAR.

 

19. Baldwin, R. J., Wider Service', Michigan State Mewg, July 8, 1938.

Chapter 1V

1939 ~1946
The major changes at IKAR from 1939 to 1946 consisted of moving the studios
from the Home Economics building to the mditorium building, change in
power from 1000 to 5000 watts, wan-time programing, and the expansion of
personnel.
During 1939 the hditorium building was nearing completion. Even though
quarters were small in the Home Economics building, the station maintained
a schedule of eleven hours per day on the air throughout the 1939 calendar
year for a total of 3,377 hours. Contributions from departments of the
college agencies of the state government, service organizations, federal
agencies, and music, predominantly recorded but with some 'live" music,
formed the basic program on FEAR. In addition to these basic program,
student participation on the station under Mr. L. D. Barnhart was increased
during 1939. Student programs. such as the Dramatic Forkshop, Sparton Quiz,
Campus Capers, and A. l. L. children stories were aired. Mr. Barnhart, an
assistant professor of Speech, had been appointed in September, 1939 as
Production Supervisor of WKAR on a part-time basis. In~school~listening
programing was contimed in 1939 as the High School Biology series started
its eighth consecutive year of broadcasting October 4, 1939. A series of
similar programs were presented by the extension staff of the Misic
Department. It should be noted here that actual classroom broadcasts were
no longer on the schedule of WEAR. Dean 1.. C. Emons of the College Radio
Committee stated that 'from a technical standpoint, classroom broadcasting

was inadvisable. One could hear the question put forth by the instmctor,

but the answer given by the student was not hearng0

While this actual programing was going on, station personnel was readying
VKAR for its change of studios and power. On February 9, 1939 the Federal
Comnunications Comnission issued a construction permit to MAR. Fifteen
months later the transmitter and housing unit for it were completed. The
transmitter was a 5000 watt Western Electric type, 40531, employing the
Doherty high-fidelity system and having air-cooled tubes. The serial
number was 101 and was the first of its type to be installed by Western
Electric. The heat from the air-cooled tubes was used to heat the building
in which the transmitter was located. This building was located south of
the Red Cedar river and east of the Farm. Lane Bridge. The building was of
concrete block, including a transmitter room, transformer room, work room,
and combination office and auxiliary studio. he antenna, a 300 foot
steel tower mamfacturedby Blew-Fox, was of the slant-excited type, and
was topped by a 1000 watt flashing beacon. The ground system consisted
of 48) bars copper wires, radiating from the base of the antenna a distance
of 420 feet, with more than twenty miles of wire being required for this
ground system.

New studies provided in the Auditorium building were located on the third
floor above the main entrance to the building. Included in the radio
suits were three broadcasting studios, control room, transcription studio,
and observation corridor. In addition, there was a reception room,
offices for the director and for the chief engineer, as well as a work
room. Three consoles were provided, one for each studio. The studio and

control room equipment was manufactured by R. C. A. Each studio was

 

20. Enmons, L. 0., Dean, School Science and Arts, Michigan State
College. Interview, April 11, 1947.

~25- ‘

equipped with two microphones; studio C had a round table for discussion
programs, while studio A had sound effect equipment for dramatic shows:
studies A and B contained pianos for msical features.

Prior to 1940, IKAR had two newscasts per day, and these newscasts
consisted of reading stories or articles from newspapers, both morning
and evening editions, that were purchased by the station. In 1940,
however, the presentation of late news was materially strengthened through
an arrangement with Paul Martin, publisher of the Lansig Stat; M.
This arrangement provided that news broadcasts would be made from the
offices of the newspaper through direct line service between WKAR and the
M Journal. Hewscasts were then given four times daily with material
taken from teletype machines of Associated Press, United Press, and
International News Service. Jack Callaghan, student announcer, broadcast
the original series of these news programs.

Increased interest in the war caused WEAR to schedule more programs of
this nature. Although the United States was not yet in the war in early
1940, heated discussions of a peace-time draft, and lend-lease programs
resulted in many new program schemles. Typical of this period was
Professor E. C. Prophet's program titled, 'Geography and the News', which.
dealt with the geographical and topographical aspects of the European war.
During this period many transcriptions were received from various private
industries, philanthropic organisations, and nations wishing to present a
picture of their land or ideals.

Typical of these transcriptions which were broadcast was “Lest Is Forget',
'I am an American“, and ”Excursions in Science“.

During 1940. the Speech and Dramatics Department, one of the newest
departments on campus, prepared and sponsored many programs over FEAR.

Members of the department participated in such programs as: “Business

~25-

lriting', 'hsiness Speaking', I'Debate on the Air', "Dramtic Workshop“,
'Forum Discussion”, “Speech Clinic“, and "Theater Review“.

.134;
By authorisation of the State Board of Agriculture on October 24, 1940
a Department of Radio was created and started functioning on January
l, 1941.21 It was a part of the All-College Division under the President.
The Radio department was formed by transferring the technical activities
and personnel from the Buildings and Grounds department and the program
activities from the Publications department, to the new department. It
also included the public address and the technical repair and construction
services in connection with radio apparatus on the campus. R. J. Coleman,
director of FEAR, became head of the new department.
Mr. L. D. Barnhart resigned from the college in 1941 and on September
10, 1941, Raymond J. Stanley was added as a member of the full-time staff
of FKAR with the title of program supervisor.
December 7, 1941 produced a change in programing at FEAR. The Japanese
attack on Pearl Harbor meant that this nation was at war and all agencies
of the nation were called upon to mobilise for the war effort.
In keeping with this new responsibility, WEAR offered radio time to state
and federal agencies which had been established to promote the war effort.
Many of these took advantage of the offer and scheduled weekly fifteen
minute and half-hour programs. These included the Michigan Defense
Council, the Michigan Var Board, the Michigan Mutrition in Defense
Comnittee, and the State Board of Vocational Education. Federal agencies
sponsoring programs over the station were, the U. S. Employment Service,

Flying Cadet Board, Far and Navy departments and Office of Civilian Defense.

 

21. Report to the State Board of Agriculture, 1940, p. 97.

 

 

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~27-

Federal sources also provided the station with mmerous transcribed
programs on the war effort. They included “The Treasury Star Parade" ,
'You Can't Do Business With Hitler“, I'Arms For Victory', “Neighborhood
Call', "Meet Your levy“, and 'Let's Be Neighbors‘. A daily program was
also scheduled titled 'Iour Var Hotebook', which included various
announcements and stories about the war. Transcribed and I'1ive" 15 second,
thirty second, and one-minute announcements advertising various war
projects were scheduled throughout the day. Programs from departments
of the college tended toward information about the war. They included
"The Beginning of Things' by the Chemical Engineering Department,
"Physics in Defense", by the Physics Department, and "Farmers are
asking“.

_1_9_42_
A change in hours of broadcasting became necessary in February, 1942
when rules of the Federal Co-inications Co-ission compelled strict
adherence to the daylight stipulation in the station's license. The
six o'clock opening hour was discontinued, and two evening hours were
added to compensate. During the first year of this new time schedule
WEAR was on the air a total of 3,449 hours. Twelve months of war
brought programs into sharper focus on WEAR. Programs previously
mentioned, 'live' and transcribed, state and federal, were continued. In
addition, the Michigan Office of Civilian Defense, The American Red
Cross, the Office of War Information, and The Office of Price Administra-
tion broadcast at regular intervals and provided the station with
“spots“ for announcements throughout the day. On the campus more
faculty members and departments were called upon for programs which

emphasized the war effort and the department's or faculty member's

~28-

special interest or ability in it. “Pro-war Germany“ by Dr. Hans
Leonhart; “The Road to Peace“ by R. P. Adams: “Literature and the
People's War“ by members of the English Department; “Post Far Issues“
under the chairmanship of J. W. Price who used faculty members as a
panel; "Peace Forum" by J. D. Menchofer who used students in his

. weekly discussions: “They Dared to Live“ by Dr. Robert M. Bartlett,
as well as special war effort features within the framework of existing
programs, such as the “Home-makers Hour“ and the “rarm.Service Hour“,
were broadcast by IKAR as its continuing public service.

The war resulted in curtailment of driving through shortages of cars,
rubber, gasoline, and rationing restrictions. This meant that many
persons from over the state, who normally came to the campus for
meetings and conventions, could not be present. “All endeavored to
meet this situation by broadcasting as many special programs as
facilities would permit. These included sixteen from Farmers Ieek
which was cut to three days to aid in the war effort, an explanation
of the rural scrap salvage program from the state capitol, an on-the-
spot broadcast of the Michigan Jersey Cattle Clnb calf presentation,
and highlights of the National 4-H Mobilization weak campaign.

Since m is an independent station, it has no affiliation with a
nation-wide network of broadcasting stations. However, the important
messages being delivered over the networks concerning the war made it
necessary that these special programs be made available to lKiR's
listening audience. negotiations were begun with.lJIM, a 250 watt
station in lensing, Michigan, and with their network: affiliate, the
Blue Network. In October, 1942 an agreement was reached with both

parties whereby a direct telephone line would be installed between

-29..

WJIM and WEAR. Then when non-sponsored programs of a public service
nature were broadcast over the Blue Network, WJIM would “feed“ the
program via the special line to WKAB and hence to the college station's
listening audience. Through this arrangement, messages by President
Pranklin D. Roosevelt, Maxim Litvinoff, Rissian ambassador to the
United States, Madam Chiang Kai-shah, wife of China's leader, and
Winston Cimrchill, Britain's wars-time prime minister were heard over
WEAR. In addition to these special programs, WKAB gained permission
to “carry“ the Blue Network's daily feature “The National Farm and
Home Hour“. This arrangement could only have been made because the
network program was un-sponsored, but two years later when the National
Farm and Home Hour was sponsored and its “format“ changed to meet
certain commercial specifications, the network cancelled its agreement
with WEAR with thelexception of Saturday, when the program was
maintained on its former non-sponsored basis.

;9_4_§
Another major progranning step was taken in 1943 on February 17. With
the consent of the State Board of Agriculture, WEAR began a series of
programs originating on the campus of the University of Michigan. This
one-hour weekly program marked the first time that WEAR had been used
by the University for broadcasting from Ann Arbor. Th'ese shows were
under the supervision of Waldo Abbott, director of broadcasting at the
University of Michigan. In the agreement made, the two institutions
provided for certain stipulations: that all material used by the
University be subject to WEAR approval: no duplication of material by
the University unless approved by WEAR; and that the entire series was

subject to cancellation at Michigan State 's request at any time. Prior

~30-

to July 1, 1942 all music programs on WEAR were obtained through records
or by “lime“ programs either in the studios of the station or by remote
“pickup“ from the surrounding area. On July 1, the station contracted
for the Standard Transcription library. This service, plus the records
already in the station's files, gave WKAR basic library of 1,000 select-
ions and an additional 40 were added each month. This service and the
additions provided each month made a wider variety of meical programs_
possible.

All able-bodied men were being called into military service at this
time. This produced an acute man-power shortage over the entire nation
and WEAR was no exception. Particularly was the situation serious at
WEAR for all its announcers and continuity personnel, and the majority
of its operators were students in college and of the age being demanded
by the armed services. By January, 1943, Lin Towsley, John Blakeslee,
Richard Cole, George Fraser, Robert Ritter, Rise Iyon, John Marshall,
Curtis Patton, Richard Power, Robbins Downey, Forrest Owen, Jack McIntosh,
William Gladden, Kenneth Greer, Don Way, Paul Ritts, Tom Weber, Don
Hittle, Ted Root, Dean Koch, Elmer Sedlander, and Program Supervisor
Ray Stanley, had entered the service. As the war progressed, personnel
changes increased. However, operations were not interrupted for lack
of operators, announcers, continuity writers, or supervision.

Walter McGraw, a member of the Speech faculty, who taught the beginning
radio classes, was appointed to the WKAR staff on a part-time basis,
dividing his time between the two departments. Mr. McGraw was
supervisor of production. 0

The football broadcasts, brought to WEAR listeners yearly since 1984,

were for the first time during the 1948 season sponsored by a comercial

~31-

concern - - The Auto-Owners Insurance Company. The company paid the
cost of lines, announcers and travel plus a fee, which went to the
Athletic Department, for the rights to broadcast Michigan State's
games. R. J. Baldwin, Director of the Extension Division of the
college and Chairman of the Radio Committee, explained this move as
being necessary to take care of the increased costs of broadcasting
the football games. Mr. Baldwin said “the games away fromlhome, for
example, would have cost so mch as to make the scheduling of the
broadcasting of these games prohibitive. Therefore, we consented to
this procedure“.22 iDean L. C. Immens, Dean of the School of Science
and Arts, stated that “we were extremely careful in the choice of a
sponsor, for certain types of products could not be commercialized
over the college station“. Dean Emmons explained further this point
of commercializing WEAR: “The radio committee was approached many
times for sponsored programs over the college station, but each
request was turned down because it is a fundamental policy of the
committee and the college to maintain an educational, nonrcommercial
station.“ “There have been attempts to buy the station but again on

.23

each occasion, the offers were rejected. Mr. Norris Grover, Chief

Engineer of WEAR, expressed the opinion that the college could sell

the station for a “million dollars“ if it wished.z4

A major development in presenting the news over WEAR was the addition
of a wire service. This service was secured at the suggestion of

Michigan State College President, John Hannah. The one contracted for

 

22. Baldwin, R. J., Extension Director, Michigan State College,
Interview April 11, 1947.

23. Emmons, L. 0., Dean, School Science and Arts, Michigan State College,
Interview April 11, 1947.

24. Grover, E. E., Chief Engineer, IEAR, interview March 15, 1947.

~32-

by the station was the radio wire of the newspaper service, Associated
Press, Press Association. Beginning October 1, 1943, a five minute
news sumary was scheduled for each hour in addition to three fifteen
minute newscasts per day. The Press Association also sends via its
wire service, special feature programs which were incorporated into
the daily schedule.

“As WEAR entered the winter season of broadcasting in 1943, many changes
were apparent. More than 3,000 men in uniform were attending classes,
which was almost half of the total enrollment of students. All
teaching, the Experiment Station and The Extension activities of the
college were geared to war. One-hundred twenty members of the faculty

had left to join the armed forces.“25

During the eight weeks beginning July 1, 1943, WEAR broadcast twenty-
four concerts by direct wire from the Rational Music Camp at Interlochen,
Michigan. These programs, which in former years had been broadcast by
the networks, were heard this year exclusively over WEAR. The reason
for this exclusive broadcasting at this time was that the herican
Federation of Musicians Union, through its President, James C. Petrillo,
demanded that the networks cancel their broadcasts of the Interlochen
programs as the students appearing were not union members and their
appearance on the air put union members out of jobs. Mr. Petrillo forced
his demands on the networks through the threat of a strike. The
networks finally gave in. Since WEAR is an independent, educational

station employing no union personnel, Mr. Petrillo's action did not

 

25. WEAR Program Billetin, October, 1943, Volume 10, number 1.

affect it and the Interlochen programs were broadcast over the college
station.

1143
The impact of the war on the nature of programs continued to be very
marked as WEAR presented a full quota of programs concerned with the
war effort. The Office of War Information requested nine“spot"
announcements daily, and during the year 2,775 of these were broadcast.
In addition to all the previously mentioned programs, “live“ and
transcribed, news series were begun. From the faculty came such
programs as “War Economics“ by Herman Wyngarden; “What's to Come“ by
Paul D. Bagwell; “Behind the News in Germany“, by Hans Leonhart;
“mistria Before Occupation“, by Eugene H. Lucas; “Our Enenw, Japan“ ,
by S. C. Leeiand Tom King; and “Czechoslovakia, air Ally“, by
Karel Hujer.
This was the period when federal and state governments were attempting
to regulate time to aid the war effort. In Michigan, the State
Legislature left the decision up to each local unit of government as
to whether it would observe “regular or war“ time. This resulted in
confusion in Michigan, as fourteen counties remained on Eastern War
Time, while the remaining counties were on Central War Time. Of
specific concern to the station was its Farm Service Hour which was
designed to reach the farmers of Michigan during their men hour.
However, different time zones meant different noon periods. To
provide some farm program for each time zone, the farm program was
extended to an hour and a half and some of the agricultural programs
scheduled at other times were transferred to the noon hour. Markets

and special bulletins were given in both areas. Some departments

~34-

doubled their time on the air to provide necessary programs.
Two new members were added to the full-time program staff July 1, 1944.
They were J. Kenneth Richards, who had just received his Master of Arts
degree in Speech, hpervisor of Production and Continuity, and Lawrence
' Frymire, who had just received his Bachelor of Arts degree in Speech,
Supervisor of Programs. Both men had been on the staff on a part-time
basis as continuity writer and announcer, respectively.

133;
January 7, 1945 WEAR began broadcasting on Sunday. Its schedule was
from one to six o'clock. This was the first time that WEAR had attempted
a Sundw program or a seven-day schedule. Highlighting the first
thirteen weeks of Sinday broadcasting were messages by President John
A. Hannah, direct from his office in the Administration building, a
half-hour program by members of the Music Department faculty, and a
series of “Implications of the Peace“ arranged by Dr. Herman Wyngarden.
Two remote programs were instituted in 1945 of an important public
service nature. By direct wire to the East Lansing Weather Biresu,
reports were made daily by M. E. Wills, meteorologist in charge. These
reports, still made daily, give a complete sunary of weather data for
the state and nation, with suggestions for planning work during the
succeeding days as a guide to farmers, gardeners, Great Lakes vessels,
and airplanes. A new market service was instituted as a daily
presentation June 18, 1945. This report is compiled by the State
Department of Agriculture by telephone to the markets, and is given
by direct wire to the office of the Director of Marketing at the capitol.
Dramatic offerings of the station were expanded. In addition to the

Radio Workshop presented weeuy under the direction of Joe A. Callaway,

~35-

Associate Professor of Speech in charge of Radio classes, three other
programs were instituted. “Electricity at Work for You“ was presented
three times and emphasized proper methods and uses of electricity on
the farm. “Vignettes of College“ depicting actual happenings on campus
was given each week during the school year. The mral School Program.
directed toward classroom listening, offered dramatic presentations
about the msic being taught by the teachers cooperating in the Music
Department Extension program. These three shows were written and
produced by J. Kenneth Richards, Production Supervisor of WEAR.

By June, 1945, 50 men, former personnel at WEAR, were listed in the
armed forces of the United States. One gold star is listed. John Hays
who was an announcer in 1943, was killed in action. When peace was
declared during the sumser of 1945, WEAR's programing was altered to
meet the change. Programs of peace and reconversion were highlighted.
Included in this category were “The Labor Forum“: “Behind the Hews“;
“Veterans Speak“; “Planning to Build“; “Veterans in Business“; and
“Emergency Farm Labor“. As in the past, regularly established programs
from the Agriculture, Extension, and Music departments smashed
current problems of the moment in each particular field.

WEAR was the base station for a network of four Michigan stations which
broadcast Michigan State College 's football games during 1945. Again
as in 1943, a sponsor was contracted and in this case it was the

Coca Cola Bottling Company. .
The war's end resulted in many former WEAR men returning to the campus.
Charles Anthony, Alex Dillingham, and George Droelle as announcers,
Tom Waber as a full-time staff member, and supervisor of Hews and

Special Events. John Blakeslee, Linn Towsley, and William Wintersma,

as full-time operators. WEAR ended its 1946 broadcasting year with plans
already laid for the future. An application had been filed for an F. H.
station on May 20, 1946, an E. M. studio and control room had'been built
on the third floor, an application for night-time broadcasting and for an
increase of its A. M. wattage had been filed with the Federal Communications
Commission. The Program department had two full-time members in addition
to the director. A.news and special events supervisor and farm editor
were appointed. The station has resisted all attempts to commercialize

it and with the special exception of the football games, intends to main-
tain.this policy. The basic programs of the station are secured fromrthe
‘United States Department of Agriculture, Extension Division, Music
Department, and Speech Department. However, all departments on the campus
are at one time asked to contribute to the schedule. Outside the campus,
the State Government is making complete use of the proximity of station

to reach citizens of Michigan. The station has come from a'ham unlicensed“
experiment in 1917 to a complete department in 1947. 1947 is the 25th
anniversary of the official authorisation.of the station to operate by

the federal government and if its past history is a criteron to the
future, WEAR will continue to grow in its educational and public interest

service to the college and to the state.

Chapter V

1937-1946
This chapter deals with the curriculum, facilities, and personnel in
radio education at Michigan State College, with the exception of technical
courses in radio engineering offered in the Electrical Engineering
Department.

.inurnalismllazzzlfisde

The first specific courses in radio education were offered by the
Journalism department and were described in the official college

Catalogue as follows:

303f. Radio Writing. Fall. 2(2—0) Prerequisite:
English Composition 102g.

A study of the special field of writing
for radio, with practical work in the
preparation of radio continuity, includ-
ing program and comercial announcements,
forum and round table discussions, the
radio talk, msic annotations, newscasts,
original and adapted dramatic sketches,
and radio profilctlon. ”re yous

303g. Radio Writing. Winter. 2(2-6) Prerequisite:
cost.

A continuation of Course 303f. Mr. lormsn.

303:. Radio Writing. Spring. 2(2-0) Prerequisite:
303g.

A continuation of Course 303g. Mr. Norman.
l_9_44_ _t_o_ Present
The 303f,g,h, series was reorganized for the 1944-45 acadeMc year. A
description in the college Catalogue read:

306. (formerly 303f) Radio Hews Writing. Fall,
Sumner. 2(2-0) Prerequisite: 314.

Principles and practice in writing news for
radio broadcast. Writing announcements,
conversations, and short discussions.

Mr. Wkemalle

c.3800

307. (formerly 303g.) Mic Continuity
Writing. Winter, Summer. 2(2-0)
Prerequisite: Junior standing.

Readings and practice in preparation
of scripts for broadcast. Mr. Euykendall.

308. (formerly 303h.) Radio Advertising.
Spring, Summer. 2(2-0) Prerequisite: 305.

Preparation of radio advertisements and
radio advertising shows. Mr. Euykendall.

Radio Courses - Speech Department
1938 - 1939

All other radio classes were started when the Speech department was
organized at the beginning of the 1938 college year. Dr. Donald
Hayworth, head of the new department, stated that there were four
basic objectives in teaching radio education.

1. To develop wider, more intelligent
and more satisfying appreciation of
radio as a medium of communication
and me

2. To develop skills on the part of
those who might use radio in connection
with various activities such as
Extension work and comnity service.

3. To develop skills which might be used by
those who take courses for leisure
time activities.

4. To prepare people for full time work “26
radio but not to include the technical
aspects of radio or susic works

The new radio courses in the Speech department were described in the
college Catalogue:
381. Radio Speaking. Any Term. 5(5..o)

Prerequisite: 101 or 261, preferably
the latter. Mr. Hayworth

 

26. Hayworth, D. L., interview, April 15, 1947.

~39~

3828» Radio meige F811. 3(3‘0)
Prerequisite: 381.

For credit courses 3821: and 382c
met also be taken with a passing
grade. Mr. Hayworth.

382b. Continuation of Course 382a.
Winter. 3(3~o) Prerequisite: 3323

For credit course 382c met also be
taken with a passing grade. Mr. Hayworth.

382c. Contimation of Course 382b. Spring.
3(3—0) Prerequisite: 382b. Ir. Hayworth.

385. Radio Dramatic Production. Spring.
3(3-0) Prerequisite: 381. Mr. Hayworth.

The three announcing courses' broad topics were news, msic, and
commercials with one stressed during each term’s work.
1939
One change in the radio courses offered was made and recorded in the
official college catalogue.
381. Radio Speaking. Any Term. 4(4-0)
Prerequisite: 101 or 261, preferably
the latter. Mr. Hayworth.
Dr. Hayworth stated the reduction in hours was made because it was
felt that the work could be accomplished with four class meetirgs per
week.
1940-4942
Two new changes were made at the start of the 1940-1941 college year:
385a. Radio Dramatic Production. Pall.
3(3-0) Prerequisite: 381. For credit
385b and c met also be taken with
passing grades.
A comprehensive study of problems involved
in the production of dramatic programs,

including radio acting, direction, and the
mechanics of production. Mr. Barnhart.

(a

385b. Continuation of Course 385a. Winter.
3(3~O) Prerequisite: 385a. For credit,
385c not also be taken with a passing
grade. Mr. Barnhart.

385c. Continuation of Course 385b. Spring.
3(3-O) Prerequisite: 385b. Mr. Barnhart.

Graduation Course

585. Advanced Radio Production. 3(3-0)
Mr. Barnhart.

1942-1943
The catalogue recorded new courses that were added to the radio
curriculum.

486a. Radio Practices. Fall. Offered in
alternate years. Given in 1943-43.
3(3-0) Prerequisite: Credit in one
radio course carrying graduate credit.
‘ For credit, 486b and c must also be
taken with passing grades.

rederal regulations, conmnity service,
program building, auditioning, radio
publications, and problems of station
management and public relations.

Ur. erte

486b. Continuation of Course 486a. Winter.
3(3-0) Prerequisite: 486a. ror credit,
486s must also be taken with a passing
grade. Ir. Rarnhart.

486c. Continuation of Course 48%. Spring.
3(3'0) Prequilitez 486D. Ur. Bamte

487. Radio Workshop. Summer. 5 credits

488a. Radio Techniques. Pall. Offered in
alternate years. Rot given in 1943-43.
3(3-0) Prerequisite: Credits in one
radio course carrying graduate credit.
For credit, 488b met also be taken with
a passing grade.

The use of radio equipment, including the
cutting of transcriptions, placement of
microphones, acoustics of studies, the
running of‘sound tables, arrangement of
orchestras and control board operation.

-41- ,

488b. Continuation of Course 488a. Winter.
3(3—0) Prerequisite: 488a.

_l_§_4_3_ pg Present
At the start of the 1943-1944 academic year, Radio Practices was
offered every year and Radio Techniques, which had never been taught,
was officially suspended. Radio Practices was also given as under-
graduate credit for advanced radio studies. A revision in beginning
classes is shown in the catalogue.

281. (formerly 381) Introduction to Radio.
Fall, Winter, Spring, Sumner. 4(4-0).

A survey course designed as an introduction
to the field of radio speaking and to the
production of programs. Ir. Callaway,

Kr. McGraw, Staff.

283. Advanced Radio Speaking. Any Quarter.
3(3—0). Prerequisite: 281.

A continuation of the study of radio speaking
with more intensive training in microphone

techniqie, studio procedures, and all types
of radio speech programs.

EROLLIIERT
Student enrollment in Speech department radio classes had shown a steady
increase. In 1938 the entire enrollment for radio courses was 152.
During the academic year 1945—1946, the first full year after the war
ended, 419 students took radio classes in the department. The beginning
radio course during 1938-1939, 381, showed a total enrollment of 72. The
beginning course in the department for radio during the year of 1945-1946,
281, had a yearly total of 172. The advanced courses showed a similar

increase in student enrollment.
rmsonm
Dr. Donald Hayworth, head of the Speech department, taught all department

radio courses during the academic year 1938-1939. Dr. Hayworth came to

Iichigan State from Akron University where he had been head of the Speech

~42—

department for eight years. Dr. Hayworth had taught radio classes as
early as 1929 at the University of Akron. In 1942 Dr. Hayworth was
granted a leave of absence in order to become national head of the

Victory Speakers Bireau in the Office of Civilian Defense, Washington,

D. C. During the war he participated in such national defense activities
as the Victory Speakers Bureau, the American Red Cross Speakers Bureau,
and Conservation Division of the Department of Interior. He was reinstated
at'llichigan State College January 1, 1946 as professor of Speech in charge
of Conversational Speaking classes. .
Mr. L. D. Barnhart was hired as an Assistant Professor in 1939 to teach
radio and general speech. Before coming to Michigan State College,

Mr. Barnhart was a production director at the Chicago Division of the
National Broadcasting Company. In this capacity he directed the network
shows “Vic and Sade“, 'Girl Alone", and "Lights Out“. Professor Barnhart
was for 15 years a teacher and director of dramatics, and director of the
Shaker Village Players of Cleveland and the University Civic Theater at
Toledo. Professor Bernhart resigned in 1942 to accept a position as
program director at m1», 50,000 watt radio station in Waterloo, Iowa.

lir. Joe A. Callaway was hired in September, 1942 as an Assistant Professor
of Speech and Dramatics to teach radio courses. Professor Callaway
received his Bachelor of Fine Arts degree from the University of Oklahoma,
his llaster of Fine Arts degree from the Goodman Memorial Theater of
Chicago, and has done graduate work at Northwestern University and the
University of Southern California.

Prior to his employment at Michigan State, Ir. Callaway had 12 years of
radio and theater experience. On the radio he has directed, acted and
announced,network programs, and announced on local stations. In the

theater, Professor Callaway has directed a professional stock company at

~43-

Miami Beach, Florida, the Comnity Theater, San Diego, California,

and the Summer Theater, Marquette, Michigan. In 1947 Professor Callaway
received an award from the University of Oklahoma as its outstanding
alumms in the field of radio education.

Mr. Walter McGraw was hired September, 1942 as an instructor to teach
beginning radio classes. Mr. McGraw received his Bachelor of Arts and
Master of Arts degrees from Wayne University, Detroit, Michigan. While
gaining his formal education, Mr. McGraw received professional experience
on radio stations m2 and WJR. He resigned April 30, 1945 to Join the
production department of the National Broadcasting Company in new York
City.

Mr. James D. Davis was hired as the rank of Assistant Professor,
September, 1946 to teach radio classes. Professor Davis received his
Bachelor of Arts degree from the University of New Mexico and his

Master of Arts degree from the University of Southern California. He
has done work toward the Ph. D degree at the University of Southern
California, Morthwestern University and the University of Wisconsin.

He has had teaching experience in high schools and Junior colleges and
while on the west coast worked with Columbia Broadcasting System
educational officials on school broadcasts.

Mr. Ben Wampler, design technician in the department, also teaches radio
courses. He was hired in September, 1946. Mr. Wempler had had
professional experience on local stations before coming to Michigan State
College.

Graduate Assistants have been given the responsibility of teaching
beginning radio classes. These Graduate Assistants have been Ray Abel,
Loren Bus, and loble Richardson.

~44-

On March 26, 1946, the department 's official name was changed to the
Department of Speech, Dramatics and Radio. Professor Callaway's title
was changed to Associate Professor in charge of Radio Dducation.
Professor Paul D. Bagwell, Acting head of the department, emphasised
that the basic policy of the school is to hire personnel I'who have a
practical background in addition to sufficient academic training.“
zggilities
When the Speech Department was organised in 1938, facilities for teach-
ing radio classes were on the second floor of the Wood Shop building.
A regular classroom was partitioned off at one end and a studio eight
feet wide and sixteen feet long was provided. A glass partition faced
the students so they could see the activities in the studio as well as
hear programs over the loud-speaker arrangement. The studio was
deadened by draperies. Two R. C. A. microphones. a small make-shift
turn table, and R. C. A. console were the extent of the technical
equipent for classroom purposes. Seating capacity for the classroom
was 25 students. In 1940, the hiditorium building was completed and
the Speech and Dramatics department moved into its new quarters.
Especially designed facilities were provided for radio classes. Two
modern studios were equipped with three R. C. A. microphones, sound
effect material, manual and recorded, two turn tables, transcription
facilities and a console. A glass partition facing the classroom was
installed for the benefit of 351 students who could be seated there.
A direct telephone line was installed to WEAR so that actual programs
over the air could be broadcast from the classroom studio.

Activitieg
Activities in the radio field have been many and varied. In addition

~45—

to regular dramatic programs over WEAR, and classroom shows, various
dramatic types, news, and special events, special programs were put

on over commercial Michigan stations with radio students participating.
Wield trips to stations in Michigan were taken and prominent radio
personalities were invited to address the classes. Advanced students
have done research projects for national magazines on listening tastes
on campus, and commercial likes and dislikes of students. Master's
theses are given in radio education with work being done in both the
comesrcial and educational phases of the field. Professor Joe A.
Callawq stated that "several of our theses have made a definite
contribution to radio education. Miss mth Madal'e thesis, for instance,
has been useful to educators since it showed to what extent radio was
being used in the schools of the state'. A local chapter of the national
radio honorary, Alpha Epsilon Rho, was established at Michigan State
College in 1942. It sponsors dramatic programs over the air and
encourages excellence of broadcasting by its members and other radio
students. Radio guilds and student workshops have also been organised
for beginning students. Although shows are produced over WEAR by the
Speech, Dramatics, and Radio department, it should be noted here that

no connection exists between the two departments other than the usual
liason between individual departments. Students in radio education

take a course of study which stresses liberal arts background in addition
to the specific radio courses which at the time this thesis was written,
numbered forty-seven hours. In 1945 Professor Callaway established the
Annual Michigan State College Radio conference where problems in
educational and commercial radio broadcasting are discussed by rep-

resentatives from schools and stations throughout the state of Michigan.

APPENDIX

 

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BI BLI OGRAPHY

Books

Frost, S. E., Jr., Education's Own Stations, Chicago, 1940

Newspamr
Lansing State Journfial, January 20, 1936

Christian Science Monitor, January 21, 1936

Bulletins

Extension Bulletin, “Iarm Radio School“, Michigan State College,
December, 1925.

Extension Bulletin, “Special Courses by Radio“, 1927, Volume 21, No. 5.
Extension Billetin, “Special Courses by Radio“, 1928, Volume 22, No. 4.
Extension Bulletin, “Radio Programs“, November 17 through December 31, 1930.
Extension Bulletin, “Radio Programs“, January 2 through March 31, 1931.
ExéensiopfiBulMg, “Radio Programs“, July 1 through October 15, 1931.
Extension Bulletin, “Radio Programs“, January 4 through May 28, 1932.
Extension Bulletin, “Radio Programs“, January 9 through May 26, 1933.
Extension Bulletin, “Radio Programs“, January 8 through May 25, 1934.

Extensign Bullgtin, “Radio Programs“, November, 1934 through May, 1935,
Volume 1, No. 1 through Volume 1, No. 7.

Extension Bulletin, “Radio Programs“, October, 1935 through May, 1936,
Volume 2, No. 1 through Volume 2, No. 8.

Extension Bulletin, “Radio Programs“. October, 1936 through May, 1937,
Volume 3, No. 1 through Volume 3, No. 8.

Extension Billetin, “Radio Programs“, October, 1937 through May, 1938,
Volume 4, No. 1 through Volume 4, No. 8.

Extension Bullegip, “Radio Programs“, October, 1938 through May, 1939,
Volume 5, No. 1 through Volume 5, No. 8.

BIBLIOGRAPHY (Continued)
Bulletins (Continued)

Extension Bulletin, “Radio Programs“, October, 1939 through May, 1940,
Volume 5, No. l throng: Volume 5, No. 8.

Extension Bulletin, “Radio Programs“, October, 1940 through May, 1941,

Volume 6, No. 1 through Volume 6, No. 8.

Extensignk Bulletin, “Radio Programs“, October, 1941 through May, 1942,
Volume 7, No. 1 through Volume 7, No. 8.

Extension Bulletin, “Radio Programs“, October, 1942 through May, 1943,
Volume 8, No. 1 through Volume 8, No. 8.

Extension Bulletin, “Radio Programs“, October, 1943 through Maw, 1944,
Volume 9, No. 1 through Volume 9, No. 8.

Extension Bulletin, “Radio Programs“, October, 1944 through May, 1945,
. Volume 10, No. 1 through Volume 10, No. 8.

Extension Billetin, “Radio Programs“, October, 1945 through May, 1946,
Volume 11, No. 1 through Volume 11, No. 8.

20:22am

Michigan State College Board of Agriculture, Secretary's reports,
July 1, 1930 through June 30, 1946. (reports issued every year)

Interviews

Paul D. Bagwell, Acting Head of Speech, Dramatics, and Radio department,
Michigan State College.

Joe A. Callaway, Associate Professor of Speech, Dramatics, and Radio
department, Michigan State College.

Donald L. Hayworth, Professor, Speech, Dramatics, arm Radio department,
Michigan State College.

L. C. Emmons, Dean, School of Science and Arts, Michigan State College.
R. J. Baldwin, Read, Extension Division, Michigan State College.
1:. H. McDonel, Secretary, Michigan State College.

B. K. Osborn, Associate Professor, Electrical Engineering department.
Michigan State College.

R. J. Coleman, Head, Radio department, Michigan State College.

BIBLIOGRAPHY (Continued)

Interviews (Continued)

N. E. Grover, Chief Engineer, WEAR, Michigan State College.
Lynn Towsley, Engineer, WEAR, Michigan State College.

John Blakeslee, Engineer, WEAR, Michigan State College.

W

Michigan State College of Agriculture and Applied Science,
Official catalog, Michigan State College, 1935
through 1946. (catalogs issued every year)

BI OGRAPHY

The author was born in Grand Rapids, Michigan, July 3, 1923.

He took his public school training in Lansing, Michigan, graduating
from Lansing Eastern High School in June, 1941. The following
September he matriculated at Michigan State College, where four
years later he received his Bachelor of Arts degree in the Department
of Speech and Dramatics.

During his undergraduate days, the author participated in all phases
of the speech and dramatic program, winning honors in drama, debate,
oratory, extemporaneous speaking, round table discussion, and radio,
which was his major field of endeavor. He was a member of three
honorary fraternities, Alpha Epsilon m, national radio honorary;

Pi Kappa Delta, national forensics honorary; and Theta Alpha Phi.
national dramatics honorary. The author worked on the college radio
station, WEAR, for three years during his undergraduate days, on a
part-time basis. He was an announcer and did considerable work with
news and dramatics. After graduation, June, 1945, he accepted a
position with a 5000 watt station affiliated with the Columbia
Broadcasting System, WKZO, in Kalamazoo. During the fifteen months
the author was with WKZO, he was a neweueditor in charge of all news
activities. The author resigned from WEZO during mgust, 1947’ and
enrolled in the Graduate School of Michigan State College in September,
1947. He received his Master of Arts degree in the field of radio
education in June, 1947. During this period, from September, 1946 to
June, 1947, the author was assistant production supervisor at station

WEAR on a part-time basis.

187.4105

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