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RECCGNITIUN ALT) FC’JSPONSE I‘JELZL‘S
AMOIK} PAIENTS OF DISTLWBBI) CHI} MCI-.7:
AN EXPLORATORY 3 UDY OF SOC 3.1L FACTORS

AFFECTING FERSOI‘JALITY DEVELOP? 1371‘
AS SEEN IN A CHTLD GUIDANCE CL"'IC

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RECENITION AND HESPOIBE IMEDS Al-ZC‘NS PADEI‘I’I‘S 0F DISTURBED CHILDREN:
AN EXPLORATORY STUDY OF SEEIAL FACTORS
AFFECTEE PERSOIEALl-TY DEVELOPIEIH'

AS SEEN IN A CHILD GUIDAECCE CLINIC

by

Genevieve De Hayes

A PRDJEST REPORT

Sumittad to the School of Social Work ruchigan State
University of Agriculture and Applied Science
in partial fulfillment of the
Equirements for the degree
of

MASTER (I? smIAL WORK

J una . 1958

 

 

(Director of School

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AC firearm M32 ITS

Without the help of a great mmber of persons this study would
not have been possible.

The writer wants to thank, first of all, Dr. Gordon J. Aldridge,
Chairman of her Omittee, who has encouraged, guided her, and made
invaluable suggestions which helped her carry through the project.

Dr. Bernard Ross and Mr. Manfred Lilliefors have both made extremely
helpful suggestions.

1'0 the start of the Longing Child Guidance Clinic, the writer
owes a great debt of gratitude. The secretarial staff helped with
their information and patience. The professional staff helped greatly
by going over lane of the forms used in the gathering of the data and
by asking many helpful suggestions. Dr. Helen Lasting, Director, must
be particularly thanked for her permission to use the records of the
Clinic and for her interest in the study. The writer has also
appreciated discussing the basic ideas of the project with Dr. Frederick
Boll, Chief Psychologist. She particularly appreciated discussing with
Miss Ruth Koehler the procedures used in the gathering of the data as
well as the results of the stuly. Miss Koehler's many suggestions and
challenges have greatly helped smooth out this study.

Finally, the writer wants to thank her 1931:1315r who showed great
patience and understanding, particularly her husband who has helped her
a great deal with encouragement, advice, and additional literature.

TABLE OF comrm

Pas!

ACKNCHIEBQJEXTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

LIST OF TABIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . iv
Chapter

I. IN'I'HDDETION . . . . . . . . . . . 1

II 0 mmwal‘ m1 0 O O O O O O O I O O O 9

T110 Sampln o e o o o o o e o o 10
The QWStiOnnaira. e e o o e e s e 11
Gathering of Additional Data . . . . . . . 1!.
Lmitetions of the 31.11113? . . . . . . . . 16

III. Mill-1'33 CF THE 52.2333 . . . o . . . . . 19
IV. WXLXSIS OF THE DATA: GEE-1'71. “AL RESULTS (1"? TIE STUDY . . 35

v. AI-IALYSIS as me DATA: cosmmsos or mm 03113333}: n:
ma SIG-{Pm mm m: ms or m SAP-ME . . . . 1.6

VI. MEAIXSIS (l? TIE DATA: STUDY OF FFTE‘IEN CASES AND
THEIR EMTIGT"HII’S HI'i'i BOTH PAMIFI‘S. . , . . 57

VII. OTCLIBIOYS AND RIBOI2EIDATIOIB o . . . . . . 73

Tram}! . g 0 O 73
Reoamendations for Further Study in this Area . . 7!.
Implications of this Study in Social Work . . . 76

APPENDKES o o e s e o e o o s e o o o .78
31-3le PJI-PIIY . . o o o O O O O O O 0 O I 88

iii

Tale
1. Sax Diffemnoes in the Sample . . . . . . . .
2. Age Difforences in the Sample . . . . . . . .
3. Marital Status in the Sample . . . . . . . .
A. Occupation of the l-Lales in the Sample . . . . . .
5. Occupation of the Females in the Sample . . . . .
6. Education of the Sample . . . . . . . . . .
'7. Religious Affiliation of tho Sample . . . . . o
8. Religious Participation by Sex and by Affiliation
oftheSamplo . . . . . . . . . . .

9. Number of Children For Family in the Sample . . . .
11). Sex and Ordinal Position of the Children in

theSampla............
11. Age of the Childmn in the Sample . . . . . . .
12. Need: for Recognition am! Reopen-90 in the Sample . . .
13. Perception of Happinesa in Childhood and Needs of

the Five Groups in tho Sample . o . . . . .
u. Pomoption of Econanic Status in Childhood and

Needs of the Five Groupa in the Sample . . . . .
15. Marital Status of the Parents of the Subjects

P380
19
20
21

25
26

27
29
35

37

33

39

and Needs of the Five Groups in the Sample . . .

16. 81:3th Perception of Favoritism for Others and
Rejection of Subjects and floods of the Five

cm in 19118 Sample 0 a o o o o

17. Stated Traumatic Experiences of the Subjects and
Needsoftheriwcrmzps intheSanple . . . . .

iv

25.

26.

28.

29.

30.

31.

Ordinal Punition of the Subject: and Needs of the
FinGrmzpointhoSamplo . . . . . . .

limbo:- of Problnm Childron Soon in the Clinic Per
InilyandloodnotthoFinrowointhoSmplo .

(flirt Symptom of the Problem Children and Needs of
the F1" Groups in thQ 89311313 0 o o o o 0

Types of Expression of Hostility of the Problem
Children and Needs of the Five Groups in the Sample

Stated Relationships of tho Problem Children with
Their Peers and Needs of the Five Groups in the

SWIG o o o o o o o o a 0

Sexual Difficulties Reported and Neoda of the Five
Gm. 111 the Sample 0 c o o o a I 0

Feeling: of Being Unlcvod Expressed by the Children
and Need: of the F115 Groups in the Sample . .

Information Obtained About the Paranta of the
Subjects and Needc of the Five Groups in the Sample

0

Number of Difficulties with Father and Needs of the
FivIGroupa inthoSample . . . . . . .

Nmbor of Difficulties with Mother and Needs of the
FinGroupc inthoSamplo . . . . . . .

General Tendencies of Parents and Needs of the Five
Groups in the 38mph . a o o o o o a

Number of Difficulties with Father: and Mothers in
tho Ann of Daninatiou and Needs of the Five Groups

13th. SW19 0 o o o O o o o o o

Ember of Difficulties with Fathom and Mother: in
the Area of national Needs and Needs of the Five

GroupsinthoSamplo a v o o a o o c

Number of Difficulties with Fathers and Mother: in
the Aron of Social and Material Ambition and Heads

0: t1” F1" Gm 111 thfi 33mph 0 o o o o

Nunbor of Difficulties with Fathers and Mother! in the
Area of Morality and Needs of tho Fin Groups in the

Sample ...........

52

53

5'7

59

65

Table Page

33. Ember of Difficulties with Fathers and Mothers in
the Area of Cleanliness and Needs of the Five
GroupeintheSemple. . . . . . . . . . 69

31.. Ember of Difficulties with Fathers arzi I'Iothere in
the Area of Depeuiency uni News of the Five
Groups in the 5&"3918 e e e e e e e e e e 73

 

 

 

 

CHAPTER I
INTRODUZTION

may studies on leadership have been made of late. Although
related to this area, this study proposes to study twa types of needs
which will be called: "Need for Recognition" and I'Nced for Response.“
Essentially the same needs have been described by Pcpineky, Helphill
and Shevits, under different names, in a study of leadership:

Heed Achievement (recognition) is inferred by interpreting
the observed behavior of an individual to mean that he is
consistently attempting to experience success in competition
with some standard of excellence. Need Affiliation (love and
affection) is inferred by interpreting the observed behavior
of an individual to mean that he is consistently attempting to
establish, maintain, or recover friendly, wars, er loving
relationships with other persons.

Those two needs, as described above, are viewed in this

stuiy as two fundamental needs expressed by Ian. Hwever, even more
basic is the need for love which seems to be present in everyone and
on which the needs for recognition and for response rest. The was
this more basic need seems to be expressed is by either searching for
response (love and affection) or recognition (achievement), or both.
It is believed that an individual who searches for love through

recognition, for example, will perceive as love any situation in which

1Pauline a. Pepinsky, John 1:. swam, and Reuben N. emu,
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2
recognition is given to him, while an individual who searches for love

through response, will perceive fulfillment of this need every time
affection and response are given to him, ignoring recognition,

perhaps, as being pleasant but not basically satisfying.
It is believed that most individuals perceive both recognition

and response as satisfying ways to meet the most basic need for love
and acceptance, but some individuals may neuroticslly need one way to
fulfill. this basic need almost at the complete expense of the other.

So, some persons will ignore love as not entirely necessary at the
Others will ignore success and

expense of success and recognition.
This is well expressed

recognition, searching insatiably for response.
by Karen Horsey in "The Neurotic Personality of Our Times"

My concept is intended not to deny the normal character of
these drives, but to maintain that all of them may be put to the
service of affording reassurance against some anxiety, and
furthermore, that by acquiring this protective function they
change their qualities, becoming smething entirely different.

He may climb

I can explain this difference best by an analogy.
a tree because we wish to test our strength and skill and see

the view from the top, or we may climb it because we are pursued
by a wild animal. In both cases we climb the tree, but the
motives for our climbing are different. In the first case we
do it for the sake of pleasure, in the other case we are driven
by fear and have to do it out of need for safety. In the
first case we are free to climb or not, in the other we are

In the first case

compelled to climb by a stringent necessity.
we can look for the tree which is best suited to our purpose,

in the other case we have no choice but must take the first
tree within reach, and it need not necessarily be a tree; it may

be a flag pole or a house if only it serve the purpose of
protection. The difference in driving forces also results in
If we are impelled by a

a difference in feeling and behavior.
direct wish for satisfaction of any kind our attitude will have

a quality of spontaneity and discrimination. If we are driven by
anxiety, however, our feeling and acting will be compulsory and
indiscriminate. There are intermediate stages, to be sure.2

 

 

3

This is the position of this study.
expected in hush beings as fulfilling basis needs but it is when
pushed to an extreme that we can upset difficulty in the adjustment of

Thesetwcneedsperseare

the individual to others around him.
Furthermore, Hersey calls the two above-mentioned seeds (under

different names again) '.. .those two drives which factually play the

greatest r010 in neuroses: the craving for affection and the craving for

power and CW1e'3
He knew that a baby, at birth, has and can express some

elementary needs like those of thBical and affectional security, but
these needs are soon shaped by the situation the baby finds himself in:

From the cement of the beginning of life the hmnan being drives
to gratify his felt needs. At first these needs are elementary
ones - for physical and sffectional security. But, as the person
develops, the things he wants and needs, shaped by this ,
perception, proliferate. His qmst is for food to satisfy mental
and emotional as well as physical hangers and for security in its '
manifold forms of money, love, statue, and interests. The strength
and the particular direction of the drive for satisfactions will
differ for different people, of course, depending on their energy
stores and on the culture group which most potently influences their
idea of what is to be desired. But, in whatever forms this drive
finds expression, the human being strives by his behavior, the wave
he thinks, feels, and acts, to achieve that internal sense of
cmfort or satisfaction which makes him feel in tune with his world,

balanced, and open to new experience.

Perlman further says:
i'hus the client's personality is the particular organisation of

his drives and their particular expression through his feeling,
thinking, speaking, and acting behaviors toward the end that he feel
secure, balanced, and adequate. Whatever he does, appropriate or

3M» p. 105.
4391311 Harris Parisian, gocisl Casework, (Chicago: The University
of Chicago Press, 1957), pp. 7-8.

 

 

I,

teashisbehavicrnayseen,bedorgecdasitseffeets
nsybe, itis atanvgivennonenthiswayoftrying to gstwhat
he thinks or feels he needs and wants, or of wrestling with what
he thinks c; feels is blocking his, or of defeniing hinself against

be.inghurt
indshefm-thersma

All *personality problemsa - that is, probleas of intrapsyehie
saladjustnent - were once a spontaneous reaction to a problem which
the person encountered outside himself. For example, a little boy
begins to know very early that he lives in a hard world. His world
consists of a mother and father who are rough and harsh with him.
He reacts spontaneously to protect himself. He may withdraw fru
the situation by trying to keep out of the way or by holding in

the things he wants to say or do, or he may fight back in the few
but effective ways that a child has - refusing food, bed-wetting,
kicking the cat or the neighbor's children. If the situation
continues to work upon him in the same way and he must cope
repeatedly with it, his developing personality will be absorbing
this situation along with his now chronic ways of feeling ad
reacting to it. He will be "internalising' the problem
It is believed that each individual internalises personality
traits through acquiring the habit of reacting to different situations in
a given way through perception and habitual reaction to perception. For
example, a child perceiving his situation as not providing sufficient
love and affection, may develop a craving for love and affection expressed
in a quite definite way. Another child in a similar situation say
perceive himself as not having his recognition needs fulfilled and develop
a craving for recognition, developing techniques to gain this. Henry
Murray describes these two needs in the following way.
Recognition: This describes the desire for social
honour, position, and fans. The usual manner of satisfying this
need is through achievement, but if a subject's accomplishments are

not made public the approbation which he may desire from others will
not be forthcoming. The need for Recognition is usually repressed

5% Po 22-
6m... p. 36.

5

because its objectification is annoying to others, but in sue people
it manifests itself as boasting, performing before others, publishing,
talking about one's adventures, displaying evidences of

samplinhmnt and mains a superior attitude .7

Affiliation: Under this heading are classed all aanifestatiom
of friendliness and good will, of the desire to do things in
company with others. It is hard to estimate the strength of this
need on the basis of an autobiography, so much depends on whether
the subject has been popular. The child who attracts others is in
company more often than the child who repels, but the latter‘s overt
strivings for affiliation may be greater. Furthermore, it is natural
for a person to like those who like him. Hence, a subject who is
attractive to others, will usually reciprocate by demonstration of
affection and friendships sill result. This evokeble or merely
responsive form of affiliation deserves a lower score than the
initiating or active form, even when the latter is unsmoessful.8

0n the basis of the above intonation, observation, and more
definite statements by Karen Horsey, on the subject, a questionnaire was
developed in an attempt to neasm the needs for response and for
recognition in a selected sample. ~ The questionnaire is included in the
appemix and further discussed in the chapter on Methodology.

The following statement by Karen Borney very much reflects the
idea the writer had in mind about the need for response while building
the questionnaire:

If the psychic conditions of the neurotic person were that
they frequently appear to himself to be, it ought to be easy for
him to gain affection. If I may verbalise what he often senses
only dimly, his impressions are something like this: what he wants
is so little, only that people should be kind to him, should give
his advice, should appreciate that he is poor, hamless, lonely

soul, anxious to please, anxious not to hurt shyons's feelings.
That is all he sees or feels. He does not recognize how much his

739m A. Murray, 11.9., “1.13.. W.
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1938 , p. 348.

Spy, , pp. 320-321.

6

sensitivities, his latent hostilities, his exacting demands
interferc‘vith his own relationships: nor is he able to judge
the impression he makes on others or their reaction to him.
Consequently he is at a loss to understand why'his friendships,
marriages, love affairs, professional relations are so often
dissatisfactory. he tends to conclude that the others are at
fault, that they are inconsiderate, disloyal, abusive, or that

for some unfathomable reason he lacks the ift of being popular.
Thus he keeps chasing the phantom of love.

Horsey further lists as preconditions of neurotic need for
affections anxiety, feeling unlovable, inability to believe in any
affection, and hostility against all others.10

The same author, speaking about the need for recognition, as!!!

The striving for‘powor serves in the first place as a

protection against helplessness, which as we have seen is one of
the basic elements in anxiety.

The neurotic is so averse to any
remote appearance of helplessness or weakness in himself that he

*will shun situations which the normal person considers entirely

commonplace, such as any acceptance of guidance, advice, or help,
any‘kind of dependence on persons or circumstances, any giving
in to or agreeing'with others...

In the second place, the
neurotic striving for power serves as a protection against the

dancer of feeling or being regarded as insignificant.

_ The neurotic
develops a rigid and irrational ideal of strength'which makes him

believe he should be able to master any situation, no matter how
difficult, and should master it right away.

This idea becomes
linked with pride, and as a consequence the hour tic considers
weakness not only as a danger but also as a disgrace... He feels

humiliated if he has to recognize the existence of an anxiety or

an inhibition in himself, and thus despises himself for having a
neurosis and is anxious to keep this fact a secret.

He also
despises himself for not being able to cope with it alone.
‘Horney also says:

‘ Also persons of this type are inclined to want to be right all
the time, and are irritated at being proved wrong, even if only in
an insignificant detail.

They have to know everything better than
anyone also, an attitude which may at times be embarrassingly

9Horney, Qp,Git,, pp. 106-107.
10pm, , p. 116.

“My pp . 166-167 .

'I
conspiczmus. Persons who are otherwise so ions and dependable, m
pretend to know, or may i vent sometl’iin-g, evenfiif ignorance in this
particular instance would not discredit then. '

She further describes:

The attitude of impatience is closely connected with this aspect
of the striving for power. Any kind of delay, any enforced waiting,
even if only for traffic lights, will become a source of irritation.
More often than not the ncmtio himself is not aware of the
existence, or at least of the extent, of his banning attitude. It
is a fact, definitely to his interest, not to recognize it and not
to change it, because it has hnportant protective functions. Nor
should others recognize it, beeause if they do there is a danger of
losing their affection.13

Finally, Horsey schematises time needs in the following manner:
Aims Reassurance agamt

Hostility appears in the for: of
Power

Belplsssness Temlcncy to danineor
Prestige Rmiliation Tendency to humiliate
Possession Destituticn

Tendency to deprive others.“

Now the purpose of the study can be further expanded. is first

stated, this study will measure the need for recognition as against the
need for response in the adults being seen at this time at the Lansing

Child Guidance Clinic. Eben a thorough stuiy of their case records will

he ends in an effort to trace, in their early family situation, possible
factors bringing about the degree and type of need in the area of
relationships to others. Further study of the records is expected to

establish the type of disturbances their children are affected by.

So,
factors related to the effect of needs are expected to emerge fran this

exploratory study. he formal hypothesis is presented at this time

although some patterns are expected to emerge.

122.19... p. 168.
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8

So, this oxplornzory study presents the problem of tracing in
tho adult client. of the Clinic the factors involved in the enhancement

of tho need for response, so against the need for recognition, or via.

verse, producing som- dogree of maladjustment in the area of relationshipl
to others.

At the same time, the problem also involves the observation
of the typeo of maladjustment in the children of those subjects in an
effort to note emerging patterns, if any.

CHAPTER II
Lam {ODD LCD I

The main idea of the problem was chosen while the writer was
working as a social worker. At the time the writer observed that in
some marital difficulty cases, mam! women involved complained about their
needing and wanting more love and affection. They often described their
husband as wanting a lot of recognition and as not being interested in
affection. Each time the husband was extremely difficult to contact
while the wife generally obtained great satisfaction in talking about her
feelings. This is when the writer got interested in the problem.

At first the search for literature on this subject was quite
sterile until two books by Karen Horsey, "The Neurotic Personality of
Our Time" and "Neurosis and Human Growth" were found. In them the writer
found exactly what she was looking for. Horney'a interest in the subject
helped the writer to formulate the problem and to set up a questionnaire.
A trial questionnaire was given to the second-year students in Social
Work. This questionnaire was slightly modified taking into consideration
the observations made by the members of the class. The results of the
first trial questionnaire were tabulated and set up on a Guttman Scale
and found to follow a pattern. Encouraged by this, the writer re-wrote
the trial questionnaire which was given to the first-year. students in
Social Work. These results were also tabulated and gave a still better

Guttman Scale. At the last moment some background questions were added

9

10
and the questionnaire was sent to the individuals in the sample described
below. Then the records involved were read thoroughly and pertinent
intonation was taken from then. This involved quite a few problems and
the‘way those problems were handled will he discussed later in the
chapter.
After all the questionnaires were in, the infomation was tabulated

and tables were set up. Then all was ready and the writing was started.

The Sample

The sample consists of the adults in treatment at the Lansing
Child Guidance Clinic, between November, 1957 and April, 1958. The choice
of the sample was made for various reasons. The most practical one was
that the records, names, addresses, etcetera, were more easily available
to the writer. But this alone would not have been enough. At the same
time, it was tho‘ght that the Clinic would provide a biased sample which
would probably bring about interesting results.

The sanple would include individuals who have noticed in their
children some "abnormal" behavior and who, after observing this, felt
unable to handle the difficulty alone and came to the clinic and applied
for professional services. Those children were found naladjusted and
treatment was recmanended, and after the usual year of waiting on the
waiting list, the subjects were still willing to embark on a long-term
treatment involving their coming to the clinic with the child for one
hour every week. Obviously these persons are not like the majority in
the general population and must have some characteristics which make
them different. These characteristics are, naturally, social,

 

 

11
(educational, religious, occupational, etcetere) but ore probably oloo
pathological a not everybody would be able to go through the promo
described obovo. It was believed then that tho Clinic would be e. good
5 plooo to observe one tom of odJuetnent on the part or the parents to
othore oronnd them. the 800111 factors involved will be doeoribod in
tho third chapter "Amlyeie of the Sample" and the psychological footer-o
involved will be taken into consideration in the discussion of tho
findings.

Tho psychological aspects of this sample were believed to be
particularly important to this study. It was believed that in the
gonorol population the results of the questionnaire would have probably
some! close to a bell curve, with relatively lad extreme noede of both
recognition and response. It was believed that more extreme needs would
be expressed by the subjects in the sample and that the resulting curve
would be showed in favor of need for reopenee. Thie idea was based on
the observation that it is easier for someone who wants to gain reeponoo
than for swoone who wants to gain recognition, to admit failure. And
moot per-one owing to the clinic come with the feeling that they have
failed in bringing up their children. In that way it was believed that
the clinic would be an ideal place to study subjects with more extreme
difficulties in adjustment to others.

The Quoetionneiro
After reading extensively on the subject (on Bibliography), tho
qmuonnun you built (on Appendix A). the questionnaire 1: '
empoood of three pea-tot

 

12

l. The questions referring to the psychological proble-
(Ht-bore 1, 2, 3. 4. 5, 6, e, 9, 10, 11, 12, 14, 15, 16).

2. The questions referring to gomnooa feelings about the
background of the subjects (Rushers '7 and 13), one roforring to the
notional atmosphere of their parental hose and the other to the
economic status of the parental home as perceived by the subjects.

3. The questions referring to the social situation of the
subject: participation in groups, sect, ago, occupation of both subject
and spouse, religious affiliation and religious participation, education
(Numbers 17 and 18).

The first part would be used as the background of the whole
problem. It would be mod to divide the sample into five groups:
the subjects with (1) average needs for response and recognition;

(2) some need for response; (3) some need for recognition; (1.) extreme
need for response; (5) extreme need for recognition. Hhon this part
of the questionnaire was tabulated, the fourteen questions woro given
one point each, placing the response score always in front and the
recognition score in second place. So, the five groups were divided on
the basis of the following scores: (1) average needs for response and
recognition: 8-6, 7-7, 6-8; (2) some need for response: 9-5; (3) sons
need for reoognitiom 5-93 (4) extreme need for response: 10-4, 11-3,
12-2, 13-1, Moo} (5) extreme need for recognition: ‘Plo, 3-11, 2-12,
1-13, 0-11.. Then the data were analysed, taking into consideration than
five different groups.

At first, it was believed that the questionnaire should be
administered to the workers in the interview situation. Hmnr, later

 

13
sue objections were raised as to the possible consequences of the
dininiemtion of the questionnaire on the relationship between the client
am the therapist. More objections were raised about the possibility
that the results may be modified through the relationship already
established between the client and the therapist, that is, the results
light reflect more what the client feels the therapist wants his (or her)

to respond than the true feelings of the client. After discussion, it

 

was decided that each client being seen would be asked by the therapist
for permission to send him (or her) a copy of the questionnaire in
order to participate in a study the Clinic was interested in.

At the timeL 58 adults were being seen at the clinic. Of these
58, 50 were contacted by their workers. Two refused, l saving she
would call about this later and another giving one excuse after another
until the matter was dropped. So, 1.3 clients were sent the questionnaire.
01' the 8 clients not contacted, 3 did not appear to their workers as
being ready to be approached at that time as they were still very
defensive about their coming to the clinic and would probably have
interpreted the request as an inpoeition on the part of the clinic which
would be resented at the time. Five other clients were not attending
the clinic at the ties, for various reasons.

It was considered that the welfare of the client cones first and
only the 50 clients above-mentioned were contacted. 0f the 48 clients
to when the questionnaire was sent, 39 returned it. The questionnaire
was sent, together with a letter (see Appendix B) explaining something
about the study and e stamped envelope addressed to "Study No. m."

The umber was different on each envelope in an effort to keep tract of
the questionnaires not retxn'ned as well as of those returned. 1 minder

 

 

11-. .
no “at a few weeks after the first qmstionna‘i‘re had been sent, to
ll. clients who had not returned it yet. (See Appendix 0) Finally, only
9 clients did not return the qmetiozmairc. So, 19 percent of the
sample chosen did not answer and 81 percent were returned. This
percentage is well above the 65 percent generally expected in a nailed
questionnaire. Apparently the clients felt some obligation toward the
Clinic and were willing to help in the study. Only 38 cases were used
in the study as one was answered by the housekeeper in a motherlese
family, who comes to the clinic to help the disturbed child involved.
This questionnaire was dropped as no information was available in tho
record concerning this subject.

So, in the last analysis, it must be kept in mind throughout
this study, that when the word M is used, only 67.2 percent of
the adult clients of the clinic are included. The other 32.8 percent
either did not choose to collaborate or were not contacted for various
reasons. Even though some of the characteristics of the clients who
did not answer, are probably somewhat different from those who did,
this study can only take for granted that the differences are not so

pronounced as to modify greatly the results.

Gathering of Additional Data
1'0 gather the data from the records, the writer prepared a for:
(Form Ember 2, no Appendix D) which was used to gather the intonation
given in the intake sheet, the intake interviews, the psychological
valuation, the staff meeting report, the interpretation interview with
the parents, and, if my, the current "cording on the can. float of
the intake interviews cover some of the feelings the subjects have about

15

their parental hm. Unfortunately, this area was not always present in
an intake interviews or the intonation was so brief that it was of
litth help. Later, the infomation gathered on Pom Number 2 was
transcribed on Fem Ember 3 (see Appendix E) which contained both the
information gathered with the qmstionnaire and the information found in
the records. Then the data were used in the tabulation.

Not satisfied yet with the concreteness of infomation,
Fem Ember 4 (see Appendix 1") was prepared which was filled with the
help of each subject's worker. One form was used for the father of the
subject, another for the mother of the subject. The worker checked the
Will. with, in mind, the feeling apt-eased by the client about both
his parents. The worker was told that the schedule had been prepared with
the asemption that generally "normedity'l or lack of conflict, falls
between two extremes. For example, a high tendency to dominate and
control is generally considered to be a center of conflict in a home.
At the other extreme, complete lack of domination and control would ellc
be a center of conflict in a home where some degree of guidance, support,
and control is necessary to acquire some sense of security. In the same
way, too high affection would be overproteotion and no affection would he
coldness and equally conflicting, and so forth. The workers helped as
much as they could although they had to admit that they often lacked the
information themselves. Their help was greatly appreciated. At the end,
information on both father and mother was obtained on 15 cases, on the
mother alone: 11 cases, and no information on either: 12 cases.

Inter, Form Ember 5 (see Appendix G) was prepared to cover the
difficulties expressed by the children in the sample. The information
we. gathered from statements made by the therapists involved during the

16
staff meetings, firm the intake and interpretation interviews, and m tbs
treatment recording when available. This is probably the most caplet.
' information obtained during this study.
The content of these three forms was tabulated in a quantitative
flu and later cross-tables were made in an effort to relate the results of
the questionnaire with the data on both the enhjecte' background and their

present problem, that is, the problem child.

Limitations of the Study

One of the limitations fomd in this study has been the
impossibility of measuring the degree of deprivation of the subjects
during their infancy. The therapists in the Lansing Child Guidance Clinic,
es a rule, do not go into the clients' background unless the client
himself brings up the subject as an element in the difficulties he hes at
the lament. This, alone, limits greatly the amount of intonation about
each subject's background. But even when the client has talked quite
thoroughly about his or her background, it is still practically
impossible to measure the degree to which the subject was affected by
his or her situation in infancy and childhood. 80, this limitation use
one of lack of information in the records which prevented the setting up
of a scale to measure degree rather than gross statements of facts.

The other important limitation is one of umber. It was felt that
the sample had to be divided into the five categories described above, us
called for by the design of the study. Since the sample was found to be
skewed in favor of the need for response, the number of subjects scoring
extreme need for recognition is very low (2) which makes any definite
conclusion impossible for this group. So, as a whole, the study brings

l?
more underetnnding of the subjects scorin3_some degree of need for
reopense than of those scoring some degree of need for recognition.
Dividing the sample into three groups (average, need for response,
and need for recognition) was considered and rejected as these division!
would not have taken into consideration that the individuals scoring

extreme need for response or recognition are probehl; much more
maladjueted to their environment than those scoring some need for response
or recognition, which, it was expected, would distort the results.

Also considered but rejected was the collapsing of the five

groups into four groups: average, some need for response, extreme need

for response, and need for recognition. It was considered that a

comparison between th no last group and the two groups aoorir 3 some degree

of response would not be correct as the degree of maladjustment would

not be the name in either of the three groups.
However, the writer has considered the purpose of the type of

etudy made, that in, an orploratory study and took into coneideration
the idea presented bg'Jahoda, Deutech, and Cook, that the main

characteristic in an exploratory etudy is flexibility:

The main emphasis in an exploratory study in discovery, its
major characteristic is flexibility. As the initial indeterminate
problematic situation is transformed into a determinate situation,
the research procedure becomes more clearly established, but in

the first stage of an inquiry the focus of investigation is
constantly being redirected on the basis of new insights. ‘Frequent

changes are necessary in order to include evidence more
critically rilovnnt to the hypotheses emerging during the

exploration.
‘Uith this spirit in mind, it is felt that although the

conclusions based on those small groups cannot be accepted at face value, 4

15mm. Jehode, Morton Deutech, and Stuart w. 0001:, W
51 . p. 31..

WW (NW York: The Dryden Press: 19

*.

 

18

particularly'Group 5 which really offers very few alternatives, every

effort should be made to find some patterns emerging in the tabulation

of the data. It is felt that thi study does not pretend to test an

hypothesis but is exploring an area which seems to be little known, for

any trend which may encourage further study.
Finally, an important reason for not dropping Group 5 altogether,
is that some findings about this group seem to indicate that the
subjects are distinctly different from the other subjects in certain
Tables 15, 20, and 21, discussed in later chapters, show that:

82‘635.

1. Both subjects scoring extreme need for recognition but

coming to the clinic for treatment, come from an economically

above-average home.
2. The family involved in this group has two problem children

coming to the clinic.
3. The two children involved have been referred for more than

one behavior problem.
Because these results were found to be important and although

no generalizations can be made because of the very small number

involved, drOpping’Group 5 did not seem Justified.

 

CHAPTER III
ANALYSIS 0? THE SAMPLE

As stated in the chapter on Methodology, the sample selected
(parents of emotionally disturbed children attending the Lansing Child
Guidance Clinic) is not claimed to be representative, as it is
obviously different from a random saMple taken from the total
papulation. It was thought that before going into the main problem
of this project, a discussion of the sample should be made in order
to understand better the findings.

The sample was found to be heavily weighted with females.

The follming table will Show the difference:

TABLE 1
SEX DIFFERENCES IN THE SAMPLE

 

I

 

 

 

Sex 3 Total
Hales . 5
Females 33
,J
Total 5 33

This clearly shows that more women than men attend the clinic.
This is probably related to both the occupation of the clients (see
Tables 4 and 5) and to the encouragement given at the clinic to the

women to attend, particularly when younger children are involved.
19

 

20

The ages of the sample range from 24 to 52 in the following
distribution:

TABLE 2

ME Dmrmmes m Till: smpm

 

 

 

 

Age Melee Femalee Total
20 to 24 0 l 1
25 to 29 0 3 3
30 to 34 0 5 5
35 to 39 0 ll 11
40 to 44 5 9 14
45 to A9 0 3 3
50 to 54 0 l 1
Total 5 33 33

 

Computing these data, it was found that the interquertilo range
was for the females: 8.28 years, with the majority of the caeee being
concentrated between 34.25 years and £2.53 years. All men are
concentrated between 40 and 44 years of age.

The marital status of the sample is described in the following
table:

21

TABLE3

MARITAL STATUS IN THE SAMPLE

 

 

Marital status Males Females Total
First marriage 5 24 29
Second marriage, after

divorce 0 6 6
Second marriage, after

death 0 l 1
Third marriage, after

death and divorce 0 l l
Divorced and not

remarried O l 1

Total - 5 33 38

 

It is interesting to note that 29 cases out of 38 (or three fourths)
have not provided a broken home for the problem children involved.
Only 6 cases (or 16 percent) have been married previously, the first
marriage terminating in divorce. This confirms a finding by

1-1. Marianne Marin in her unpublished project carried out in the same
agency, where she says: "In these findings one can see the refutation
of the common belief that it is the child from the broken home that
has difficulties. It seems possible that children from apparently

stable families are as susceptible to emotional disturbances as children
from broken homes."16

16M. Marianne Marin, "A Study of Community-Clinic Relationships
as Reflected by Referrals to Lansing Child Guidance Clinic, April

through June, 1955." (Unpublished Project Report, School of Social Hark,
Michigan State University, 1956), p. 39.

22
The analysis of the occupation stated by the sample shows that
a proportion higher than in the general population, belongs to the

professional class. The classifications are those used by the Bureau
of the Census in their publications:

TABLE 4
OOGUPATION OF THE MALES IN THE SAMPLE

   

Occupation Number Percent

 

 

for>Tote1
Professional, technical~& kindred workers 11 29
Managers, officials, a proprietors, excl.
farm 4 ll
Clerical and kindred workers 1 3
Sales workers 2 5
Crafstmen, foreman, & kindred workers 5 13
Operatives & kindred workers 7 18
Laborers 3 8
Not included 5 13
Total 33 100

In this table, the "not included" stands for 3 families in which
both spouses answered and 2 families without male figures. 80, over a
fourth of the families seen at the clinic belong to the professional
class and 10 percent belong to the managerial class, adding up to almost
40 percent belonging to the upper middle class. Among the manual
workers, 13 percent are specialized and 18 percent probably have good
incomes as operative workers. It can be generalized then, that the
sample seen at the clinic is not a representative sample of the population
etlarge, but tends to be skewed toward higher status.

It is interesting to note that Virginia Hitchcock Pinner, studying
the same agency, found that of a sample of 124 families seen for diagnosis

 

23
only, 22 were of the professional and managerial class, 36 in clerical
sales, and 66 blue collar workers.” Apparently treatment is a
selective factor which reduces the number of blue collar workers.

It was found that among the women, over half of the sample
kept house for their families:

TABLE 5

MC UPATION OF THE FBZALES IN THE SAMPLE

 

Occupation “umber Percent

 

 

for Total

Homemakers 26 68
Professional, technical, 8c kindred workers 2 5
Clerical & kindred workers 3 8
Sales workers 1 3
Crafstmen, foreman, & kindred workers 1 3
Operatives 8: kindred workers 1 3
Private household workers 1 3
Not included 3 8

Total 38 101

 

In this table the ”not included" stands for 3 families in which both
spouses answered. We see there that well over half of the women
included are homemakers, with 2 professional and 3 clerical employees,
4 others being: sales worker, craftsman, operative worker, and private
household worker.

The same trend toward higher status. than in the general
population, is found in education:

 

17Virginia Hitchcock Pinner, "Sociocultural Factors in Children's
Emotional Disorders," (Unpublished Project Report, School of Social work,
Michigan State University, 1957) , p. 52.

24

TABLE 6

EDIBATIOR OF THE SAMPIE

 

 

 

W i

fears of education hale Female Total Percent

for Total
Less than 8 0 1 1 3
8 to 1.1 O 3 3 8
High School graduates 0 16 16 [.2

1 to 3 years of College

or of Special training 1 9 10 26
1. years college 0 3 3 8
Ph.D. or equivalent 4 1 5 13
Total 5 33 38 100

 

According to this table, only 11 percent of the sample did not complete
high school. 1.2 percent completed high school without further formal
education, but almost half of the sample (1.7 percent) went beyond high
school. The median year of education for this sample is 12.9 years.
This is much higher than the figure registered by the census for the
United States in general: 9.7 (females 13.0, males: 9.3) and for
Michigan: 9.9 and for Lansing: 11.7.3"8 ‘
These data are important to help understand the segment of
population reached by the Child Guidance Clinic in Lansing.

The information given by he respondents as to their religious

affiliation was tabulated in the follwing way:

laflnited States Census of Ptmulatjion; 1950, Michiann; Qetgiled
Qharegtggiflgg, Y«Jflushingtom Government Printing Office, 1952,

25

 

 

 

TABLE 7
RELIGIOUS AFFILIATION OF THE SAMPLE
-: _.
hligion Mes Females Total Percent
for Total

Protestant 5 28 33 87
Catholic 0 I. I. 11
Jewish 0 0 0 0
hone O l 1 3

Total 5 33 38 101

 

Thin table inflicates the high percentage of Protestants in the sample.

The following table shows the activity the sample have in their own
chm-chess

TABLE 8

RELIGIOUS PARTICIPATION BY SE A311) BY ICFILLKTIOI‘!
OF THE SAMPIE

W

 

 

Religion Sex Very Average Little No Total
Active Activity Activity
Protestant Hales 2 1 2 0 5
Females 5 13 6 I. 28
Catholic Males o 0 O 0 0
Females 0 l 3 0 4
None Males o o 0 0 0
Females O 0 0 l 1
Total 7 15 ll 5 33

 

2-13

The sample being so small it is difficult to arrive to any
conclusions on this subject but it is interesting to note that among
the Catholic clients, 3 have little anti-nit: in their church sci only
1 has average activity in it. The Protest-ant clients have a more evenly
dietrilmted curve. Although, of course, with only 4 Catholic subjects
the results may be due to chance, it would be interesting to study this
Mixer as religion may have something to do with these results.

It was found, as indicated by the follming table, that the
families from which the emotionally disturbed children came from are
not, as is sometimes believed, ”one-child families." In this study only

35 families are involved, as in 3 cases both spouses answered the

questionnaire.

T113133 9

NUMBER OF CHIIDREN PER FAMILY IN THE SJ‘xI-PLE

w

 

 

 

 

Jw W
Nmnber of children Ntmber of Percent

Families for Total

1 0 O

2 ll 31

3 15 A3

A 6 1'7

5 2 6

6 l 3

Total 35 100

 

The median of this distribution is 3.433. The census gives the

"POPflation per household" in l-iichigan as 3.1.2 and 3.39 in Urban

27
Michigan;19 This, of some, includes the 2 parents so that in the

sample the median of the pcpulstion per household is 5.433. This table
shows that the emotionally disturbed children seen at the clinic mostly

cane from families with 2 children and 3 children, those with 3 children
comprising almost half of the total number.

The folloding table shows both the sex and the ordinal position
of the problem child in the family. Again the results seem to question
one often-mentioned common statement: "The youngest child is the
Spoiled child."

TABLE 10

SEX AND ORDINAL POSITION OF THE CHILDREN
IN THE SAI’PIE

 

 

 

Ordinsl Position Mes Females Total . Percent
for Total
Oldest child 16 8 21. 59
Youngest child 3 1+ '7 1'?
Middle child 4 1 5 12
Other position 3 2 5 12
Total 26 15 1.1 100

This table is eomermd with [.1 children as 6 of the 35 families involved
have 2 children now being seen for treatment. The above table shows

2 things. First, over half of the children seen ere melee. This is
Particular]; interesting when seen together with the next table,

M

 
      

19United State Ce us . ' l. - _. -, ,5 x
W, Washington: Government Printing min, 1952, p. 55.

28

Table 11, concerned with the ages of problem children econ in the clinic.
The other point ruined by the above table is that, contrary to a
popular belief that the youngest child is the spoiled child and the
problem child, it ie the older child who has been met often referred
and accepted for treatment. Over half of the children seen at this tine
are fist-born. Youngest children eeen are only 7 (17 percent)‘, a little
more than middle children (12 percent) but less than both children born
between the older end the youngest children, and children born in same
other position taken together, or 21. percent. This finding agrees with
Marin in her project report on referrals made to the Lansing Child
Guidance Clinic. Out of a sample of 1.7 children, 21 were oldest children,
11 youngest ones, 7 middle children, 6 only children, and 2 were not
reported. As in this study, most of the children are oldest children,
the next figure refers to the youngest. Marin, contrary to this study,
lists 6 only children.”

The next table shows the ages of the children being seen at the
clinic and belonging to the sample: V

20m, M» p. 41.

29

mm 11
AGE 0!" THE CHILDREN IN TIE SAMPLE

 

 

Age Melee Females Total Percent
for Total

7- 8 3 6 9 22
9-10 8 A 12 29
ILL-l2 9 2 ll 27
13-11. 3 1 A 10
15—16 3 2 5 12
Total 26 15 4.1 100

 

This distribution gives us the median age of the emotionally disturbed
male child seen by the clinic as: 11.4 years. The median age of the
emotionally disturbed female child seen by the clinic in 9.8 years.
This is almost 2 years apart, the girl being ahead of the boy. The
mean for the male cases is 11.2 and for the female cases is 10.01..
This is closer but the trend is still there.

This is not confirmed by Research Report No. 17, published in
March, 1955, by the Michigan Department of Mental Health, on
”Differential Utilization of the Facilities of a Michigan Child Guidance
Clinic.” That study found that "The age distribution of male and female
clinic clients is similar, and the difference in mean age is not
statistically aignificant."21 Homver, while the means are very closely

related (9.91 for melee and 9.63 for females), the median has a difference

A. A

21Michigan Deparhmnt of Mental Health. rerentia

of the Eacilitieg of g Michigan Child Guidance Clings. Research Report
NO. 17, March, 1955, P. no

 

 

30

of over 3 years: 11.5 for males and 8.00 for females. This follows
more closely the findings of this study'although no significant
differenceS'were found in the Nichigan.Department of Mental Health
study as to the age of'males and females. However, this latter study
is concerned with referrals while the present study is concerned with
children under treatment.22 In the present study'the majority of the
female cases is concentrated between 8.25 and 12.25 years. The majority
of the male cases is concentrated between 9.87 and 12.89 years.

This description of the sample studied brought up ten main
points:

1. More women than.men are coming to the clinic fer
treatment along with the emotionally'disturbed child. This is, of
course, due to various factors. First, it is interesting to note,
more mothers than fathers refer their children to the clinic. Most
referrals are made after one or both parents feel helpless to handle the
problem child. Perhaps the mother feels helpless sooner, due both to her
physical closeness to the child and to her physical and psychological
inability to restrain the child.

2. The majority of parents bringing their children to the
clinic are between 34.3 and 42.5 years. And since the median age of
the children seen is around 11 for the boys and 9 for the girls, m "t
of the parents had those children between 24 and 32 years. It could be
said that, in some cases at least, those parents married and had their

children late as over half of the children seen are first-borne.

“4...;

”nae. p. 29.

 

31
However, it has to be taken into consideration that, as seen through the
odmation and occupation of the sample, most of the sample belongs to the
upper middle class which generally marries later.

3. Before expanding on the next point, it must be said that the
children who are being seen at the clinic are a very small percentage of
children who actually need help. They are the sons and daughters of
persons who are willing to request professional help with a problem
they cannot handle at that time. However, the point can be made according
to the findings of this small study that, contrary to popular belief,
broken homes are not necessarily linked with emotional distm'banccs in
children. Well over half of the sample provided a canplete physical home
for their children. Only 2 cases provided actual physically broken homes,
7 other cases having remarried after divorce from or death of first
husband. So, physically intact bones are not the maj or pesitive factor
in these cases.

4. Ms sample has a higher social and educational status than
expected in the general populatioz'x. It is believed at this point that
persons in this social range are probably more apt to request and get
professional help for their problems. They probably have more
information on coemmity resources or are more apt to obtain the
information and, as it will be shown later in the study, the persons in
the sample may have more personal characteristics which may help them
to 1‘quth outside help.

or the 5 men included, 2. have their Ph.D. or equivalent and the
other 1 has 1 to 3 years of special training beyond high school. Again
it seems that persons with more education are more apt to request

professional help in time of difficulty and may be more apt to take time
off their occupation to get treatment.

32
5. Contain? to popular belief, working mothers do not seen to
have more chances of having difficxfitics with their children. Again, this
is a gemralization which it might be worth while studying further, as
perhaps working mothers are less wars of their children‘s difficulties.
It We: found here that 63 percent of the mothers am not world; 2‘; in the
families covered in the sample.
6. About religious activity ani affiliation, the great majority
f the persons included in the sample belongs to the Protestant group.
The 5 men included belong to that religious group. It is interesting too
that no very active Catholic is involved, that of the A Catholics
involved 3 have little activity in their church. This may be due to the
small size of the sample, but it is possible also that this relates to
Dufichein's ideas on the Catholic chm-ch‘s influence over its members:
Because the Catholic religion imposes on its faithful a vast
system of dogmas and practices, and so penetrates all the details
of even their earthly life, it attaches then to this life with
greater force than Protestantism. The Catholic is much less
likely to lose sight of the ties binding him to the confessional
group of which he is part, because at every moment this group is
recalled to his in the shape of imperative precepts applyiz '7 to
different circlmzstances of life. He need not anxiously watch his
step) he refers each step to God because most of them are divinely
regulated, that is, by the Church which is the visible body of
(31011.23
0f cmzrse, this refers to halve feelings about suicide but this
security may suggest a different way to handle problem children from
using professional treatment.

7. None of the families involved is a one-child family. Mich
has been said about the spoiled only child but perhaps this child does

m

23Emile Dtn'lrheim, Suicide, (Glencoez The Free Press, 1952)
PP. 374-375.

 

33
not show emotional difficulties until he is pushed out of his preferred ‘

position by a sibling.

8. Over half of the children being seen are eldest children.
Much has been said about the spoiled youngest child but again the great
majority are first-born while only 17 percent are youngest children.
This, again, would deserve further study as it seems to inpla,r that it is
the displacement from the preferred position that precipitates in the
child intense needs which are apt to disturb the parents. Soc-1e people
have said that the middle child is the one who suffers as the older
child is given responsibility and recognition and the youngest one is
given attention while the middle child suffers from the lack of both
privileges. However, this sample shows that only 12 percent (or 5
011an seen at the clinic) are middle children. Five other children
were found to be placed in ordinal positions other than the ones stated
above.

9. In emotional difficulties as well as in other areas, girls
appear to he more advanced than boys. The median age for the girls is
9.75 while the median age for boys is 11.44. It would be interesting to
study this further, to know the factors involved in this phenmenon.
Pei-Imps the female child is more aware of her situation at an earlier age,
or perhaps the differential treatment of boys and girls affect the
children differently, etcetera.

10. More boy-s than girls are being seen. This also requires
further stmiy. One could Irvpothesize that boys, when disturbed, are

harder to handle than girls but other factors may appear on further
shay.

34
All these points raised in this chapter describing the Bengals
would deserve further study. In this study they can only be pointed out

for further reference while the main thesis is developed.

 

 

 

CHAPTER IV
ANALXSB OF THE Drill: GEEICRAL PJESJLTS OE“ IFS STIDY

Analyzing the data gathered by the questionnaire, the
outstanding pattern was the heavy proportion of subjects scoring high
on the need for reaponoe. As aftplt ined in the Methcdologg, the scores
were divided into five groups which will be referred to as: Group 1
(average need for both response and recognition); Group 2 (some need
for response); Group 3 (ewe need for recognition) 3 Group I. (extreme
need for response); Group 5 (extreme need for recognition). (See
Chapter II, page l2, for a definition of the groups). In the tables,
percentag, a. have been used not to "prove" ammng "out to help in tie
analysis of the data.

The results presented the following picture:

TABLE 12

FIEFDS For; WGNITION AND IESPOIBE
IN The} 5194413

Groups h‘cnher Percent
for total

26
29
18
21

5

\IszL’H
Moo-4'33

 

‘1 coal 36 99

 

35

 

36
When Groups 2 and 4 are put together (response) and Grams 3 and 5 are

put tagether (recognition) the fella-ring resin-ts are obtained:

Average 26 percent
Need for response 50 percent
Need for recognition 21-, percent

This shone the difference clearly. The subjects with com degree
of need for response mount to exactly half of the sample. The other
half is divided between the subjects scoring average and those scoring
com degree of need for recognition, the amber of average scores being
slightly higher.

These results may indicate that it is flmdanentally easier for
saneone with a need for response to come to professionals and sdmit
his having failed in connection with raising his children. It is not
believed that this simply indicates that children of subjects scoring
some degree of need for response have more difficulty with their children
than subjects scoring average or some degree of need for recognition.
This will be discussed later.

the whole study is based on the perception by the subjects or
their own personality, of their background, and of their relationships
with others in their backgrouni. Table 14 shows the relationship between

the 5 groups and their perception of happiness in their childhood:

 

 

v '-'.—\w .—~...——

37

TABLE 13

1331753331le 01" RAPPZTE‘fi IN CHILDHGQD in!!!)
162193 {F TEE PIKE GILJUPS IN THE SME’LE

 

Percep- Group 1 Group 2 Grmlp 3 Group 4 Group 5
tion Total % Total % Total % Tsrfigel % Total % Total %

 

 

At bane 5 50 7 64 4 5'7 3 38 2 100 21 55

Away from ~
Home 5 50 I. 36 3 1.3 ‘5 63 0 0 17 AS

 

Total 10 100 11 100 '7 100 8 101 2 100 38 100

 

From this table there does not seen to be any clear cut differences between
those who perceive their childhood as happier at home and those who see
their childhood as happier outside their home, in terms of need for
response or recognition. For example, of the group scoring average
(Group 1) , half think of themselves as having been unhappy at home. In
the groups scoring some noel for response and scoring some need for
recognition, a little over half perceive themselves as having been
happier at home. Grain: A, scoring extreme need for response, shows more
clifference as over half see themselves as having been happier easy from
home. In the last group, scoring extreme need for recognition, the 2
subjects perceived themselves as having been happier at bane. The total
shows that almost half of the sample see themselves as having been
pretty unhappy at home .

The next table shows the perception of economic status of the

sample in relation to their needs for response or recOgnition.

 

38

TABLE M.

PEB'JEPTION OF EDMOND} STATUS I}! CHIIBHOOD AID
NEEDS OF THE FIVE GROUPS III THE SAMPIE

W

01-me1 Growz. Group3 61-01pr Groups
Perception Total $ Total 1 Total $ Total 5 Total 3 Total S

Above smog. 2 20 1 V 9 1 14 0 O 2 100 6 16
Average 4 A0 7 61. A 57 5 63 0 0 20 53
Below average 4 40 3 27 2 29 3 38 O O 12 32

 

Total 10 100 11 100 7 100 8 101 2 100 38 101
This table indicates some interesting points. For example, over

half of the sample comes from homes which they perceived as being
storage in comparison with the people around them. Only 6 of 38 subjects
m from homes they perceived as being above average and or those, 2 come
from Group 5. This would mean that both subjects scoring c high need for
”cognition cm from families above average econanically. This w
”More. the statement made before that it is difficult for individuals
with high need for recognition to come to the clinic but it could be added
that if their background has been socially, economically, and probably
educationally above average, they can request the help of professionals,
which might be lush more difficult to do without this type of backgrouni.
It can also be noted that there is no one in Group 4 (extreme need for
response) who comes from above average homes and that there is only 1 in
Group 2 (some need for response). Since a large proportion of the sample
belongs to the middle and uppemiddle classes, this does not men that

 

 

39

need for response is a reaction more cannon in the lower classes,
although there might be factors involved in the relationships betwoen
people in certain classes which may enhance one need as against the
other. But more studies would have to be conducted before any of these
observations m indicate real tendencies. Again, this sample is too
linited to indicate anything but very generalized trends.

The marital status of the parents of the subjects in the sample
was also tabulated.

TABLE ‘15

MARITAL STATUS 0? THE PAPENTS OF THE- SUBJECTS A!!!)
NEEDS 0? TE FIVE GROUPS IN THE SAMPLE

W

 

Groupl Group2 Group3 Groupl. Groups

 

 

Family Total S Total $ Total 1 Total $ Total 5 Total S
Canplete 5 50 7 64 6 86 5 63 1 50 21. 63
Broken by
divorce 1 10 l 9 1 14 0 0 0 0 3 8
Broken by
death 2 20 1 9 0 0 2 25 1 50 6 16
Broken by
separation 2 20 2 18 0 O 1 13 0 O 5 13
Total 10 103 11 100 '7 100 8 101 2 103 38 100

These data indicate that over half of the subjects some from
physically complete homes. This agrees with the statement in the third
chapter (Analysis of the Sample) that a physically complete home alone
is not sufficient to meet the needs of children. It is interesting to
note that 3 families were broken by divorce but that 5 more were broken

by separation which has been considered as "the poor man's divorce."

 

 

 

 

 

40
Of these 5 cases, 3 are under Group 2 and Group 1. (sons and extreme need
for response). Tue others appear in Group 1.

is it is believed that maladjustment in the relationships to
others is probably centered in poor relationships in childhood, the
{alluring table was set up to show the perceptlrm of favoritism and

rejection stated by the subjects during interviews with their workers.

TABLE 16

STATED PERCEPTION 0F FAVORITISM FOR OTEEE AND
REJECTION GI" SUBJMTS AND
NEEDS OF THE FIVE GROUPS IN THE SAMPLE

 

Group 1 Group2 Group3 Groupl. Group 5
Perception Total 3% Total 5 Total $ Total $ Total 5 Total S

L

None 8 80 7 6/. 4 57 3 33 l 50 23 61
Others favored l 10 2 l8 2 29 2 25 0 O '7 18
Rejection by

Father 1 10 O 0 0 0 O O O O l 3
Rejection by

Mother 0 O l 9 O O 2 25 O 0 3 8
Rejection by '

both 0 0 O 0 O O l 13 O 0 1 3

Both rejection
5 favoritism 0 O l 9 l U. 0 O l 50 3 8

 

Total 10 100 11 100 '7 100 8 101 2 100 38 101

m+

This table can be reduced in the following way.

 

 

 

 

 

Perception Group 1 Group 2 Group 3 Group I. Group 5 Total $
No rejection 8 7 4 3 l 23 61
Sane degree of
rejection 2 I. 3 5 1 15 39
Total 10 11 7 8 2 38 100

 

This shows more clearly the pattern. Over half of the subjects did not
report any type of rejection on the part of their parents toward
themselves. However, in Group 1 (average needs for response and
recognition), 8 out of 10 reported no rejection while only 7 out of 11
report this in Group 2, only I. out of 7 in Group 3 and only 3 out of 8
in Group 4, showing a decrease of the positive feelings in favor of the
more negative feelings as either need increases. In the last group,
because of the smallness of the Sample it is more difficult to see a
definite pattern: one of the subjects in this group stated no negative
feelings while the other stated both rejection and favoritism of others
in his family. t can be also noted that the 3 cases of rejection by
mothers are present in Group 2 and Group 1.. (seems uni extreme need for
response). The subject stating both rejection and favoritism for others

in Group 5 (extreme need for recognition), stated being rejected by her

father, her mother, and later, her step-mother, while her younger sister

was preferred by the mother. In Group 1, no such extreme rejection is

present.

 

 

42

The possible traumatic experiences suffered by the subjects were

also checked against their needs for recognition and response:

TABIE l7

STiTED TRAUMATIC EXPERIENCES OF THE SUBJECTS AND
NEEDS OF THE FIVE GROUPS IN THE SAMPLE

 

 

 

Traumatic Group 1 Group 2 Group 3 Group 4 Group 5
Experiences Total 1 Total $ Total $ Total 1 Total $ Total %
None 6 60 7 6!. 7 100 4 50 l 50 25 66
30M 4 40 4 36 O O l. 50 1 50 13 34
Total 10 100 11 100 7 100 8 100 2 100 38 100

 

The traumatic experiences stated by the subjects were divorce oi‘
the parents, death in the family, separation of parents, etcetere. are
case involved the father leaving home and later killing a man over another
woman. Over half of the subjects did not mention any mimetic
experiences in their childhood, during their interviews. Thirteen cues
stated having had experiences which were probably tretmetic at the time.
Although again the sample is too small to arrive at any definite conclusions,
in both Groups 4 and 5 (extreme needs for response and recognition) half
of the subjects have had traumatic experiences.

The next table shows the ordinal position of the subjects in the

sample and their position in the groups.

 

43

TABLE 18

ORDINAL PiBITION OF THE SUBTECTS AND
“EDS OF THE FIVE GROUPS IN THE SAMPIE

m:

 

 

 

Ordinal Group 1 Group 2 Group 3 Group 4. Group 5
Position Total % Total $ Total 5 Total $ Total 3 Total %
Not given 3 30' 3 27 1 1!. 5 63 2 100 14 37
Older child 0 0 2 18 3 43 1 13 O 0 6 16
Youngest child 2 2O 3 27 3 43 l 13 O O 9 24
Middle child 1 13 O 0 0 C 1 13 O O 2 5
on child 1 10 2 13 o o o o o o 3 8
Other 3 30 l 9 0 O O O O 0 4 ll
Total 10 100 11 99 7 100 8 102 2 100 33 101

 

Because of the high number (14 out of 38) of ordinal position not

given in this sample, it is difficult to arrive at anything concrete. It

is interesting to note, however, that it is not prinarily the older child

who is coming to the clinic with a problem child. The highest proportion,

after the I'not given" is the youngest child. This, however, cannot be

followed because of lack of information on the subject. Besides, if

information had been obtained on the 1!. subjects on whom no data are
available, the proportions may be greatly different.
This chapter reveals some interesting things about the subjects:

1. Half of the sample scored as needing more response than

recognition at different degrees. Again this seems to Justify saying that

most persons coming to the clinic tend to need response and that it is

 

 

1.1.
lore difficult for persons needing recognition to ask help from

professionals on a subject as personal as raising children.

2. Almost half of the sample stated feeling that, during their
childhood, they had been happier outside of home than in their bane.
This seems to indicate an unhappy childhood for many in the sample.
Hmver, this does not seen to correlate with the adaptation of the
subjects to others in general. Again, we do not know the degree of
unhappiness suffered at home and this may make a great difference in the
”action of the subject to others in general.

3. Most of the subjects scoring ems degree of need for
response came from homes perceived by the subjects as average or below
average econanically. H Those scoring some need for recognition seen to
follow this pattern also; however, the only 2 subjects scoring extreme
need for recognition come from homes they perceived as above average
economically. This seems to indicate that perhaps a high economic,
social, and educational background helps a subject accept services from
a professional, person, even in a very personal matter, although need for
recognition is very high. Unfortunately the sample is too small to
arrive at any definite conclusion on this subject.

4. is in Chapter III, "Analysis of the Sample," it was found
that nest of the sample came fran intact families. Three were broken by
divorce, 5 by separation, and 6 by death.

5. Rejection seems to be a factor in increased needs for
recognition and response. Only 2 subjects out of 10 suffered frm
rejection in Group 1, rejection increasing as the need for response and
recognition increased, with the exception of Group 5 which only contains
2 subjects.

1.5
6. The proportion of traumatic experiences is quite high in this
sample. Thirteen of 38 subjects stated having had childhood experiences
shich could be interpreted as being traumatic. However, there is no
definite pattern of correlation with the degree of’needs for response

or recognition except for the last 2 groups where half of the subjects had

traumatic experiences.

 

CHAPTER V

ANALYSB OF THE DATA: COMPARISON OF THE CHIIDREN
IN THE SAMPLE AND THE ms 01'" THE SMH’LE

All mentioned in earlier chapters, an effort was made to see some
connection between the needs of the parents in the area of human
relationships and the problems of the children seen at the clinic. In
thin melysie 40 children from 33 families were taken into account.

This eliminated 5 male subjects, 4 of which were taken out because their
when were incluied end the tabulation would have been difficult. The
fifth was taken out after it was thought that the relationship to the
father figure could not be canpered with the relationship to the mother
figures. It was then finally decided that a comparison of the children'-
probleme would be made with the mothers' needs alone.

Again percentages are used, not to ”prove" anything in this
exploratory study but to help clarify some of the findings in the anally.“
of the data.

The first table shows the number of problem children seen in the

clinic per family.

46

 

4'?

TABLE '19

[UMBER Cl PROBLEM CHILDREN SEEN IN THE CLINIC PER FAMILY
AND LEEDS OF THE FI‘v’E GPJDUPS IN THE SAMPLE

 

 

 

umber of Group 1 Group 2 Group 3 Group 4 Group 5

Children Total 1 Total {- rotal $ Total I Total 1 Total 3

One problem

child 9 100 6 6'7 5 71 6 86 0 0 26 79

Two problem

children 0 O 3 33 2 29 1 ll. 1 100 '7 21
Total 9 100 9 100 7 100 7 100 1 100 33 100

Total children 9 12 9 8 2 4.0

 

Group 1 (average need for response and recognition) contains no
families having 2 children under treatment at the clinic. Group 2 has a
third of the subjects having 2 children being seen. Group 3 has 2
families out of 5 and Group I. has 1 family out of 6 with 2 children under
treatment at the clinic. Group 5 has only 1 family and this family has
2 children being seen at the clinic. But this group is too reduced to
be representative.

The next table shows the main symptcms of the children as stated
by the parents during intake and the need of the five groups. The main
symptans are listed according to the Clinic‘s list of reasons for
referral which is provided by this agency:

REFERRAL REASOES:

No. 1. Conduct Disorder: Antisocial behavior, including

truancy, stealing, defiance, running away, temper tantrmc, cruelty,
overly aggressive, sex offences.

 

 

 

‘8

lo. 2. W: Inclules eneuresis, nailbiting, thueb-
sucking, masturbation, tics. .

No. 3- W: Chronic nah-ppm». tar-psychotic
symptaes, incluling withdrawal, daydreaming, depression, fears,
anxiety, inferiority, poor social adjustment.

. .. ~ ' .- :For educational disabilities
(such as slowness in academic learning, or specific subject '
disabilities).

No. 5. W: in; physical complaint with organic
condition out - such as blindness. '

 

TABLE 20

OW cm W m PROBIEM CHILDREN am
new CFTI-EFIVEGROUPS INTHESAMPLE

 

 

 

Deferral Group 1 Group 2 Group 3 Group]. Group 5
Reason retalii‘otalxrotalxrotalirotalfirctalfi
10.1 3 33 2 17 1+ 44 3 38 O O 12 3O
“.2 1 11 2 17 O O O O O O 3 '7
No.3 3 33 A 33 0 O 1 l3 0 O 8 20
lo.‘ 0 O O O O O O O O O O 0
130.5 0 O 1 8 O 0 l 13 O O 2 5
Nos.l&2 l 11 2 l7 1 ll 0 O l 50 5 12
los.l&.3 O 0 O O 1 11 O O O O 1 3
Nos.1&l. 1 ll 0 O O O 0 O O O 1 3
“.2k3 O O 0 O 1 11 3 33 O 0 4 10
”.2824 O 0 l 8 O O O O O O l 3
les.2&5 O 0 O O 1 11 0 O 1 50 2 5
”.364 O O O O 1 ll 0 0 O O 1 3
Total 9 99 12 100 9 99 8 102 2 100 ‘0 101

 

“Unpublished list of referral reasons prepared by the Michigan
Department of )bntal Health.

 

 

1.9
In an effort to reduce this information in a more significant
way, the data presented in Table 21 were set up again, adding to the first,

five categories a was one called "Over one reason."

 

 

 

Referral Group 1 Group 2 Group 3 Group I. Group 5

Reasons Total $ Total 5 Total 1 Total $ Total. 5 Total $

Conduct

disorder 3 33' 2 17 I. 44 3 38 O O 12 30

Habit

disorder 1 ll 2 1'7 0 O 0 0 O O 3 8

Personality

problems 3 33 4 33 0 0 l 13 0 O 8 20

Functional

illness 0 O 1 8 O 0 l 13 0 0 2 5

Overonereason 2 22 3 25 5 56 3 38 2 100 15 38
Total 9 99 12 100 9 100 s 102 2 100 40 101

-__l A

Added this way the highest frequency of cases comes under 'over
one reason,” with 15 cases out of 1.0. The next one is "Conduct Disorder'
which has a frequency of 12 out of 1.0. The next one is "Personality
Problems" with 8 cases out of 1.0. The frequencies of cases under "Over
one Reason" go up as the degree of need for response and recognition goes
uP.

Five more areas of difficulties were reviewed and tabulated with
the 5 groups of parents: (1) expression of hostility; (2) relatiomhips
to peers; (3) difficulties in school; (4) seml difficulties; (5) unmet
response and recognition needs. It must be said at this time that the
following information is quite reliable. The data were gathered from the

 

 

50

record on Form Ember 6 (see Appendix G). In the record the intake
interview all treatment interviews were read , but particular attention
was given to both the recording of the staff meeting and the psychological
evaluation. These reports usually give a complete description or the
children's problems. They are written after the psychiatrist, the
psychologist, and the social worker involved in the case have presented
the material they have gathered during their interviews with the patient
and the parents and discussion of the material has taken place. These
reports, then, bring up clearly the main problem areas of the child
studied.

The next table includes 1. different types of expression of

hostility.

TABLE 21

TYPES OF EXPRESSION OF HOSTILITY OF THE PROBEM CHILDREN
AND ImS 0F TEE FIVE GROUPS IN THE 3mm]:

Expression of Group 1 Group 2 Group 3 Group I. Group 5

 

Hostility Total % Total X Total 1 Total S Total $ Total 1
Withdrawn 3 33 3 25 2 22 2 25 0 O 10 25
Passive 1 ll 2 l7 0 O 2 25 0 O 5 13
Difficulty in

expressing

hostility 3 33 5 1.2 5 56 1 13 2 100 16 [.0
Overt

Aggressiveness 2 22 2 17 2 22 3 37 0 O 9 23

 

Tots]. 910012100 9100 8100 210040100

 

 

 

 

 

 

51
This table shows that more children in the sample either are
withdrawn or have difficulty in expressing hostility. This last category
is the largest one, covering almost half of the cases‘ and implies that the
child is «pressing hostility although not continuously in an overt way.

However, if we redme the table we find the following results:

W

Expression of Group 1 Group 2 Group 3 Group .4, Group 5

 

 

Hostility Total $ Total $ Total 1 Total 5 Total 5 Total %

Vitlxlrawn 8c

Pussive 4 44 5 42 2 22 A 50 0 O 15 38

Overt

hostility 5 56 '7 58 7 78 1. 50 2 100 25 63
Total 9 100 12 100 9 100 8 100 2 100 AD 100

 

This shows more clearly that over half of the children soon have
a tendency to eXpress their hostility overtly while somewhat over a
third tend to hide their hostility behind a withdrawn and passive
appearance. However, no definite pattern seems to appear as Group 1 has
close to half the subjects in this group in each category. Groups 2 and
3 have a smewhat higher umber in the more overt group, particularly in
Group 3. Group I. is equally divided ami both cases in Group 5 fall
within the more overt type of hostility.

The next table shows the relationship with peers of the patients
as reported by their parents. This report of the children's relationships
to others was made by their parents during the intake interview. This
indicates the parents' perception of the children's relationship to

 

 

52
others, perhaps more than the real relationships of the children. But
this also brings up interesting points.

TABLE 22
STATED RELATIONSHIPS OF THE PROBLEM CHILDREN WITH THEIR PBERS
AND NEEDS OF THE FIVE GROUPS IH THE SARPLE

Groupl Groupz Group3 Groupl. Group5
Relationship Total S Total fl Total $ Total % Total $ Total %

Not reported 1 11 3 25 l. 44 6 75 i1 50 15 38

Difficulty with
peers 1 11 I. 33 2 22 2 25 O O 9 23

 

One frianl only 1 ll 0 O 1 ll 0 O O O 2 5
No friends 6 67 5 1.2 2 22 O O l 50 16 35
Total 9 100 12 100 9 100 8 100 2 100 1.0 100

It is interesting to note that Group 1 reports their children as
having no friends in 6 cases out of 9. it the other extreme, Group 4
reports no child without friends, 2 with difficulty and in 6 cases,
nothing was motioned on the subject. Most children coming to the clinic
have some difficulty with their peers as their psychological problems
almost always cover their relationships to people around them. It is
then interesting that the parents who probably have most difficulties in
relationships themselves are the ones who do not report any difficulties
in that area for their children. Apparently, those with less difficulty
in this area are more apt to notice it in their children while those with
more difficulty in that area ignore it. Except for the fifth group which

 

 

53
is not representative, the proportion of difficulty not reported goes
up‘with the subjects' difficulties in that area.
The next table indicates the sexual difficulties found in the

children:

TABLE 23

SEXUAL DIFFICULTIES REPORTED no
me or was rm; oz: as 1:: m3 BATTLE

 

. _.... 7. ..__- --..-i¢— m...~,‘~ 4,.7 _-- a, “24.53: Newgswr‘-,flf—,WW’WJ»~ “m“wanww

Sexual Group 1. Group 2, Group'B Group 4. Group 5

      

Difficulties Total $ Total $ Total $ Total S Total 5 Total %

A;

 

Not reported I. u. 6 50 7 '78 2 25 2 100 21 53

8e:

Preoccupation 0 0 2 17 1 ll 3 33 O 0 6 15

Praaiscuity l 11 l 8 O O 0 0 0 O 2 5

Oedipal Conflict 1 ll 1 8 0 0 0 0 O 0 2 5

Conflict in

sexual

identification 2 22 2 l7 0 O 2 25 O O 6 15

Sex play 1 ll 0 0 0 0 1 13 0 O 2 5

Exhibition 0 O O O 1 ll 0 O O O 1 3
Total 9 100 12 100 9 100 8 100 2 100 1.0 100

 

Over half of the children had no sexual difficulties found during

the psychological evaluation. However, there seems to be a trend with

Group 4 (extreme need for response) that the difficulties reported go up

as the need for response goes up. Group 2 has exactly half of the cases

with sexual difficulties but Group 4 has three fourths of the cases with

 

54

senlal difficulties. It is interesting to note too that the only
case of exhibitionism falls within Group 3 (some need for recognition).
Group 1 also has a quite large proportion (slightly over half of the
cases) of sexual difficulties.

The last table is concerned with the feelings expressed by
the child to the therapist that he is not loved by his parents.

TABLE 2:.
marine or mm} UNLOVED EXPRESSED BI ma: CHILDIEN
m) mos or THE rm GROUPS In no sum
W

Groupl Group2 Group3 Groupl. GroupS '
Feelings Total I Total 1 Total 1 Total S Total S Total 3

‘_.__ L.

lotreported 333 542 778 450 2100 21 53

Feelings of
beingunloved 6 67 '7 58 2 22 4 50 O O 19 [.8

Total 910012100 9100 8100 210060100

 

Talking about individuals with a neurotic need for affection,
Hos-nay says: "The conviction of being unlovabls is closely akin to the
incapacity for love; it is, in fact, a conscious reflection of that
incapacity. A person who can be genuinely fond of others will have no
doubts that others can be food of him“ To test this idea the above
table was set up but no evidence of such a phenomenon can be
ascertained in this study. Out of 8 children, sons and daughters of

 

2430mm 22.9.21.» 1» 113-

 

55
subjects scoring extreme need for response, exactly half were reported
as feeling unloved and for the other half this Was not reported.
Group 2 has 7 children out of 12 feeling unloved but Group 1 has still
more, 6 out of 9 feeling unloved. So, no conclusive statement can be
made about this table.

 

This chapter seems to have raised the following points:

1. Group 1 has no cases of 2 siblings under treatment. Other
groups have them in inconclusive degrees.

2. A large proportion of the children under treatment for
more than one referral reason, fall within Groups 2, 3, A, and 5.
There seems to be a trend showing that as the degree of need for
response or recognition increases, so does the frequency of cases in
this category. .

3. Of the 5 categories used at the agency, the largest one is
"conduct disorder" and the second is ”personality problems.” But it
is the category covering over 2 of the 5 descriptions of symptoms that
has the largest proportion.

A. Twenty'fivo of 40 children have been brought to the clinic
because of a tendency to express hostility overtly. Only 15 were
referred as being rather withdrawn or passive. Groups 3 and 4.(sone
and extreme need for recognition) seem to have more cases of overt

hostility'in preportion than withdrawn cases. The other 3 groups do

not show extreme differences.

5. The parents in Group 1 seem to have reported more readily

their children's difficulties with peers. Group 3 seems to have been

 

56
less aware of this and Group 4 does not seem to have been aware of this
problem very much.

6. It is Group I. (extreme need for response) which seems to
have the most children with some]. difficulties.

7. Feelings of being unloved on the part of the children in
the sample do not seem to be related to the groups their mothers were
placed in.

In this area of relationships between pmnts' response uni
recognition needs and children's problems, only a few patterns appear.
However, some trends seem to Justify more curiosity in this area. As
Newcomb says: ”The particular way in which a certain mother treats her
child is in part an expression of her own personality needs."25 And as
the mother relates to her child, the child will react to her, to his
family, to his peers, to his world.

25’1'heodore M. Newcomb, §ocigl Psxghclm, (New York: The Men
Puss, Publishers, 1950), p. 437.

CHAPTER VI

ANAL-ISIS OF THE DATA: STUDY OF FIE’TEEN CASES
AND THEIR REMTIONSHHS WITH BOTH PARENTS

Because therapists in the Lansing Child Guidance Clinic do not
usually ask clients their feelings about their parental home situation,
information in this area was not available for every case studied. Only
15 subjects raised the subject themselves with their workers and talked
about both parents. Others talked about their mothers alone, without
mentioning much about their relationship to their fathers. Some did
not give any infonnation about their background at all.

The following table shows the information brought up by the

clients themselves.

TABIE 25

INFORI-IATION OBTAII'IED ABOUT THE PARENTS OF THE SUBJETS
AND NEEDS OF TILT. FIVE GROUPS IN THE SAMPLE

Groupl Groupz Group3 GroupA Group5
Information Total $ Total X Total Z Total 5 Total 1 Total 5

 

On both

pare ntl 4 40 4 36 3 43 3 3 8 1 50 15 40

On mother

alone 3 30 2 18 3 43 3 38 O 0 ll 29

None 3 30 5 46 1 ll. 2 2 5 l 50 12 32
Total 10 100 11 100 '7 100 8 100 2 100 38 100

v...

 

5'7

 

 

 

58

Only 15 of 38 subjects have given information on the father
figure. Twenty'six of 38 subjects have given information.on.the mother
figure. Twelve have given no information whatsoever, probably using
their interviews to solve their present problems and feelings. The fact
that so few have needed to mention the father ficure is interesting
and some hypotheses can be advanced such as: the father figures have
not been too influential in the parental home; there was less friction
between fathers and children than between.mothers and children and so
there is less need now to bring them into the picture, etcetera. Of
course, this would require more studw. The different groups do not
seem to show great differences in the distribution although<3roups 2
and 4 (some and extreme need for response) seem to have the least
proportion of information on the father. However, the differences are
not large enough to warrant further hypotheses.

The following tables are set up to show the feelings expressed‘
by the 15 subjects who have talked during their interviews with their
therapists, about both parents. The first table refers to the number
of difficulties with the father as stated by the subjects. is stated
in previous chapters, percentages are used not in an effort to "prove"
any fact but as a means to understand more clearly the data and to
facilitate the comparison of the five groups.

By difficulty it is meant the area where the subject perceived

some conflict or difficulty with parents.

 

59

TABIE 26

WEBER OF DIFFICULTIES WITH FATHER AND
NEEDS OF THE FIVE GROUPS IN THE SAI'TPLE

 

 

 

Group 1 Group 2 Group 3 Group I. Group 5
Difficulties Nmnber Number Number Number Ntnnber Total

 

None

codename.»

woooooww
oour—awowo
OOOOHHOH
HHOOHOOO
oou-aooooo
NHmr-IUI-an

 

Total I» 4 3 3 1

[.4
\ll

 

The number of difficulties stated by each group were added
together and the following results were found: Group 1, 12 difficulties;
Group 2, 17 difficulties; Group 3, '7 difficulties; Group 4,19
difficulties; Group 5, 6 difficulties. Later, these results were
divided into the number of subjects and the following averages were
obtained for each group: Group 1, 33 Group 2, 4.25; Group 3, 2.33;

Group A, 6.33; Group 5, 6. So, in terms of quantity of conflict areas,
the subjects with extreme need for response seem to have had most
difficulties with their fathers. Group 5 is also high but since it

only contains one subject any generalization is impossible.

 

 

 

60
The same table has been set up for the relationships with the

mother.

TABLE 2'7

NUMBER OF DIF'FICULTIES WITH MOTHER AND
NEEDS 0? TE FIVE GROUPS IN T13 SAMPLE

 

Group 1 Group 2 Group 3 Group A Group 5
Difficulties Humber Nmnber Number Ember Number Total

 

 

2 1 O 1 0 O 2
3 O 0 0 1 1 2
I» 1 l 0 1 O 3
5 0 O 2 O O 2
6 0 l O 1 0 2
8 2 1 O O O 3
11 0 1 0 0 O 1
Total 4 ‘ 4 3 3 1 15

 

There seems to be some difference tween Table 27 and Table 28.
Difficulties with mothers seem to be more mmermza than 111th fathers.
Getting the average number of difficulties with mothers, the same
procedure was followed. Groupl had 22 difficulties; Group 2, 29;

Group 3, 123 Group 1., 133 Group 5, 3. The average for each group was:
Group 1, 5.5; Group 2, 7.25; Group 3, 4; Gran}! A, 3.66: Group 5, 3.

The average of difficulties with fathers for the five groups amounted to
4.07. The average of difficulties with mothers, for the five groups,

amount to 5.33, somewhat higher. The average is higher for relationships

 

61

tomotherwithGroupa l, 2, m3andlawerwith6roupsianl5hxtme
needs for response and recognition). So, the subjects in the first
3 groups seem to be more aware of difficulties with the mother figure
while the 2 last groups seem to be more aware of difficulties with the
father figure even though, as a whole, the sample is more aware of
difficulties with mothers.

For a better comparison of the difference in number of
difficulties between fathers and mothers, the same data were grouped

in a different way.

NUMBER OF DIFFICULTIES WITH FATHERS AND MOTHERS
AND NEEDS OF THE FIVE GROUPS IN THE SAMPLE

WW
Number of Difficulties with

 

Fathers Mothers
Group 1 O 8
2 2
8 L
gag 822
. 2 2 8
Group 6 6
5 4
417 L112
5
Group 3 g 2
L1 5.23
Group A 3 2
412 L42
6 6 3.2

Group 5

l

 

62

The following table shows a list of the statements made by the

subjects about their parents:

TABLE 28

GEIER‘L TENDEIEIEB 0F PARENTS AND
REDS 0F TIE FIVE GROUPS IN THE SAMPLE

 

Groups Tendencies of Fathers

Tendencies of Mothers

 

Domineering, critical, cold,
morally strict, talkative,

punishing

Morally strict, no social
ambition

No problems

No emotional support, quiet

No emotional support,
dependent

Tendency to seek pleasure,
no social ambition, no
material responsibility,
poor morality, too
independent, spends too much

money

Domineering, critical, ner-
vous, punishing, arbitrary

No control, no ambition, no
material responsibility,
quiet

Dependent, domineering, quiet,
not clean

Morally strict, not clean

Domineering, critical, cold,
nervous, ambitious, ccmpulsively
clean, punishing, talkative

Domineering, overprotective,

nervous, ambitious, punishing,
taking too much responsibility,

talkative, dependent

Domineering, critical, nervous,
punishing, arbitrary, taking
too much responsibility,
talkative, dependent

Dominoering, critical,
punishing, inconsistent, too
much responsibility, talkative,

dependent

Domineering, ambitious, no
emotional support, too
independent

Dominaering, critical, cold,
nervous, never happy, ambitious,
punishing, arbitrary, too
responsibility, too strict
morally, too independent

63

1131328

GENERAL TENDEICIES OF P.L°ENTS AND
NEEDS OF THE FIVE GROUPS IN THE SAMPLE

(C out . )

M

Groups Tendencies of Fathers

Tendencies of Mothers

 

0.

In an effort to analyze more closely the areas

subjects and parents,
Appendix F) on which these data were gathered.

Critical, cold, no ambition,
no material responsibility

No problems

No ambition, no material
responsibility, too free
with money

not critical enough, cold,
nervous, too much pleasure,
no emotional reopens ibility,
talkative, too independent,
too free with money

Danineering, critical, cold,
no ambition, punishing,
arbitrary, no material
responsibility

(Drinks) Ho ambition, no
responsibility, dependent,
too free with money

Domineering, critical, cold,
punishing, arbitrary, no
freedom in use of money

categories were then set up:

Not critical enough, nervous,
not clean, dependent, no
freedom in use of money

Critical, empulsively clean

Dmineering, critical, cold,
no ambition, very strict
morally

Dominaering, critical, cold,
nervous, too much responsibility
talks a lot

Too much pleasure, not clean,
no emotional responsibility,

dependent

Nervous, no pleasure, takes too
much responsibility

Cold, not clean, no
responsibility

of conflict hetVeen

certain areas were isolated from Form No. L (see

The following

6!.
Domination: questions 1, 2, 8, 9, A, 12
Emotional needs: questions 3, 10
Social and material aspiration: questions 6, 10, 14
Morality: questions 5, 11 ’
~ Neatness and cleanliness: question 7

Dependency: question 13

Under domination, questions 4 and 12 were included with the idea
in mind that if nervous tension and tendency either to talk too much or
to be too quiet were present together'vith some aspect of domination,
the subject would be apt to remember these areas‘in connection with
domination. Under emotional needs, question 10 was included as the
'writer checked this question with the annotation: "emotional" when a
parent did not take emotional responsibility for the subject during
childhood. The same item.was used under"Social and Material Aspirations"
'uhen the annotation said "material" for'material responsibility. More
thorough analysis of this forn.was done in.the Chapter on Methods.

(See page 15)

The following table shows the number of differences around
Domination perceived and stated by the subjects. Most differences
indicate extreme domination on the part of the parents. Since the data

are so reduced and in order to facilitate understanding of it, the

following tables are set up differently, case by case, as in the

preceding table.

(«.3

TABLE} 29

mom or D firearms mm Famine m memos
IN THE. mm or Dom-1w :0}:
are Imus OF mg: Fz‘m snows IN THE 31.2913

 

Ember of Difficulties with

 

Groups ’ Fathers Mothers
1 1. 1
o o
O 5

Li 6.19
2 o 6
0 5
5 1

2.1 Lil
3 1 2
o 1

9...}. 3—1
I. 3 3
4 ‘ o

9—1 LA

5 LA L2

 

In general, domination seems to have been exercised in the
sample mostly by mothers. Only 1 father is domineering in Group 1
while 2 mothers are domineering in the same group. In Group 2,
3 mothers are danineering as against 1 father. In Group 3, 2 mothers
are somewhat domineering. In Group A, 2 fathers and 1 mother are
danineering in 2 different families while in 1 family the mother
has only 1 danineering trait. Group 5 which has only 1 case, shows
dalmatian on the part of the father. So, as far as domination is
concerned, extreme needs seem to indicate more domination on the part

Of fathers s

66
lbs next table shows the difficulties in the area of notional
needs (affection and emotional responsibility on the part of the

put-onto) .

TABIE 30

NUMBER W DIFFEUL'I‘IES WITH FATHERS AND MOTHERS
IN THE AREA W EMOTIONAL NEEDS
WEEDSG’THEFIVEGRDUPS INTHESMIE

w

Number of Difficulties with
Groups Fathers Mothers

 

[I C” 13°” Em” E°°'°
it: E” E” CW" Cm

Here the differences are easily seen. The whole sample is
relatively high in emotional difficulties, however, the last 2 groups

(4 and 5) seem to register rejection both on the part of the father and

of the mother. Group 2 also has only 1 case out of l. with problems with

both. Group 3 has no cases like this, perhaps registering the least

rejection.

6'!
The next table shows the differences around social and material
ambition of the parents: both extremes of social and material ambition,

‘. AD " “ ‘ ’ "
freedom in use oi money and material responsibility.

TABLE 31

NUMBER OF DIFFICUL‘I‘IES WI"?! FATIERS A‘TD IEOTUEI’S
IN THE AREA OF SCEIAL Aim MATERIAL AHBITIOI'I
AND NEEDS OF ' HE FIVE GROUPS IN TEE SAMPLE

W

Ember of Difficulties with

 

Groups Fathers Mothers
l l 0
l 0
0 l

9...; ._..._I 2
2 0 O
3 0
O 1

2 5 l 2
3 2 l
O 0

2—2 Li!
A l 0
2 O

2 6 O 0

5 l_l l_l

 

Difficulties in that area particularly may represent either
extreme of ambition, that is, extreme ambition or extreme lack of
ambition. This can be clarified checking Table 29. At this time only
the number of differences in this particular area are discussed. In
the above table, Group 1 shows only 1 difficulty out of 3 registered

in 2 fathers out of A and in 2 mothers out of 4 families. A higher

68

amber is registered for 2 fathers in Group 2 and the same thing
appears in Group 3 and again in Group 4. Group 5 registers l
difficulty for the father and l for the mother. In this area most
- difficulties are registered with the fathers who, on the most part were
perceived by the subjects as poor providers. This table also shows
that more difficulties are registered as the needs of the groups
increase.

The next table shows the differences in the moral area,
covering two aspects of this: both extremes of the tendency to seek

pleasure; morality.

TABLE 32

NUMBER W DIF'FICULTIES WITH FATHERS AND MOTHERS
IN THE EA OF MORALITY
m NEEDS OF TIE FIVE GROUPS IN THE SAMPLE

Nmber of Difficulties with

 

Groups Fathers Mothers
l 2 O
l l
0 0
9...}. 9...}.
O O
2 2 O
0 0
2.2. 2.3.
0 0
3 O o
9......9 1...;
1 O
A O 1
Ll L3
5 Q 0 0 O

 

 

69

This is not an area where many conflicts seem to have arisen in
the subjects' families. However, it can be noted that while Group 1
registered this type of difficulty in 2 families out of 1., 2 out of 2
in Group ‘2, 1 out of 3 in Group 3, the 3 families involved in Group I.
registered some difficulty in this area, 2 by the mothers and l by a
father. Group 5 did not register any.

The next table shows the difficulties in the cleanliness area,

covering the 2 extremes of neatness and cleanliness.

TABLE 33

NUMBER OF DWIC ULTIES WITH FATHERS AND MOTEERS
IN THE AREA OF CLEANLINE%S
AND I‘IEEDS OF ’1‘le FIVE GROUPS IN THE Sflvfi’w

m‘mnaM

 

 

W
Number of Difficulties with
Groups Fathers Mothers
l 0 l
0 l
O l
2.9 __20
2 0 O
O O
0 0
0 O 0 O
3 0 l
0 l
9,. ._ .9. 9—3
0 0
4 0 1
o o 9.}.
5 9.2 Ll

 

These results are somewhat different in trend as Group 1

registers 3 difficulties out of 1. families. Group 2 registers none

70

and Group 4 (also response) registers only 1. 0n the other*hand
Group 3 registers 2 out of 3 and Group 5 registers 1. In this area
men are not involved, as it could have been expected. So, the group
scoring average in need for response and recognition and the groups
scoring sane and extreme needs for recognition seem to have the most
differences in that area.

The next table shows the difficulties in the dependency area,

covering the 2 extremes of dependency.

TABLE 34

WEETI OF DIET ICE; 1'38 WITH FATHER-3 AND IviOTHERS
DJ TEE AREA OF semen-m
AID ms OF TE F313 GROUPS IN THE SAMPLE

member of Difficulties with

 

Groups Fathers Mothers
1 O 1
O 0
0 O
l 1
2 l l
O l
9.3 1....4
O 1
3 0 0
o o 9...;
1 O
4 o 1
l 2 9...;
o Q 0

 

71

This table points out some definite differences. Group 1 only
shows 2 difficulties out of 4. on the port of the mothers. Group 2 shows
I. out of l. on the part of the mothers and 2, out of Z. on the part of
the fathers. Group I. shows 1 out of 3 on the part of the mothers and
2 out of 3 on the pmrt of the fathers. Group 3 shows only 1 difficulty
on the part of the mother out of 3, and. none in Group 5. \ So, again,
need for response, even some degree of need for response, seems to be
related to the dependency area.

In conclusion several trends can be pointed out:

1. The ample as a whole has seldom mentioned their relationship
to their fathers perhaps ii Meeting a problem which should b3 gone into
more thorough]. ,

2. A3 a whole the 15 cases seem to imiicete more difficulty
areas with their mothers than with the lr feti‘zera.

3. Group I. (extreme need for reaps-nee) seems to be more aware
of difficulties with their fathers than with their mothers.

1.. Group 2 ohms most emotion ‘ difficulties with their mothers
while Group I. shows most sectional difficulties with their fathers and
mothers.

5. Group 3 registers most difficulties in the area of social
and materiel ambition, although Groups 2 and 1.. are also quite high in
scoring this type of difficulty.

6. No definite pattern in the area of morality in the five
groups. However, in Group 4, the 3 subjects had at least one difficulty

each with either father or mother.

72

7. Difficulties around cleanliness were mostly present in Group 1
and Group 3. All reported difficulties verc with mothers. ‘

8. It some that Groups 2 and A registered quite a few more-
differences in the dependency me. than the other groups.

In conclusion, groups with need for response have shown more
difficulties in the me of daninction, emotional security, dependency
needs, and lame difficulties in racial and material ambition. All a whole,
Group 2 registered moot difficulties with the mothers while Group I.
registered moot difficultiec with the fathom.

All those are very general trends which need further and more

thorough atxxly.

CHAPTER VII

Tranda

Sumo rather definite trunda will be raviawed again for more
clarity.

It was found in this study that a large proportion of the sampla
expressed sums degraé of need for response while a mngh stallar
proportion expressed some dagree of need for recognition. This trend
has reducaa greatly the prcportion of subjects, in the last group
particularly. This has baron dismused in Chapter 2.

Thsra seemed to be a trend innicating some relationship between
the degree of need and 're-Jection felt in childhood. Subsects scoring
some degree of mod for NSFOHBG reporfied a paternal hams of average
or below average economic status while those scoring some dome of
need for rncagnltian tnnded to report a paternal home of avarage or
above average econnnic statue.

In the relaticnahipr between the ptrenta' nqeda aLd the problam
children, it was founfl that chillran of nnkhers acnfiing some degree of
need to: ruaponse or racogtibion seem to have more difficulties and it
was nine found that. when: two sibling; were male? traa77imnt at the
clinic they cast-2e fro-n fwd.) in: whsm the mat-1231' moped same degree of
either exact! 01131 new. The: children of mothara scoring extrma need

for maponsa had most sexual fiiffimvlties.

73

74

In the more thorough study of the fifteen subjects with
information on both parents, it was found that extreme need for
response neemcd to be present when more difficulties with fathers are
stated. Need for response in general seems to be related to difficultiec
in the areas of dependency, domination, and rejection. Need for .
recognition in general seems to be related somewhat to difficulties in
the areas of locial and material anbition and cleanliness. However,
because of the particular skewness of the distribution of the sample,
it is difficult to arrive at any definite conclusion about the subjects

scoring need for recognition.

Recommendations for Further Study in this Area

is mentioned in Chapter 1, the main limitation of the study was
the impossibility to measure feelings expressed by the clients. This,
it is believed now, might have been measured by the clients themselves
who could have checked a questionnaire indicating various degreea of
feelings. Other "difficulties come to mind such as the resistance of
some people to measure their positive and negative feelings about
cultural values, or even the difficulty of building such questionnaire,
clear and acorn-ate. However, this could be worked out.

The questionnaire might have more accurately measured needs for
reaponae and recognition if each question, instead of placing each
subject in the position of choosing between two alternatives, vu
concerned with measuring the feeling about one need or the other.
However, it in belier that the questionnaire has measured needs quite
accurately, after pro-testing, checking the records, and because of the

trends which appeared in the tabulation of the answers.

75
It would also be interesting to study, in the general population,

the comlstion between those needs and social values upheld by the various

social classes. It would be interesting; to see if certain classes

support Velma which would guide children's reaction to emotional

doprivations .-
Another area. which might bear fruit is the study of the

.,
relationship between difficulties with fathers and extreme need for

response. Every social worker has worked with the woman who is

continually in search of love and who, to achieve emotional security,

engages in meninges or love affairs which, one by one, fail as for

as she is concerned. Many problems seem to be related to this extreme

need for responss and although this is not the answer to all the

problems presented to social agencies, it would be interesting to

understand more about this type. This area has been mentioned by

Horzzeyw
The neurotic need for affection often takes the form of 3
annual infatuation or an insatiable hunger for sexual gratification.
In vim: of this fact we have to raise the question whether the
whole phenomenon of the neurotic need for affection is pmptod by
dissatisfaction in actual life, whether all this longing for

affection, for contact, for appreciation, for support is
motivated not so much by a need for reassurance as by dissatisfied

libido.
Freud would be inclined to look at it that way. He has seen

that may neurotic persons are anxious to attach themselves to

others and prone to cling to them; and he has described this
This concept,

attitude as resulting from dissatisfied libido.
It presupposes that all

however, is based on certain premises.
those manifestations which are not sexual in themselves, such as

the wish to get advice, approval or support, are expressions of
sexual needs that have been attenuated or 'sublinated. ' Furthermore,

it presupposes that tenderness is an inhibited or 'sublimeted'
expression of some]. drives. ‘3

25flornoy, 92.0%., p. 11.7.

76

Fran thi- uoerpt it in eeen that extreme, neurotic need for
affection can be very cloeely linked to m]. difficulties.

Another aspect of the problem seems to indicate that pereone
with extreme need for recognition would have more difficultiee in their
adjustment to pereone outside their hcme, that ie, on the Job, in
eooiel life, in the oommnity, etcetere. On the other head, extreme
need for reopenee would imply more difficulties within family ‘
relationships. If thin in true, it would be interesting to Italy
echievenent in econmio end eociel ereee, on! persons scoring high need
for recognition and of thoee scoring high need for reeponee. And it
would he interesting to study emotionel oucceee of both group...

Finally, it would be interesting to check on a trend thet this
ettriy show. In Chapter 6, subjects having scored m degree of need
for response have often mentioned that most of their difficultiee with
their parents were in the me of «national needs while those looting
some degree of need for recognition have more often mentioned
difficulties with their parents in the me of social needs. Th1. my
imply that need for response is related to the perception of motionel
deprivation while the need for recognition is related to the mption
of social deprivation. Thin idee ehould be either confined, nodii’ied,
or diecerded by further studies in this one.

Implications of this Study in Social Work
’ This study does not euggeet that this problem of emotional needs
is the answer to all lumen problems . It is believed that hmnen
relationships, however, in one of the min arena with which eociel

work is concerned. Hwnan relationships may be at the basic of

 

'77
adjustment or lack of adjustment to life in general. In other words,
according to their adjustment to others around him, man is happy or
unhappy.

0n the other hand, there is no doubt in the writer's mind that
many other areas of conflicts modify adjustment to others and for others,
as was seen in the list of conflicts stated by the fifteen subjects, in
Chapter 5. So, need for recognition and for response would not be the
answer to all the problems of adjustment to others. But if this study
has been able to raise state questions in this use, it has served its
purpose. Theory is needed to understand the interaction between people,
and observation and research are the main ways of gaining more
knowledge about people.

Social work, it is recognized, needs more theory and more
research although it has been said that if social work would use all the
theory that is available in the human sciences, the field would grow
immensely. The writer believes that social work agencies have a wealth
of material available concerned with clients' adjustment to life. The
study of records could bring about patterns of behavior which would
greatly help in the practice of social work. Although regretting the
lack of availability of more concrete information on the background of
the subjects, the writer is happy to have been able to gain more
knowledge about people through the study of records .

APPEEJDCEB

A. QUESTIIJHIELQE

This questionnaire is part of a study concerning particular attitudes.
We would appreciate your answering all questior . Please, do not sign
your name since this is not necessary.

1.

3.

l».

5.

In a group, do yrm enjoy taking some responsibility rather than
sitting back and seeing others direct the activities?
Iee____ No“
If you have just won a gene, or achieved sane other type of success,
do you tend to:
a. be at ease and satisfied receiving praise?“

b. be apologetic to your opponent?
Do you smetires say lmowingly things that hurt other people '1! feelings?
Yes New

Last week at a party, you not a person through a friend and had a good
conversation with him about a comon interest (fishing, for example).
Today you see this person again but he ignores you completely. It you
feel sane emotion about this, which statement would be closer to your
feelings? .
a. hurt and forlorn
b. provoked
Would you feel best if a good friend would tell you sincerely:
a. I respect you and trust you
be I 11kt you
In social groups are you sanetimes overcome by feelings of loneliness
art! inadequacy?
lee __ No“
Uhere did you enjoy more happy moments, during your childhood?
a. at base
b.l slaw from bone
Do you find it mbsrraseing to have praise or compliments bestowed on
you?
Yes No

9.

15.

16.

17.

79

Suppose that a close friend of yours warts to be th
J. a president of
your club but you have just been approached to become the next
president. What is your first reaction?
a. accept nanination and may the best man win

1:. refuse offer

 

Do you readily cmplain to a waiter or to the manager if you are

served bad food in

a restaurant?

Ye s_____ No“

You have a. close friend who has a habit that is offensi
H0 is apparently not aware of this habit and might mean

abrmt it.

a. would you tell him about it?
1:. would you keep qniet about it?

that people iniulge in acne type of day-dream.

you see yourself primarily as:

a. a person 1 _

and cheriohed

”

b. a person tmeted and admired

In comparison to the economic
other etmxlenta at school, the aituati

a. better than average

1). average
c. lose than average

Uould you rather have
a. may Manic
b. just a few close friends

When in a discussion

are right, do you generally tend to:
a. persist and argue the po

1:. drop the issue?

Are you always careful
feelings, for example,
‘ Yes”

List the groups in

chm‘ch, school, work
etc.) , checking the groaps in

your opinion is contradic

”

#

int?

H

 

their pet ideas?

which you participate at present (family groups,

Please check the followings

Sex: F_____ EL

Religion: mt."
Activity in church:
Education: (circle

Age Orr-cup

Cat.“ Jewish” Other
Very active” average
umber of years gmoletcfir

Co

, social, recreational, apecia
which you hold some respone

atiom Your wow
Spouse ' of

lleges 12

None”
little activity“.
1 2 3 1.. 5 6 7 8 9 10

we to others.
t beimg told

In your day-dream, do

and social situation of the parents of
on of your parents wee

ted and you think you

and considerate that you do not hurt people's
by being rcmgh on
No

fl

1 interest groups,
ible position.

._____—

._.____

None___
11 12

31.563ndover6

 

80

3. FIRST LE'l'I‘ER TC SUBJECTS

Lansing, November, 1957

Dear l-Eiam (8 1r) :

Uith this letter you will find the questionnaire concerning
the study conducted with permission of the Child Guidance Clinic.

On this questionnaire, you are requested to check the
answer closest to your own personal feelings. This questionnaire
should reflect the attitude of one single person, therefore, in
wavering the questions, do not ask the opinion of others.
Please answer each and every question as questions left blank may

modify significantly the results of the study.

Again we want to assxmo that this study is entirely
confidential and anommoue. He would appreciate your pranptly
retm'ning this qmetiormaire, using the enclosed stamped onvelqoo.

Thank you very much.

Sincerely yours,

Genevieve De Boyce
Research Assistant

81

C. MREINDIIG BEER TO SHEETS

Lansing, December, 1957

Dear Madam (Sir):

A few days ago we sent you a questionnaire which,
apparently, has not been returned. As it is possible
that this questionnaire might have been misplaced or
lost, we are taking the liberty at this time, of sending
you another copy, hoping that you will be able to answer
these few questions. We would greatly appreciate if
you take a few mimltes to do so.

Please disregard this letter if the first questionnaire
has already been returned.

Sincerely,

Genevieve Be Home
Research Assistant

82

D. FORM mm 2 ABSTRACTTHG IMPOleTIGN FROM RECORDS

Case Ember

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Sex Age Education Religion Activity
First marriage____ (ordeal in ) Second marriage“ (ended in )
Other marriages
Number of children Boys: Girls:
Family: Mother________ Alive________ Deceased (year)______ Away”
Father“ Alive Deceased (year)_______ Away
Others ll
Brought up by: Mother-M
Father
Others . __

 

Position in family: Eldest
middle
yowigest
only
O‘hhfirw M

 

Re: ectiom Mother Father Mother substitute Father substitute“

In mighbor’iwod_ In schoo‘lw

Personality characteristics of:
Mother_
Father
Siblingsw
where"w

 

Favorite child: Self Otherr

Traumatic experiences:
Calculated 1.0.
Special problems in parental bane

Special problems in present hme

._...-.

83
Special problems (illegitimacy, breaking of the law, etc.)

Problem child:

Subjeet'l personality traits:

 

8!.
E. FORM NEWER 3: TOTAL DFOE’QLTION ON THE SUBJECT
Case Ember

Score: Need for recognition
Reed for response

 

Sex Age____ Education Religion Activity

 

Occupation: Wife Husband

 

First marriage“ (ended in ) Second marriage” (ended in )

 

Active in the following social groups:

Officer in the fell-wing social groups:

1. Complete family Broken by divorce Broken by death
Broken by separation (Subject lived uithw )

 

2. Perception of rejection by: Mother” Father___ 0ther_ _
3. Perception of favoritism for: Self” Sibling Others

 

1.. Perception of highest satisfaction in childhood: at home____ Away

5. Perception of personality characteristics of:
Mother:

Father:

Others:
6. Trametic experiences:

'7. Special problems in parental home:

 

85

8. Position in family: in family of children

 

9. Personality characteristics of subject:

10. Special problems in.Subject's life:

11. Number or children Ages: Boys_fifi *__ Gir1c___
12. Problem presented by child brought to the clinic:

let child (age___)

2nd child (age___)

 

86
F. FORM Iv? r3213. 1.: REESE-181037 0N SUBJECTS PAPJSTTBS

C ass Nunberw
Father” Mother”

Please check on the following schedule the personality characteristics of
the subject's pannts and parent-substitutes as perceived by the subject.
This schedule has been prepared with the idea in mind that generally
'ncrmality' falls between the two extremes.

(l) Tendency to daninate and control (9) Consistency of diacipline

 

High Too much
Average Average
Nona Hone u I“-
(2) Tendency to criticize (10) Responsibility
High Too much
Average Average
None None
(3) Affection (ll) I'Iorality
Too high Extreme
Average M31189 ............
None Hone
(1o) Nervous tension (12) Tendency to talk
High Too much
Average ______ Average ________
None Too little
(5) Tendency to cook pleasure (13) Irxiependence
Too high Too nmh
Average , Average
None None ..
(6) Social and material ambition (11.) Freedom in me or money
Too high Too much
Am ____ Average w
Hon. NOW . . "mm,
(7) Neatnese and cleanliness
Too high
Average
None
(8) Discipline
Too mmh
Average

Hone

8'?

G. F0? .‘I N32 213?. 5: EFOE‘ZATION ON TEE PRSBEEIM CHEERS?!

mmb-emE-dng"
errreeic“

Soiling___

Speech difficulty___
Nightmares: related to
Fears A
Accident-prcneness___
Running away“
Peychosenatic complaintq
Physical difficulties
Day-dreamt. ’l‘ "

Stealing: at“. htme.__3 outside hane____

EB‘STILIfl

 

 

I‘iuicance type of behavior at school_
Nuisance type of behavior at heme“

Resistance to authority

Overt aggressivemes 1.55:1 othere____

Deetmctivemes

Too independent“

Sic]. ins; rivalry:

Diff. in expression aggressiveneee”
Repreeeed hos utility“

Canplete lack of eggmeeivemes”
Passiveneee and inerti
Aggressivenees touard 2-1?“
Over-protection of siblinge___
Withdmnw

Anger expressed toward

Lack of eelfeeonfidencem
Insecm'itym

Nervous and amnious
Erin-em crying ape
Feelings of depression
Feelings of being unlo
Feelings of being rejec
“ Emotional mun-1w”

Case N'mber
Sex Age

 

 

Twill 1LT TE? 1.: DP”: - .u ”VLTIBS

Intellect «19.1 131003.: ing

1.61.: Superior“ Average“ Law”
Mental deficiency___
Short span of attention“
Cannot concentrate
Stamianie too highm per-ante)”
Standards too lou(ny child)
Standards too high(by child 1:17;
Confusion__
Disorganization__

SFX’ML DEFICULTE
Oedipal conflict“
Confusion in sex ide
Prmiecuity“
Masturbation“
Sex 9121?...
Eadxibition tendencies__
Sunni cmfi.oeity__

ntification___

ELM-1 IQIE
No friends
One friend.- only”
Aggressivenese toward peers
Too passive“

Alum the leader, the best“
Always the follower“
Insecure with peers”
Over-protective with peers”
Gives to peers“

Prefers older children_
Prefers adults“

LEAJ‘P Wet. ‘1 Lu». “

 

Difficulty in rela .ing "emotionally to others”

Demanding

Regressive behavior“
Compulsively clean“
Feelings of worthiness

Refusal to take any responsibility“

BIBLIZERAREY

Books

Davis, Kingsley, Erman Society. New York: The Macmillan Cmpaw,
19w.

Durkheim, Emile, Suicide. Glamoe: The Free Preso, 1952.

Box-nay, Kama, M.D., Tho Hague Pomoqglity 0:01.}; Tings.

flew York:
N. :1. Norton 8: Canpany, Inc., 1932’.

 

PM... ”‘0: .3 an. Hc:3r Gm ”oh. New York: U. H. Norton &
Comoany, 1:10., 1950.

‘Jahoda, Ime, Doutsoh, Morton, and Cook, Stuart 55., Rosearoh Mothodg
in Social Eegtiona. New York: The Dryden Press, “1951.

Irech, David and Crutchfiold, Richard 8., Theory and Problems 0

moi 31 Pgmholggz, New York: Ngcfiraw-iiill Book Company, 1110.,
191.8.

I’mw, Henry A., M.D., Ph.D., lorations in o .9033. "t , Nov York:
Oxford Univoroity Press, 1938.

Newcomb, Theodore H... Soci 1 Parchol , New York: he Dryden Press,
Publishers, 1950.

Parkman, Halon Harris, gmal Caoework, Chicago: The University of
Chicago Press, 1957.

Public Documents

15.8. Bureau of tho Census. 31.32.9- St to Wfifli,
rich ”Manor 1 Ch cterist co, Washington: Governmant
Pr.~ nting fiico, 1952.

U. 8. Bureau of the Census. .. ted t f 3 Gen 1 t 0

Michigan Detailed Characteristics, Washington: Gmrnmnt
Printing Office, 1952.

88

8‘9

Reports

Dgferontigl Utilizgtion of too F abilities o i chi on hild Guic‘. .nce
Cli_____r_:_i__c, Research Report Not-*1? prepared by the Mic 1“:igen

Department of Mental Health, Lansing: I-iickdgan Deparment of
Dental Henlt.-, March, 1955.

   

Pepinsky', Pauline 11., Henp‘ni11,Jom K., and Shevi'zt ., Ronnon 55.,
L931; 401‘831‘2 ACtS. Pgl‘t II. th P1? xf‘tnn Ba+1;pen far-15¢;
Lfi‘devarcn‘t and fliligt..omao1}ttnm:te tale-51d” Unrlor OCorflitio-ns

of kccont-g; .ce 5:: :21 Rojas 51015., (Solomons: ins Ohio State University
Research Foundation, 1955.

Articles

Bell, C. B. and French, R. L, "Coraistency of Individual loadership

Poeiti on in Small Groups of Varying Membership," ournnl 1
£94“, “Forwl on Social hnl , Vol. 15 (1950), 7&3

Bettelheim, Bruno, Ph.D., "mental Health and Current Mares," neric
.1 ongoing; of Crthm 1225.1 5555.1”, Vol. 22 (1952) , 76-83.

     

Carter, L. F., Hasthorn, U., Snri'ver, Beatric, and Ianzetthu "The
Behavior 01' Leaders and Other Groxp 1:915“ bore. " Mal of Abnormal
gr} §oc:.n1 Ijszgholo 075 , Vol. Lo (1951), 5")-W'

l
Gib‘o, Cecil A... "The Principles and Traits of leaflership," Jo___3_1rn.. l o;
gonofinagd Socl 1 P voholo ,Vol. [.2 (1147), 267-- 7.3.

Knickerbocker, Irving, "leaders! ip: A Conception an! Sme Implications,”
._‘-:e Journal of So3131.133:5.oe, Vol.1 (Sm-mar, 191.8), 23-40.

   

Pellegrin, Roland J... “The Achievement of High 8 catusos and Leadership

in the Small Group," figgial Earn“. cs, Vol. 32, (October, 1953-1133,
1954), 10-16.

Unpublishefl Materiel

Marin, M. Marianne, "A Study of Cannmnity-Clinic Relationships an
Reflected by Referrals to Lansing Child Guidance Clinic, April
Through June, 1955,“ Unpublished Project Report, School of
Social Work, r-Iichigan State University, 1956. Pp. 69.

Pinnor, Virginia Hitchcock, "Sociocultural Factors in Children's Emotional

Disorders," Unpublished Project Report, School of Social Hark,
Michigan State University, 1957. PP. 7'7.

 

 

 

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