" wmr,‘———- — . . w _ IV—w“ RESERAT‘EQN STUDIES QR MG HTMORERCY Giff-EMEH Thou: §ov Hm Dogma of M. 5. MECHEGAN STATE. UNIVERSETY Dona-Edi James Graham 1959 MllllllllljllzllllllHJUllllllllHlllHINHIIJHIHIIIIUHI 93 10444 2268 LIBRA R Y Michigan Scan University . MSU I LIBRARIES fl RETURNING MATERIALS: P1ace in book drop to remove this checkout from your record. FINES wi]1 be charged if book is returned after the date stamped be10w. {W0 RESPIRATION STUDIES ON MONTMORENCY CHERRIES By DONALD JAMES GRAHAM AN ABSTRACT Submitted to the College of Agriculture, Michigan State University of Agriculture and Applied Science in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE Department of Food Technology 1959 Approved (1 m5 ¢QL // DONALD JAMES GRAHAM ABSTRACT A study was carried out during the summer of 1959 to investigate the effects of various spray and fertilizer treatments, ethylene gas and stor— age on the respiration rates of Montmorency cherries. Two fertilizer and five spray treatments were used. The oxygen uptake of the cherries was measured using the Warburg method at 28° C. The effect of ethylene was determined by holding the fruit in an atmos- phere containing 1000 ppm of ethylene for 3 hours prior to measuring the oxygen uptake at 28°C under normal atmospheric conditions. Representative samples of cherries were held at two storage tem- peratures (32° to 34°C, and room temperature, 75 to 85° F) and respired daily at 28°C. The results indicated that a climacteric stage occurred in the cherries 62 to 67 days after full bloom. The spray treatments did not have any signifi- cant effect on the respiratory rates of the fruit. The climacteric stage of the nitrogen fertilized fruit was 7 to 9 days later than the climacteric stage of the non-fertilized fruit. The climacteric stage of the ethylene treated fruit occurred 4 days earlier than that of the non-treated fruit. The cherries held in storage reached a respiratory peak 3 days after DONALD JAMES GRAHAM ABSTRACT - 2 being placed in storage. This peak was due to an organizational breakdown within the fruit. The fruit began to shrivel the day after the respiratory peak occurred. Significant differences between spray treatments, fertilizer treat- ments and time of picking were found for the weight and volume per cherry. There were significant differences between spray treatments and time of picking for the soluble solids content of the fruit. ul'h‘r v - .4.-.. w. . ——9- . ' ‘ l v" V A 1&2-«0..-“'_ . .. . ) ‘%"-M T \ t’b-‘J4‘23‘. m. ‘3 Y RESPIRATION STUDIES ON MONTMORENCY CHERRIES By DONALD JAMES GRAHAM A THESIS Submitted to the College of Agriculture, Michigan State University of Agriculture and Applied Science in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE Department of Food Techn010gy 1959 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The author is deeply indebted to Dr. Clifford L. Bedford for his assistance in conducting this study, his aid and his advice in analyzing the data, and for his counsel in the preparation of the manuscript. The author also wishes to express his sincere appre- ciation for the assistance given him by Drs. George Borgstrom, Otto Bunneman, Karol Kropp, and Messrs. W. F. Robertson and H. A. Cardinell, without which this study would not have been possible. TABLE OF CONTE NTS INTRODUCTION. . .................. REVIEW OF LITERATURE ..... METHODS AND PROCEDURES ............ RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ............... BIBLIOGRAPHY .................... APPENDIX ............ 12 17 35 37 41 INTRODUCTION Red tart cherries are one of the most important fruit crops in Michigan. The average annual production during recent years has been about 70, 000 tons amounting to about 50 percent of the total production in the United States. More than 90 percent of this production was either canned or frozen (25). One of the more pressing problems of the cherry processors is the obtaining of fruit at its optimum maturity, free from disease and injury, so it will retain the desired color and quality during processing. At present there is no standard program (except for visual color obser- vations) for determining optimum maturity. The cherries are harvested when the majority of the fruit in the orchard appears to have the color and size preferred, usually without regard to spray and fertilizer programs. Since organic spray chemicals have now widely replaced proprietary copper sprays for controlling diseases of cherries, and expanded fertilizer programs are being used to increase yields, it becomes important to know the effect of these materials on the rate of fruit maturation. Numerous respiration studies have shown the climacterium found in pome fruits, such as the apple and pear, to be associated with optimum maturity for utilization of the fruit (18, 33, 40). Little is known about the respiration of the red tart cherry as only a few studies have been under- taken in this area and the results are conflicting (14,27, 28, 29, 40). This study was undertaken to determine if there is, l) a climac- terium in red tart cherries; 2) the effect of various spray and fertilizer treatment on their respiration rate; 3) the effect of ethylene gas on their respiration rate; and 4) to determine the respiration rate of cherries held at 32 to 34° F and at room temperature. REVIEW OF LITERATURE According to Biale (6) in the life history of each fruit the following four stages may be distinguished: cell division, cell enlargement, matur- ation, and senescence. The data available for most deciduous fruit species (2,6, 7,8, 10, ll, 13, 14, 16, 18, 22,23, 24,31, 33, 35, 38, 39, 40, 43) also indi- cates a fifth stage termed by Kidd and West (18) as the "climacteric" stage. The climacteric stage was marked by a transition phase between develop- ment and the onset of functional breakdown, between ontogeny and senes- cence. It can be recognized as a marked and sudden rise in the respiration rate prior to senescence. The majority of the literature reviewed concerning the respiration and post harvest physiology of stone fruits (6, 7, 10, 23, 27,33) concluded that cherries either do not exhibit a climacteric stage or they do not men- tion this stage. The exception to this was reported by Hartmann (14) who found a climacteric stage in an unknown variety of cherries obtained from a local market and held at 15°C, on the order of the magnitude of a cli- macterium in bananas and slightly higher than that found in Williams pears. Ulrich (38) investigating the respiration rate of Napoleon cherries (firms align) observed a decrease in intensity followed by a slight increase and then a decrease, but did not mention this increase as a climacteric stage. His measurements were made on freshly picked cherries and were not carried through to the end of the growing season. Pollack SE _a_l_. (27, 28, 29) reported linear values in the oxygen uptake of tart cherries in air and in water and the respiration rate to be unrelated to harvest maturity. Biale (6), Kidd and West (18), and Smock (33) showed the climac- teric stage in some fruits to be definitely related to optimum time of harvest for fruits such as apples and pears. Roux (31) investigating the respiration rate of peaches and plums reported that a complex relationship exists between maturity, as revealed by the respiratory behavior during storage, and the chronological age of the fruit during growth. Harvest Maturity It has been reported by Marshall (21) that the harvest maturity of cherries is dependent on several factors - size, color, firmness, days from full bloom to maturity, and soluble solids content. _S_i_z__e. Hartman and Bullis (15) reported a very close relation- ship for percentage increase in volume and weight. They used the water displacement method and employed weighings to indicate the growth rate of the fruit. They concluded that size alone cannot be relied upon to indi- cate degree of maturity because cherries grow more rapidly and attain larger size in some seasons than in others. Color. Marshall (21) reported that color development is one of the reliable indices of maturity of red cherries as the intensity of red color development is closely associated with the stage of maturity. This red intensity development is not influenced appreciably by environmental factors (Hartman and Bullis, 15). Firmness of Fruit. Upshall and van Haarlem (42) reported the change in firmness of the fruit of cherries is of such small magnitude that the pressure test is not practical as a means of measuring the degree of maturity of cherries. Dayifrom Full Bloom to Maturity. Tukey (37) found the maximum seasonal differences of elapsed time between bloom and maturity are greater for cherries than those reported in the same paper for other fruits. Lilleland and Newsome (20) have shown by direct cross diameter measurements of four varieties of sweet cherries that the fruits exhibited periodic growth, namely, early rapid growth, an interim of lesser growth, followed by a period of very rapid increase in size. Tukey (36) designated these growth periods as Stage I, II and III. Stage I extends from fertili- zation to the start of pit hardening and is of nearly identical duration for all cherry varieties. The period is characterized by arrested embryo development and rapid growth of the nucellus, integuments and the pericarp. The nucellus and integuments reach full size by the end of this period. Stage II is characterized by hardening of the stoney pericarp and rapid development of the embryo which reaches maximum size in 18 to 25 days. The duration of Stage II is correlated directly with the season of fruit ripening and occurs more or less midway between full bloom and full ripeness of the fruit. Stage III is the second and final period of rapid increase in size of fruit and continues until he fruit is ripe. Gardner (9) found a rather high degree of variability in the time from full bloom to optimum maturity. The variation in time seemed to be related to temperature and the size of crop per tree. Low tempera- tures and heavy crops decreased the rate and evenness of ripening, while high temperature and light crops accelerated the rate of ripening. Soluble Solids. Marshall (21) reported the soluble solids content of cherries as being generally regarded as a reliable index of maturity. However, there is not complete agreement among investigators on this point. Bedford and Robertson (5) found the soluble solids content of Montmorency cherries ranged from 10. 9 to 18. 4 percent at optimum pro- cessing maturity. They found no relationship between soluble solids content and drained weight of the canned fruit. Allen (1) found the soluble solids content of sweet cherries in California varied with year of production, with the district in which the cherries were produced and with the size of the crop produced by the trees. The influence of soil management practices upon the soluble solids of Montmorency cherries appears to be dependent upon the season (Kenworthy and Mitchell, 17). They concluded that applying nitrogen fer- tilizer may be expected to lower the soluble solids content of the harvested fruits. Bedford and Robertson (4) found that the soluble solids content of cherries sprayed with fixed copper was significantly higher than the soluble solids content of cherries sprayed with other spray materials. Effect of Various Spray and Fertilizer Treatments Spray Treatments. Rasmussen (30) reported that Montmorency cherry trees sprayed with concentrations of bordeaux 4-6- 100 and stronger produced cherries darker in color, smaller in size, and higher in total solids than those sprayed with lime-sulfur, and trees sprayed with weak concentrations of bordeaux with proprietary copper materials produced cherries somewhat darker in color, higher in total solids, and similar in size to fruit grown on trees sprayed with lime sulfur. Bedford and Robertson (4) found that the application of spray materials, ferbama and copper did not differ to any significant degree in their effect on the quality of the processed product. The cultural practices aFerric dimethyldithiocarbamate and climatic conditions generally resulted in greater variations in the pro- cessing quality of cherries than did the spray materials. Bedford (3) has shown in a more recent study that the sprays ferbama, cyprexb, glyodinC and actidioned did not differ to any significant degree in their effect on fresh or processed cherries, while a proprietary copper spray resulted in a smaller fruit of higher soluble solids and a darker color in the fresh fruit. These effects did not show up in the processed product. Fertilizer Treatments. Stanberry and Clore (34) showed that as nitrogen application increased the maturation of Bing cherries was de- layed. It was observed in Michigan (Marshall 21) that the maturation of cherries on Montmorency trees heavily fertilized with nitrogen was four to five days later than those moderately fertilized. Kenworthy and Mitchell (17) in a three year study, found the use of nitrogen fertilizers resulted in a slight reduction of soluble solids when compared to no fertilizer, but the reduction was not statistically significant for any one year or for the average of the three years. Langer and Fisher (19) investigating the relation of wax emulsion and fungicidal sprays to size, color and composition of fresh and processed Montmorency cherries at two levels of nitrogen could not detect any differ- aFerric dimethyldithiocarbamate bn-dodecylguanidine acetate - American Cyanamid Company ‘C2-heptadecylglyoxalidine acetate - Union Carbide Chemicals Company dBeta-(2-(3, 5-dimethyl-2-oxocyclohexyl)-2-hydroxyethyl) -glutarimide. The Upjohn Company ence between the different rates of application and disregarded this factor in the analysis of data. Overholser (26) reported that nitrogen fertilizers applied to unpro- ductive cherry orchards generally increased the yeild and size of fruit, but large applications might result in soft fruit. Factors Affecting the Respiration Rate of Harvested Fruit Temperature. In 1911 Core (12), studying the relationship between temperature and the respiration rates of cane, citrus, pome and stone fruits, found a linear relationship between carbon dioxide production and tempera- ture. He concluded that "In general, fruits which grow and mature quickly and soon become overripe respire more rapidly than most of the small fruit. " Kidd and West (18) working with Bramleys Seedling apples at four temperatures (2. 5° C, 10°C, 22. 5°C and room temperature averaging 15° C) found the time to reach the peak respiratory value varies inversely with temperature and the respiratory activity at all temperatures was about 1. 5 times the initial values. Smock (33) reached the same conclusion and added that the respiration rate or at least the softening rate of pears was reduced at extremely high temperatures (80° F). Claypool and Allen (7) worked with an unknown variety of cherries similar to the Bing in season, size and firmness, at various temperatures 10. and oxygen levels. They obtained a peak value in respiratory activity at three days after a minimum value at temperatures of 40° F and above when the oxygen levels were above 5 percent. Gerhardt _e_t_a_l. (10) respiring Lambert cherries at 31°, 36° and 45° F showed that cherries held at 36° F respired about 26 percent faster than fruit at 31° F; at 45° F respiratory intensity was 70 percent higher than at 36°F and slightly more than twice as great as at 31°F. A number of investigators (2, 7, 13, 14, 22) reported difficulties in making respiration measurements at the higher temperatures due to fungal diseases of the fruit. Hartman (14) is of the opinion that the final rise in the respiration curve after the climacteric stage was due to fungal invasion of the cherries. Biale (6) stated that fungal invasions or physiological dis- orders occur after the transformations during the climacteric stage have taken place. Kidd and West (18) report that they could find no constant rela— tion in time between the onset of fungal disease and the occurrence of the peak value of respiratory activity. Death by fungal disease intervenes after approximately the same total amount of carbon dioxide has been evolved. Ethylene Effects. Ulrich (40) found the effectiveness of ethylene treatment on ripening of pears at ordinary temperatures decreases when the preliminary cold storage period increases, and the effects of ethylene on respiration and ripening are rather limited at low temperatures. Smock (33) reports that‘ethylene is one of the principal constituents of the emanations of deciduous fruits and seems to be evolved not only by apples but by pears, peaches and plums as they ripen. Biale (6) reports that fruits not characterized by a climacteric stage show higher rates of respiration under ethylene stimulus. When fruits exhibiting a climacteric stage were treated with ethylene, the cli- macterium occurred earlier than in non-ethylene treated fruit. The levels of respiratory intensity of the ethylene treated fruits were similar to that of the non-ethylene treated fruits. Smith (32) found the effect of ethylene on plums was to accelerate the changes of color, softening and the development of the "plum*ripe" odor. METHODS AND PROCEDURES The cherries were obtained from 12-year-old Montmorency cherry trees located on the Horticulture farm at Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan. For the effect of fertilizer and spray treatment on the respiration rate, two fertilizer and five spray treatments were used. The fertilizer treatments were: no additional fertilizer and five pounds of nitrogen as NH4NO3 per tree. The spray treatments were: I) 3 pounds 25 percent fixed copper plus 3 pounds lime per 100 gallons water; 2) 1/2 pound cyprex per 100 gallons water; 3) 1 ppm actidione plus 3/4 pound ferbam per 100 gallons water; 4) 1/2 pound ferbam plus 1 1/2 pints glyodine per 100 gallons water; 5) 1 pound each parathion, actidione, lead arsenate and ferbam later as a second and third cover spray per 100 gallons water. The respiration studies on the cherries from the trees receiving no additional fertilizer were begun on the odd numbered days starting June 23, and from the nitrogen fertilizer trees on even numbered days starting June 24. This was 53 to 55 days after full bloom (about two weeks prior to the optimum harvest time) and the studies continued until three weeks after the optimum harvest period ending on July 31. Duplicate trees of each treatment were selected. The first cherries picked for each fertilizer and spray treatment were yellow in color. The cherries picked thereafter followed the color break of the majority of the fruit on the tree. The required number of cherries were picked from the periphery of each tree. To eliminate bruising of the fruit, the cherries were harvested with the stems attached and were not handled by the fingers during any phase of the experimental procedure. The stems were cut from the branches with a scissors and the fruit transported to the laboratory in five, cotton lined, 150 milliliter beakers, the entire process taking no longer than one hour. In preparing the cherries for the respiration studies the stems were cut from the fruit so that only enough stem remained to be grasped by tweezers; then the individual weight and volume of each cherry was obtained. The volume was determined by the water displacement procedure. The single cherries were blotted dry with soft absorbent cotton and placed on the disk inside each flask. The respiration studies were conducted using the Warburg technique according to Umbriet e_t_al. (41) employing wide-mouthed, single sidearm 1 respiration flasks of approximately 225 milliliters with no center well . Ground glass reduction joints were used for connection to the manometers. 1 Available from the Scientific Glass Apparatus Company, Inc. , Bloomfield, New Jersey. l4. Supports about 1/2 inch from the bottom of each flask held a removable, per- forated stainless steel disk for holding the cherry above 3 milliliters of 10 per- cent KOH solution, which acted as a C02 absorbent. By means of the water bath the flasks were brought to equilibrium temperature of 82. 4° F (28°C) and maintained there for 30 minutes. After the equilibrium period the flasks were agitated for 3 hours at 28° C with readings every 30 minutes. Values for the oxygen uptake were then calculated (41). The respiration rates of the cherries were lollowed from the yellow or visually immature stage to the dark red or visually overmature stage. The respiration rate was measured for cherries from each spray and fertilizer treatment using freshly picked cherries each day. For the ethylene gas study, visually immature and visually mature cherries were picked at random and were treated with ethylene gas in the con- centration of l, 000 ppm for 3 hours at room temperature. The cherries were then removed from the ethylene atmosphere and placed in the respiration flasks under normal atmosphere and the oxygen uptake measured at 28°C for 3 hours. To determine the effect of holding at 32 to 34°F and at room tem- perature (75 to 85° F) light red cherries were picked without regard to spray and fertilizer treatments. Representative cherries were held in a 32 to 34° F temperature and at room temperature (75 to 85° F). Each day these cherries were placed in separate respiration flasks and their oxygen uptake measured at 28° C for 3 hours. At the conclusion of the respiration studies the cherries were re- moved from the flasks and the soluble solids content of each cherry was obtained, using a B and L Abbe type hand refractometer. 15. 10. TABLE I Codes and Descriptions of Treatments :—— Spray Ingredients per Code Fertilizer Treatment 100 gallons water COC None 3 lbs. 2570 fixed copper + 3 lbs. lime CNC 5 lbs. added nitrogen/tree 3 lbs. 25% fixed Cu + 3 lbs. lime COP None 1/2 lb. cyprex CNP 5 lbs. added nitrogen/tree 1/2 lb. cyprex COD None 1 ppm actidione + 3/4 lb. ferbam CND Slbs. added nitrogen/tree 1 ppm actidione + 3/4 lb. ferbam COF None 1/2 lb. ferbam + 1 1/2 pints glyodin CNF 5 lbs. added nitrogen/tree 1/2 lb. ferbam + 1 1/2 pints glyodin COA None 1 lb. each parathion, actidione, lead arsenate + ferbam - later 2nd and 3rd cover CNA 5 lbs. added nitrogen/tree 1 lb. each parathion, actidione, lead arsenate + ferbam - later 2nd and 3rd cover RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The respiratory activity of the cherries decreased rapidly during the first 5 to 6 days. This was followed by an abrupt rise in activity for l to 2 days, after which the rate decreased slowly and tended to become relatively constant (Table II and Figures 1 to 5). No significant differences were found between the respiratory rates of the cherries harvested during the last 30 days of the study. The variations in the respiratory intensities during the season show evidence of a "climacteric" stage 62 to 67 days after full bloom. These re- sults are similar to those obtained by Ulrich (38). The minimum respiratory rates occurred about 4 to 6 days after stone hardening, as based on the data given by Tukey (36) for stages of cherry maturity. Matsumoto (22) obtained similar results for peaches. The climacteric stage occurred when the cherries were light to medium red in color and when they could be picked without pulling the pits. They would not be considered acceptable for processing at this stage of maturity according to the present standards based on visual color. Further studies will be necessary to determine if the climacterium normally occurs at this stage of color development, or if under more normal climatic condi- tions the red color of the fruit would be further developed. This year under climatic conditions of above normal temperatures and light rainfall, the amount of red color in the cherries even at later stages of maturity was less than that obtained in previous years of more normal climatic conditions (Bedford, 3). Since the duration of the climacterium was rather short it would be desirable that daily respiratory measurements be made from what Tukey (35) terms as Stage I to the end of Stage III to avoid the possibility of missing the climacteric stage. For example, in Table II and Figure 5, the climacteric stage of the no fertilizer, actidione sprayed fruit is not as pronounced as the climacteric stage of the other no fertilizer fruits (see Figures 1 to 4). If the respiration rates of these cherries had been measured every day a higher respiratory value might have been observed at the climacteric stage. The respiratory activity of the cherries should be studied over a number of seasons to establish exactly at what stage in the development of the cherry the climacterium occurs and to determine the relationship between climatic condition and maturity and the respiration rate. The rise in respiratory intensity after the initial peak value was be- lieved to have been caused by one. or both of the following causes: the invasion of fungal diseases as reported by Hartmann (14), which would cause a dramatic increase in the respiration intensity, and/or the internal breakdown or as James (16) terms it the "organizational resistance" of the fruit. James (16) reports that this resistance will increase the rate of respiration of the fruit during its senescent stage due to internal breakdown, and permeability and chemical changes taking place within the fruit. On three separate days (see Appendix Tables) mold growth was observed on the fruit around the stem area after the respiration periods had ended. This resulted in a high respiration intensity for the fruit on that day. According to Biale (6) this invasion of fungal disease after the peak respiratory value had been reached would be one of the characteristics of a fruit with a climacterium. Effect of Spray and Fertilizer Treatments Spray Treatments. As shown by the data in Table II and Figures 1 to 5, the respiration rate did not differ significantly between spray treatments. The greatest variations were found in the fruit from trees receiving nitrogen ferti- lizer. The respiratory rate ranged from an average of 45. 0 microliters of oxygen per gram of fresh weight per hour (ul OZ/gm. /hr.) for the copper sprayed fruit to an average rate of 54. 3 ul Oz/gm. /hr. for the glyodin sprayed fruit. For the no fertilizer trees the average respiration rate ranged from 42. 4 111 02/ gm. / hr. for the ferbam sprayed fruit to 48. 3 ul 02/gm. /hr. for the copper sprayed fruit. For the no fertilizer fruit the copper sprayed cherries had the highest average rate for the five spray treatments (48. 3 ul Oz/gm. /hr.) while the copper sprayed cherries had the lowest respiration rate (45. 0 ul Oz/gm. /hr.) of the five spray treatments when nitrogen fertilizer was applied. The fruit from the tree sprayed with cyprex, glyodin, ferbam and actidione did not follow the same rank order in the two fertilizer treatments for which no explanation can be given. No significant interactions were found between sprays, fertilizers and time of harvest on the respiration rate. Fertilizer Treatments. There was a significant difference at the 5 per- cent level in the average respiration rates between fertilizer treatments. The fruit from trees receiving nitrogen fertilizer showed a higher respiration rate than the no fertilizer fruit. The effect of the nitrogen fertilizer also showed up in the appearance of the respiratory peak. The cherries from trees receiving N fertilizer reached their peak 7 to 9 days after the no fertilizer fruit and showed higher intensity for both minimum and peak values. This tended to be true for the individual comparisons as well as for the overall average (Table II, Figure 6). The de- lay in maturity observed agrees with the observations made by Marshall (21) on the effect of nitrogen fertilizer on the maturity of Montmorency cherries in Michigan. Soluble Solids. As shown by the data in Table III the average overall soluble solid content of the fruit in the two fertilizer treatments did not show any significant differences. The copper sprayed fruit showed no significant TABLE II Respiration Values for Montmorency Cherries Time '- 2/ (Days) 5::Zl/ Sprays— 3:11.49. Mean(b) c P D F A (111 Oz/gm. /hr. )3/ 0 0 126. 0 113. 0 135.1 112. 6 108. 6 119. 2 1 N 68. 8 129. 3 157. 3 130. 8 94. 5 116.1 117.7 3 0 64. 2 63. 1 63. 3 55.3 60. 9 61. 3 4 N 63.9 54.8 76.8 65.2 76.9 67.5 64 4 5 0 25. 7 41.2 25. 2 27. 0 34. 4 30. 7 6 N 59. 5 51. 9 56. 6 52. 3 55. 1 55. 1 42.9 7 0 50.2 51.9 51.9 45.0 41. 0 48.0 8 N 52.6 48.8 44.6 38.8 48.9 46 7 47.4 9 0 49. 5 47. 1 45. 3 42. 5 41. 6 45. 2 10 N 46.0 35.0 42.3 33.8 47.9 41.0 43 1 12 0 44.5 37. 7 35. 2 36. 4 40. 6 38. 9 13 N 51. 2 50.5 47. 3 54. 0 45.8 49. 8 44.3 14 0 32. 9 29. 6 29.6 24. 0 30. 5 29.3 15 N 43. 8 53. 3 51.7 53.7 50. 4 50.6 39.9 16 0 32.4 31.5 35.1 30. 6 45.5 35. 0 17 N 30.0 26.7 30.9 27.4 28.5 28.7 31 9 18 0 51.2 24.0 26.4 28.3 26.7 31.3 19 N 33.5 41.7 39.3 33.9 32.3 36.1 33 7 20 0 41.8 28. 9 27.6 28. 5 27. 4 30. 8 21 N 21. 2 38.5 25.6 23. 1 22.9 26. 3 28.6 22 0 32. 1 26.6 58. 2 49. 9 30. 7 39. 5 23 N 33.8 42.1 29.2 36.1 27.5 33.7 36 6 37 0 28.0 29.3 27. 0 28.4 25.0 27. 5 38 N 35.8 43.6 50. 2 36.4 31.2 39.4 33.5 Average 0 48.3 43.7 46.7 42.4 42.7 44.779 Values N 45. 0 51.4 54. 3 48. 8 46. 8 49. 31C) Mean(a) 46. 7 47. 6 50. 5 45. 6 44. 8 (a)No significant differences between spray treatments (blLeast significant differences between means of time - 5% 8.5; 1% l__l__. 2 (C)Least significant differences between fertilizer treatments, _5% _3___. 4. .1/0 x no added fertilizer; N- ' added nitrogen fertilizer. Z/C == copper, P = cyprex, D: glyodin; F = ferbam; A = actidione. Dank riot-um ronroannfo flan Qumran-n n‘F hun Harnrminafinnc LA. LO. £4. TABLE III Soluble Solids Content of Montmorency Cherries Time F ertil-/ Sprays?! Ave. Me and» (Days) lizer— C P D F A Values Percentér 0 0 10.7 10.9 11.3 10.9 10.7 10.9 1 N 10.7 11.1 10.7 10.6 10.1 10.6 10 8 3 0 11.5 11.3 12.3 10.2 11.3 11.3 ° 4 N 11.0 11.8 11.3 10.9 10.9 11.2 113 5 0 11.1 11.9 11.7 11.3 11.5 11.5 6 N 13.0 11.7 11.7 11.6 11.4 11.9 11 7 7 0 13.4 12.4 12.4 12.6 11.5 12.5 8 N 12.8 10.9 10.6 9 7 11.1 11.0 117 9 0 13.1 13. 2 12. 2 11. 9 12. 1 12. 5 10 N 15.4 12.5 13.2 12.2 12.8 13.2 12 9 12 0 14. 4 14.7 13. 7 12.9 13. 7 13. 9 13 N 14.6 13.7 15.2 14.4 13.4 14.3 14 1 14 0 14. 9 14. 3 14. 4 13. 9 14.1 14. 3 15 N 15.7 13.3 12.7 12.7 13.2 13.5 13 9 16 0 20.0 17.3 15.9 15.5 15.9 16.9 17 N 17.2 14.5 16.1 13.8 14.3 15.2 16 1 18 0 20.2 18.2 16.7 15.9 16.6 17.5 19 N 18.9 19.7 18.2 16.0 16.2 17.8 17 7 20 0 22.2 18.5 16.7 16.6 18.2 18.4 21 N 21.3 17.2 18.2 17.0 16.7 18.1 18 3 22 0 20.5 18.8 16.9 18.2 17.4 18.3 23 N 15.6 19.3 18.7 17.3 19.3 18.0 18 2 37 0 19.8 17.5 18.8 16.4 18.9 18.3 38 N 22.9 17.7 17.7 16.8 18.2 18.6 18 5 Average 0 16. 0 14. 9 14. 4 13. 8 14. 3 14. 719 Values N 15. 8 14. 5 14. 5 13.6 14.0 14. 5“” Mean(a) 15.9 14.7 14. 5 13.7 14.2 (a )Least significant difference between spray treatments 5%. 5___5_; 1% . 7_3. (b)Least significant difference between means of time 5%. i5; 1% 1_____.12—. (C)No significant difference between fertilizer treatments. 1 “/0 = no added fertilizer; N = added nitrogen fertilizer. Z/C = copper; P = cyprex; D = glyodin; F = ferbam; A = actidione. fi/ Each datum represents the average of two determinations. 26. difference from fruit sprayed with cyprex, glyodin, ferbam and actidione during the first few days of the analysis, but after about the 12th day the copper sprayed fruit increased in soluble solids content at a faster rate than the other spray treated fruit and showed a significantly higher value over the season. Due to the hot weather and lack of rainfall during the growing season the soluble solids content of the cherries reached a higher level this year than has been previously reported (Bedford et all; 4, 5). No significant interaction occurred between the effects of sprays, fertilizers and time of harvest on the soluble solids content of the fruit. The respiratory activity of the fruit decreased as the soluble solids content increased (correlation coefficient - . 656). It can not be determined from the data presented whether the decrease in respiration rate resulted from the increase in soluble solids content or from fruit maturation. No significant differences were found between the regression coefficient values obtained for the different spray treatments or for the different fertilizer treatments. Weight and Volume. The average overall values for weight and volume per cherry was significant at the 1% level for differences between spray treatments, differences between fertilizer treatments, and for increases over the season. The cyprex sprayed fruit showed a higher average weight and volume per cherry significant at the 1% level for both the nitrogen and no fertilizer treatments. In the nitrogen fertilizer treatments the actidione sprayed fruit was significantly heavier and larger than the fruit sprayed with copper, glyodin and ferbam. The copper sprayed fruit was slightly smaller and lighter, but this was not significant (Tables IV and V). The size and weight of the individual cherries was smaller than had previously been reported (Bedford gt _a_l_. 3, 4, 5) due to the lack of rainfall during the growing season which would lower the amount of swell of the fruit. The weight and volume of the cherries increased as the soluble solids content increased. The increases were similar for all spray and fertilizer treatments and the average correlation coefficient between weight and volume and soluble solids content were . 828 and . 782, respectively. Negative corre- lations between weight and volume of the cherries and the respiratory activity were obtained (r = -. 854 and -. 852). The correlation would be expected since there was a negative correlation between soluble solids content and respiratory activity. Effects of Ethylene Gas on the Respiration Rate The effect of ethylene gas on the respiration rate of the cherries is shown by the data in Table VI. The ethylene gas caused a definite shift in the time axis for the appearance of the respiratory peak. The control cherries showed the same respiration rate as was found for the spray and fertilizer plots. TABLE IV Fresh Weights of Montmorency Cherries Time F erti - Sprays—2] Ave. (b) (Days) lizer C P D F A Values Mean Grams_3_/ 0 0 1.4 1.8 2.1 1.8 2.2 1.8 1 N 2.1 2.0 18 2.2 2.1 2.0 19 3 0 2.5 2.7 2.2 2.3 2.3 2.4 4 N 2.2 2.8 2.5 2.5 2.3 2.4 2 4 5 0 2.9 3.5 2.8 2.7 2.8 2.9 6 N 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.6 2.4 2.5 27 7 0 2.7 3.2 2.8 3.1 3.0 2.9 8 N 2.8 3.1 2.7 2.4 2.9 2.8 2. 9 9 0 3.3 3.9 3.1 3.5 3.6 3.5 10 N 2.7 3.7 2.9 3.3 2.9 3.1 3 3 12 0 3.8 4.1 3.7 3. 9 2.8 3.6 13 N 3.5 4.2 3.7 3.2 3.9 3.7 3 7 l4 0 3.8 4.0 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.7 15 N 3.5 3.9 3.1 3.3 3.1 3.4 3. 6 16 0 3.8 4.5 3.9 '4.2 3.4 3.9 17 N 3.5 3.5 3.3 3.7 4.6 3.7 3 8 18 O 4.0 4.5 3.5 4.7 3.7 4.1 19 N 3.6 3.8 3.4 3.6 3.9 3.7 3 9 20 0 3. 4 4.1 3. 8 3. 8 3. 7 3. 7 21 N 3.1 3.9 3.4 3.3 4.3 3.6 3 7 22 0 3. 7 4. 5 3. 5 2. 9 3. 2 3. 6 23 N 3.3 3.9 3.1 3.2 3.5 3.4 3 5 37 O 3. 7 3. 6 4. 4 3. 8 3. 9 3. 9 38 N 3.3 4.1 3.9 3.7 4.8 4.0 3 9 Average 0 3. 2 3. 7 3. 3 3. 3 3. 2 3. 4(9 Values N (a) 3. 0 3. 5 3. 0 3. 1 3. 4 3. 2‘9 Mean 3. l 3. 6 3. 2 3. 2 3. 3 (a)Least significant differences between sprays 5%._1__8;1%.23. ( b)Least significant differences between means of time 5%._2_7;1%._3_7. (C C)Least significant differences between fertilizer treatments 5%. _l__l; 1% . __1__5. --/0 = no added fertilizer; N = added nitrogen fertilizer. _2_/C = Copper; P = Cypres; D = Glyodin; F = Ferbam; A = Actidione. 13./Each datum represents the average of two determinations. TABLE V Volumes of Montmorency Cherries Time Ferti - Sprayszf Ave. Meanw) (Days) llzer C P D . F A Values (ul)§.7 0 0 1.5 1.7 2.2 2.0 2.3 1.9 1 N 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.2 2.1 2.1 20 3 0 2.5 2.6 2.2 2.5 2.3 2.4 4 N 2.1 2.8 2.5 2.3 2.2 2.4 2. 4 5 0 2.7 3.4 2.6 2.5 2.7 2.8 6 N 2.5 2.5 2.4 2.5 2.5 2.5 26 7 0 2.8 3.4 3.0 3.3 2.9 3.1 8 N 3.0 3.1 2.8 2.3 3.0 2.8 3. 0 9 0 3.9 4. 3 3. 3 4. 0 4. 0 3. 9 10 N 2.8 3.9 3.3 3.4 3.0 3.4 3 6 12 0 3. 9 4.1 3. 9 3. 9 3. 8 3. 9 13 N 3.6 4.1 3.9 3.3 3.9 3.8 3 8 14 0 3. 8 3. 9 3. 6 3. 6 3. 6 3. 7 15 N 3.5 4.0 3.0 3.3 3.3 3.4 3 6 16 0 3.8 4.4 3.9 4.1 3.5 3.9 17 N 3.4 3.5 3.4 3.5 4.5 3.7 3 8 18 0 4. 0 4. 5 3. 6 4. 5 3. 6 4. 0 19 N 3.4 3.7 3.4 3.6 3.8 3.6 3 8 20 0 3. 3 4. 3 3. 8 4. 0 3. 8 3. 8 21 N 3.0 3.8 3.4 3.3 4.2 3.5 3 7 22 0 3. 8 4. 5 3. 5 3. 0 3. 3 3. 6 23 N 3.2 3.8 3.2 3.3 3.7 3.4 3 5 37 0 3. 9 3. 6 4. 3 3. 9 3. 9 3. 9 38 N 3.1 4.2 3.8 3.5 4.6 3.8 3 9 Average 0 3. 3 3. 7 3. 3 3. 4 3. 3 3. 42°; Values N (a) 3. 0 3. 5 3.1 3. 0 3.4 3. 2 C Mean 3. 2 3. 6 3. 2 3. 2 3. 4 (a) Least significant differences between spray treatments 5% L11; 1% ._2_3_. (b)Least significant differences between means of time 5% . 26; 1% . 34. (C)Least significant differences between fertilizer treatment—s— 5% 31% _1__5_. -l—/0 = no added fertilizer; N = added nitrogen fertilizer. .30 = Copper; P = Cyprex; D = Glyodin; F = Ferbam; A = Actidione. — Each datum represents the average of two determinations. TABLE VI Respiration Rate of Ethylene Treated Montmorency Cherries Respiration Rate (111 Oz/gm. /hr.) Date Visual Color Stage Control Average Ethylene Average Treated June 26, '59 Yellow-pink 50. 9 49. 6 56. 2 51. 3 '48. 3 44. 4 June 28, '59 Pink-light red 22. 7 20. 9 55. 4 53. 6 19. 1 51. 8 July 2, '59 Light red 55. 2 57. 5 57. 2 58. 3 59. 8 59. 4 July 25, '59 Dark red 34. 6 33. 4 33. 6 32. l 32. 2 30. 6 Mean 40. 4 48. 8 30. In the ethylene treated fruit a peak respiration rate occurred 4 days prior to that obtained for the control fruit. As the maturity progressed the respira- tory rate of the ethylene treated fruit showed a slightly higher respiratory intensity during the peak stage, and a slightly lower rate in the declining stage. According to Biale (6) these data would indicate the fruit is character- ized by a "climacteric" stage due to: 1) the decrease in the time required for the onset of the peak respiratory rate for the ethylene treated fruit; and 2) no difference in the respiratory rate between ethylene treated fruit and control fruit at the peak and declining respiratory stages. No evidence of accelerated ripening could be found. The original color of the cherry was unchanged and no change in firmness could be detected in the ethylene treated fruit. Effects of Holding at 32 to 34° F and at Room Temperature (75 to 85°F) As shown by the data in Table VII and Figure 7 the effect of storage on the respiratory activity of cherries agree with Hartmann (14) who found a peak in respiratory intensity after holding the cherries 3 to 4 days in storage. The fruit held at 32 to 34°F were found to respire at an average rate of 18_8_ 111 02/ gm. /hr. higher than those held at room temperature. This higher respiration intensity was possibly due to the reduction of the respiration intensity of the cherry by the cold storage atmosphere and then the rate returning to its normal intensity or higher upon warming to the temperature of the water bath. J1. E .493 8.8% Bee 4 .3. N .m 8 .m a .3. m .N no .N :82 s .2 s .N B .N s .2 m .N S .N on 3% iom m .N am .N o .2. s .N am .N R :3 ~13. o .m so .m m .3 m .N as .N mm 33 w .NN o .m 2 .m a .3 m .N as .N am is” o .2 m .m cm .m m .5 m .N as .N mm 3% e .em m .m as .m m .8 o .m ms .N mm 33 8mm :otwhmmom “EH—30> 5325 8mm aofiwuamom A25 oEEo> €th 5963 mama Banyan—bop. Eoom 69306 5 Bo: moiuono 5:988:82 Ho 3mm :ozmhamom => Mug/5Q. The cherries held at room temperature respired and transpired steadily at about the same rate, as the temperature variation from room temperature to water bath was very small during the study. The difference was never more than 15°F. The peak values found for these cherries are not believed to be a climacteric as Hartmann (14) called them, but to be due to the organizational or cellular breakdown of the fruit (James, 16). The day following the occur- rence of the peak value the fruit was observed to be starting to shrivel and larger weight losses occurred (see Table VII). This shrivelled condition was very pronounced on the final day of respiration. There was no change in the original color of the fruit. SUMMARY The effect of five sprays and two fertilizer treatments plus ethy- lene gas and storage temperature on the respiration rate of Montmorency cherries was studied. Various measurements were made on the fruit in each trial in an attempt to establish a relationship between the spray and fertilizer treatment, harvest maturity and respiratory activity of the fruit. On the basis of data obtained, the following conclusions can be made: 1. Montmorency cherries appeared to reach a climacteric stage 62 to 67 days after full bloom and shortly after stone hardening. This occurred about a week before the cherries were considered to be at an optimum harvest maturity on the basis of color development. 2. The spray materials copper, cyprex, glyodin, ferbam and acti- dione had no significant effect on the respiration rate. 3. The spraying of the cherries with cyprex resulted in larger and heavier fruit. In the nitrogen fertilizer plot the fruit sprayed with actidione was heavier and larger than fruit sprayed with copper, glyodin or ferbam. 4. The copper sprayed fruit had a higher average soluble solids content than did the fruit sprayed with the other spray materials. 5. The application of nitrogen fertilizer delayed the climacteric stage of the fruit 7 to 9 days past the corresponding stage in fruit from no fertilizer trees. The fruit from N fertilizer trees reached optimum harvest maturity 6 to 7 days after the climacteric stage occurred. 6. There was no significant interaction between the effects of the spray, fertilizers, and time of harvest on the respiration rates, soluble solids content and the weight and volume per cherry. 7. There was a negative correlation between weight and volume and respiratory activity, and between soluble solids and respiratory activity. There was a positive correlation between weight and volume increase, bet- ween weight and soluble solids and between volume and soluble solids. 8. When treated with ethylene gas the cherries reached a peak respiration value 4 days earlier than the non-treated fruit with about the same level of respiratory intensity. These results also indicate that Montmorency cherries have a climacteric stage in their development. 9. Cherries held in cold storage and at room temperature reached a respiratory peak 3 to 4 days after being placed in the storage. This was not considered to be a climacteric peak but an internal breakdown peak as the cherries were observed to shrivel one day after the peak respiratory value occurred. BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. Allen, F. W. Calif. Expt. Sta. Progress Rept. (Mimeo) 1941, as cited by Marshall (21). 2. . C02 Investigations: Influence of C02 atmospheres upon cherries, plums, peaches and pears under simulated transit con- ditions. Proc. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 37: 467 (1939). 3. Bedford, C. L. Unpublished data, 1958. 4. , and Robertson, W. F. The effect of spray materials on the quality of canned and frozen Montmorency cherries. Food Techn. 7: 142 (1953). 5. . The effect of various factors on the drained weight of canned red cherries. Food Techn. 9: 321 (1955). 6. Biale, J. B. Post-harvest physiology and biochemistry of fruits. Ann. Rev. of Plant Physiol. 1: 183 (1950). 7. Claypool, L. L., and Allen, F. W. C02 production of deciduous fruits held at different oxygen levels during transit periods. Proc. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 51: 103 (1948). 8. Gane, R. The respiration of bananas in the presence of ethylene. New Phytol. 36: 170 (1937). 9. Gardner, V. R. Factors influencing the ripening season of sour cherries. Jour. Agr. Res. 55: 521 (1937). ' 10. Gerhardt, F., English, H., and Smith, E. Respiration, internal atmos- phere and moisture studies of sweet cherries during storage. Proc. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 41: 119 (1942). 11. , and Ezell, Boyce D. Respiration and emanations of vola- tiles from Bartlett pears as influenced by ripening and storage. Proc. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 36: 423 (1938). ‘12. Gore, H. C. Studies on fruit respiration. U. S. Bur. Chem. Bul. 142 (1911). 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 38. Haller, M. H., and Harding, P. L. Effects of storage temperature on peaches. U. S. Dept. Agr. Tech. Bull. 680 (1939). Hartmann, Claude. "Quelques aspects du metabolisme des cerises et des abricots au cours de la maturation et de la senescence. Fruits 12: 45 (1957). Hartman, H., and Bullis, D. E. Investigations relating to the handling of sweet cherries with special reference to chemical and physiolo- gical activities during ripening. Oregon Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull. 247 (1929). James, W. 0. Plant Respiration. Clarendon Press, Oxford (1953) pp 70, 72. Kenworthy, A. L. , and Mitchell, A. E. 'Soluble solids in Montmorency cherries as influenced by soil management practices. Proc. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 60: 91 (1952). Kidd, F., and West, C. Physiology of fruit. 1. Changes in respiratory activity of apples during their senescence at different temperatures. Proc. Roy. Soc. (London) (B) 106: 93 (1930). Langer, C. A., and Fisher, V. J. Relation of wax emulsion and fungi- cidal sprays to size, color, and composition of fresh and processed Montmorency cherries. Proc. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 54: 163 (1949). Lilleland, 0., and Newsome, L. Growth study of the cherry fruit. Proc. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 32: 291 (1934). Marshall, R. E. Cherries and Cherry Products. lst Ed., Interscience Publishers, New York (1954) pp. 50, 135. Matsumoto, K. Studies on the physiological changes in peaches during handling and railroad shipment. Kyoto Univ. Col. Agr. Mimeo. 46: 79 (1939). Maxie, E. C. Personal communication. (1959). ., Robinson, Betty J., and Catlin, Peter B. Effect of various oxygen concentrations on the respiration of Wickson plum fruit and fruit tissues. Proc. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 71: 145 (1958). 39. 25. Michigan Agricultural Statistics, 1958. 26. Overholser, E. L. Wash. State Hort. Ass'n, 1944 93 (1938) as cited by Marshall (21). 27. Pollack, R. L. , and Hills, Claude H. Respiratory activity of normal and bruised red tart cherry (Prunus cerasus). Federation Proc. Amer. Soc. Exp. Biol. 15: 328 (1956). 28. , Riccuiti, C. , Woodward, C. F. , and Hills, Claude H. Studies on cherry scald. 1. Relationship between bruising and respiration in water. Food Techn. 12: 102 (1958). 29. , Whittenberger, R. T. , and Hills, Claude H. Studies on cherry scald. 11. Relationship between bruising and respiration in air. Food Techn. 12: 106 (1958). 30. Rasmussen, E. J. The effect of several spray materials on size, color, and percent soluble solids of the fruit of the Montmorency cherry. Proc. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 37: 367 (1939). 31. Roux, E. R. Respiration and maturity in peaches and plums. Ann. Bot. N. S., 4: 317 (1940). 32. Smith, Hugh W. Some observations on the ripening of plums by ethylene. Jour. Pomology 21: 53 (1945). 33. Smock, R. M. The physiology of deciduous fruits in storage. Bot. Rev. 10: 560 (1944). 34. Stanberry, C. O. , and Core, W. J. The effects of nitrogen and phos- phorus fertilizers on the composition and keeping qualities of Bing cherries. Proc. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 56: 40 (1950). 35. Stiles, Walter, and Leach, William. Respiration _i_n_P1ants. John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, 1952 pp. 38, 73. 36. Tukey, H. B. Growth of the embryo, seed, and pericarp of the sour cherry (Prunus cerasus) in relation to season of fruit ripening. Proc. Amer. Soc. l-Iort. Sci. 31: 125 (1934). 37. Tukey, H. B. Time interval between full bloom and fruit maturity for several varieties of apples, pears, peaches and cherries. Proc. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 40: 133 (1942). 38. Ulrich, R. Variation de l'activite respiratoire de quelques fruits au cours de'velopment IV. cerasus avuem. Bull. Soc. Bot., Fr., 93: 248 (1946). 39. . £9 YE. Des Fruits. Masson Et. cie, Paris, 166 (1952), pp. 130, 133. 40. . Post harvest physiology of fruits. Ann. Rev. Plant Physiol. , 9: 385 (1958). 41. Umbriet, W. W., Burres, R. H., and Stauffer, J. F. Manometric Techniflues and Tissue Metabolism. 2nd Ed., Burgess Publ. Co. , Minneapolis, Minn. 1949, pp. 1, 16,50. 42. Upshall, W. H. , and van Haarlem, J. R. Quantity and quality of fruit, fresh and processed as affected by stage of maturity at picking time. Ontario Dept. Agr., Hort. Exp. Sta. Rept for 1945, 1946, 6 (1947). 43. Wardlaw, C. W. , and Leonard, E. R. Studies in tropical fruits. IX. The respiration of bananas during ripening at tropical tem- peratures. Annals of Bot., N. S. 4: 269 (1940). 41. APPENDIX TABLE Weights, Volumes, Soluble Solids Content and Respiration Rates of Montmorency Cherries —_7 Weight Volume Soluble Respiration Date (gms) (ml) Solids Rate Visual Color (70) (111 Oz/B'm/hr Copper Spray - No Fertilizer (COC) June 23 1. 6 l 5 10. 6 128. 3 Yellow 1.3 1. 5 10. 8 125.4 June 26 2. 5 2. 5 11. 3 64. 3 Yellow-pink 2. 4 2. 5 11. 8 64. 2 June 28 2. 7 2. 3 11. 6 30. 6 Pink-light red 3. 1 3. 0 10. 5 20. 9 June 30 2. 5 2. 5 12. 6 57. 7 Light red 2. 8 3. 0 14. 2 42. 8 July 2 3. 3 3. 8 11. 6 46. 3 Light-medium red 3. 4 4. 0 14. 6 52. 7 July 5 4. 1 4. 0 14. 6 40. 8 Medium-red 3. 5 3. 8 14. 2 48. 3 July 7 3. 9 4. 0 14. 7 34. 8 Medium-dark red 3. 7 3. 5 15. 2 30. 9 July 9 3. 6 3. 5 19. 7 28. 5 Medium-dark red 3. 9 4. 0 20. 3 36. 3 July 11 4. 0 4. 0 l8. 6 '25. 8 Dark red 4. 1 4. 0 20. 7 76. 6.1/ July 13 3. 4 3. 0 22. 7 32. 6 Dark red 3. 4 3. 5 21. 7 50. 9 July 15 3. 9 4. 0 21. 2 . 29. 4 Dark red 3. 5 3. 5 19. 8 34. 9 July 30 3. 9 4. 0 20. 4 28. 1 Dark red 3. 6 3. 8 19. 1 28. 0 1 ‘/Mold growth found around stern area at end of respiratory period. APPENDIX TABLE CONT' D ~14. Date Volume Soluble Respiration Visual (ml) Solids Rate Color (%) (“102/8111””) Cyprex Spray - No Fertilizer (COP) June 23 1. 8 1. 8 10. 8 112. 8 Yellow 1.8 1.5 11.1 113.1 June 26 2. 8 2. 7 10. 9 62. 6 Yellow—pink 2. 6 2. 5 11. 7 63. 7 June 28 3. 5 3. 3 11. 9 43. 0 Pink-light red 3, 5 3. 5 11. 8 39. 3 June 30 3. 3 3. 8 11. 6 46. 2 Light red 3. 1 3. 0 13. 2 57. 4 July 2 3. 7 4. 0 13. l 43. 3 Light-medium red 4. 3 4. 5 13. 2 50. 9 July 5 3. 8 4. 0 38. 5 Medium red 4. 3 4. 2 5 1 36. 9 July 7 . 1 4. 0 l4. 3 32. 6 Medium-dark red . 9 3. 8 14. 3 26 7 July 9 4. 8 4. 8 16. 8 26. 0 Medium-dark red 4. 1 4. 0 17. 7 37 1 July 11 4 9 5. 0 18. 2 20. 5 Dark red 4 1 4. 0 18. 2 27. 5 July 13 4. 4 4. 5 l7. 8 28. 7 Dark red 3. 9 4. 0 19. 2 29. 0 July 15 4. 4 4. 5 18. 7 27. 5 Dark red 4. 6 4. 5 18. 8 25. 7 July 30 3. 5 3. 3 l7. 0 32. 7 Dark red 3. 8 3. 8 17. 9 25. 9 APPENDIX TABLE CONT'D Weight Volume Soluble Respiration V i su a1 Date (gm 3) (ml) Solids Rate Color (7.) (ul oz/gm/hr) ’ Glyodin Spray - No Fertilizer (COD) June 23 2. 0 2. 3 11. l 134. 1 Yellow 2.1 2.0 11.4 136.1 June 26 2. 2 2. 0 12. 3 53. l Yellow-pink 2. 3 2. 4 12 2 73. 3 June 28 2. 8 2. 5 11. 3 25. 8 Pink-light red 2. 9 2. 6 . 1 24. 6 June 30 2. 9 3. 0 12. 6 37. 3 Light red 2. 7 3. 0 12. 1 66. 5 July 2 3. 4 3. 5 12. 7 39. 4 Light-medium red 2. 8 3. 0 11. 7 51. 2 July 5 3. 6 3 8 l4. 2 23. 5 Medium red 3. 8 4 0 3. l 46. 8 July 7 3. 3 3. 5 14. 3 23. 5 Medium-dark red 3. 6 3. 8 14. 5 35. 8 July 9 4. 3 4. 3 15. 7 38. 3 Medium-dark red 3. 6 3. 5 l6. 2 31. 9 July 11 3. 1 3. 5 15. 7 24. 9 Dark red 3. 9 3. 7 17. 7 27. 9 July 13 3. 9 4. 0 16. 1 32. 5 Dark red 3. 6 3. 5 17. 2 22. 8 July 15 3. 6 3. 5 l7. 2 79. 2-1/ Dark red 3. 5 3. 5 16. 7 37. 2 July 30 4. 3 4. 0 17. 7 26. 6 Dark red 4. 5 4. 6 19. 9 27. 4 l/ — Mold growth found around stem area at end of respiratory period. APPENDIX TABLE CONT'D L J j 1 Weight Volume Soluble Respiration Date (gm s) (ml) Solids Rate 233:1 (7.) (uloz/gm/hr) Ferbam Spray - No Fertilizer (COF) June 23 1. 9 2. 0 11. 1 118. 3 Yellow 1. 7 2.0 10.8 106.9 June 26 2. 6 2. 6 10. 3 59. 7 Yellow-pink 2. 4 2. 4 10. 1 . 50. 9 June 28 2. 6 2. 5 11. 4 32. 1 Pink-light red 2. 8 2. 5 11. 1 21. 9 June 30 2. 9 3. 0 12. 6 51. 8 Light red 3. 2 3. 5 12. 6 38. 3 July 2 3. 7 4. 0 12. 6 41. 6 Light-medium red 3. 5 4. 0 11. 2 43. 4 July 5 4. 0 4. 0 12. 7 38. 2 Medium-red 3. 8 3. 8 13. 1 34. 5 July 7 3. 8 3. 8 13. 7 25. 6 Medium-dark red 3. 4 3. 5 14. 1 22. 4 July 9 3. 9 3. 8 15. 7 30. 3 Medium-dark red 4. 4 4. 5 15. 2 30. 9 July 11 4. 8 5. 0 15. 7 28. 9 Dark red 4. 5 4. 0 16. 2 27. 7 July 13 3. 5 3. 5 17. 1 33. 8 Dark red 4. 1 4. 5 16. 1 23. 2 July 15 2. 7 3. 0 18. 2 64. 7-1/ Dark red 3. 1 3. 0 18. 1 35. 0 July 30 3. 8 4. 0 15. 9 24. 2 Dark red 3. 8 3. 8 16. 9 32. 6 -l-/ Mold growth found around stem area at end of respiratory period. APPENDIX TABLE CON T' D Weight Volume Soluble Respiration Visual Date (gm 3) (ml) Solids Rate Color (%) (ul Oz/gm/hr) Actidione Spray - No Fertilizer (COA) June 23 2. 3 2. 5 10. 5 100. 9 Yellow 2.1 2.0 10.8 116.2 June 26 2. 1 2. 0 10. 9 62. 9 Yellow-pink 2. 5 2. 5 11. 7 58. 8 June 28 2. 8 2. 6 11. 6 32. 8 Pink-light red 2. 9 2. 8 11. 4 36. 0 June 30 2. 7 3. 0 11. 6 - 44. 9 Light red 3. 3 3. 0 10. 6 36. 9 July 2 3. 7 4. 0 12. 6 40. 7 Light-medium red 3. 6 4. 0 11. 6 42. 5 July 5 4. 1 4. 0 13. 6 41. 8 Medium red 3. 6 3. 5 13. 7 40. 1 July 7 3. 5 3. 5 13. 6 29. 1 Medium-dark red 3. 9 3. 8 14. 6 31. 9 July 9 3. 1 3. 5 16. 0 52. 4 Medium-dark red 3. 8 3. 5 15. 7 38. 6 July 11 3. 9 3. 9 17. 2 24. 4 Dark red 3. 6 3. 3 16. 0 29. 0 July 13 4. 4 4. 5 15. 1 24. 9 Dark red 3. 0 3. 0 21 2 41. 4 July 15 3. 3 3. 5 16. l 30. 9 Dark red 3. 1 3. 0 l8. 6 31. 5 July 30 3. 6 3. 5 18. 9 30. 2 Dark red 4. 2 4. 2 18. 9 19. 8 46. APPENDIX TABLE CONT' D Date Weight Volume Soluble Respiration Visual (8m 5) (ml) Solids Rate Color (%) (111 02/ gm/ hr) Copper Spray - Nitrogen Fertilizer (CNC) June 24 2. 3 1. 9 10. 6 77. 9 Yellow 1. 9 2. 0 10. 8 59. 7 June 27 2. 0 1. 9 11. 1 51. 6 Yellow-pink 2. 4 2. 3 10 76. 4 June 29 2. 6 2. 5 11. 7 51. 0 Pink-light red 2. 5 2. 5 14. 3 67. 9 July 1 2. 8 3. 0 12. 8 56. 7 Light red 2. 8 3. 0 12. 7 48. 5 July 3 2. 5 2. 8 14. 6 43. 7 Light-medium red 2. 8 2. 8 16. 2 48. 3 July 6 3. 4 3. 5 14. 1 48. 3 Medium red 3. 6 3 8 13. 1 54. 2 July 8 3. 3 3. 0 16. 4 43. 9 Medium-dark red 3. 7 4. 0 14. 9 43. 8 July 10 3. 7 3. 8 17. 3 25. 8 Medium-dark red 3. 3 3. 0 16. 8 34. 3 July 12 3. 5 3. 2 18. 6 31. 9 Dark red 3. 6 3. 5 19. 1 35. 1 July 14 2. 9 3. 0 20. 8 18. 5 Dark red 3. 3 3. 0 21. 8 24. 0 July 16 3. 1 3. 0 14. 8 30. 8 Dark red 3. 5 3. 3 16. 3 36. 7 July 31 3. 4 3. 2 22. l 28. 5 Dark red 3. 2 3. 0 23. 7 43. l APPENDIX TABLE CONT'D Weight Volume Soluble Respiration Date _ Visual (gm s) (ml) Sollds Rate C01 or (%) (ul oz/gm/hr) Cyprex Spray - Nitrogen Fertilizer (CNP) June 24 1. 9 2. 0 10. 8 120. 2 Yellow 2.0 2.0 11.3 138.5 June 27 2. 8 2. 8 11. 5 50. 8 Yellow-pink 2. 9 2. 8 12. l 58. 8 June 29 2. 7 2. 5 12. 4 56. 4 Pink-light red 2. 4 2. 5 10. 9 47. 3 July 1 3. 1 3. 3 10. 2 36. 5 Light red 3. 0 3. 0 1 . 6 61. 2 July 3 3. 9 4. 0 12. 7 39. 2 Light-medium red 3. 4 3. 8 12. 2 30. 8 July 6 4. 5 4. 3 13. 7 48. 2 Medium red 3. 9 4. 0 13. 6 52. 7 July 8 4. 1 4. 0 13 8 48. 1 Medium-dark red 3. 7 4. 0 12. 8 58. 5 July 10 3. 5 3. 5 14. 7 26. 7 Medium-dark red 3. 5 3. 5 14. 3 26. 7 July 12 3. 6 3. 3 l9. 7 33. 2 Dark red 3. 9 4. 0 19 7 July 14 3. 9 3. 8 16. 7 34. 4 Dark red 3. 9 3. 8 17. 7 42. 6 July 16 4. 3 4. 0 17 3 46. 9 Dark red 3. 5 3. 5 21. 3 37. 4 July 31 3. 6 3. 8 17. 7 38. 8 Dark red 4. 5 4. 5 17. 7 48. 5 APPENDIX TABLE CONT' D Date Weight Volume Soluble Respiration Visual (gm 3) (ml) Solids Rate Color (%) (uloz/gm/hr) Glyodin Spray - Nitrogen Fertilizer (CND) June 24 1. 8 2. 0 10. 6 101. 5 Yellow 1. 9 2.0 10.8 113.1 June 27 2. 5 2. 5 11. 1 73. 8 Yellow-pink 2. 6 2. 5 11. 4 79. 7 June 29 2. 5 2. 3 12. 4 57. 6 Pink-light red 2. 5 2. 5 10. 9 55. 5 July 1 2. 8 3. 0 11. 1 38. 7 Light red 2. 6 2. 5 0 1 50. 5 July 3 2. 7 3. 0 12. 2 42. 4 Light-medium red 3. 2 3. 5 14. 2 42. 2 July 6 3. 9 4. 0 16. 1 44. 2 Medium red 3. 6 3. 8 14. 2 50. 5 July 8 3. 1 3. 0 13. 52. 6 Medium-dark red 3. 1 3. 0 11. 7 50. 8 July 10 3. 0 3. 0 17. 0 35. 3 Medium-dark red 3. 6 3. 8 15. 2 26. 6 July 12 3. 2 3. 2 18. 2 35. 9 Dark red 3. 7 3. 6 18. 2 42. 7 July 14 3. 3 3. 0 18. 2 28. 1 Dark red 3. 5 3. 8 18. 2 22. 9 July 16 3. 4 3. 5 18. 7 29. 7 Dark red 2. 9 2. 8 18. 7 28. 6 July 31 3. 9 4. 0 16. 7 57. 7 Dark red 3. 8 3. 5 18. 7 42. 7 APPENDIX TABLE CONT'D Date Weight Volume 2019:“: Restiiration Visual ( s) (mls) ° 1 S a 9 Color gm (%) (u102/gm/hr) Ferbam Spray - Nitr0gen Fertilizer (CNF) June 24 2. l 2. 0 10. 8 137. 1 Yellow 2.3 2.3 10.2 124. 5 June 27 2. 3 2. 0 11. 0 69. 2 Yellow-pink 2. 7 2. 5 10. 8 61. 1 June 29 2. 4 2. 5 11. 8 60. 4 Pink-light red 2. 8 2. 5 ll. 3 44. 2 July 1 2. 3 2. 3 8. 7 36. 6 Light red 2. 5 2. 5 10. 6 40. 9 July 3 3. 3 3. 8 11. 7 34. 1 Light-medium red 3. 3 3. 0 .12. 7 33. 5 July 6 3. 3 3. 5 14. 1 48. 4 Medium red 3. 1 3. 0 14. 6 60. 6 July 8 3. 1 3. 0 12. 7 52. 2 Medium-dark red 3. 6 3. 5 12. 7 55. 2 July 10 3. 3 3. 0 13. 9 27. 9 Medium-dark red 4. 1 4. 0 13. 7 26. 9 July 12 3. 6 3. 5 16. 2 30. 9 Dark red 3. 5 3. 7 15. 7 36. 9 July 14 3. 4 3. 0 16. 7 25. 0 Dark red 3. 2 3. 5 17. 2 21. 2 July 16 3. l 3. 3 18. 3 34. 0 Dark red 3. 2 3. 3 16. 3 38. 1 July 31 3. 6 3. 2 16. 8 32. 0 Dark red 3. 8 3. 8 16. 7 40. 8 APPENDIX TABLE CONT' D Weight Volume Soluble Respiration Visual Date (gms) (m1) S°“°° Rate (3 1 (%) (ulOz/gm/hr) ° °r Actidione Spray - Nitrogen Fertilizer (CNA) June 24 1. 9 1. 7 9. 8 101. 1 Yellow 2. 2 2. 4 10. 3 87. 9 une 27 2. 4 2. 3 10. 6 69. 4 Yellow-pink J 2. 2 2. 0 11. 2 84. 5 June 29 2. 5 2. 5 11. 5 56. 7 Pinkrlight red 2. 2 2. 5 11. 3 53. 5 ul 1 3.1 3. 0 11. 6 50. 6 Li ht red J y 8 2. 6 3. 0 10. 5 47. 2 July 3 2. 9 3. 0 12. 8 58. 9 Light-medium red 2. 9 3. 0 12. 7 36. 9 July 6 3. 7 3. 8 13. 6 43. 9 M edium red 4. 1 4. 0 13. 1 47. 7 July 8 2. 9 3. 0 13. 7 45. 9 Medium-dark red 3. 3 3. 5 12. 7 54. 9 July 10 4. 4 4. 3 14. 3 29. 6 Medium-dark red 4. 8 4. 8 14. 2 27. 4 July 12 3. 9 4. 0 15. 7 34. 3 Dark red 3. 9 3. 5 16. 7 30. 3 July 14 4. 5 4. 3 17. 2 27. 4 Dark red 4. 1 4. 0 16. 2 l8. 4 July 16 3. 6 3. 8 20. 3 23. 8 Dark red 3. 3 3. 5 18. 3 31. 1 July 31 4. 5 4. 2 18. 7 36. 0 Dark red 5. 1 5. 0 17. 8 26. 4 R0017. 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