‘/¢x‘ .' . ' " E - "x “a J , a r w ABSTRACT THE PROBLEMS IN THE PRESERVATION OF THE SELADANG IN THE MALAYSIAN NATIONAL PARK BY LES E. WEIGUM A study was conducted in the Malaysian National Park from September 1967 to Novermber 1969 to determine the present status and ecological re- quirements of the Malaysian gaur (Bos gaurus hubbacki). A survey in the 1,677 square miles of park located four resident herds varying from 5+ animals to 19 animals. Three of these herds were in or close to areas which were recently disturbed by man. Vegetation analysis based on the diet of the Kuala Tahan herd indicated that the grass Paspalum conjugatum was the most important food plant of the gaur. It was found that 96 per cent of all plant species eaten occurred mainly in the early secondary vegetation of river edges, clearings, and secondary forest. Based on forest succession studies it was found that a lowland dipterocarp forest when out, burned, cultivated, and then abandoned will produce seladang (gaur) forage during the first 3 years after abandonment. Natural salt licks occurred within the home range of each existing herd. Mineral analysis of one lick showed it to be rich in sodium, calcium, and magnesium. A station artificially salted with NaCl was used immediately LES E. WEIGUM and frequently by a seladang herd. The population of one herd which had been known since 1947 had maintained a stable population of 10-19 animals. The ratio of immature animals to adults indicated it to be a growing herd, but since there was a lack of evidence showing high mortality due to either disease or predation, emigration was thought to be the major stabilizing factor. The seladang is an animal of the early stages in vegetative succession. To establish or maintain herds in the park it is recommended that 45 acres of land be clearcut preferably in 15 acre plots 1/2 mile apart and be recnt every three years. The immobilizing drug M.99 was found to be ap~ parently suitable for capturing gaur for possible relocation and/or study. THE PROBLEMS IN THE PRESERVATION OF THE SELADANG IN THE MALAYSIAN NATIONAL PARK BY LES E. WEIGUM A THESIS Submitted to Michigan State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE Department of Fisheries and Wildlife 1972 DEDICATION To Florence and Emil Weigum ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I wish to thank Dr. Ward E. Stevens, Canadian Colombo Plan Ecologist; Dr. Richard Straw, Area Peace Corps Representative; and Dr. Illar Muul, Ecologist at the Institute for Medical Research for their encouragement and advice while in Malaysia. I also wish to express gratitude to Mr. Bernard Thong, Chief Malaysian Game Warden and the National Park personnel for supplying my needs while in the park. Dr. E. Soepadmo of the University of Malaysia and Dr. Paul Wycherley of the Rubber Research Center helped in identifying many difficult plant specimens. Jan Bishop, of the University of Malaysia and Dr. Robert Munter, Research Fellow at the University of Minnesota analyzed the soil samples. My gratitude also goes to Senator George McGovern whose timely letter allowed me to remain in Malaysia to complete this study. Special thanks goes to my advisor Dr. George Petrides,who offered many helpful suggestions and carefully edited the manuscript and to my other committee members Dr. Les Geysel and Dr. Rollin Baker. In addition, I would like to thank the Michigan Institute of Water Research who kindly lent me the use of their facilities to complete the manuscript. This study was made possible through the support of the U. 8. Peace Corps, the New York Zoological Society, and the Canadian Wildlife Service. iii LIST OF TABLES . . . LIST OF FIGURES . . INTRODUCTION . . . THE STUDY AREA . . . METHODS AND PROCEDURES RESULTS AND DISCUSSION RECOMMENDATIONS. . . SUMMARY . . , . . LITERATURE CITED . . APPENDIX 1 O O O 0 TABLE OF CONTENTS iv Page vi ll 36 38 41 44 Table 1. LIST OF TABLES Seladang herd census results in the Malaysian National Park, 1967-1969 0 I O I O O O O l O O O O O O O O Seladang forage survey in a 240 acre rubber tree plantation near Kuala Tahan, Malaysia, October 1969 . . . . . Seladang forage survey in a 21 acre experimental clearing at Kuala Tahan, Malaysia, October 1969 . . . . . . . Dominant-codominant plants recorded in a vegetative succes- sion study in a lowland dipterocarp forest area, 1946-1950 by Wyatt-Smith (1949) with reference to the seladang . . Mineral analysis of soil samples from the salt lick, a ter- mite mound and forest soil at Jenut Belau in the Malaysian National Park, 1969 . . . . . . . . . . . . . Observed composition of the Kuala Tahan seladang herd, Malaysian National Park . . . . . . . . . . . . Page 12 18 19 21 28 30 Figure 1. LIST OF FIGURES A two-year old seladang cow . . . . . . . . . . . The Malaysian National Park . . . . . . . . . . . Observation blind in a Koompassia excelsa tree overlooking the experimental clearing . . . . . . . . . . . The distribution of seladang herds in the Malaysian National Park . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The changes in dominant or codominant plant frequencies on 72 milliacre squares in a cleared lowland dipterocarp forest in Malaysia, 1947-1953 (adapted from.Wyatt-Smith, 1955) O C O O O O O O O O C O O O O O C O 0 Salt licks in the Malaysian National Park. Note the white crystalline material at the Jenut Jintoh salt lick. The bag of rock salt has been exposed at the Kuala Tahan arti- ficial salt lick . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The range of the Kuala Tahan seladang herd on the borders of the Malaysian National Park . . . . . . . . . . Seladang grazing in the experimental clearing . . . . . Seladang bull immobilized with the drug‘M.99 . . . . . vi 10 16 24 27 34 35 37 INTRODUCTION The Malaysian wild ox known locally as the seladang (Bos gaurus hubbacki) was thought in danger of extinction in 1937 (Hubback, 1937). Foenander (1952), Kitchener (1961), and Stevens (1968) also have written of the bleak future of this animal. The IUCN in 1969 considered the sel- adang "critically endangered and in immediate danger of extinction without special protective measures" (Simon, 1969). The Indian gaur (Bosggaurus gaurus) differentiated into the Malaysian and Burmese (B. g, readei) subspecies, is a member of the family Bovidae and is one of the six species of true cattle (Walker, 1968). The pelage of adult seladang varies from dark brown to jet black. The legs from just above the hock to the hooves have white or light yellow stockings. A dorsal ridge runs from the neck to the middle of the back (Figure 1). A dewlap hangs beneath the neck and chin, with a greater development in bulls. Gaur are the largest species of true cattle (Lydekker, 1907). A seladang bull may measure six feet tall at the withers (Foenander, 1952), and weigh a ton (Hubback, 1937). Two bulls shot in India weighed over 2000 pounds (Morris, 1947). The heavy horns of the male are wider and less incurved than those of the female. The gaur was previously found throughout India, Nepal, Assam, Burma, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, Viet Nam and the Malay peninsula (Ellerman and Merrison-Scott, 1951). Reports from many of these countries (Schaller, 1967; Peacock, 1933; Lekagul, 1964; and Stevens, 1968), however, indicate that the species is threatened throughout its range. Schaller (1967) l Fig. I. A two-year old seladang cow. believes that the Indian gaur is endangered by heavy poaching, elimination of habitat and epidemics of cattle diseases. There has been no known previous investigation of the seladang. From September 1967 to November 1969, under the auspices of the Malaysian Game Department I undertook a study to determine the ecological requirements of the seladang to aid in its management and preservation. This study was supported by the U. S. Peace Corps and grants from the New York Zoological Society and Canadian Wildlife Service. THE STUDY AREA The investigation was conducted in the Malaysian National Park (Taman Negara), an area of approximately 1,677 square miles (Figure 2). Established in 1938, the park lies in west central Malaya along the state boundaries of Kelantan, Trengganu, and Pahang. The hilly terrain consists primarily of sedimentary rocks (Hua g£_al. 1971). Mt. Tahan (7,186 feet), the highest peak in West Malaysia, occurs within the park but 57.6 per cent of the park area lies below]lKM)feet (Hua 35 31., 1971). The boundaries of the park are delineated by branches of three major river systems. Small Malay villages are common along these boundaries. Kuala Tahan, park headquarters and a small village, served as a base. Park personnel provided labor and made transportation available during the study. The tropical rain forest vegetation found here is considered by Richards (1952) to be one of the oldest and most luxurient of all existing rain forests. Undergrowth in the mature forest is sparse, consisting mostly of woody shrubs and saplings. Temperature extremes recorded at Kuala Tahan ranged from 65.5°F. Fig. 2. The Malaysian National Park. o N ome ‘.—~E «or<.s . F n H J H H HJ - .1 e s a a 2 E w. ..../ e 3v . .ezsss . oz<=hutcaon .fiutm '.' ¢.*'chl ‘~.3t . $ e .01 s >922; - .i \ tanntocdb. .r . 4.. A :0.— ..oucuu o . w A.» x , a «a x a \ ... x x . 09. ~ A. Ct _ a 4 . \ Lots—x .x o W) n . .....v . 2040?..6 ’- fl R. N ¢ \. s. . .. a K . f {c R .(.\l.\ I. Am. \ $051 “Neat .ot .\ .13. fl.)./ .\ r. — (Svoum \0 III 0/: ‘O* (o) x .1 A .r .0 Jr“.bdz f . c .ri! . .\ J “no: \Jr a. ( ) f \l|.\.ol t’\\ . .i .x a a... f \ i c an a a. ...... . .P .r u. 4 .u ~. «soc-Q $1. (I JI/n .- 2 r.).).. Z‘hZ‘dHX v ... E08 Caofl.§£ .. .. 3.35022: J to 99°F. The mean air temperature over the duration of the study was 83°F. Rainfall varied seasonally. The annual average precipitation at Kuala Tahan is 87.99 inches (Wyatt-Smith, 1963) but during 1968 was only 59.18 inches. There is a local annual drought in February, the last month of the northeast monsoon, perhaps due to the rain shadow cast by the Tahan massif (Johnson, 1969). METHODS AND PROCEDURES Seladang Census: Five surveys were conducted to determine seladang population levels in the park. The areas investigated were all reported to contain seladang. River banks, clearings, and salt licks were checked. The large deer-like tracks unique in the park to the seladang were the primary means of identification. The presence of five or more sets of tracks was adopted as the criterion to establish that a herd occurred in the area. Travel was made even to remote areas and was by boat, raft, and foot. Food Studies: The herd near Kuala Tahan was studied more closely than the others. Plants observed to be eaten were collected and later identi- fied. Each plant species was noted as to its habitat and classified as common, rare, abundant, or scattered (Appendix 1). A more intensive vegetative analysis was conducted in a 240-acre rubber tree plantation. The browse survey method developed by Aldous (1944) was used there. This method was slightly modified to include all plants, their utilization, their importance in the seladang diet, and their pre- ference ratings. Data on availability and utilization were recorded for aflJ.vegetation up to a height of six feet. Two line transects 200 paces apart'were run across the plantation. A hand-held compass kept the tran- sects equidistant. Twenty circular Plots each 1/100 acre in size (11.8 ft. radius) and spaced every 100 paces were laid out. Ocular estimation was used to determine plant densities on the plots. The survey data were calculated as follows: 1. percentage frequency = Number of plots with specie§_present X 100 Total number of plots 2. Average Percentage density(D) = Total densities of each species X 100 Total number of plots Average percentage density 3. Percentage of each species available(d) =_e 0f each Species X 100 , Total of average percentage d - D densities 21) Total amount of each species eaten X 100 4. Average percentage eaten(E) = Number of plots that species occurred ‘ 5. Use factor(U) = Average percentage density of each species X Average percentage eaten of each species U = D X E Useage factor of 6. Percentage of each species in diet(e) = each SPECies X 100 e = U Total of all useage 2U factors 7. Preference rating(P) = Percentage 0f each species in diEt Percentage of each species available _ e Values above 1.00 indicate preferred species (Petrides, 1953) 8. Relative importance(I) = Percentage of each species available X Per- centage of each species in diet I = d X e (Petrides, 1953) In addition to the plantation area, a transect with six 1/100 acre plots was also placed across an experimental clearing at Kuala Tahan. This clearing previously of six acres was enlarged to 11% acres in August 1967 and to 21 acres in February 1969. Near the center of this:field, a 5 pound bag of rock salt (NaCl) was buried one foot deep. Overlooking the field and the artificial salt lick, an observation blind was con— structed 106 feet up in a twalang tree (Koompassia excelsa) (Figurei3). The field was cut annually, allowing only grasses and small forbs to persist. Mineral Analysis: Soil samples from the natural salt lick at Jenut Belau, from a termite mound, and from a forest area were analyzed for their mineral concentrations by atomic absorption procedures. Sex and Age Classification: The age criteria used were based on size, pelage color, and horn development. Calves up to one month old were dis- tinctively orangish (Ogilvie, 1951). Calves one to eight months old were slightly larger and had distinct stockings, small black horns, and brown pelage. Yearlings, approximately eight months to two years old also had brown pelage, but were 3/4 adult size (Schaller, 1967), and possessed bi-colored upright horns. Adults were full size, with dark brown to black pelage and well-developed incurved horns. Range and Movements: Day by day movements were recorded for the Kuala Tahan herd. Data were gather mainly by tracking since seladang are active mainly at dawn and dusk (Weigum, 1970) and move between feeding areas during the night. Immobilization: The oripavine derivative 6, l4-endoetheno-7a(l- (R)-hydroxy-l-methylbutyl)-tetrahydro-oripavine hydrochloride better known as M.99 (Reckitt) was tested for its ability to immobilize seladang. A 3 ml capacity syringe projectile was shot from a Palmer Cap-Chur gun. Four adult animals were injected with dosages varying from 1.5 mg Fig. 3. Observation blind in a Koompassia excelsa tree overlooking the experimental clearing. 10 Fig. 3. 11 to 8 mg M.99. The drug antagonist cyprenorphine (N-cyclopropylmethyl- 6, l4-endoetheno-7-(l-hydroxy-l-methylethyl)-tetrahydro-nororipavine) known as H.285 (Reckitt) was also tested. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Seladang Census The presence of seladang was known before the establishment of the National Park. Hubback (1905, 1931 and 1939), the person most responsible for founding the park, published pictures and stories of his experiences with seladang in the Pahang forests. Foenander (1952) named several rivers in the park as being traditional haunts of these animals. The location of herds in the park had been recorded through the years and was summarized by Khan (1971). Hislop (1961) wrote that finding the herds was not dif- ficult since each was localized. The status of many of these herds at the time of the study (Table 1) was not known due to difficulties in reaching herd areas. The Kuala Tahan herd was first reported by Ogilvie (1951) in 1947. Hislop (1961) pinpointed two other herds, one of which frequented the Jintoh salt lick and another the Pring valley. Thong (Khan, 1971), the Chief Game Warden since 1966, found evidence of two herds along the western park boundary and tracks of six seladang in the upper reaches of the Atok River (Figure 4). I investigated the Jintoh salt lick and found fresh tracks of five seladang as well as those of tapir and elephant. I also found tracks of three single seladang further down the Sat River. This riverine habitat apparently then contained a resident herd. At the mouth of the Pertang River, tracks of about 11 seladang were 12 venom mcmwm oz canon mcwfim oz venom mawwm oz venom mcwam 02 one: unmuwwz who: unocwmmm cum: unocwmom mum: uamwwmom who: ucmvwmmm mxuMSom +oH +NH +m mHnOH muonasz aomH .n Honouoo u mm nonaouaom Roma .HH espouse mood .oH nonouoo Roma .eann mash meme .om nonsmueom moma .mm eonsmuaom nomH .n nonouoo Roma .H umnouoo monum usoswsousa mums wo>uomno wcmvmaom vo>uomno axomue vo>nomno mxomHH wo>uomno mxomus vo>uomno wamwmaom ooamvw>m mo mamH cox MHMDM ou uo>wm umm Hmu< uscow moccasx uscmh Genoa .uz ou 53mm. «Hoax :mwwcoua meDM uo>wm umm somuoz noucoh uncoh dogma mHmDM coflumooq mom~-moma .xumm Hmcoeumz cmamsmamz was an muasmou msmcoo who: wcmvmaom .H manma 13 seen. This area had long been cultivated by the Malay villagers now living outside the park. Rice and vegetable gardening was no longer practiced here and dense secondary forest had nearly eliminated the former fields but fruit from the orchards still within the park was still being collected. As the grassy vegetation dwindles under forest regrowth, it is not likely that this herd will remain. A former Game Ranger (Pak Chik Manan in conversation) said that he had seen sdadang in the area near Kuala Koh in 1941 before the Japanese occupation. A two-week trek was made to this area but while elephant were common there, no signs of seladang were seen. A group of nemadic forest people confirmed that seladang were no longer found here. They reasoned that the elephants had driven them away but, since an abandoned overgrown rubber plantation was the only evidence that agriculture had ever been practiced here, it seemed evident that seladang habitat had been com- pletely eliminated by second-growth forest. The area along the western boundary where two herds were reported (Khan, 1971) also was investigated. In the Relau River valley, tracks of two seladang were seen entering a nearby padi field outside the park. At the natural salt licks Kumbang and Atai (Figure«4) only elephant, tapir, and deer sign were seen. Local Malay people reported that a seladang herd was sometimes seen 235-3 miles outside the parknear the railroad tracks at Merpoh (Figure‘4). The Relau valley had once been logged, but secondary forest had shaded out the grasses and herbaceous plants. Khan (1971) re- ported that one of these herds was being poached by the villagers. I judged that only one herd still occupied the area and because of the lack of grasses and open vegetation in the park, this herd remains outside the park. Its continued existence seems in doubt. l4 Kuala Atok was reported by Hislop (1961) to be the southern limit of the Kuala Tahan herd. The land adjacent to the Atok River was marked on the 1951 Malaysian Government Survey map as agricultural land, but now there is a ranger post here and former fields have reverted to forest. The Kuala Tahan herd did not range this far south during the study and there was no evidence of any seladang there. Reports of herds in the upper reaches of the Atok River (Khan, 1971) and in the Pring valley (Hislop, 1961) could not be investigated. Vegetation and Food Analysis Seladang are both grazers and browsers. Hubback (1937) stated that their main food was grasses, with buffalo grass (Paspalum conjugatum) pre- ferred. Young shoots of lalang (Imperata gylindrica) and the leaves of several shrubs also are eaten (Hubback, 1937). Foenander (1952) be- lieved that rumput chenkenit (P. conjugatum) was an important food. He found that the seladang ate the young shoots of bamboo (Bambusia spp.) and fallen fruits of the simpoh (Dillenia spp.) and kerayong (Parkia javanica) trees. Schaller (1967) stated that the Indian gaur preferred green grass when available, but otherwise consumed dried grasses, forbs and leaves. 0f 89 species of plants observed to be eaten in the present study, 43 per cent were grasses and sedges. Trees, shrubs and vines browsed by the seladang represented 36 per cent. Herbaceous vines and forbs were represented by 19 species. During April, seladang sought the fruiting pods of the kerayong tree. The fallen fruits of the simpoh and fig (Eiggs spp.) trees were occasionally sampled. A browse survey similar to that suggested by Aldous (1944) was 15 Fig. 4. The distribution of seladang herds in the Malaysian National Park. l6 «21... . urn—Zoe. .0 09:03.5 02 a. no__:. We a .93). 3v 12.2.3. .203 capo—om .w....... x} \s a 4. .fl 44». .3. is... 9 . a”, u a o .\ I ‘50-.— OCD-vfl_0m *0 00:01—>u (x fizz-m 73.29. Imxve . ”US. 4.: :o... . a. ... w .4 sh t a a... 55 A O“ h 4 \QKJZ .h\ It . .3 .. n.._ \ a. we I. ‘ q 113. o a “flow! \ I . 'l.o * \“ lawn! : s. .t. \p. .b7l\\\\ as a...) ,, l7 conducted in a 240 acre rubber tree plantation. Eupatorium odoratum (37.6%), Mikania cordata (20.1%) and Paspalum conjugatum (13.1%) were most common, making up 70.8% of the total forage available (Table 2). Of these species, 2. conjugatum.represented 43.8%, M, cordata 17.5% and E, odoratum 3.4% of the food in their diet. The most important food plants in the seladang diet were 3. conjugatum, M, cordata, E, odoratum and Athyrium app. Highly preferred foods such as Scleria multifoliata, miscellaneous woody species, and Merremia umbellata were relatively unimportant because of their low availability (Table 2). Of the three most important food plants 3. conjugatum was preferred over M. cordata and g. odoratum. Eupatorium odoratum the most abundant of the food plants was least preferred of all species eaten. Using the above method in a 21 acre experimental clearing (Table 3), it was found that grasses and sedges made up 49.7% of the available for- age. Forbs were also 49.7% of the vegetation there. Mikania cordata (26.2%), Paspalum conjugatum (24.2%), Eupatorium odoratum (14.1%) and Ottochloa nodosa (11.2%) made up 75.7% of the total forage available. The plants most eaten were 3. conjugatum (35.7%) and M. cordata (16.2%). In this clearing as in the rubber plantation the most important food plants were 2, conjugatum and M, cordata. The sedges Gahnia baniensis, Cyperus kyllingia and Qyperus distans were the most preferred species but because of their low availability not very important. Of the most important food plants, 2, conjugatum and Ottochloa nodosa were more~ preferred than either M. cordata or g. odoratum. Nearly all (96 per cent) of the seladang's food plants were found in open areas of early successional vegetation. Of the 89 plant species utilized as food only one was confined to the primary forest. 18 m¢.HH HH.¢H n.NH 0.00 0.00 m. 0.H 0.0a .eam hnooe .omaz 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 N. m. 0.0 .090 madmamo 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 N. m. 0.0 oumwuoo magmas: 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 m.n 0.0NEsoHunum0mHaa waoumoaoz unausm 0m.m 00. ¢.H 0.0 0.~ ¢.N 0.~ 0.0m mueuoom muoamamnm mm.Hmm mm. 0.5H 0.00 0.m H.0N 0.mu 0.05 wumwuoo mwcmxwz H~.0 00.5 0.0 n.m~ m.n~ m. 0.H _ 0.0a ouwaaoaas meaounoz mocw> msooownuom 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0a .000 was: 00.0H 0¢.H «.0 m.HN 0.0 5.0 m.¢ 0.0a naummv .mmm Sawummu< 00.nua mo. ¢.m m.mH m. 0.5m o.m¢ 0.00 ssuwuovo anauouwmam unuom 0N.H om.Hm m.0 o.m~ o.ooH N. m. 0.0 mumHHomeuHaa «Humaom momuom m0. 0N.H m. 0.0 0.0 m. 0. 0.0 wuoafiwuwa mauwuawfia HN. m0. 0. m.H n.H n. w. 0.0a asaowwnu asowawm 00.0 00. ¢.H 0.0 H.N N.N n.~ 0.00 abmouaoaumm anwsmm o.o o.o o.o o.o o.o h... 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N.0H 0.~mm 0.0a «.0N m.~m 0.00H mumvuoo magma“: 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.N m.~ 0.0m weaomeue> «Havens: ¢~.~ 0H.H 0.H «.mm 0.0m ¢.H n.H m.mm wumHHmAE: wfiaouuoz moafi> maooomnuom 0.0 0.0 o.o o.o o.o e.H A.H m.mm .aam «Hameawmamm o.o o.o 0.0 0.0 0.0 .3 a; «.2 £33 an; 3 00.50 «m. 0.0 0.00H 0.0 H.0H 0.5H 0.00 abumuovo aswuouwenm mauom 00.N 00.0 0.m 0.00 0.00H n. 0. n.0H mcwumav «apogee 00.N 00.0 0.0 0.00 0.00H n. 0. n.0a uwmceaamx «pHQNMU 00.N . me.m m.m o.mm 0.00“ a. w. n.0H mamaoeama sesame mowuom 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 n. w. n.0a abmouaoauwm asowamm 00.~m N0.N 0.0 0.00m 0.0m ¢.m «.0 “.0H enuamueun meuweaownm 0~.nm mm. 0.0 0.00H 0.0a H.0 0.0a n.0H moanvcwdww mumuomaH «0.0ma 00.H N.NH 5.00m 0.0H N.HH N.¢H 5.00 mmowoc moasoouuo em.mem we.a n.mm o.maa m.m~ N.e~ o.om o.ooH mmmmwmflmmm:mmmmmmmm mommwuw 8800" an onuoen 0 u Am x 3.. Agmvn 5 03030 Am M. 00 u AmVamumm 90303.33. 3:39.80 moawuuoaaH magnum soon we Abvuouommlowmuaoouom 0000000 comm ammuaoonom hoaosvoum o>eumamm monouomoum ammusoonom on: owuum>< mo owwuaooumm mwaum>< ammuaoouom mowooam owauom 000a Honouuo .uammuamz..amnma madam um wswuwoao Hmuaoaauonxo ouom am a a“ ho>unm owmnom wuavaom .m manna 20 As was also evident from the seladang census, all herds in the park (with the exception of the Jintoh herd) were associated with padi fields which are generally abandoned after one crop. Seladang feed primarily on early seral vegetation in these abandoned fields. Vegetative succession was studied by Wyatt-Smith (1949) on a 50 acre plot of lowland dipterocarp forest. This forest was similar to the lowland areas occupied by the seladang in the park. It was cleared, the slash burned, and rice planted. After one crop, it was abandoned. Four quadrats were laid out and observed at varying intervals. Quadrat B, typical of well drained soils was observed for five years. One year after abandonment, pure stands of Paspalum conjugatum mixed with Eupatorium odoratum amd the trees Mallotus macrostachys, Macaranga_gigantea, Glochidion sericeum, and Trema spp. came in. The trees averaged 6-7 feet tall. After two years, a closed canopy was being formed at a height of 6-14 feet. Paspalum conjugatum then became reduced and Trema spp. began dying. By the end of three years, Mallotus macrostachys and Macaranga gigantea were 20 feet in height. Trema spp. had disappeared, though Mikania cordata was common. One open area which had been dominated by P. conjugatum was being invaded by the coarse grass Imperata cylindrica. After four years, there was a continuous canopy of M. gigantea and M. macrostachys 25-30 feet high. Though M, cordata, Imperata cylindrica and Eupatorium odoratum were still present, they were much reduced. In five years, the canopy of M, gigantea was 40 feet high and the shrub layer was nearly absent (Table 4). Lalang (Imperata cylindrica), a common invading grass in open fields, can suppress other vegetation and temporarily arrest succession after a fire (Mitchell, 1964). This fire-climax species invaded quadrat E after an accidental fire and completely dominated the area (Wyatt-Smith, 1949). 21 nu nu .000 00003 H0000 00» 00MB .000 mmmmm 00% 0009 50000000 00000000H0 02 00MB 000000000005 msuoHH02 oz 00MB 00ucmwww 0w0000002 00V 0000 -uunuuuuuuu uuununu 00% 0000000 0000n00 mwcmxwz 0HH000000000 nuom 85000000 anuoum0om 00% 00009 8000000000 Enammmmm 000000 302 00000 00000000N0 000000EH wcm00H00 he 0000M 0000 unmam 050a 0000000000 m0000H00 0:0 00 00:0u0m000003 A000Hv nuwamuuuwhz 00 000Hn0¢0a .0000 000000 00000000000 000H30H 0 00 00:00 0000000000 0>00000w0> 0 00 00000000 0000H0 0000050000u00000800 .0 0H00H 22 To determine the proportion of plant changes from year to year in this area, a one percent milliacre survey over 34 acres was carried out (Wyatt-Smith, 1955). Changes in plant frequency were observed for 6% years (Figure 5). The increase in Paspalum conjugatum (Figure 5) in December 1949 was due to man's disturbance (Wyatt-Smith, 1955). The data indicates that at the end of three years important seladang food plants rapidly declined in frequency as the canopy formed. A survey of this area in 1963 (Kochummen, 1966) showed that Macaranga gigantea was still dominant at an average height of 65 feet. PaSQalum conjugatum and Mikania cordata were represented by only a few plants. Sample plots indicated that M. gigantea was being replaced. Kochummen (1966) estimated that a lowland dipterocarp forest when cut, burned, cultivated, and abandoned would take 50 years to return to its original vegetation. Salt Licks Natural salt licks could be important in the distribution of sel- adang. Wharton (1957) found evidence suggesting that without salt licks hoofed mammals would either perish or migrate. In the park, this seemed to be indicated by the occurrence of one or more natural licks within the home range of each seladang herd (Figure 4). Opinions vary as to why salt licks are necessary. Hubback (1937) stated that sulfur and salt taken at the licks rids the seladang of in- testinal parasites. Cowan and Brink (1949) suggested that the function of licks was to alter the intestinal flora and fauna. Experiments by Stockstad and Morris (1953) indicated that ungulates in western Montana were seeking a specific mineral, in that case sodium which is not readily 23 Fig. 5. The changes in dominant or codominant plant frequencies on 72 milliacre squares in a cleared lowland dipterocarp forest in Malaysia, 1947-1953 (adapted from Wyatt-Smith, 1955). m I." .7 0L Million. - Iroquoncy 0! 9 fl 0 IO ‘ 300$ 11'” Du. I‘M? 300. 1“. 304.0 mm 24 --\.___.._Is.ems_3.en_.. J : 0 L DIC. 3013 H ‘99 H50 Fig. 5. 25 absorbed by plants. The natural licks in the park were located in boggy areas or along streams. The Kumbang (Trenggan River), Jintoh, and Belau salt licks each centered around a 3-4 foot rock which, where it edged the water, had a crystalline material at the water line (Figure 6). These licks did not appear to have a particular licking area. Though Foenander (1952) believed that seladang drink only the 'salty' water, at mineral licks in Cambodia (Wharton, 1957) and at the artificial lick at Kuala Tahan, the soil was eaten. The analysis of several soil samples from the Malaysian National Park showed that Jenut Belau salt lick had a much higher concentration of sodium, calcium, and magnesium than the surrounding forest soil (Table 5). Termite mounds were used as salt licks in Cambodia (Wharton, 1957) but in the park the mineral concentration of one such mound did not differ appreciably from the nearby forest soil. Seladang consumed soil from the artificial salt lick at Kuala Tahan on the day that the salt bag was buried. The herd visited this clearing six times throughout the study as compared with only two visits to the natural lick. The seladang utilized the artificial lick on the first 3-4 days of every visit remaining generally at the lick for 30 to 45 minutes each time. Although the animals remained in the clearing many more days, they did not again move to the lick en masse. The use of the artificial salt lick and the mineral content of the natural salt lick seems to indicate that the seladang were seeking sodium. The instant and ready utilization of the artificial lick indicated its importance. Such licks could be an important management factor in estab- tablishing new herd areas. 26 Fig. 6 Salt licks in the Malaysian National Park. Note the white crystalline material at the Jenut Jintoh salt lick. The bag of rock salt has been exposed at the Kuala Tahan arti- ficial salt lick. 27 Jenut Jintoh Salt Lick Artificial Salt Lick Fig. 6. 28 ¢.N00 mm 0.00 00m 0.0 0000 000000 mm 0.00 00m 0.0 08508 0008008 0.N 0.00 0000 0.0 0000 0000 0000 0000 0.00 0000 0000 0.0 00000000 x000 0000 850000 850000000 85000mw02 8500000 8000008 000 00000 80 00000802 :0 8000000000 05800 00 0000 000000 080 08508 0008000 0 .0000 0000 050 8000 0000800 0000 00 00000080 0000802 0000 .0000 00800002 800000002 000 80 50000 .0 0000B 29 Reproduction and Mortality The Indian gaur mates in December and January in central India and from November to March in southern India (Schaller, 1967). Hubback (1937) noted new seladang calves throughout the year except from October to December. My data also indicated that calves were born throughout the year including October to December. Nine calves were born during the study. The gestation period of the gaur is about nine months (Jarvis and Morris, 1959). Since a gaur cow from India gave birth to 13 calves during 16 years in the New York Zoological Park (Reed, 1959), seladang cows can probably produce a calf every year. Like females of the banteng -(Hoogerwerf, 1970) and the Indian gaur (Schaller, 1967), seladang cows can likely mate initially at two years of age. Schaller (1967) estimated that 80 per cent of adult gaur cows should be accompanied by calves after the calving season. He found that only 53 per cent of the cows had calves, and that the yearling to cow percentage was 24 per cent. Schaller attributed this difference to tiger predation. The Tahan herd compmition (Table 6) indicated that natality was quite high. The cow to yearling ratio was 1:1 during the peak pop- ulation. Since this herd has never been reported to contain more than 19 animals (Ogilvie, 1951 and 1954) there is an apparent loss._ Hislop (1961) stated that this herd is prolific but did not in- crease in proportion to the calves produced. Tigers are present in the park and their tracks were found occasionally in the vicinity of the Tahan herd. Ogilvie (1954) attributed the disappearance of three calves from the Kuala Tahan 30 om. . 0 . S. 00 0 0 m 0 0 $3 .2 0.3030 0 u 0 u 0 00 m m m m 0 0000 .mm 0800 0 u 0 " ~.0 00 m m m 0 N 0000 .n 00002 O n 0 u z. 3 .0 0 o m o 003 .m 0m: 0 u 0 u 00. 00 m m m 0 0 0000 .0 00080>0z m8000000030000000 00009 0008 0080< 000800 0080< 08000000 0000 83000 0000 008000 0000 0000 00800002 800000002 .0000 m8000000 80:00 0008M 0:0 00 80000000800 00>00000 .0 00008 31 herd to tiger predation. Shuttlesworth (1965) observed two herd bulls kill an attacking tiger. A tiger was driven away from the Kuala Tahan herd in 1967 (Weigum, 1970). During the study no seladang remains were ever found. I believe that predation by tigers is of minor importance in the study region. Mortality in the Indian gaur due to the cattle virus diseases hoof and mouth and rinderpest have been locally very high (Inverarity, 1889; Schaller, 1967; and Weigum, 1971). There has been no known seladang mor- tality due to these diseases. No parasitic ova (worm) were found in four dung samples from the Kuala Tahan herd. Rather than mortality, the population stability of the Kuala Tahan herd seems to be due to emigration or splitting of the herd. Hislop (1961) recorded the fresh tracks of a herd near Kuala Kenyam an area which was never known to contain a resident herd. Thong (Khan, 1971) found tracks of six seladang above the upper reaches of the Atok River. In September 1968, five seladang were seen crossing Jenut Kumbang (Trenggan River), though the nearest resident herd was at Kuala Tahan, four miles southwest. In June 1969, the Kuala Tahan herd numbered 18, but in August 1969 this herd with the same master bull and lead cow had only 11 animals (Table 6). Later, tracks of five seladang in the rubber tree plantation indicatedtflmt a group was moving together yet independent of the main herd. The Tahan herd from 1947 to 1954 varied between 11 and 18 animals (Ogilvie, 1951 and 1954). During the present study, the herd varied from 10 to 19 animals. Perhaps the basic herd of 10-12 animals (Hubback, 1937) loses cohesivesness as its numbers increase. 32 Home Range Movements of the Kuala Tahan herd extended over five square miles (Figure 7). The greatest part of this range, however, was outside the park on the east bank of the Tembeling River. Four Malay villages are in this area and shifting cultivation has resulted in a swath of secon- dary vegetation approximately % mile wide and 4% miles long. The herd moves between feeding areas on old established trails. They enter and leave the park at shallow crossing points near Kuala Tahan and the Yong River (Figure 7). At Kuala Tahan, the herd visited the experimental clearing (Figure 8) on six occasions each time remaining from 9 to 15 days. During a period of 408 days however, the herd spent only 144 days in the park. The close proximity of the villagers and the Kuala Tahan herd has been an advantage to the seladang. Because most of these people are either park employees or relatives, there was no poaching. Immobilization The problems of capturing large animals such as the seladang for study or translocation purposes have been greatly reduced with the per- fection of new immobilizing drugs and the projectile syringe. The habitat pressures on certain seladang herds may mean that their translo- cation is the only alternative to extermination. The oripavine derivative MJ99 has been tested successfully as an immobilizing drug on many African animals (Wallach, 1967). The small dosages required and its relative safety give this drug many advantages. Harthoorn (1966) found that the injection of M.99 into hoofed animals in 33 Fig. 7. The range of the Kuala Tahan seladang herd on the borders of the Malaysian National Park. 34 I 'u f t I - _ - _ I...) " g. ‘ 5 Tc.” {Upcrimh' FMJ<*:> i‘ .l... “K‘ Koala. Tel-mm . l‘ \ \ 0.. , a o 9 / II V ,I I I I g 1 I'll” 8"“!0 . a I ’) a 1’ o 0 ’ I o I I .. I, 0"““ Q." I l -‘. ‘ ' ‘\ “- .- a" ~J ’ ‘ n ' "‘ (a / . .' “° (:3 Socondary Vogotatlon "' . x 0 Rubber Tron: \ '3 ===-‘ Crossing Point \ I"-.. ,-'.' ,0 a Vi llagc ' U National Park . g at Salt Lick I. \\‘|:~-'-' . Q .' a \s a . 'a q "“' ‘. a, a \J‘. I, —"’-J ’“ra I I _.I 35 Fig. 8. Seladang grazing in the experimental clearing. 36 immobilizing doses produced minor depression of respiration, cessation of ruminal movements and a stiffness of the musculature of the neck and limbs. No visible effects were noted when two cows were injected with 1.5 and 2.5 mg of M.99 nor was a bull affected when injected with 3.0 mg. However, a two-year old bull injected with 8 mg of M.99 in the left shoulder stOpped after moving 984 feet. This bull remained on his feet but exhibited labored breathing accompanied by continuous moaning. He had a 'hunched' appearance (Figure 9) and unsteady legs. He showed fear and was not aggressive. Yet, he could not be handled. He fell four times in his attempts to escape. He first fell 50 minutes after injection and after 1% hours lay thrashing on his back. Twenty mg of the antagonistic drug M.285 were injected into the muscles of the rump. The excited animal regained his feet and ceased moaning within 10 seconds after the injection. He stood quietly for five minutes before walking into the brush. He re- joined the herd with no apparent ill effects. The dosage rate of 8 mg M.99 could probably be increased and with the addition of a tranquilizer undue excitement could be reduced (Wallach, 1967). RECOMMENDATIONS Seladang feed in areas of early successional vegetation. Without man's influence such vegetation is found primarily along river edges. Of the four herds in the park, only the Jintoh herd was considered to occupy such a riverine habitat. With the present secure park boundaries, shifting agriculture is no longer practiced in the park. The seladang herds in these areas have either disappeared, as at Kuala Koh, or have moved outside the park as at Merapoh. The Kuala Tahan herd appeared to become stablized by frequent 37 Seladang bull immobilized with the drug M099. Fig. 38 emigrations. These 'surplus' animals could form.other resident herds if more habitat were available. Evidence from the experimental field suggests that forest clearcutting can create suitable seladang habitat and will also benefit other large animals such as the sambar deer (gervus unicolor) and the ‘wild pig (§2§.§EEE£§)° The 113 acre clearing supported the herd for nearly two weeks. Allowing one month for vegetative recovery, three such fields could cupport a herd year round. It is therefore recommended that to maintain a herd of 10-12 animals: (1) three 15 acre plots % mile apart be clearcut and burned, (2) these plots be recut every three years but not burned again, and (3) an artificial salt lick be made in one of these plots by burying a 5 pound bag of rock salt one foot deep. The Merpoh and Sat herds are immediately threatened by the loss of suit- able habitat and should be given first priority in clearcutting. SUMMARY To aid in preserving the Malaysian subspecies of gaur (Egg gaurus hubbacki), known locally as the seladang, a study of the Kuala Tahan and other hafls was conducted in the National Park of Malaysia from September 1967 to November 1969. A survey in the park located only four herds. The herds which oc- cupied the Pertang valley previous to the Japanese occupation in 1942 are no longer present. With the exception of on herd, all were in or close to areas which are being cultivated or recently have been disturbed by man. 0f the 89 plant species observed in the diet of these wild cattle, 96 per cent occurred mainly in the early secondary vegetation of river edges, clearings and secondary forest. The most important food plant was the grass Paspalum conjugatum. Also important were herbaceous creepers, especially Mikania cordata . 39 An experimental 6 acre field was expanded to 11% acres and finally to 21 acres. Invading vegetation consisted primarily of grasses, especial- ly Paspalum conjugatum and the vine Mikania cordata. The Kuala Tahan herd visited this field and remained from 9 to 15 days. One or more natural mineral licks occurred within the home range of each existing herd and may be important in determining the suitability of an area for seladang. Mineral analysis of one lick showed it to be rich in sodium, calcium, and magnesium. A station artificially salted with Nacl was found to be more frequently visited than was a nearby natural lick. The Kuala Tahan herd has maintained a stable population of 10-19 indi- viduals since 1947. The ratio of immature animals to adults indicated it to be a health growing herd. Lack of evidence showing high mortality due to disease or predation suggested that emigration may be the major stabil- izing factor in this population. The Tembeling River which runs through the five square mile range of the Kuala Tahan herd is part of the park boundary. The herd was observed to remain on the east bank of this river and outside the park at least 65 per cent of the time, mostly in a rubber plantation and old fields. The immobilizing drug MJ99 was found to he apparently suitable for capturing seladang for possible relocation and study. The seladang is an animal of the early stages in vegetative succession. Vegetative succession studies by the Malaysian Forestry Department in- dicated that tracts of lowland dipterocarp forests which are cut, burned, planted, and abandoned will return to a climax stage in about 50 years. By the end of four years however, there is complete canopy which shades out the important food plants of the seladang. Seladang herds cannot be expected to survive in the Malaysian National Park unless efforts are 40 'made continuously to maintain those early stages. It is recommended that in each area where a resident herd is desired, 45 acres of land must be clearcut preferably in 15 acre plots one half- mile apart. These plots should be recut every three years but without further burning. The Merpoh and Sat herds are in immediate danger and whould be given first priority in clearcutting. Animals occupying areas outside the National Park can be relocated in the park, but only if further habitat is developed for them. LITERATURE CITED Aldous, S. E. 1944. A deer browse survey method. J. Mammal. 25:130- 136. Cowan, I. McT. and V. C. Brink. 1949. Natural game licks in the Rocky Mountains National Parks of Canada. J. Mammal. 30:379-387. Ellerman, J. R., and T. C. S. Morrison-Scott. 1951. Checklist of palaearctic and Indian mammals, 1758-1946. London, Brit. Museum. 810 pp. Foenander, E. 1952. Big game of Malaya. London. 208 pp. Harthoorn, A. M. 1966. Restraint of undomesticated animals. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. l49(7):875-880. Hislop, J. A. 1961. The distribution of elephant, rhinoceros, seladang and tapir in King George V National Park, Malaya. 95-99 pp. In Nature Conservation in Western Malaysia, 1961. Malayan Nat. J. special issue. Hoogerwerf, A. 1970. Udjung Kulon the land of the last Javan rhinoceros. Leiden, Netherlands. 512 pp. Hua, H. T., E. Soepadmo, and T. C. Whitmore. 1971. Taman Negara. Malayan Nat. J. 24:113. Hubback, T. R. 1905. Elephant and seladang hunting in the Federated Malay States. Rowland Ward, Ltd. London. 289 pp. . 1937. The Malayan gaur or seladang. J. Mammal. 18(3): 267-279. 1939-40. Wildlife photography in the Malayan Jungle. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. J. 41:48-63. Inverarity, J. D. 1889. The Indian bison with some notes on stalking him. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. J. 4:294-319. Jarvis, C. and D. Morris, editors. 1959. The international zoo yearbook. 1:160. Johnson, A. 1969. A forest quadrat in the national park: the flora other than trees. Malayan Nat. J. 22:152-158. 41 42 Khan,‘M. 1971. The distribution of large animals in Taman Negara. Malayan Nat. J. 24:125-131. Kitchener, H. J. 1961. The bleak future for the seladang or Malayan gaur. 197-201 pp. In Nature Conservation in Western Malaysia, 1961. Malayan Nat. J. special issue. Kochummen, K. M. 1966. Natural plant succession after farming in Sungei Kroh. Malayan Forester. 29:170-181. Lakagul, B. 1964. Conservation problems in Thailand. Conservation News, 80E. A8180 4:13-15. Lydekker, R. 1907. The game animals of India, Burma, Malaya, and Tibet. London. 408. Mitchell, B. A. 1964. Periodical cropping of Imperata cylindrica for paper pulp. Malayan Forester. 27:22-45. Morris, R. C. 1947. Weight of bull bison. J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 47(1):153. Ogilvie, C. 1951. Mammals. Game Department Nature Notes. Ed. by A. H. Featherstonhaugh. 19 pp. . 1955. A game warden looks at the Malayan seladang. Anim. Kingd. 58:2-12. Peacock, E. H. 1933. A game book for Burma and adjoining territories. Edinburgh Press, London. 292 pp. Petrides, G. A. 1953. Computing food preference ratings. Unpublished notes. Reed, T. H. 1958. Report on the National Zoological Park for the year ended June 30, 1958. Smithsonian Institution Report. 140-179. Richards, P. W. 1952. The tropical rain forest - an ecological study. Cambridge Univ. Press. 450 pp. Schaller, G. B. 1967. The deer and the tiger - a study of wildlife in India. Univ. of Chicago Press. 370 pp. Shuttlesworth, C. 1965. Malayan safari. Phoenix House, London. 156 pp. Simon, N. 1969. Mammalia a compilation. In Red Data Book. IUCN publ. 1:122. Stevens, W. E. 1968. The conservation of wild life in West Malaysia. Office ,of the Chief Game Warden, Fed. Game Dept. Seremban Malaysia. 123 pp. 43 Stockstad, D. S., M. S. Morris, and E. C. Lory. 1953. Chemical characteristics of natural licks used by big game animals in western Montana. North Am. Wildl. Conf. Trans. 18:247-257. Walker, E. P. 1968. Mammals of the world. Johns Hopkins Press, Baltimore. 2ne ed. 2 v. Wallach, J. D., R. Frueh, and M. Lentz. 1967. The use of M.99 as an immobilizing and analgesic agent in captive wild animals. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 151(7):870-875. Weigum, L. E. 1970. Seladang. Anim. Kingd. 73(1):2-9. . 1971. The last refuge. Malayan Nat. J. 24:132-137. Wharton, C. H. 1957. An ecological study of the kouprey, Novibos sauveli (Urbain). Manila Bureau of Printing. 111 pp. Wyatt-Smith, J. 1949. Natural plant succession. Malayan Forester. 12:148-152. . 1955. Changes in composition in early natural plant succession. Malayan Forester. 18:44-49. . 1963. Environmental factors and tree properties, part 2, chapt. l, p. 1-21. In manual of Malayan silviculture for inland forests. Malayan Forest Records. No. 23. l v. 44 800000 -00 80 000000 000>00m 800000 :00 8o 00n00m 000>00m 008000 0000 080000080 080 000000 :000 0008 000 00 080 80000 0888 088 80 08008800u8o88oo 000000 0800 80 08008800n808800 000000000u808800 00000 0000 080 80-0000 000000 0800 80 08008800u8088oo 000000000u808800 000000000u8088oo 000000000n000000 0000 000 80 808800 080088n0n8088oo 0w800000o 080 000000 008008000 0w8000000 00oz 00m00 000000 000000 003 000000 00000 80 0w800000o 000000 00000 80 0m800000o 0w8000000 0002 0m8000000 080 080000 808088000 0w8000000 080 000000 00800800< 008880 00300 080880 w8on000H 00088M w8000000 00000 0080x8000 080880 000080 08008000 000008 000000000 ESmOUGwEHw m EDOHGNAH 008000000080 8800800 8800000>00n 8800800 88800000 8800800 000000m 8800800 8800080000000 88000000 8800w8m800 88000000 Am000000v 000808000 0000800 880088080008 00000000 080z 0000: 0882 0000080080 0.w8000000 80:0H 0008M 0:0 00 80000 008000 0:0 00 800080000000 0>000000 080 .80000000 .00808 0000080000 000 0 anzmmm< 45 000000 00080000000 08000 080 00>000n0000 0000 N0 008000800 0000 00000880080 8003 000000 000>000 08800 8003 000000 0000000 08000000 0000 80000 000080000000 0000 0000:0000 0000 00 80000 00000 000000 0000 000000 80 08008800u808800 000000000u808800 000000 80 08008800u808800 000000 80 08008800n808800 0000 00000000 000000 003 80 008000000 008000000 000000 008008000 - 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