‘ RETURNING MATERIALS: 1 )V1£SI_J PIace in book drop to LIBRARIES remove this checkout from I w your record. FINES wiII v be charged if book is returned after the date : I27;99 Stamped be10w. 3 *“ffiner‘w J " . " —--l' E‘j‘}flfi‘3§; _ ~ A. “doc r 3.1:? hawk)! WWW-‘3' “ 0 9 S 1' lav." _~.\, N.‘ I mmmw m . _... mm 3. 'a . r x5. 1“". ‘3' 9:." v‘>"':-I" :I f 9' ‘J-" ' 9‘» '- 1 .~ .1 ‘ l . 7’4 . V". A an.“ , ‘ .-._ ‘ ’1‘ r ‘ : “5' ir ' ‘ v‘ -.'-* -,,.. v5 ‘31} i 2“"k .~‘ )W-‘ (4 ‘ ‘ .V . _' ‘ h- I -V , , f V ’ “~‘ ' ‘ {J'fif‘ '.’ > ’ . V. ' ‘ ' "7 1.‘ .“1' W‘V‘ubnu- ‘ ' . v .‘ L .‘ . v '. ‘1' .3, --'f, I» .f‘,-_.‘I “2...: .. i'. ‘ .. {-1 L ' ‘ I . ,‘d’.:h.f.!;."_:.3 .£*:. O m _ .>:.. _ . ‘ . ‘ .t . .. - r- . ,3 ,‘I' . ‘ u'fi.‘1'~"-~r4r.'«-~:. c‘ .- - 4,. I ' n . \V I I I' - . -. j" ‘ v .4, ,,é.|’" . " 9- . " >> -8\ xv (-.. 4 . n . 1" a] . (V ‘ n‘ ,9 . '-§. i..l “ b ‘7“ “*. (Aye-1‘. ‘¢. ,‘..‘L;. ABSTRACT A SURV‘Y O? SELECTED ADOLESCEfiT GIRLS: TEEIR ATTITUDES Towhnn THEIR HOTHEES' WORKING by Patricia Ann Blakeelee An exploratory study was designed to elicit attitudes of adolescent girls toward their mothers‘ working. Attitudes were defined as behavior representa- tive of feeling or conviction. Data were collected by questionnaire from 56 adolescent girls between 15 and 18 years of age. The questionnaire, developed by the researcher, consisted of background information and questions pertaining to six areas of family living. The areas explored were family unity, perceived economic advantage, parental supervision, freedom to choose, relationships with others, and household responsibilities. The respondents met the following criteria: the father was living in the home and was employed full-time; the mother was employed fullwtime at present and had been so for not less than two years. The respondents were placed in three categories according to occupation of the mother. These three categories were educational-managerial, clerical—service, and factory-operative. Patricia Ann Blakeslee The study had several limitations. These were that: (l) the sample was restricted: (2) the ethnic, racial, and cultural backgrounds were not determined; (3) it was not known whether the respondents lived in rural or urban situations; and (4) the study deals with what the respondents reported, which may or may not be a valid picture of their feelings. Hypothesis ore, "A majority of the adolescent girls l'Wfl-H—ar-fi will express positive attitudes toward their mothers' working," was partially supported. It was not supported by any data in the areas of family unity, peer group status, leisure activity, or household responsibility. It was supported in the area of perceived economic aduantage. Hypothesis two, "Adolescents whose mothers are in Ip‘.‘ I y“! _‘-. educational or managerial occupations will express more positive attitudes and perceive more advantages in having their mothers work than adolescents whose mothers are employed in semioskilled OCCUpations," was refuted in all areas including family unity, relationships with others, household responsibilities, perceived economic advantage, and freedom to choose. The educational—managerial part of the sample included ton respondents, six of whose mothers were in the managerial division and four of whose mothers were in the educational division. A SURVEY OF SELECTED ADOLESCENT GIRLS: THEIR ATTITUDES TOWARD THEIR NCTHBRS’ WORKIfiG by Patricia Ann Blakeslee A PROBLEM Submitted to the College of Home Economics of Hichigan State University of Agriculture and Applied Science in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of It‘ll" T3173 OF. ’32? Department of Home EanAgement and Child Development 1964 THESIS 6H; AC K330117148 DGT'TETITS Sincere appreciation is eupressed to Dr. William Marshall for his help and guidance during the planning of this study and the preparation of this problem. Appreciation is also expressed to Dr. Alice Thorpe and Dr. Helen Hollandsworth who served on the writer's committee, to Dr. Jean Davis Schalter for her help in setting up the problem, and to Dr. Beatrice O‘Donnell and Kiss Verda Dale for their suggestions and help in developing the questionnaire. Gratitude is also expressed to the four homomaking teachers and their students who so willingly co-oporated to make this study possible. ii TABLE OF C01:’TENTS Page ACKIIO'R-"L BCNEZ‘JTS o o o o o o o o o o a o- o o o o o o 11 LIST OF TABLES. o c o u o o o o o c u o I o o o o a V Chapter I. IflTRCDUCTIOTo o o o o o o o o o o o o 0 9 o 1 Definition Of Terms o o a o o u o o o o 2 Objectives. o o o o o o 9 o o o o o o o 3 HYPOthCSQSQ o b o a u o c o a o o a o o 3 Assumptions of Study. . . . . . . o u . 3 Limitations Of StUGYu o o o o o a o o o 4 II. RETIEW CF LITBRITUREo . o o o o u 0 o o o o 5 ,Early StUdiES ' o o o o “. o o o o o o 5 Adolescent Adjustment and Reaction to Mots rnal Employment . . . . . . . . 5 Reasons for Ma ornal Employment and the Employment Status of tho Mother: EffeCt to th@ Child a I o o o O t o 9 \/Future ExpectatiO‘.1s of fdGlEo’ outs Concerning Maternal Employment. . . 10 Summary o o o s o o o o o o n o a o o o 11 III. METHODOLOGY . o o o o o o o o o o a o O o o 13 Devolopmsnt of the Instrument . . . . . 13 Salsction of Sample and Collection of Data. 9 9 o o o o o o o o a o o o o 14 Analysis of Data. . . . . . . . . . . . 14 Dascrigtion of the Sample . . . . . . . 15 VofoIN 333. n o o o o o o o o\o o o o o o O o 17 Family Unity. o a 9 I o o o o n o o o o 17 lamily Unity Summary. . . . . . 21 Relatiorxships with Others . . . o . 22 Summary of Relationships with Others. 0 o o o o a o 9 o C o o 25 O 0 iii TABLE 0? CONTENTS-egontinuog Chapter Page Household Responsibilities. . . . . . . 26 Household Rasponsibilitios Summary. 29 PCLCLYi‘Jth ECOUOifliC ltUY’T'lt-ogr’a . O Q C O 30 Perceived Economic Advantage SUifiT‘TRJ‘CYQOQCOOIifioii 33 Parental SUPQEViSiOH. a a o O o 0 O O o 34 Parental Suporvision Summary. . . . 38 Freedom to Ch0033 o o o o o 0 Q g t o o 38 Freedom to Choose Summar‘ . . . o . 42 V. 'IHI‘LRY..¢9oooooooocooooo 43 GoraeralSmaa..ary............ 45 Family Unity. o . o o o o o o o o ’o 45 fious:hold Responsibilities. . o o a 46 Super"is ion . . . . . . . . . . u o 46 Freedom to Chooso . . . . . . o . a 46 Perceived Economic Advantages . . . 47 Fe a tionships with 0thars . o o o . 47 f""3‘0£h-""‘Sonooooco000.000 47 Implications for Further Research . . . 48 IBLIOGRIIPIKYQOOQoooooo.000006... so APPEXDIXQ O o o o u o o o o 0 a o o o o o o a O O Q 52 iv Table l. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15a 16. 17. LIST OF TfiBLES Length of mother's Employment by Category . Family Unity Raouctiou if Mother'works. . o o Hours Spent Per Weok with Family. a o o a o o Family Unity Change Because of Mother's Working o t o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o Respondent's Report of Father's Approval of Mothor's Working. . o o o o a o n a Q Q G Response Toward All Family fiomhors Should Have SQmB Time Of Their Own 0 g q g c Q 0 Hours Spent By Respondent For hook with Friends I o o o o a o o o o o p o o o O 9 Status in Peer Group Change Because of FOthC‘f'S Workir‘g. Q o o o o a o 0 o O I 0 Change in Leisure fiCtiVitYo a o o o o o o n I Parental Expectations of Teenage Help . . . . Hours Spent Per week Doing Household Duties . Household Responsibility Change of Other Family flambors. . o o o o o o o o a o 0 0 Changes in Household Responsibilities . . . . Attitude Toward Mother's Working Only if Eoncy IS FCQde . o o o o o o o o o o 0 0 Hours Spent by Respondent in Paid Employment. Extent Eothor's Income Has Bonefited Daughter. I o o o o o o o o a o o o o o I Extent fiothor's Income Has Benofited Family . V Page 16 17 18 19 20 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 LIST OF TABLES-Continuog Table Page 18. Parentuoaughter Docision—fiakir . . . . o o . 34 =3 19. Hours Spent Under Supervision Each fiaok as Reported by Rosoondonts . . . . . o o o . 35 20. Respondent's Docision to Do Household Chores. 36 21. Extent to which Family Members Are Expocted to Make Own Decioions . . . . . o o a . o 37 22. Extent to Which Tognagcr Should Have Freedom. 38 23. Mumber of Hours of Free Time Roportod by ReSpOHsznts Pi}: EGG-k. . Q Q Q I u 0 Q t o 39 tv 2 1.1 24. Extent to which Rosyondont Has Mor. . O reodom Than Friends. ' . 40 25. Extont to Which Frocdom of Choice Hos Boon Affectod. o o o u n o o o o o o o o O o o 41 vi CE"1PT Ls I NTRODUCTIOH "We are in an age of jet-propalled changes that are affecting fornilio s ovoryuhm o. . . ." (119) One of the changes that has recently gained momentum is the increasing our 13: of mothers with children under eighteen yo .ars of ago who 31thtzr continue to work all the time or roturn to work who: their children roach a cer tai:1 age. Society has lo ong b3 on conco rnod for childg 3n of . _ A - 41-‘a .-~ v- ‘w -___'—- _ _, ‘ >‘ ,, .‘. - -.-r-— mothers uo:§ing. Ehi 3 com13-rn bocam 3 app.13nt during the industrial revolution in England and Europe and continued when the industrial revolution reached the Uni ed States. Howaver, it has been zinc: 1940 that tho preportion of mothers with children under eightoon years of age has increased groatly. Students of the family are finding an incraasing noed for moro precise information about attitudes of family mamhors toward maternal employment. -Bccau3c of the fairly recont innovation of great numba :3 of workLrg mothers there has not been a quantity of resaarch done cone-arming tha wozking 3&0 r and those asp 3c cts of life sha, in that position, might or does influence. Little r33 33 rch has been done c0? earning how .._._..—---‘ “ ‘----—-.~~._~ 1 2 children, especially the adolescent, feel about the mother 'gorking and how this affects their lives. Since little has been done in this area it was decided to do a brief survey using a questionnaire with adolescent girls to obtain some clarification of how the girls felt about their mothers' working. Th_e “study was “hurt”. ‘.o‘~-_., at. "-UD I'u-gu designed to esplore the attitudes of girls whose mothers .— ""‘"1 ‘N-- a": ”UV“ had been working fu11~time for two or more years. Km.- _._~u..._... ...A DofinitL;n of Terms An adolescsnt girl refcrs to a girl in tho tenth, eleventh, or twelfth grade who is between the ages of 15 and 180 fittitude refers to behavior representative of feeling or conviction. (30:38) Full-time smployod mother refers to a mother who has been employed for two or more years 35 or mor 3 hours pct week. Educational~msnsgerisl refers to those mothers employed in an educational or a managerial position. This includas 5 teachers and managers of store dope rtmer t5 or owners of stores. Clerical-service refers to those mothers employed in a clerical or serwics position. This includes clerical workers, practical nurses, cooks, and sales personnel. Factory-operative refers to those mothers employed in a factory as an operative. l) 2) l) l) 2) nggctivog The objectives of this study were: To elicit the attitudes adolescent girls have about their mothors' full-time employment. To relate these attitudes to the occupational classification of the mother, 1.9., whether educational-managerial, factory-operative, or clerical-service. ”woofhosos The hypotheseo f rmulatod for this study were: A mljor ty of tho adolescowt girls will express gositivo attitudes toward their mothers' working. Adolescents whose mothers are in an educational or managerial occupation will express more positive attitudes and perceive more advantages in having their mothers work than adolescents whoso mothers are employed in somi-skilled occupations. fissumgtions of Studx In this study it was assumed that: Adolescents have and will express attitudes about their mothers‘ working. The questions chosen will reflect the attitudes of the respondent toward her mother's working. Limitations of_$tudx l) A restricted sample was used. 2) Tho ethnic, racial, or cultural backgrounds of the respondents are not knowr. Also, whether those are rural or urban respondents is not known. It had been decided, who n the problem was being planned, that those variables would be controlled in the collection of the data. However, this control was later judged to increase too extensively the scoPo of the problem. 3) When reading theso findings it should be remembered that the results aro only what the respondents checked. Tho findings could ho a N valid picture of what is happening in each of 1‘4“- r» M-m- -v‘|- aka. n..- the respondent's situation, or it could be what Wow-umwwndt- each believes she should answer in view of her own role expectations and the role erpectntions society impases. CHAPTER II RE‘I’IEW O? 1.:I'T'ERPaTUT3‘3 Early Studios In her review of litaraturo of children of employed mothers, the earliest direct report found by Stolz (18) was in floorican Marriage and Family Relation- !ghigg published by Groves and 0gburn in 1928. (4) Groves made an informal statement based on interviews with children of different ages. He was interested in the changes that occur as children mature. He said that our“.-. :, . __ \.., a young child would uncritically accept the mother whether aha worked or not; an adolescent would want his WWII-Nu ,. _"*~,_ mother to ba like his friends' mothers; i.o., if most of his friends' mothers worked, than he would want his mother a... m- ' to work and vice versa. If the mother works, tho child may see increasing freedom as he grows older and the x“ ml. _ __~. 9'16! advantages of it.” Later, the child may be proud that hi;umother can hold a job. (18) Grove: believed the. -child could accept roc ular, routino absence due to work but that he would protost an irregular absence. (4) it Tho first tudios that attempted to intestigato charactoristicd of children of cmployod mothers var aus 5 6 non-employod mothers' children appeared in th:1930'8o 5r. Waaa‘V“ (18) In both groups tho children's problems were judgod moro highly related to the mother' s emotional adjustment than to whether she was employed or not. (13) .—-- —- __..-' 121501&3411".‘231:L Adl‘UStnt‘. :it 313:1 flt‘t‘Ctiq‘ to “fiatf :rr- 3]. E1 mlOV-m 51E“— —.—.— Still perhaps in the catagory of earlier studies is one made by Easig and Morgan. (3) They wanted to determine whether girls of employed mothers were more poorly adjusted to family life tzhan girls whose mothers were not employed. The girls were divided into two groups: the experimental group consisting of daughtnrs of employed mothers and the control group consisting of daughters of mothers who did not work. Resu3ts ahowrd that most of the mothers were home when th girls in the ‘23}2201 group came home while only 36.4 per cent of the working mothwrs were home. (3 1223) A oignif1Cunt difference was found between the two groups in adjustment to family life. This favored the control group.‘ The adjustmont of rural girls whose F—__. H.“ a“..._ mothers did not work was fennd to Le highe st in adjustment to ffimily lif-. (3:27?) 19 comparison of the two groups the responses saomcd to ileicato a greater fooling of lack of love, understandiz.g, l1turflat, and co-opz2r3tion_ between the parents and the daughters of the experimental group than 7 of the control group. Also, the experimontsl group daughters Seemed more inclined to dis regard parental: advice. \: hoy indicnt tad thto -re was a groatfr amount of Ldisapproval of their actior by their pa rents. (3) There ~uwas a terd e.cy for those girls to feel ashamed of their Jr (f parents which was not in accord with the unsupoorted 5 statement rad: by Groveso. (18) ‘ flora rt“ cor Lt research has thrown further light on this area. Peterson made a study of the impact of th mother's employment on tho mothcradduqhtor relationship. The initial aralysis indicated the t o in act of maternal uncanny... 5"4- u" "‘ ’- employment on drug tors was nogligible. A second analysis ‘5 used the indcpe ndcnt variable of matcrna employment and in and control L1 *1. . I g? {D W ' V L) H" the dependent Jdriablos of mOtth‘ over the drught The no oriry of nethers t:ho indi-cdted satisfaction or interest in thoir work were px rcoich by the daughters as exercising loss control nd having loss ‘interest in them. It was irtsrosting to note the study found tlrxt mi‘dle Clo 53 mothurs employed over 35 per cent of their daughters' livss, as opposed to middle class mothers employed less than 35 per cent of their daughters' lives, were perceived by the daughters a3 exercising less control over the daughters. (13) This study gave no support to the evidence that the maternal role was n gle (rd. It was {curd _that ww— N.--.,.__ _3._,. _ r maternal employment had almost no effect on adolescent _'—‘ .._-..... —..-__..A.. '~‘§~._ '—__‘-._ -~—‘... ‘.nv_.--\-~..wp.—.. ...- .J.. n“ ’ 8 girls' perception of the mother-daughter relationship «m'a-fl' -.—.—-——. I- Hm 0" #u- ’=-' -- fl'DMn- insofar _an toenngc_gills LLON in not families were —""' "“—' WW... Myrna—o- "no """"..“‘--\.a concerned. Dan on uogested that emoloyad mothers fulfill magnum-pro.— their obligations much like other oarents. She said that perhaps the mothers do not enter very actively into the children's leisure lives. (2} Here again, in contrast to 33519 and Morgan, there was found no evidence of peculiar harshness or rejection; especially disconcordant with Essig was the implication that these girls tend to disagree with their parents somewhat less than girls whose mothers we re lot employed. Douvan found the girls W- ...“W- H...- . -u- of employ :d motnrrs -how a nixed pattern of deyelopodl K“- “D’- ' ' '- -""'.I-r-ru.n. autonomy and unresolved d pendency. She interprets this ‘H‘ ass, "The e girls are doveloood ine .30 skills which equip .fl’. I‘M-‘1 _..»J* -— r“. h ,— them for managing practical angects of reality well and _—~.‘_____ with ease, but emotionally_their major commitment is still to the family." (2-159) Roy (15) and Douvan (2) investigated, in part, how maternal employment affected the amount of work the _.,_'.,t,,._., .- meflm-— 1"" "‘ """’ ”adolescent had to do. Roy found that the enoloymcnt of H’V— r'rr- a». 9-” -‘v-fl":‘."fl" “-9- _,.» .m‘ .u—v - .M ~-- the motner affects the amount of work done hy the adoleSa cent son or daughter slightly. The children of employed '._"‘- .—...-—. - mothers had a significant amount of more household chores to d0. ..-. (2) 9 Douvan found that daughters ofI employed mothers wo—H-‘wh—m WM MM“ “cw—~- have significantly moreI household work to do than either ~-_ daughters of mothers whoI are Inot employed or work only ' ‘ “A" 1.4V- part-time. (2:145) Reasons for Hatornal Employment and the Employment _§tatus of the fiothor: BffoctIto the Child h Several studies have been dono on the mother's enjoyment of work and the effect on tho child. _§gf£m§o suggests that maternal employment has different effects on the relationship between mother and child and on the behavior of the child depending on whether or not the ”amother is satisfied working. Findings of her study indicate that if tho mother enjoys work the child has a W positive attitude and theI ImothorI dare not inconvenience w—o‘waMW ’W-m—c-WH. 1W. HM W‘_ ,,§h¢ child withI ontra tasks whereas if the mother does "—wwns not on3oy work the revorIso is true. (6) ‘ ”Hm" NW hyo found that tho affectional relationship of - w...— the child to tho mother appeared to ho unrelated to the ._ ,I' ‘fl-‘v w-»- employment statusI IoIf the mother. (113136) Kw“. rm. ”f . ~ Pottrson found there was no Isighificant an“... ...—__. «dig. __ -....._.__ V‘UM'wwh 'u""H relationship between dependent variables of ihterest and ___.--~.n-1“"‘"” "‘-- fl,“ control; and the length of ting the mothers were employed, their rersons for omploymo _nt,M§ndItho type of occupational rolo thothave. (13) 10 Future Expectations of Adolggccnts Concerning Maternal Employment ”Adolescence is a time when children need a comfortable balance between warmth and guidance on one hand and autonomy on the other." (11:19?) Certainly. one of the ways to see how the society's and the parents' socialization process has worked is to sea if it has negatively or positively influenced adolescents' attitudes toward maternal employment and helped them to change with innovations. Due to the unsettladness of adolesccnca, tho “H—, ——~u_\ \‘M- 'm. -vv- --' adolescent is vulnerable to changaa and conflicts around ‘-—- u-F .‘-. him. Thasa changes are apparent in the attitudes and "-4..-. expectations of those progressing towards motherhood or fatherhood. "Only a housewife" is a role most girls no longer consider as their only and. (8) According to large scale studios of the expectations of young girls, a girl expects to have the rewards of wifa and mother in addition to the status of worker. Payne found that over M...— or»..- cu-..” ”' ”‘4 . M“ “M -“.__ half of tho girls he studied woro planning as wivos to '4- r- " _.- W“... ~. ,- w" ....M—— _ _,_m-.v-—- "" --—-v-—o-... war-c. hold positions in tho labor force, and another onc—fifth \k........- "WM“... 4.. ......_., assumed they might work undar certain conditions. no . ...—.u~q In... - -"" """ .1 .1— '-‘-" used girls inflthe cighth and twelfth grades. {12) In a slightly younger sample of S, 8, and 11 year olds Hartley found that girls indicated significantly increasing expectations with age of working after marriage 11 than did boys of the sama age indicate they expected their wives to work. (5) Of these boys and girls 64 per ofiw w. N~~Dfl "M- W” -_...-. km W. .qu worm-H...“ M..- cent saw the woman as being uncomfortable about going to "“ 'Wv“-- 4.u--‘-- H’s-om work and loaving her child at home; 35 per cont saw her as feeling good about leaving. Tho variable of ago made a- a difference; as the child's ago incr ed his perception of his mother's discomfort about working increased. (5:89) £§11r. ...... There have been several recent reviews and commentaries on the effects of maternal employment on children. (8, ll, 14, 17, 18, 19) A statement in'gggg =$n the Livos of fiargied_Womog says that all the effects of maternal employment clearly are not adverse: (9:142) Maternal employment may result in a higher standard of living for the family, providing richer opportunities for the children and opening up avenues to more satisfactory careers in the future. The greater partnership usually called for if both parents are employed may even be an asset to the child. Dr. Lois Meek Stolz has stated: fOnd is impressed with the number of different and opposing findings which {ffggrch concerning the effcctnof maternal employment on childron has produced. One can say almost anything one desires about the children of employed mothers and support the statement by some research study." (183772-773) 12 The authors mentioned above have made several statements as to what should be done to control the findings of different research studies. However, we are living in a world of rapid change. Fifty years ago a married woman usually worked only for economic reasons. how, in our culturally and technologically advanced world, many women are beginning to work or returning to it for other than economic reasons. The adolescents of today are living in a world that those of ten years ago did not even know. The adolescents of tomorrow will probably live in a society more than twice as technolo- gically advanced as the one we are living in today. The adolescent is in transition between childhood and adulthood. The environment changes him in these years and these years are vitally important to him. He is changing physically as wall as emotionally. internal employment will have an impact on him that will harm or help him. CSAPTER III METHODOLOGY The questionnaire method was employed to collect data for the study. _Qevc10pmont of the Instrumant An instrument (see Appendix) was developed to obtain information. The questionnaire consisted of four main parts: 1) General background information. 2) Personal attitudes that may affect attitudes toward working mothers. 3) Time usage of girls in six areas. 4) Questions pertaining to how the girl felt and how she saw another family member or members viewing selected areas relating to maternal employment. The first step in construction of this instrument was to define what the information on the instrument should reveal. Six areas were salected to ba explored: family unity, household responsibilities, perceived economic advantage, parental supervision, relationships with others, and freedom to choose. 13 14 Since this was an exploratory study it was decided to use four questions pertaining to each of the six areas. The questions were divided into the six areas. (See page 52 of the Appendix.) The wording and phrasing of the items and responses were carefully selected by the writer and checked by several persons presently teaching family life education courses. §oloctionmof Sample and Collection of Data Originally it had boon planned to give an information blank to all girls in a high school for the purpose of selecting the sample and than to mail a second questionnaire to those that met the criteria. This plan was found not to be possible; consequently, the information section was shortened and placed on the first page and ooeuhalf of the questionnaire. Teachers from Haslett, Saranac, Mason, and Grand Ledge gave the questionnaires to students who met the criteria. Eighty~two question- naires were filled out. Fiftybsix of these met the criteria and were able to be analyzed. ggglysis of Datg Data were analyzed descriptively. Background information such as age, year in high school, father's employment, mother's employment, length of mother's employment, and number of family members in the household were tabulated and described. 15 The responses to each question were tabulated according to answer and whether tho respondent's mother was in the educationalemanagorial, f3ctory~oporativ3, or clarical-servicc category. A chart was made of each of the reaponses to the questions. Each question was analyzed separately and t.on the four in each of the six areas ware compared. Finally, a summary was made of all findings. The mean difference was calculated for the time usage area. This was done by assigning a weight of -2 to each strongly disagree response, a -1 to each disagree response, 0 for an indifferent or don't know response, a +1 for each agree rcfiponse, and a +2 for each strongly agree res onse. Within each category tho weights were assigned, multiplied by the number in each area, and the minus answers subtracted from the plus answers. This answer was divided by the total number of respondents in each of tho three categories to arrive at the mean difference. Doscrigtion of tho 531_}. 6 R The sample consisted of 55 adolescent girls in high schools near the Lansing, Michigan, area who met the following criteria: 1) The father was employed fullutima and lived at home. 16 2) The mother was employed full-time and had been so for not less than two years. 3) The respondent wrs between 15 and 18 years of age and in the tenth, eleventh, or twelfth grade. the raspondcnts were classified according to the full-time occupation of the mother, cithur udUCuLioual~ managerial, factory-opurativc, or clurical-scrvice. The length of the mother's employment by category is shown beIOWo TABLE l.-Length of Mother's Employment by Category m w ~ _A *m Employment Educational- Factory- C1erical~ Length managerial Operative Service 2~S years 4 4 19 5-10 years 2 2 1 10¢ years 4 8 12 Total 10 14 32 “A fill of the fathcrs are emplayed full-time in job categories simi ar to the mothers. Their occupations ranged from teacher to factory worker. Six of the rcsgondcnts were "only" children; fourteen had brothers or risters aged 10 or under. Eleven of those who had siblings were yOUngst children and eleven were the eldest. Four of th families had people other than parents and siblings living with them. CE'EJKPTER IV FIfiDIXGS The findings were summarized by making an aualysis by percentages of responses in each category, i.o., educationalumanagorial, c1orica1-serv1Cs, and factory~ operative. Family Unitx .U.----—v- TABLE 2.-—Fam11y Unity Reduction if Mother Works Part 11-1. The unity of the family is not reduced anymore if the mother works than if the fathsr works. IH _ Ifidiffo Strongly 0’ mlrafl D "t A “so Strongly Tot'l Mean alsogrto 18’9”“ Kggw gl‘ Agree s Diff. Man. (30%) (30%) ( O ) (40%) ( O J (100%) ' Fac.- 3 3 3 4 1 14 - 314 Op. (21.41) (21.4%) (21.4%) (28.6%) (7.2%) (100%) '° Cler.- 5 7 6 10 3 31‘ “.032 Set. (16.1%) (22.6%) (19.4%) (32.3% (9.7%) (100%) '1 no response The moan difference shows all respondents have a tondsncy to disagree with tho statomsnt, "The unity of the family is not reduced anymora if the mother works than if 17 18 the father works." The educational-managerial category reports a stronger disapproval of item one. It shows nearly one-third more than either of the other two categories. The factory-operative category reports less approval with the statement when the two agree columns are combined. The educational-managerial category expresses a definite answer to this whlls the other two groups report somo responses in all areas. These respondents may believe that the mother is the more important member to family unity in the two-parent family. TABLE 3.-Hours Spout Per hook with Family Part II:¢1 o How much time do you spend each wcck with family? (o.g., meals, church, family recreation, etc.) V...— ———w—— v— w w va r w“ .. .- w. w' w _ w..— w—v w— ) w—w T333310 11-15 16-20 21-25 Over 25 Total Educ.- 3 1 2 2 2 10 Man. (30%) (10:) (20%) (20%) (20:) (100%) F5Co" 0 2 6 1 5 14 0p. ( o ) (14.3%) (42.9r) (7.1%) (35.7% (100%) C1cr.- 3 5 7 _ 8 8 31. Sor. (9.7%) (16. %) (22.6%) (25.8%) (25.8%) (100%) ’1 no response Thirty per cont of the respondents whose mothers are in the educational~managor1al category spend less than 10 hours per week with their families. This figure is three times less than the respondonts whose mothers are in tho 19 clerical-service category and thirty times less than the of the {rotary—operative category. "I“ Us responden- llmost 43 per cent of the respondents whose mothers are in the factoryuoperetive category report spending 13 to 20 hours a week with their families. TABLE 4.--Family Unity Change Because of Hother's Working Part Iv-7o Because your mother works, to what extent has your family Unity Changed? “A .3- wan-in...- ' ‘ :5 3 'w . m: " n l'ia‘mi‘Jfiu—W-m Greatly Slightly fl ,1. Slightly Greatly Apart Apart 33““ Together Together Total reuc.- 2 4 iv 4 o o 10 Ken. (20%) (40%) (40%) ( O J < O ) (100%) Fec.- 1 2 9 2 0 l4 0p. (7.1%) (14.3%) (64.3%) (14.3%} ( O ) (100%) Cler.~ ' * 15 ’ 2 31‘ .3 £5 J. Set. (15.1%) (25.8%) (48.4%) (3.2%) (6.5%) (100%) '1 no response Respondents of educational-managerial working mothers report their families have grown greatly apart. These respondents appear to have strong feelings about family unity. Sixty per cent of them report that their families have grown apart while 80.6 per cent of the factory-operative employed mothers' daughters report there has been no orange or there has been an increase in family unity. 20 TABLE 5.-Respondent's Report of Father's Approval of Mother': Working Part IV~11 0 Does your father approvo of your mother working? ; V ,7 fit All Th6 - t :11 Little Sometimes Usually Time Total Ban-.0- 0 1 1 3 5 10 For. ( 0 ) (10% (10%) (30%) (50%) (100%) Fact“ 0 3 3 5 3 1‘ Op. ( 0 3 (21.4%) (21.4%‘ (35.7%) (21.4%) (100%) C133.“ 3 2 3 15 7 3°. '2 no responso None of the respondents of educational-managerial or factory-operative employed mothers report that their fathers completely disapprove of their wives' working. However, 42.8 per cent of factory-operative employed women and 26.7 per cent of clerical-service employed woman have husbands who only sometimes or loss approve of the mother's working, report the respondents. The fathers could believe that women should not work. They may be more traditional in their outlook. Somo difficulty may be being faced by the respondents' mothers who havo factory jobs, because tho fathers in this category least often approve. I, 2 l ff _/ Family Unity Summary The fathor approves of the mothar’ 3 working in W’Wffl' «- -\-o<. a graater percentage of cases in all three categories, I but the most approval was found in the educational— c o“. -"‘ “"“" w.a-.-.-,f'-"> L” managerial category. A majority of thosa respondents report spending less than 10 hours per week with their families. Furthermore, educational-maragnrial respondents M". report that their familio3 have grown apart since the bl- um-vrv‘ mother ha3 worked. So, in these families the father's “rc-"V‘ " #— —-—.-—-——--.._- approval does not seam to enforce family unity. The educational—managarial respondents' report shows their families have grown more apart than those of either of the other two categories. Perhaps this could be because the mothers are in contact with more educated pooplo and see more what their potential could be. Only one of the father's background in this area reportedly was similar to the wife's background. This husband was a teacher. With the oxception of the respondents of WWW” ' educational-managerial employed mothers more of the '9‘” M respondents spend over 16 hotrs per week with their r—u—v Mr H“' familiar. Evidently this time 13 not ohough or 13 not __ _._,_‘... N—m’vu um . spent in ouch ways as to load the girls to raport that their family unity has been strengthened. 22 Relationships with Otherg TABLE 6.-Response Toward All Family Members Should Have Some Time of Their Own Part 11"3 o All family membersw-mother, father, children, each- should have some "time of their own." w. w w w ‘ Indiffo Strongly Strongly Bean Disagree Disagree :32;t Agree Agree Total Diff. 'Eauc.- -" o o d 3 7 10w fir Man. ( o ) { o 3 c o ) (303) (70%) txooz)*1'7°° Fac.- o o o 1 7 14 0p. c o ) ( o ) < o 1 (50%) (50%) <1oor)*1'5°° Cler.- o o 1 14 17 32 +1 500 Sex. c o ) ( o ) (3.13) (43.8%) (53.1%) (1003) ' Respondents report a very strong tendency to agree with this statement; a mean difference of «2.00 was the highest possible, a ~2.00 was the lowest. The high percentage in the strongly agree group could mean that the educational-managerial respondents feel more supervised. However, since there is only one indifferent response, and no disagree responses, the respondents appear to be clearly indicating more desire to have time of their own. 23 TABLE 7¢-Hours Spent By Respon ant Per Week with Friends Part III-2. How much time do you spend each week with your friends? (9.9., on dates, leisure and extra-curricular activities, etc.) Tfiggslo 11-15 10-20 21-25 Over 25 Total Educ.~ 3 4 1 0 2 10 Man. (30%) (40%) (10%) ( 0 ) (20%) (100%) Fac.- 0 s 2 4 3 14 0p. ( o ) (35.7%) (14.3%) (28.6%) (21.41) (100%) C1er.- 10 9 7 3 2 310 Sat. (32.3%) (29% (22.6%) (9.7%) (0.5%) ‘(100%) '1 no response Seventy per cent of the educational-managerial respondents spend 15 hours or less on leisure time per week. However, 50 per cent of the factorynoperative respondents spend 21 hours or over per week with friends and on leisure time. TABLE 8.-Status in Peer Group Change Because of Mother's working Palt I-‘ur’8 0 How much has your status or place in your age or peer group changed because of your mother working? Lowered Lowered Increased Increased Greatly Somewhat same Somewhat Greatly Total Educ..- 0 3 5 1 1 W 10 Nan. ( 0 ) (30%) (503) (10%) (10%) (100% Foc.- 0 O 13 0 1 14 Op. ( O ) ( O 3 (92.9%) ( O ) (7.1%) (100% Cler.* 0 l 24 3 2 30' Eur. ( 0 ) (3.3% (80%) (10%) (6.7%) (100%) I'2 no response Thirty per cent of the respondents of the educational-managerial group report their status has been lowered. 'pon checking, those rospondonts’ mothers are in tho managerial division of tho category, not the educa- tional division of it. The educational category (four responses) all report the same status as before. The reason that so many of the respondents report their status has not been changed in the factory-operative and clerical- sorvico category is crhaps bccause their friends also have mothers who work or these mothers have been working most of their children's lives. In fact, 57 per cent of the mothers in tho category of factory-operative and 37.5 per cent of the mothers in the category of clerical- service have been employed for over ten years full—time. TABLE 9.-—Change in Leisure Activity Part IV—Z. Because your mother works to what extent have your leisure activities changod? ‘— ,‘.___ :7 ~— ‘— ._ . w W—w —.—— Very Somewhat Somewhat Greatly H Limited Limited Same Increased Increased lOtal Educov 1 4 4 l 0 10 Man. (10% (40%) (40%) (10%) ( 0 ) (100%) Fac.- 0 4 9 1 0 14 Op. ( O ) (28.6%) (64.3%) (7.1%) ( 0 ) (100% Clar.- 3 11 15 2 0 31' Ear. (9.7%) (35.5%) (48.4%) (6. 57 .) ( O ) (100%) v—v ’1 no response The leisure activities are reported to have been ' least changed by respondents whose mothers are factory- Operative employees. The highest percentage of increase is reported in the educationa1-managarial category and that is only 10 per cent. Summary of Relationships with Others {11 rospondants report, with the exception of one who did not know or was indifferent, that all family mem- bers ahould have soma time of thoir own. Tho fact that the qu’ mothers are working does not load any of those ras pendants to believe that their status in their peer group is greatly 1owerod. It is interesting to note that of the three Mow”... .. .- -~.._ . ~. . ._. .a- \-n.-W.¢ - ‘ groups the educational-managcrial respondznts had the highest percentaga in reporting somewhat loworod status. 3'“ 26 Household Responsibilities TABLE 10...Parenta1 EXpectations of Toenago Help Part 11-5 Parents should allow and/or exPoct teenagers to help around the house. w M __ Indlgf. strongly e ,_ , a strongly . Mean Disagreo Dioagloo gggwt Agreo Agree Total Diff. Educ.~ 1 O 3 6 10 ) ( )*1.300 0 Man. (10%) ( o o ) (30%) (60%) (100% Fac.- o o o 4 ' 1o 14 W 1 714 Op. ( o ) ( o ) ( o ) (23.5%) (71.4%) (100%)+ ' .- 1 o o 14 17 32 r. (3.1%) ( o ) ( o ) (43.7%) (53.1%) (100%) Clo) s: +1.438 The mean difference shows those girls raport a strong tendency to agree with this statement. The respondents whose mothers are employed in factory~0perative category report the highest agreement with tho otatement and are the only category to have no reports less than agreement with tho statement. 27 TABLE ll.-Hours Spent Per week Doing Household Duties Part 111-30 How much time do you spend doing household duties? (e.g., cleaning your room or other parts of the house, washing dishes, washing and/or ironing clothes, etc.) ——-—v w w—vw—vvv—v-v— w—u—fi—v ww— : A“ i .1. T Less 0 Than 3 4-6 7-10 Over 10 Total 0 3 s 2 10 ) ( 0 ) (30%). (50%) (20%) (100%) 4 I, 6 3 14 . 0%) (02.9% (21.4%) (100%) 1 11 8 11 31~‘ ) (3.2%) (35.5%) (15.0%) (35.5%) (100%) I“l no responoo Each of the girls have to do some household duties. The clericalusorvico respondents report spending a larger percentage of time, more than 10 hours per week, doing household duties, but the educational-managerial respoodents report spending 7 to 10 hours per woek on household duties. 28 TABLE 12.-Housohold Re mo.sibility Change of other Family Member Part IV—Go To what oxto mt hava the household responsibilities of the other family members changed because of your mother's working? m ‘4‘ _ ‘b‘ 'v- —— fl ‘— 50. ‘- m Increased Increased Rot Decreased Decreased ”otal Greatly Soruwhat Changed Slightly reatly ‘ “ Educ.- 2 3 3 0 2 10 Man. (20%) (30%) (30%) ( 0 ) (20%) (10'%) Fac.- 0 3 9 l 0 13* Op. ( O ) (23.1%) (39.2?) (7.7%) ( 0 ) (100%) Clor.- 4 15 9 2 l 31' Set. (12.9%) (48.4% (29%) (6.5%) (3 . H7) (100% ) v.— —-"_— Sixtymnino and trautonths per cent of respondents of factory~cpera mi'o emgloyod mothers roport no change in household responsibilities. This figure is consideraoly larger than that reported in tho other categories. ‘ Ii (“29./ 3.x” TABLE 13.-—Changos in Household Rosponsibilities Part IV-lO. Becausa your mother works, to what extent have your household responsibilities changed? "1. “ ' '3‘ A .7 “" Incroaood Incroasod wot Decreased Docr:a$ rad Total Greatly Somewhat Changed Slightly Greatly Educ.- 4 4 2 0 0 10 Ron. (41%) (40%) (20%) ( 0 ) ( 0 ) (100%) Fac.~ 1 8 3 l l l4 0;. (7.13) (57.1%) (21.4%) (7.1%) (7.1%) (100%) Clor.~ 7 16 6 0 0 29' Ear. (24.1%) (55.2% (20.7%) ( 0 ) ( 0 ) (100%) '3 no response Forty por coat of the respondents of educational» managerial report that their household responsibilities have increased greatly which is 32.9 per cont more than tho respondents of factory-operative employed mothers report and 15.9 per cent more than those of factory- oporativo category. Only 14.2 per cent of the respoo dents report a decrease in their responsibilities and those are in the factory-operative employed mother categor\. Household Responsibilities Summary 1ho roopohdex1ts fool their own household responoiuilitics havv- intlcasud mor o thozz those of other flrily momrors. Ono of the roasons for the respondents seeing an incr . are in thoir household rosponsibilities might be that during the time their mothers have worked 30 they have gotten older. Most, with the exception of two, feel that teenagers should be expected or allowed to help around the house. All of them have at least some responsibility in this area. Berceived Economic Advantage TABLE l4.-Attitude Toward Mother's Working Only if Money Is Needed Part 11-6. A women should work only if the extra money is needed by her family. M ‘ fl Indiff. ——————— Strongly Strongly Moan Disagree Disagree gon't Agree Agree Total Diff. now (Educ.- 2 3 o 3 2 1o 0 Man. (20%) (30%) ( O ) (30%) (20%) (100%) Fac.e 5 1 1 5 2 14 - 143 Op. (35.7%) (7.1%) (7.1%) (35. %) (14.3%) (100%) ' Cler.- 8 9 4 6 S 32 Sor. (25%) (28.1%) (12.5%) (13.3%) (15.5%) (100%)"231 The mean difference shows that the respondents in the factory-operative and clericaluservico categories have a tendency to disagree with the statement, "A woman should work'gggx if the extra money is needed by her family." The educational-managerial respondents are equally divided on this question but all did express an opinion one way or the other. A greater percentage of respondents in the factory- Operative and clerical-service categories strongly disagreed 31 with the statement. This might be because these mothers may have to work. TABLE 15.—-Hours Spent by Respondent in Paid Employment Part 111.4. . How much time do you spend doing work for pay? (e.g., part-time paid job, babysitting, etc. O Tfizgsa 4-6 7-10 Over 10 Total 'Educ.- 1 W 3 o 5 '1 10 Man. (10%) (30%) ( 0 ) (50%) (10%) (100%) PBS." 2 3 5 2 2 14 0p. _(14.31) (21.4% (35.7%) (14.3%) (14.3%) (100%) Clerc“ 5 7 12 3 4 31. 56:. (15.1%) (22.6%) (38.7%) (9.7%) (12.9%) (100%) '1 no response Sixty per cent of the respondents in the educationaiumanageriai category report spending 7 or more hours in doing work for pay while 76 per cent of the clerical-service category respondents :eport doing 6 or less hours for pay. TABLE 16.-Extent Mother's Income Has Benefited Daughter Part IV¢9Q To what extent has tho money your mother makes personally benefited yon? RiflAt Little Sometimes Much gfigg Total £duc.~ O O S S 0 10 Man. ( 0 ) ( O ) (50%) (50%) ( 0 ) (100%) FECO- O 2 3 5 4 14 Op. ( 0 ) (14.3%) (21.4%) (35.7%) (28.6%) (100%) C1or.~ 1 1 9 13 1 31‘ Set. (3.2%) (3.2%) (29%) (41.9%) (22.6%) (100%) '1 no response The educational—managerial category respondents report the most over—all positive benefit from the money their mothers make, but 28.6 per cent of the respondents whose mothers were factory—operative employed and 22.6 per cent of the respondents of clerical-service employed mothers report that tho money benefits them very much. 33 TABLE l7.-—Extont hothor's Income Has Benofited Family Part IV-4. Because of your mother‘s work, to what extent has your mother's income from employment helped the family? hot Little Some Host All Total Educ.- 0 0 2 5 2 9‘ non. ( O ) ( O ) (22.2% (55.6%) (22.2”) (100% Fac.~ 0 0 l 7 5 13' 0p. ( 0 ) ( O ) (7.7%) (53. %) (38.5%) (100% Cler.~ O l 6 13 12 32 Sor. ( O ) (0.1%) (18.8%) (40.6% (37.5%) (100%) '1 no response All respondents see some monetary benefit from their mothers' employment to the family. Perceived Economic Advantage Summary All respondents see some monetary benefit from their mothers' employment to the family and all but one sees some benefit to herself. This monetary benefit may be in the form of an allowance. The respondents are fairly evenly divided as to whether a mother should work only if her family needs the money. In all three cate- gories the respondents see the income their mothers make as benefiting the family all or most of the time more than it benefits them. The clericalusorvice and factory- operative respondents see the money benefiting the family more than those in the not at all or little categories. Parental Supervision TABLE 18.-Perent—Daughter Decision—flaking Part 11-40 It is important that parents allow teenagers to make decisions for themselves. _ _‘ ., . V .. i A 1 i- w w V—v—v _ . Indiff. . , Strongly Strongly hean Disagree Disagree Eggét Agree figreg Total Diff. EdUC.¢ 0 0 O S 5 10 +1 500 Man. ( O ) ( O ) ( O ) (50%) (50%) (100%) ' F3Co". 0 1 1 7 S 14 +1 143 Op. ( O ) (7.1%) (7. %) (50%) (35.7%) (100%) ° ' Cler.~ O O l 17 13 31’ +1 387 Ser. ( O ) ( 0 ) (3.2%) (54.8%) (41.9%) (100%) ' ‘1 no response The mean difference shown the respondents report a strong tendency to agree with the statement, "It is important that parents allow teenagers to make decisions for themselves." The educational-managerial respondents strongly agree with this statement 8.1 per cent more than the clericalnservice respondents and 14.3 per cent more than the factory-operative respondents. 3.5 TABLE 19.-—fiours Spent Under Supervision Each Week as Reported by Respondents Part III~6. How many hours do you spend under supervision? (e.g., school, activities which parents supervise, etc.) “$5 * 35-40 41-45 46-55 Over 55 Total Educ.- s 3 o 2 0 10 Man. (50%) (30% ) ( 0 ) (20%) ( O ) (100%) Fac.- 2 4 4 o 4 14 0p. (14.3%) (23. 67 ) (28. 6s) ( o ) (28.6%) (100%) C18to‘ 7 7 2 6 9 31. Ber. (22.6%) (22.6%) (6.5%) (19.4%) (29%) (100%) ‘1 no response Eighty per cent of the respondents of educational- managerial employed mothers report spending less than 40 "h. _,.,_ hours per week under supervision as compared with 42 .9 per Cont of factory-operatile respondents and 43. 2 per cent of. clerical-sar(ica re sponderts in the same time category. h) 0) TABLE 23.~nRespondent's Decision to Do Household Chores Part IV-l. Ara you able to do your household choros the way you want or when you want? At 1'1 1.." . All The 9+. ‘\ 2:1 9 10* Somatimes Uru111y Time Total Educ.- O C O 2 8 10 Man. ( G ) ( 0 ) ( 0 ) (20%) (80% (100%) FaC 9" O O 3 8 3 14 0p. ( 0 ) ( O ) (21.4%) (57.1%) (21.4%) (100%) C195.“ 1 4 8 15 3 32 5%) (50%) (9.4%) (100%) Ssr. (3.1%) (12.5%) (2 All respondents of the educational-managerial employed mothers report that they have control over the way they want and when.they want to do housework as compared to only 78.5 per cent of tho reopondents of factory-operative and 59.4 per cent of the respondents of clericalnservics employed mothers. The c1erica1~service rospondsnts respond that they have the least froedom in deciding how to do their household chores the way they wish. 37 TfiELE 21.-Extent to which Family chhors Are Expo: :d to Fake Own Decisions Part IJ’S 0 To what extent are your family or brothers and sisters expected to make decisions of their own? Total 5 it All The ill Seldom Sometimes Usually Time Educ.- 0 l 4 S 0 10 Ron. ( 0 ) (10;) (40%) (50% ( O ) (100% F3C.- C O 6 6 1 1:. Op. ( 0 ) ( 0 ) (46.2%) (46.2%) (7.7%) (100% Clor.« 0 3 14 ll 2 20" Sor. ( 0 ) (10%) (45.71) (36.7%) (6.7%) (100%) ‘1 no responsc "2 no response The respondents in the factory-Operative category report their family members are expected to make decisions of their own usually or all of tho time 53.9 per cent of the time. Under the some two answers, usually or all of the time, 50 per cent of educational-managerial respondonts and 43.4 per cent of clerical-service respondents report their family members are expected to make their own 'dooisions. This may be because in the educational- managorial families only three respondents report having oldor siblings living in the homo with them and thirteen out of thirty-two respondents in tho clerical—service division report having oldcr siblings living in the home. The factory~0perative respondents, though, report seven 38 out of fourteen or 50 per cent having older siblings living in the home. Enrontal Supervision Summary The respondents report they agree that it is important that parents allow teenagers to make decisions for themselves. The respondents in the educational- managerial category especially report they can do their household chores the way thay wish usually or all of the time. The other two categories agree with the statement but do not not as much freedom in deciding how and when to do household chords as the educational-managerial respondents do. Froodom to_fhpose TABLE 22.-Extont to Which Teenager Should Have Freedom Part 11*20 Children should be allowed to have freedom to do what they want after school when they are of high school age. “. . —— .— W v W w r . Indiff. Strangly , A, , , . a Strongly M Moan Disagree Di°agr‘h gon't Agrec Agree lotal Diff. now Educ.~ 1 3 o f 6 o 10 - 100 Man. (10%) (30%) ( 0 ) (60%) ( O ) (100%) ' Fac.w 2 7 O S 0 l4 _ 4,9 0p. (14.3%) (50%) ( O ) (35. fi) ( 0 ) (100%) ' “ Ser. (21.9%) (43.8%) (12.5%) (21.9%) ( 0 ) (100%) ' 39 The respondonts tend to dioagroe with the 5tatom=ht, "Children should be allowed to have freedom to do what they want after school when they are of high school ago." Th4 oducatioval—managnrinl rerpondunts disagree least, follode by the 'actory-operttive to the clerical- servico respondocts who disagree mos. with the statemott. Only 12.5 per cent of the clerical-service respondents report indiffarence to this statement. Sixty per cent of the respondents of educational- mauogorial employees report agreement to the statement which is nearly twice the number of factory-operative respondents and three times the clerical-service respondents. ThBLB 23.-.Humbor of Hours of Free Time Reported by Respondents Per Week Part III-S. How much free time do you have in which you can do what you want? nggss 6-10 11-15 16-20 Over 20 Total EChJCo" 5 2 O 2 1 10 Man. (50%) (20%) ( 0 ) (20%) (10%) (100%) Fac.- 1 2 3 3 5 14 Up. (7.1%) (14.3%) (21.4%) (21.4%) (35.7%) (100%) Cler.- 5 11 13 l 2 32 36:. (15.6%) (34.3%) (40.6%) (3.1%) (6.5%) (100%) Seventy per cent of tho respondents whose mothers were in the educationalmmanagerial category report that they have 10 or loss hours per week to do what they want, 40 whilo 78.5 per cent of the respondents of the factory~ operative category and 51.4 per coat of the respondents in tho clerical—servioec category re .port 11 or more hours of L isure time. TABLE 24.-~Exi;o t to Vhich fiosgondoht Woo Moro Freedom $han Prion 5 Part 17-3. To what extent oo your parents give you more freedom than tho parents of your friends give than? w — fi—ww WW v w—v— A.- W ”m MN“W-I.-I~~D"UIIMW us- on..- A W v *4: m.” Not Lesa Of a host Of All Or Any Time Sam“ Time Timo Total Educ.- 0 1 7 2 0 10 Man. ( 0 ) (10%) (70%) (20% ( 0 ) (100%) Fac.~ 0 2 6 4 2 1-4 090 ( 0 ) (1‘1333) (42.9%} (2806;; ) (14.313 (4.00?!- ) C1er.~ 0 4 21 6 1 32 Set. ‘ 0 o ) (12 5%) (65.6%) (18.3% (3.1%) (100% W w- ——v~— ‘ . v' v All the res ’U codents report that they are not given loss freedom than paronts of their friends give them all tho time. Ono-tenth of tho educational-managerial, one- sovohth of faotory-oporativo, and onoceighth of tho clerical-service respondents report they are given sono- what 193 s froeoom than their friends' parents give to their friends. The most coqforming grouo, as evidenced by the "about the same” answer, comos from the educational~ managerial roopondents. The factory-operative category give their children more fro edom than the parents of the other two categories give their children, i.e., 42.9 per 41 cent as compared to 21.9 per cent of clerical-service and 20 per cent of educationalmmanagerial. Perhaps the educational—managerial and clerical-service parents are trying to aim for middle-class standards and try to give the responderts about the samo freedom as they see other parents giving. TABLE 25.-Extent to Which Freedom of Choice Has Been Affected Part IV-IP. To what extent has your freedom to choose to do what you want horn offocted by your mother working? _, W,r __i , - **--v ,i" or o: r:**- r“ .‘-w.:::=== Greatly ‘Slightly fl a Somewhat Greatly Decreased Docreosod S“m” Increased Incroarad Total Educ.» 2 2 2 4 0 10 Man. (20%) (20%) (20%) (40%) ( O ) (100%) F3C.‘ O 2 8 2 2 1.4 0p. < 0 ) (14.3%) (57.1%) (14.3% (14.3%) (100%) Clerc-r 1 4 15 8 2 30’ Ser. (3.3%) (13.3%) (50%) (26.7%) (6.7%) (100%) ‘2 no response Forty per cent of the children of educati nai— monagorial mothers roport their freedom to choose to do What they want has boon decreased and 46 per cent rogort ooro incroase. The other two categories show one-half reporting there has boon no change. This queotion samma to reach the fact that there is loss change on thio issue in the clerica1~oervico and factory-Operative categories than in tho causatioralumanagoriol category. 42 Freedom to Choose Summary Respondents of educational-managerial employed mothers report that their freedom has been decreased the most of the three categories and also report that of these three groups thoy do not have tho least froooom of the three groups. They report the highest percentage in F? agrooing that children should be allowed to hava freedom to do what they want after school when of high school age. SUI’ZI-MRY This study of 56 daughters of fullutime employed mothers gives some insights into how the daughters view their situation as found in six areas of inquiry. These six areas were family unity, freedom to choose, household responsibilities, perceivod economic advantage, rela- tionships with others, and parental supervision. The respondents were classified into three categories by occupation of the mothers. These three categories were educational-managerial, factory-operative, and clerical- service. On the questionnaire the respondents were asked to state degrees of agreement or disagreement to six questions that could reflect the way they viewed their mothers' employment. The respondents tend to agree that: (E); The unity of the family may be reduced more if f/ " the mother works than if tho father works.” The rospondonts no? t; expressing what they feel to ho their role expectation of a mother. 2) Each family member should have some time of his Own 0 43 44 3) Teenagers should be expected to help with household duties. 4) Teenagers should be allowed to make decisions for themsolVes. In each of the cases the daughters of educational- managerial employed mothers felt most strongly about the statements. There was a slight tendency for the factory» Operative daughters and the clericalmservice daughters to report disagreement to the statement that a woman should work only because of necessity. On this question the educational-managerial daughters were equally divided, and the mean score for the question was zero. All three groups reported a tendency to disagree that teenagers should have freedom to do what they want after school hours. The educational-managerial group disagreed the least. Perhaps these girls are in the process of testing how much freedom they really want because they agreed with tho statement that teenagers should be allowed to make their own decisions. The respondents were asked to estimate how much time they spent per week doing six activities. A summary of the estimates is made below. This was done by adding the percentages of the farthest two categories to the right in each of the charts. 45 A greater percentage of daughters of educational- managerial ornployod moths rs reported spending moro time doing household duties, more time working for pay, and the loast time spent with their families than either of the other two categories. Tho doqu! rs cf C1211331~8drViC€ rothcro reported having the loo at free time, the n. st time spent under supervision, the least timo working for pay, the least time doing household duties, the least time spent with frionds, and the most time spent with thoir families. Daughters of footory~oporativo employed mothers reported having the most frog time, the least time under suporvision, and the most time spent with friends. Taking these respono as as indicators of approral or disapproval of the mothers' working, it would appear that the daughtoro of educational-managerial category most dislike having their mothers work. General Summagz Family Unity The majority of respondonts report having the same or less famil.y uni ty than who; tho moth: r was not working. The father approves of t.o moizhor‘s working usually or all of the time. This factor dogs not soon to havo a major bearing on tho daughter's perception of family unity. Douvan'a hypothesis that perhaps employed mothers do not 46 enter very actively into their daughters' lives could bo one reason why these respondents perceive loss family Qousehold Rosponsibilitios A majority of the respondents reported that their household responsibilities had increased and also reported that the other family members' resoonsibilitios had either stayed the some or had increased since the mother began working. This finding agroes with Roy (15) and Douvan (2) who found that daughters of employed mothers have an increased amount of household raspoosibilities. Supervision The majority of respondeota reported they can decide to do the household chores the way they wish and that other family members are also expected to make decisions themselves somotimos or more often. Freedom to Choose A majority of tho rospondonts reported having either the sumo or an increased amount of freedom to choose and freedom to do things, and they 9150 perceive having equal or moro freedom than their frinnda. This finding would further support the findings found under Supervision in this study. {[47 1 Perceived Economic Advantages The majority of respondents see economic benefits from their mother's employment both to the entire fe mily and to themselves. Relationships with Others The majority of respondents report their leisure activities have remained the same or are somewhat less than before their mothers worked. They also report their status has either remained the same or has been somewhat lowered. The major lowering of status was reported in the educational-managerial :other employed category. fiypothesno -fi—c“ In... Hypot .hesis one was, "A majori y of the adolescent girls will express a nositive ettitude toward their mothers’ working." This hypothesi s was not supported by any of the data in the'arem of family unity, status in their peer qr cups 1 1eisure activity, household responsi- bi1it3es, and by the clerical-r ervice category in the area of free time. However, this category reported the most increase in their freedom to choose how to do household chores. The hypothesis was supported in the areas of perceived economic advantages by all and in the area of 7 Km ‘Tpumnu , u 1- t 48 decision-making by the respondents in the educational- managerial and factory-operative categories. It was partially supported in the factoryucpcrative category concerning leisure time activities, parontal supervision; by the clerical-service category in docision- making about householi chores; and by factory-opcrativo and educational-managerial catecor‘eo in the area of having Rypothesis two, "Adolescents whose mothers arc in educational or managerial occupations will express more positive attitudes and perceive more advantages in having their mothers work than adolescents whoce mothers arc employed in scmi¢skillcd occupations," was refuted in all areas including family unity, Lulationships with othcrs. household responsibilities, perccivcd economic advantage, and freedom to choose. These respondents do, however, have more frcodom in deciding how and when to do household chores. whether or not this carries over into other areas was not determined. .lmh11932m93§c£.r Further fiesearch m This study gives some insights into the area of adolescent ottitudes toward working mothers and how they rcport it has affected them. In order to be moro reliable 49 and valid, this study should be enlarged. The following recommendat10us arc pertinent. An interview with the rospondents would give a more complete and varied view of the way the rospondcuts feel. An opcnoended intervicw schedule would allow them more fully to interpret the impact of the mothcr's working. Projectivc techniquco would have been helpful if useo. If a quastionnaire is usod, the questions should be more clearly defined. The questions should also ha more specific and loss ambiguous as those tended to be in some areas. A prutes would have been helpful. More variables could bu studied to sea which ones are most affected by the mother's employment. This study was done with girls from intact fomilies which only includes a part of the working forco. Tha results may also be different if the reason or reasons why the mother works are controlled. A larger sample should be taken so one could possibly generalize to a larger population. BI BLIOGRAPE-{Y 1. The rmorican Family: A Critical figpraisal. Proceedings-ufin Irstitute sponsored by The New York State College of Home Economics, A Unit of the State University, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York. x2.\)oouvan, Elizabeth. "Employment and the Adolescent," in Rye, F. Ivan, and zzoffman, Lois W. .293 Employo d bother in America. Chicago: Rand ‘Echaiiy & Company, 1963. 3. Essig, Mary,a and Morgan, 0. H. ”Adjustment of Adolescent Daughters of Employed Mothers to Family Life, " Jour :al of Educational Psychology, XXXVII (April, 1945?, 219-233. 4. Groves, E. R. and Ogburn, :. F. limerican Marriage and Family_Rolotionships. New York: Holt, l§?8. (S. Hartley, Ruth B. "Children's Concepts of Male and \’ Female Roles," Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, Vol. VI, No. 2 (January,vl960), 88-91. «9); Hoffman, Lois Wladis. "Mother's Enjoyment of Work and "“ Effects on the Child," Child Development, XXXII (March, 1961), 187-197. 7. Hollingshead, August 8. "Some Crucial Tasks Pacing Youth: Problems of Adolescence, Poor Group, and Early Marriage," Dilemmas of Youth: In America Today. Edited bj‘R. m. Haclver. Row York: “‘ Harper & Brothers, 1961. 6/2 Naccoby, Eleanor E. "Effects Upon Children of Their " Mothers ' Outside Employment," tork in the Lives of harried 'o.nn, National Manpower Council. how iork: Columbia University Preos, 1958. 9. National Manpower Council. Work in the Lives of gprriod Women. new York: COlumLia University Press, 1958. ,1." 11. 12. 13. 16. 17. 20. 210 51 Rye, F. Ivan. "Employment Status of Mothers and Adjustment of Adolescent Children,"_g§e Employed Pothor in America. Chicago: Rand MEfially and Company, 1963. Nye. F. Ivan, and Hoffman, Lois WIadis. Th3 Emploxnd ‘gother in America. Chicago: Rand Hc1:ally and Company, 1933. Payne, Raymond. ”Adolescents' Attitudes Toward the Working .‘ifo, " Rarr13g3 and Family Living, vol. 18, NO. 4 (‘50vember, 1956). 345-348. Peterson, Evan T. "The Impact of Maternal Employment on the A'other—Daughter Relationship," Marriage and Family living, Vol. 23, No. 4 (HovembcE: I961). 33J‘3619 ' Powell, Kathryn Summers. "Maternal Employment in Relation to Family Life ," Earring» and Far.iL1 IJiVing’ V01. 23’ “To. 4 (3 Ovulwhb’ 1151), 350:355. Roy, Prodipto. "Adolescent Roles: Rural Urban Differentials, " The Employed "other in Am’rica. Chicago: Rand Eclally & Company, 1963. Schneiders, Alexander A.. Po zsonalitx_Dovologment and Adjustm031t in r333~v~3n~ . fiilwaukcsa The Bruce Publishing Compaz.y, l9o0. Sieqel, Alberta B. Research Issues Related to the Effects of Eaternal Employment on Children Penn. 5. U., University 93., Pennsylvania, Socia Science Research Center, June, 1961. Stolz, Lois M. “Effects of Paternal Employment of Children: Evidence from Research," Child DQV'ElOPIQC’E’ 1960’ 31' 749‘782. Sussman, riarvin B. "Headed Research on the Employed bother, " Farrja 3and Family Living, Vol. 23 (hovcmbcr, l9ol , 3055373. star's New Collegiate Dictiona_%. Springfield, abh33503 Go & Co Lorriam CO.;W19 9, p. 580 "Why Do Hothors Work?" United States Department of Labor, Women's Bureau, Washington, D. C. ( APPENDIX The chart below explains how the four questions in each of the six areas were divided. Part II Part III Part Iv Family Unity 1 1 7, 11 Relationships with Others 3 2 2, 8 Household Responsibilities 5 3 6, 10 Perceived Economic Advantage 6 4 4, 9 Freedom to Choose 2 5 3, 12 Parental Supervision 4 6 1, S 52 Age Year in.School Name of School Please check those spaces that apply to you. Present Occupation of Father What does he do on his Job? full-time paid worker' rt-time paid worker retired deceased not living in home unemployed other, Specify Present Occupation of Mother full-time paid worker (35 to #0 hours per week or more) part-time paid worker full-time homemaker deceased not living in home other, specify If mother is a paid worker, what kind of work does she do? clerical (e.g. secretarial, typist, stenographer sales (e,g. department store clerk service 1worker (e.g. beautician, cleaning woman, practical nurse, waitress factory or Operative farm foreman (e . in plant managerial e.g. runs own business, officials, proprietors educa tional (e. g. teacher other professional and technical (9.3. medical doctor,pr. - i D I, , . \ .--. -...-.-1‘ . ' ~ L ? ‘ _ .. ~ ‘ .4 - Or 0' ‘ 'q . 5‘ ' . .-- - n. ‘ . .. J t l , ; - ~ 7- .- . . q... -o— -—n*- ... _ u. ..--<.-. . o - . -‘1 -o A , A _o l - l g ‘ a . n ' n ' _. . .L J . C < O. V 4 - 1 ' . . O . , ) . . . _ . I. ‘ l ‘v , . 4 . l. . .. - _.- n.- .... , . I D '- ..... ~-- '. u . l O i A, . .fl. I. . —. -‘ O ’0 -—. ‘fl' " " Y . l . - v ' . , . . ' n _ . . .~ - . I . t. ' G ~ 8 ' v .4- v.' r . l f o . - I * - . .' . , ‘ . .- a . . . I ' ‘ l ‘ I I . I . aw“ - ' ) ‘ I ‘ ' o. ' OI! , i . ‘ t ; -. . p . — . ‘ ,_ . ' ‘ _ n . . , r ‘ l y; s. , I n u n - 4. , , . ' ‘ I t ‘ ' ‘ - . A- -. v - , . . l ' . t > . : A ‘ . ‘ . ‘ .-- . - - - Q '.. v ’ ‘ u . ‘ . . u I ‘I p Q- I. ' > I ‘-Q -".- i i- . -A- - . , - -_ -. .9.” i r " v n - o t A . ' A '. - . .. - ._\ g . How many are now living in your home? Place a check where the question applies to your situation and list the ages of any brothers or sisters now living at home. Mother Father Older brothers . . . . . . . Ages Older sisters. . . . . . . Ages Younger brothers . . . . . . Ages Younger sisters. . . . . . . Ages Others living in home, Specify. relatives Number roomers Number any others? Older sisters or brothers not presently living in home. Ages of sisters Ages of brothers v' _‘.— ”Haw—4wm.‘ LA..- How do you feel about the folIOWing statements? Place a check under the column which best tells the way you feel. SD :_ strongly disagree D :. disagree I, DK ;, indifferent or don't know A ;_ agree SA :. strongly agree SD D I, A SA DK 1. The unity of the family is not reduced anymore if the mother works than if the father works. #*—~— 2. Children should be allowed to have freedom to do what they want after school When they are of high school age. 3. All family members-mother, father, children each-should have some "time of their own". #. It is imaortant that parents allow teenagers to make decisions for themselves. 5. Parents should allow and/or expect teenagers ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ to help around the house. 6. A woman should work only if the extra money is needed by her family. Approximataly how many hours a week do you spend doing each of the following? Place a check beside the number of hours you Spend in that activity during a single week. . 1. How much time do you Spend each week with ' family? (e.g. meals, church, family recreation, etc.) less than 10 11 to 15 16 to 20 21 to 25 over 25 2. How much time do you spend each week with your friends? (e.g. on dates, leisure and extra-curricular activities, etc.) less than 10 “11 to l5 “16 to 20 21 to 25 over 25 3. How much time do you Spend doing household duties? (e.g. cleaning your room or other parts of the house, washing dishes, washing and/ or ironing clothes, etc ) 0 “less than 3 “a to 6 7 to 10 over 10 #, How much time do you Spend doing work for pay? (e.g, part-time paid OJob, babysitting, etc.) “less than 3 :u to 6. :7 to 10 over 10 5. How much free time do you have in which you can do what youxnant? less than 5 6 to 10 *11 to 15 :16 to 20 over 20 6. How many hours do you spend under supervision? (e.g. school, actiy ties Which parents supervise, etc.) .___35 36 to 40 #1 to 45 #6 to 55 over 55 (do not write in this Space) Below are some questions pertaining to certain areas that may or may not be affected by your mother's working. Place a check next to the statemausthat best answers each question in your Situation. 1. Are you able to do your household chores the way you want or when you want? HI not at all seldom sometimes usually all the time Because your mother works to What extent have your leisure activitL changed? very limited from what I wish they were somewhat limited same as if She weren‘t working somewhat increased increased greatly To what extent do your parents give you more freedom than the parents of your friends give them? not any of the time less of the time about the same most of the time all of the time Because of your mother's work, to what extent has your mother's income from employment helped the family? not at all little some of the time most of the time all of the time To what extent are your family or brothers and sisters expected to make decisions of their own? not at all seldom sometimes usually all the time To what extent have the household responsibilitites of the other family members changed because of your mother's working? have increased greatly increased somewhat not changed have decreased slightly have decreased greatly 10. ll. 12, Because your mother works, to what extent has your family unity changed? grown greatly apart grown slightly apart stayed the same as if she weren't working grown slightly together grown greatly together HI How much has your status or place in your age or peer group changed because of your mother working? greatly lowered someWhat lowered same somewhat increased greatly increased Ill P3 0 What extent has the money your mother makes personally benefited you? not at all little sometimes much very much Because your mother works, to what extent have your household resoonsibilities changed? have increased greatly have increased somewhat not changed have decreased slightly have decreased greatly U 0 (D m your father approve of your mother working? not at all a little sometimes usually all the time To What extent has your freedom to choose tocio what you want been affected by your mother working? greatly decreased slightly decreased stayed the same as if she weren't working somewhat increased greatly increased llll will '1. . .. ..A .r x 2'. n f ‘ | ,~ I ‘ - l.’ '. )AuL’A- 15' East in! ‘IICHIGQN STQTE UNIV. LIBRQRIE 31293104408129