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€"RU1\II\'G EXPERIMENTS ON THE

i‘ilGI’iBL‘SI-i BLUEBERRY
\( ACCINL M CORY MBOSUM

Thea-is for the Degree of M. S.
3%z‘ilCl'5IGAI‘4 STATE COLLEGE
Q'f'hcmas W. Brigl'iiwen

1940

 

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PRUNING EXPERIMENTS ON THE HIGHBUSH BLUEBERRY
VACCINIUM CORYMBOSUM

by
ThemaeJ fightwell

‘ ("if/ix .r. 3w jfrlztod‘)

A THESIS
Submitted to the Graduate School of Michigan
State College of Agriculture and Applied
Science in partial fulfilment of the
requirements for the degree of

MASTER OF SCIENCE

Department of Horticulture

1940

W MK .27 gm

THESIS

 

(1)

Introduction

With the rapid increase in acreage of blueberry plantings
and a relatively good market for the berries, there has been
much eXperimental work done with this fruit. This, however,
has been limited principally to studies of varieties and cul-
tural practices and few data are available concerning the yield
of plants pruned by different methods or systems.

The competition of wild berries and the increasing pro—
duction of cultivated berries makes necessary practices which
will produce large, high quality fruits in order to maintain
a high price level. Pruning is claimed by most investigators

to be one of the chief practices in production of berries

‘

of large size.

This experiment was planned to investigate the effects
of pruning on size of fruit, yield, season of maturity,
fruit production from fruiting laterals of different diame-
ters, effects of fruit thinning, foliage thinning, blossom
thinning, and lateral thinning.

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(2)

Review of Literature

The importance of prOper pruning was mentioned as early
as 1916 by Coville (7). He stated that with suitable prun-
ing a blueberry plant will live as long as a man or longer.

There were some differences of Opinion among early
workers concerning the pruning of the swamp or highbush
blueberry. Coville (8), in 1921, stated that a yearly prun-
ing of the swamp blueberry is not necessary, but he does
say that “the unproductive stems should be removed, and,
if a whole plant is unproductive, all of the stems should
be cut to the ground.‘ White (16), in 1921, maintained
that although little is definitely known about pruning,
the practice is desirable. Mowry and Camp (14) observed
that a severe heading back of old plants will give an in-
creased yield the second or third year after the heading
back.

Bailey (1); Bailey, Franklin, and Kelley; Beckwith,
Coville, and Doehlert (3); Crowley (9); Johnston (11); and
Latimer and Smith (12) agree that pruning is one of the
most important operations in the culture of the highbush
blueberry. Beckwith, Coville, and Doehlert (3) place
pruning above all other cultural practices in saying that
"pruning is the largest single factor in producing fancy
fruits." They also state that with otherwise perfect care
the unpruned plant will make no profit as compared to a
prOperly pruned plant which will return a profit over and

above the added expense of proper pruning.

(3)

To prune a blueberry plant properly, it must be
studied from the standpoint of vigor and fruit bud distri-
bution. Fruit buds on the dormant blueberry plant are found
on mature wood of the previous season's growth. They were
produced in the exile of leaves on the terminal portion
both of laterals and shoots. (14)

The blueberry bush under normal conditions, barring
loss of blossoms from frost, will produce far more fruits
than it can mature to proper size. The primary object of
most pruning, therefore, is to help establish a proper bal-
ance between size of crop and size of berry by reducing the
number of fruits. Some varieties as Pioneer, Sam, Harding,
Katherine, (9) and Cabot (3) produce so many fruit buds that
in pruning a tipping back of fruiting laterals is advisable.
Beckwith, Coville, and Doehlert (3) found that some varieties
as Rubel and Rancocas require little if any tipping back of
fruiting laterals as they do not tend so strongly to over-
production. Also they found by eXperiment that the largest
fruits are borne on vigorous vegetative growth which matured
well the previous season. Beckwith, Coville, and Doehlert
maintain that a severe annual pruning from the first year
in the field will result in larger crops and better berries.
Pruning should be done before growth starts (2) as pruning
after blossoming was found to retard the season's growth (3).

The pruning recommendations of some of the more recent
investigators are very similar. Bailey, Franklin, and Kelley
(2); Crowley (9); and Beckwith, Coville, and Doehlert (3)

recommended the removal of about one-third of the oldest

(4)

stems each year after the plant is in full production and
reducing the number of fruit buds in the overbalanced
varieties, mentioned above, by a tipping back of the fruit-
ing laterals.

Johnston (11), working with the.Rubel variety, used
four plots of ten plants each in'a series of pruning studies.
Fine wood was removed from the first plot; fine wood and
about one-third of the old shoots were removed from the
second plot; from the third plot the fine wood was removed
and about one-third of the old shoots headed back severely;
the fourth plot was used as a check. The first year the
check plot yield was largest and the berries were the
smallest. The second plot gave the smallest yield of the
largest berries. The second year of the experiment the
check plot gave the smallest yield of the largest berries
and the second plot gave the largest yield of the smallest
berries.

Byrd (6), working with several varieties of blueberries
found little or no correlation between leaf area and aver-

age weight per berry and total weight of berries produced

on laterals.

(5)

Materials

These experiments were carried out during the spring
and summer of 1939 at the South Haven Experiment Station
plantation. A fairly uniform plot of about 160 plants was
selected on a uniform Saugatuck sandy loam soil. The
plants were of the Rubel and Pioneer varieties.

The plants had been set in the field in 1929 and have
received a moderate pruning each year. A complete fertili-
zer consisting of one part of sulfate of ammonia, two parts
of superphosphate, and one part of sulfate of potash has
been applied to the plants each year, except the last two,
since the plants were two years old. One ounce per plant
was first applied and the amount increased one ounce per
year until a maximum of about seven ounces per plant were
applied. During the past two seasons nitrate of soda was
used instead of sulfate of ammonia and the mixture consisted
of two parts of nitrate of soda, two parts of superphosphate
and one part of sulfate of potash. The plants have been
cultivated thoroughly each year until harvesting time.

These rather large plants have made moderate growth and
have produced large crOps of berries with the foregoing treat-
ment.

Two very heavy frosts occurred in the spring of 1938
which killed many blueberry blossoms. These frosts occurred
May 12 and 13. This reduction in crop resulted in a
moderate vegetative growth the season of 1938. The season
of 1939 was almost ideal for growth as there were frequent

rains. During the month of June there was some precipitation

(6)

on 14 days giving a total of 5.93 inches. This was 2.12
inches above the normal (17). In July there was precipi-
tation on 8 days with a total of 1.94 inches. This was .68
inch below normal (18). There was some precipitation on

9 days durinngugust giving a total of 2.95 inches. This
was .23 inch above normal (19). Too much rain in August

is undesirable as it interferes with harvesting operations.

A five foot poultry wire fence was put around the

plot to prevent picking and many strands of three-ply gro-
cery twins were run around the sides and over the plot to

protect the berries from birds.

(7)

Methods

To facilitate a more definite understanding of the
different terms used in this paper and to designate differ-
ent parts of the plant, the following terms are defined:

Shoot - New growth originating at or near the base
of the plant the previous season.

Stem - Shoot growth more than one year old.

Lateral - Fruiting side branch of the past season's
growth.

Bushy thin wood - Small bushy growth in the plant
which becomes more prevalent as the plant
becomes older, especially if it has not been
regularily pruned (Fig. 1).

Nine groups of plants were selected for a comparison
of effects of different degrees of pruning on total yield,
size of fruit, and season of maturity. Five groups were
elected of the Rubel variety and four groups were selected
of the Pioneer variety. Each group contained ten plants
except one Rubel group which contained only nine. One
group of plants of each variety received the following
treatments:

Check - no pruning.

Light method - Mostly removal of bushy thin wood and

light heading back of new shoots (Figs. 2, 3,
4, and 5)
Intermediate method - The removal of bushy thin wood,

removal of about one-third of the oldest stems,

(8)

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(9)

Rubel plant before light

 

 

Figure 2.

pruning.

(10)

 

 

 

Figure 3. Rubel plant after light
pruning.

(11)

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Pioneer plant before light

Figure 4,
Pruning,

(12)

 

 

 

 

 

Pioneer plant after light

Figure 5.

pruning.

(13)

and a moderate heading back of new shoots (figs.
6, 7, 8, and 9).

Heavy method - The removal of bushy thin wood and at
least one-third of the oldest stems, heading
back of all new shoots, and reducing the number
of fruit buds on fruiting laterals about sixty
per cent by heading back each lateral (figs. 10
and 11).

A group of rubel plants was pruned moderately-heavy by
pruning like the heavy method except the number of fruit
buds on laterals was not reduced by tipping back (figs. 12
and 13).

The fruits were picked at intervals of varying length
as they reached maturity. These pickings were more frequent
than were commercial pickings. The fruits were harvested
and weighed to the nearest sixteenth ounce and the berries
required to fill a one-half liquid pint measuring cup were
counted to determine comparative size and grade of the berries.
This size of cup has been adopted by the Michigan Blueberry
Growers' Association as their standard measuring cup to de-
termine the grades as follows:

90 berries per cup and under - Superior

91-140 ' ' ' - Golden.Moon
141-190 berries per cup - Columbia
191 ' ' cup and over - Lake State

The total yield and number of berries per grading cup
are shown in tables 1 to 3. Individual plant records are

given in appendix tables A, B, C, and D. ’

(14)

 

 

 

 

 

Rubel plant before intermediate

Figure 6.

pruning.

 

 

 

 

(15)

 

 

 

 

 

Figure 7. Rubel Plant after intermediate
pruning.

(16)

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Figure 8.

pruning.

(l7)

 

 

 

 

 

 

Pioneer plant after intermediate

Figure 9.

pruning.

(18)

 

 

Pioneer Plant before heavy

Figure 10.

pruning.

 

(19)

 

 

Figure 11. Pioneer plant after heavy
pruning.

(20)

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(21)

  

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Table 1.

(22)

Effects of Pruning Methods on Average Yield of
Plants, Size of Berries and Season of Maturity - Rubel

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Method Date Av. wt. of Av. no. of
of of berries berries per Grade
Pruning Picking per plant-oz. measuring cup
July 28-30 122.91 157.4 Columbia
Check— Aug. 9 132.52 208.7 Lake State
No Aug. 18-21 80.26 214.9 Lake State
Pruning Aug. 28 31.57 255.6 Lake State
Sept. 4 _9;32 273.6 Lake State
Total 376L58 222.0 Lake State
July 28-30 172.93 141.5 Columbia
Light Aug. 9 76.15 176.0 Columbia
Method Aug. 18-21 23.82 201.4 Lake State
Aug. 28 5.08 243.2 Lake State
Sept. 4 1.63 301.0 Lake State
Total 276.62 189.0 Columbia
July 28-31 152.21 123.4 Golden Moon
Inter- Aug. 9 61.85 17 .0 Columbia
mediate Aug. 18-21 17.67 184.6 Columbia
Method Aug. 28 4.61 230.5 Lake State
Sept. 4 1.23 228.0 Lake State
Total 237.58 173.8 Columbia
July 28~30 100.23 118.0 Golden Moon
Moder- Aug. 9 18. 156.3 Columbia
ately Aug. 18-21 1.71 219.0 Lake State
Heavy Aug. 28 .27
Method Sept. 4 .12
Total 121.51 147.0 Columbia
July 28-30 58.29 100.2 Golden Moon
Aug. 9 3.43 144.8 Columbia
Heavy Aug. 18-21 .37 190.0 Columbia
Method Aug. 28 .17
Sept. ’4' 005
Total 62.31 121.0 Golden Moon

 

(23)

Table 2 .

Effects of Pruning Methods on Average Yield,
Size,

and Date of Maturity - Pioneer

 

Method Date
of of
Pruning Picking

Av. wt. of
berries
per plant-oz.

Av. no. of
berries per
measuring cup

Grade

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

July 10-11 15.55 1217 Golden Moon
Check- 1 -21 51.28 $3.1 Columbia
No 2 25 91.89160 Columbia
Pruning Aug. 7-9 121.46 178.1 Columbia
15 32$ .98 217.4 Lake State
28 227.7 Lake State
Sept. 4 10. 86 283.5 Lake State
Total (“404. 81 19053 a.
July 10-11 13:41 11354 Golden Moon
1 -21 50. 71 125. 8 Golden Moon
2 -25 93.45 133. 8 Golden Moon
Light Aug. 7-9 81.06 156. 5 Columbia
Method 15 37. 86 170. 3 Columbia
28 495 244. 2 Lake State
._‘g Sept. 4 2. 60 219. 0 Lake State
Total 294. 07 173. 4'
July 10-11 13. 54 115.6 Golden Moon
1 -21 60. 88 122.1 Golden Moon
Inter- 2 25 109. 93 127. 8 Golden Moon
mediate Aug. 7-9 65. égo 146.1 Columbia
Method 15 173. 7 Columbia
28 227.8 Lake State
Sept. 4 0.25
Total 279 .00 151.1
July 10-11 5. 71 81. 7 Superior
1 -21 45. 96 81.6 Superior
Heavy 2 25 33. 84 84. 4 Superior
Method Aug. 7-9 7.44 93. 8 . Golden Moon
15 0.41
28 0.04
Sept. 4
Total 93.42 85.3

 

(24)

Table 3. Summary of Results of Pruning Methods on Size
and Yield of Berries fron1Rubel and Pioneer Plants.

 

 

 

No Berries Wt. of Berries
Variety Pruning per per plant- Grade
Method Grading Cup oz.
None-check 222.0 376.58 Lake State
Light 189.0 279.62 Columbia
Rubel Intermediate 173.8 237.58 Columbia
Moderately-
heavy 147.0 121.51 Columbia
Heavy 121.0 62.30 Golden Moon
None-check 190.2 404.81 Lake State
Pioneer Light 173. 294.07 Columbia
Intermediate 152.1 279.00 Columbia

Heavy 85.3 . 93.42 ' Superior

 

(25)

 

 

 

 

Figure 14. Laterals one thirty-second to eight
thirty-seconds inch in diameter (right to left)

(26)

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(27)

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(29)

To study the influence of diameter of laterals on total
yield, size of fruits, and date of maturity, 150 laterals
on Rubel plants were measured. These laterals were calipered
with a sliding caliper to the nearest thirty-second of an
inch. They ranged from one thirty-second to nine thirty-
seconds inch in diameter. The length was measured to the
nearest sixteenth inch and these measurements converted to
tenths of inches. The length ranged from 0.81 to 36.19
inches. Figures 14 and 15 show the diameter range of the
laterals. The number of blossoms were counted and the perm
centages maturing fruit were calculated, as shown in tables
4, 5, and 6. Individual lateral records are given in
appendix table E. The harvested berries were weighed to the
nearest tenth of a gram and these weighed converted to ounces.

The influence of heading of shoots on subsequent lateral
growth was studied on Rubel plants. Thirty vigorous shoots
on several plants were selected for this experiment. Ten
of these shoots were pruned so as to leave one-half of the
total number of buds; ten shoots were pruned so as to leave
three-fourths of the original number of buds; and ten shoots
were not pruned, these serving as checks. The total lateral
growth is shown in table 7 and individual shoot lateral
growth is shown in appendix table F.

A study was made to compare fruit production from
blossoms on the basal half and from those on the terminal
half of laterals. For this eXperiment, ten laterals on each
of three plants were selected. Thelaterals were five thirty-

seconds inch in diameter and of comparable length. The

I

(30)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

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(31)

 

 

 

 

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m.N oHH. o o H Nm my omwmm, om.Nm wN. om:
N.NH mHH. o o o H: m Nm.mN Nw.mN NN. mN
m.:H meH. o o N MN m ::.H: H:.H: Hm. wN
H.w mHH. o o m Nm 0H HN.NN HN.NN wN. NN
N.H Hwo. HN mN. H om NH mm.0m mm.om mN. mN
o.NH mON. o o o w m oo.Nm oo.Nm mN. mN
N.HH mmH. o o H :N 0H mm.Nm mm.Nm Mm. MN
o.OH :mH. o o H Nm m oo.:m oo.:m N. N
o.N NOH. o o 0 mm :H mH.:N mH. N mN. NcHeeem oz NN
m.0N NmH. o o H m H om.Nm om. m Hm. . Hoeno HN
:pmcouln .oHn nnwceq .oHn pHonn noon

nHem HecHaaon nHem Homom AeHv mcH Ach mcH

cousconm ucznm Icahn A.:Hv
monocH :H mpoonm co wchHma mHmnopmH Hound ononon .mHn .oz

voodoona mHmnopmH no ouHm owmno>4 Ion mcsm .oz npwcmq spmcog poonm pcoapmona poonm

spread Honepoq co opoonm no Hoom weHooom no poonnm .N oHnon

(32)

terminal half of the blossoms were removed from ten laterals,
the basal half of the blossoms were removed from ten later-
als, and ten laterals were used as checks. The berries were
counted, weighed and the percentage of mature fruits from
blossoms was calculated. The total results are given in
table 8 and individual lateral records are given in appendix
tables G, H, and I.

The effects of removal of all the foliage from some
laterals and removal of one-half the foliage from some
laterals on Rubel plants on fruit production were compared.
Ten laterals on each of three plants were selected. These
laterals were five thirty-seconds inch in diameter and of
comparable length. All of the foliage was removed from ten,
laterals, one-half the foliage was removed from ten laterals
and ten undefoliated laterals served as checks. The har-
vested berries were counted and weighed. Results of this
study are given in table 8 and individual lateral records
are given in appendix tables J and K.

Thinning studies were made on thirty laterals on
Rubel plants. These;hterals were selected on three plants.
The laterals were five thirty-seconds inch in diameter
and of comparable length. One-fourth of the fruits were
removed at random from ten laterals, one-half the fruits
were removed from ten laterals, and ten laterals from which
no fruits were removed were used as checks. Results of this
study are given in table 8. Individual lateral records are

given in appendix tables L, M, and N.

73)

 

eHnesHoo mwNo. HHm. wo.mm N.NH o.NN N.N m.m mo.m oeeoaea epHean

 

 

 

.\ on I Momno

coo: coeHoo mHao. mmu. mH.Nm N.NH w.Nm N.N w.m mm.m eoeoeea epHsan
on» nHonnooo

eHnesHou NHmo. mwm. :N.Nm N.NH N.Nm N.N m.m m:.N Nm\m ooeosoa mpHoan
on» nuaaonueco

oHnesHoo :Nmo. mmw. mm.mm, m.mH w.Nm xm.N m.m mm.w eoeoeoa «onHon

0: vxoono

onepm eHeH mmNo. Nmm. m:.:N H.mN m.:m H.w m.m H:.m eeeoaoa
\ \ oNoHHon annuedo

epeem oxen mNNo. NNu. Nu.mm N.HN N.mm N.N w.m om.m Nm\m oeeoeoa
omoHHon HHa

eHneoHoo mHmo. NON. mN.NN m.NN H.Nm, ,N.N‘ m.w‘ Nm.m eoeoEea esoeeoHn

on : Moono

noes eooHoo mime. Hw:. Hm.mm m.MH m.mH m.HH m.m mm.N eeeoaea eaoeeoHn
- nHon HenHaaen

eHneoHoo Homo. NNH. mm.ON N.HH o.wH o.N :.m NH.m Nm\m eoeoaoa eaomeoHo
nHen Heoem

.uouwnnon .No pom copmobamm nmoq pHsnm
ocmnw . pom moHanom pHsnh moHanom wchHmsom A.:Hv A.:Hv
.93 .>¢ no .93 pcoonom .oz maommoam musm .oz npmcoq .mHQ pcospmoas

mamnopmq :09 no mmwwno>< I woosuonm moHnnom no ouHm can
damn» co meommOHm Hmmmm one HmcHanon no Hm>oaom cam
mchcHna pHsnn .Hmboaom omeHOh mpazmom no unmeasm .w manna

(34)

 

 

ennpm eHeH N.HNN mm.mm No.:m m.:HNH wNwH Nw. pnoapeenp oz
. I noeno

epopm eHeH :.:HN mN.mm w:.:m w.Nmm w.HmoH Nw. nHenepeH esp no m\H on
N\H Bonn co>oamn mSOmmoam

onnpm eHnH m.mHN Nm.mN No.mm :.mmHH m.HmNH Nm. omeoeen

eHonopeH on» no m\H on N\H
.No I aopm pom
owmno Q50 nom nom mmHnnom pHsnn moHnnom maommoam A.ch
monnnom .02 no .93 pcoonom .02 .oz .mHQ pcmapmone

moHnnom no oNHm cam panoa Hmpoe .pmm pHsnn so
msmpm no mHmnopma can namnImco op uaanIoco Bonn

maommoam no Hm>oEmm no cam nno wchsnm no mpoonnm no comHanEoo

.m oHnen

(35)

A comparison of the effects of pruning off one-third
to one half of the laterals from certain stems and of the
removing of the blossoms from one-third to one-half of
the laterals on other stems on fruit production was made.
For this comparison fifteen uniform plants were selected
and on each plant three comparable stems were selected.
One-third to one-half the laterals were pruned from fifteen
stems on five plants, the blossoms were removed from one-third
to one-half thelaterals on fifteen other stems, and fifteen
stems were used as checks. The harvested berries were
weighed and graded and per cent of fruit set was determined
after spring dropping was over. Results are given in table

9. Individual stem records are given in tables 0 and P.

(36)

Results

The Rubel check plants gave considerably higher yields
than did plants pruned by the light, intermediate, moderately-
heavy or heavy method. The check plants averaged 376.58 ounces
per plant, those pruned by the light method 279.62 ounces,
those pruned by the intermediate method 237.58 ounces, those
pruned by the moderately-heavy method 121.51 ounces, and
those pruned by the heavy method 62.30 ounces per plant, as
shown in table 3.

Pruning increased the size of berries. Table 3 shows
the average number of berries per grading cup for the season
for the different methods of pruning as follows: check
plants 222.0, light method 189.0, intermediate method 173.8,
moderately-heavymethod 147.0 and heavy method 121.0.

The heavily pruned plants matured their fruits earlier
than did the check plants, as indicated by the number of
berries remaining on the laterals in figure 16. Fruits on
the check plants not only matured later but over a longer
period of time (table 1). 0n check plants 67.82 per cent
of the total yield of fruit was harvested with the first two
pickings, 89.07 per cent of the total yield of plants pruned
by the light method, 90.09 per cent of the total yield of
plants pruned by the intermediate method, 98.25 per cent
of total yield of plants pruned by the moderately-heavy
method, and 99.03 per cent of the total yield of fruits of
plants pruned by the heavy method.

The results of different pruning methods on Pioneer

plants were very similar to those obtained from Rubel plants.

(37)

 

 

Figure 16.

Representative twigs from Rubel plants after
first picking from plants pruned by different methods.

Check, light, intermediate, moderately-heavy and heavy
methods - left to right.

(Note few berries on twig from heavily pruned plant)

(38)

The average yield per plant of the check plants was 404.81
ounces; of plants pruned by the light method 294.00
ounces; of plants pruned by the intermediate method 279.00
ounces; and of plants pruned by the heavynethod 93.42
ounces (table 2).

Table 2 shows the average number of berries per grading
cup for the season from plants pruned by the different methods
of pruning as follows: 190.3 from the check plants, 173.4
from plants pruned by the light method, 152.1 from plants
pruned by the intermediate method, and 85.3 from plants
pruned by the heavy method.

As was the case with the Rubel variety, the heavily
pruned Pioneer plants matured earlier and clusters matured
more uniformly than did the lightly pruned or the check
plants. The first three pickings harvested 39.21 per cent
of the yield of the check plants, 53.58 per cent of yield
of plants pruned by the light method, 66.07 per cent of the
yield of plants pruned by the intermediate method, and 91.54
per cent of the total yield of plants pruned by the heavy
method.

Direct correlation was noted between average diameter
and length of fruiting laterals and total yield of berries.
The number of berries per lateral is given in table 4 and
averages for laterals one thirty-second to nine thirty-
seconds of an inch in diameter are given in table 6. As
shown in table 5, the average numbers of berries per lateral
one thirty-second to nine thirty-seconds of an inch in

diameter were: 7.6, 15.9, 28.0, 30.0, 37.8, 50.2, 46.9,

(39)

66.9, and 85.9; the total weights of berries per lateral

were: .196, .378, .758, .860, 1.051, 1.514, 1.544, 2.089,

and 2.537 ounces. The average weights per berry on the above
laterals in the same order were: .026, .025, .027, .028,

.028, .030, .034, .031, and .031 ounces. Laterals seven thirty-
seconds inch in diameter produced the largest berries.

A correlation is noted between size of lateral and
season of maturity, tables 4 and 5. The smaller laterals
matured a larger percentage of their crop later in the season
than did the larger laterals. .A large number of the smaller
laterals are removed in pruning and consequently the plant
matures its crop on the large laterals which mature early
in the season. Table 5 shows that laterals one to three
thirty-seconds inch in diameter, inclusive, matured 70.2
per cent of the total number cf berries the first two pick-
ings, laterals four to six thirty-seconds inch in diameter,
inclusive, matured 85.8 per cent of the total number of
berries the first two pickings, and laterals seven to nine
thirty-seconds inch in diameter, inclusive, matured 92.3 per
cent of the total number of berries the first two pickings.

A removal of one-half the buds from shoots by pruning
resulted in an increased amount of lateral growth. A re-
moval of one-fourth of the buds gave no increase over the
checks. Table 7 shows the total length of lateral growth
to be greater on shoots pruned to one-half the original
number of buds and a smaller number of laterals. The

unpruned shoots produced the largest number of laterals.

(40)

The average weight per berry produced on laterals from
which the terminal half of the blossoms was removed was
greater than that of berries produced on laterals from
which the basal half of the blossoms was removed. The
basal fruits matured slightly before the terminal fruits.
The average weights (table 8) of berries produced were as
follows: check laterals .707 ounces; laterals from which
basal half of blossoms was removed, .479 ounces; and later;
als from which the terminal half of the blossoms was re-

moved, .481 ounces.

Berries produced on laterals from which no foliage was
removed were larger than those produced on laterals from
which one-half the foliage or all the foliage was removed.
The yields and average weights per berry, as given in table
8, were: check laterals, yield .596 ounces and average
weight per berry .0324; laterals from which One-half the
foliage was removed, yield .657 ounces and average weight
per berry .0255; laterals from which all the foliage was
removed, yield .577 ounces, average weight per berry .0276
ounces. Laterals from which all the foliage was removed
produced larger berries than laterals from which only one-
half the foliage was removed. This is probably due to the
fact that the laterals having one-half the foliage removed

matured a larger number and total weight of berries.

Fruit thinning increased the average weight per berry.

Table 8 indicates that the average weight of berries

(41)

produced on laterals from which one-half of the fruits were
removed was much greater than either that of berries produced
on laterals from which one-fourth of the berries were re-
moved or of berries produced on laterals from which no

berries were removed. Table 8 shows the check laterals
yielded .611 ounces of berries averaging .029 ounces, lat-
erals from which one-fourth of the fruits were removed yielded
.583 ounces of berries averaging .031 ounces, and laterals
from which one-half the berries were removed yielded .556
ounces of berries averaging .042 ounces per berry.

A comparison of pruning off one-third to one-half the
laterals from stems was made with the removal of blossoms
from one-third to one-half the laterals on stems. (table 9)
The stems from which one-third to one-half the laterals were
pruned off yielded 29.92 ounces, stems from which blossoms
were removed from one-third to one-half the laterals
yielded 33.76 ounces, and the check stems yielded 38.33
ounces.

A large number of berries were calipered to the nearest
thirty-second of an inch. The results of these measurements
are given in table 10. The average weight per berry ranged
from .010 ounces for berries eleven thirty-seconds inch in
diameter to .063 ounces for berries twenty thirty-seconds
inch in diameter. The Michigan grade ranges are as follows:

Lake State - to .027 ounces per berry

Columbia - .027 to .035 “ " ”

Golden Moon - .036 to .053 “ " '

)‘ll’ll

 

(42)

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e002 eeeHoo Hmmo. do Nm.N :m Nm\mH
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c002 coeHoo mm 0. wHH 00.8 mH Nm\NH
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eHneaHoo wwNo. mmH Nm.m mmH Nm\mH
openm eneH mNN0. :0N mm. NNN Nm\mH
epeem eHeH 00H0. NNN 0m.m H N Nm\ H
ocean exam mmHo. N N :m.: mmN Nm\NH
opepm oxen 00H0. mo. 0 Nm\HH
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panma .>¢ non mmHnnom pgmHoa Hmpoe .02 Hence noposmHm

Honzm I pswnma owmno>< 0:0 monnnmm no nmposmHQ .OH magma

(43(

 

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M; . '
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(mm SCUIBIL - ~
w. P-‘_.Q .\ 99‘!) ‘VAV—A

 

Figure 17. Berries eleven thirty-seconds
to twenty thirty-seconds in diameter -
top to bottom.

(44)

Discussion

It is very difficult to evaluate a system or method of
pruning a fruiting plant correctly after studying only one
season's fruiting records. Pruning has long been a topic
of discussion and many investigators recommend different
methods and systems for many different fruits. Ricks and
Gaston (15) indicate that removal of small weak wood from
apple trees increases the value of the crop produced. Loree
(13) states that the black raspberry produces more fruits
than it can properly mature and removal of part of the crop
by proper pruning is essential to production of high quality
fruits. This is also true of the blueberry plant (1), (2)
(3), (4), (11), and (12).

The plants in this eXperiment which received no pruning

9

gave the largest yield as was also shown by Johnston (1) the
first season after pruning. The yield decreased from light,
intermediate, to heavy pruning and the size of berries in-
creased in the same order. Plants receiving heavy pruning
madennre vegetative growth than plants receiving light or

no pruning.

There is a definite correlation between size of fruit-
ing wood and size and total yield of some fruits. Ricks and
Gaston (15) showed the average weight and also total weight
of apples to be proportional to diameter of the branch on
which they are produced. Loree (l3) and Johnston (10)
state that with the raspberry the largest canes produce the
largest fruits. Beckwith, Coville, and Doehlert (3) found

(45)

by experiment that the largest blueberries are found on

the most vigorous shoots. This was found to be generally
true in this study on laterals up to seven thirty-seconds
inch in diameter. Above seven thirty-seconds inch laterals
produced smaller berries but total yield increased.

Berries on the most vigorous laterals matured earlier
than did berries on small laterals. This fact may be used
to influence to some extent the time of ripening. This in-
fluence on season of maturity should be such as to place
the berries on the market when competition is least. The
type of pruning is governed by season the berries are desired
to be marketed.

Lateral growth on shoots was more vigorous on those
pruned more severely. This was shown to be also true on red
raspberries by Brierley (5).

The average weight per berry was larger on laterals
from which the terminal half of the blossoms were removed
than on those from which the basal half of the blossoms were
removed.

Laterals from which no foliage was removed yielded more
and larger berries than did laterals from which one-half or
from laterals from which all the foliage was removed. Later-
als from which one-half the foliage produced the largest
number of berries which were the smallest in size.

The laterals from which one-half of the fruits were
thinned off produced larger berries than did laterals from
which one-fourth of the fruits or laterals from which no fruit

were removed. Thinning of fruits reduced the total weight of

(46)

berries produced, but increased the size of berries.

Little difference in size of berry was noted from stems
from which one—third to one-half of the laterals were pruned
as compared to stems from which blossoms were removed from
one-third to one-half of the laterals.' Berries from the check
plants were slightly smaller. Stems from which part of the
blossoms were removed yielded slightly higher than did stems
from which one-third to one-half the laterals were removed.

Check stems gave the largest total yield.

(47)

Summary

1. Pruned plants gave a smaller total yield the first
season after the pruning than did the check plants. The
decrease in yield was in proportion to severity of pruning.
The berries on pruned plants were larger than those on check

plants.

2. The size of berry was shown on the whole to be propor-
tionate to diameter of the lateral, up to seven thirty-seconds
of an inch. The size of berry then decreased but total yield

increased with diameter of lateral.

3. Shoots which were severely headed back produced more

lateral growth than did lightly headed or check shoots.

4. Laterals from which the terminal half of the blossoms
were removed produced larger berries than thOse from which

the basal half of the blossoms were removed.

5. The average weight per berry was greater from check later-
als than from laterals from which either one-half or all the

foliage was removed.

6. Laterals from which one-half the fruits were thinned pro-
duced larger berries than did laterals from which one-fourth
of the berries were thinned or the checks. The check laterals

produced the greatest total yield.

7. Little difference in size of berry was shown from stems

(48)

from which one-third to one-half of the laterals were
pruned off as compared to stems from which the blossoms
were removed from one-third to one—half of the laterals.
Check stems produced smallest berries and gave the largest

total yield.

 

APPENDIX TABLES

(49)

N8.8NN MN.88NN mm.Nmm 8:.NNm NH.80N 0m.NNm 8N.mHm Nm.mMN 88.888 8N.8HN 88.88H 88.88H Henon

H8.H Hm.8H 80.” 09H mN.0 8m.H in.“ N8.H 00.N Hmd 0W8 $8 4 84988
80.8 08.08 N8.:H NH.m 44.0 :8.H H8.8 8N.: Hm.0H 0 .N 8N.H H8.N 8N .824
N8.8N mN.8MN 88.8: 80.8N 00.8 N8.8H Hmnmm Hm.Nm 8N.m: NH.4H 80.N NH.MH HNI8H .834

 

 

 

8H.8N Hm.H8N N8.mHH 8N.88 Hm.NH 48.8N m m 44.8N 8H.mHH 00.88 48.84 8m.Nm m .834
mm.NNH 88.8NNH N8.NHN 00.48H NH.N8H :4.HmN N.88H 00.8HH 48.88H 8H.8HH 48.04H 8m.:HH omI8N ane
“annonn

.84 Hepon NH HH 0H 8 N HH 0H m 8 N .oz pceHn
m w .02 tom

oonpo: 80Heenn pn8HH

88.8Nn N8.m8Nm mN.8Hm 0m.NNm Nm.mN: N:.:mm 44.8Nm HH.mmm 8N.omm 88.88m 8H.:Nm 8N.N:m Heeon

Nm.m NH.88 Hm.mH 00.8H 8N.NH 00.N 8w.H NH.m, 08.: NH.8 mN.N 8H.NH 4 .eaem

Nm.Hm mN.mHm NH.0m 8N.Hm 80.84 N8.8N 4:.0H Hm.0m 88.4N 8m.Nm 8N.Hm 88.N4 8N .854

8N.08 H8.N08 N8.N8 4m.HNH 88.80H N8. 8 H8.N8 8H.88 88.Nm NH.8N 88.MN 8N.8N HNI8H .8:4
8

 

 

 

N8.NMH MN.8N8H NH.NHH .mmH 88.08H H8. HH 08.0NH N8.80H N8.mNH 00.8NH 08.0NH 44.0NH 8 .834
H8.NNH HH.8NNH 88.:N 8N.0mH H8.NNH N8.8HH Hm.H:H N8.:HH 48.NNH :m.HHH NH.H8 8H.N8 0mu8N nHze
“www.11

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m N .02 :08

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hp cocaam munch moan 880250 :H monnnom no pswnok .4_oana

8m.NmN 88.8N8N 8N.mom 88.88N N8.HHN H8.H8N H8.mmN Hm.HHN 8N.N8H 88.8HN HN.8NN 88.N8H Henon

 

 

 

 

MMIH Hm. NH N. H NH. H 00.H 88.0 88.0 00.H (mnwo H.0 NH.H 0.H H .emom

H8. H 8H. .8” 88. NH 8H.m 8N. m .m 8N. m 8N. m 8H.N 8.N H8. 8 8. N 8N .884

88. NH mN. 8 H H8. H8 NH. .NH N8. HH .NH N8. 8H 8N. 8H NH. HH 00. HH NH.NH N8. 8H HN 8H .884

88. H8 8.8H8 80. N8 N.m8 8H. Hm NH. .8m 88. 8 m8. .8m 8m. 8m 88. N8 Hm.mm fl” mm 8.834

HN.N8H 8H. NNmH Hm. N8H 8H. N8H 8m .HHH 08. N H 80. 0 H N8. H H H8. 8HH 8H. NNH8 mmH 8 m om-wme%Hsn

x. 8cHHoHn
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m N 402 :08

005802 wcHnaam opeHcosamch

(51)

 

 

 

 

 

 

Hm.N8 N8.08m 8H.HN 8H.88 m8.NN 8N.0m Nm.HN 88 HH Hm.mH NH.08 08.HN H8808
180.0 8 .0 88.0 NH.0 80.0 80. 0 NH.0 80.0 H .8888
NH.0 8\.H H«.0 HH. 0 8H.0 8H.0 NH.0 NH.0 8N. 0 NH.0 8N .884
Nm.0 88.8 8N.0 88.0 HH. 0 Hm.0 8m. 0 NH.0 8N.0 88.0 88.0 . HNI8H .884
8H. m N8.0m H8.N NH.8 N8.m 8N.m 88. m 8N.H 88.H 08. H 8N.H 8 .884
8N. 8m m8.HNm HH.N8 88.8N H8. 88 HH.HH 8m. 8 88.88 8m.HH 80.8H 8H.88 omummenH8e

a
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.84 Henon 8H NN 8N 8N HN 8N NN 0N 8H .08 nceHm
m m .02 30m

compoa wcncsnm n>mmm

H8.HNH 8H.8HNH 88.88H N8.N8H N8.88H 8N.8HH H8.88 88.N8 Hm.80H 00.88 88.8HH 80.88H Hepon
NH.0 8N.H NH.0 8H.0 8H.0 80. 0 NH.0 NH.0 H8.0 80.0 80. 0 80.0 H .8888
NN.0 8N.N 88.0 H8. 0 8N.0 8N. 0 Hm.0 8N.0 H.0 80. 0 8m. 0 NH.0 8N .884
HN.H 8H.NHH HH. N 88. N N8. H 00. N H». H N8.0 N.H 88.0 H8. N 8N.H HNI8H .884
NH. 8H Hm8 NH. 8N 88. 08 80. 8N H8. NN 8N. HH 00.N 8N.8H Hm.HH 88. HH NH. HH 8 .884
o .00H 0 00H 08.NHH 88. 80H 8N. HHH 00. 88 N8. NN Hm.H8 88.N8 88.88 00. N8H H. mNH omummemH8n
88HHoHn
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H .02 30m

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moocso :H moHnnom no panoB .4 oHnma

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N.8HN 8HNH 88N HNN 88N 08N HNN 8N .824
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8.8WN 888N 88N 88N 08 808 808 88N 88N N8N 88N 80N H .8008
8.88N 888N 88N 88N HN 8HN 88N 88N 88N N8N H8N N8N 8N .854
8.HHN 8HHN 80N 8HN 8HN 0HN HNN 80N 80N 8NN 0HN 8NN HNu8H .804
8.808 880N 0HN 80N 08H 80N 80N H8N NN 80N 80N 88H 8 .804
H.88H H88H H8H NNH 8HH H8H HHH H8H 8H 88H N8H H8H 08-mm8MH28
8cHHoHN
.>4 H8009 8 . H 8 N 8 8 H 8 N .02 pcaHm
m m .02 tom

upcaHN 800:0

.Qso wcanmdoE nmm mmenom no nonasz no wchsnm no 8603982 h>dom can

apammuhHopmaocoz .opuHuosnoch .pz8HH no 800888 .8 oHnma

(53)

.Qso wcHanmwms m HHHH 0p omuH5888 pcwHa one :83» 0908 Sony meHmhmm t

 

 

 

8.88H

0.88N 8NN *8NN H .8888
8.08N H8HH N8N HNN *88N 888N *8NN 8N .804
8.H8H 8H8H 88H 88H 88H 88H N8H 88H H8H H8H 88H 88H HN-8H .834
0.N8H 0N8H 88H H8H 88H 88H 88H 08H 08H H8H 88H 88H 8 .824
H. NH H NH HHH 8NH 8HH 88H 8NH 88H 8NH 8NH 8NH 8NH 08-8N 8H28

ovum
8cHHOHm
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(54)

.Qso mcHn58on 8 HHHH 0p cmAHSGmh unwan 000 :83» 0805 8099 mmHnnmm t

 

 

 

 

 

 

88H

H .8008
8N .854
08H 08H 808H HNI8H .854
8.HHH H88 08H 08H 8HH 8NH . 8 8H 8 .854
N.00H N08 00H 88 H0H HHH 8 88 8 80H 88 08:88 8H58

0989
88H80Hm
.84 H8808 8H 8N 8N 8N HN, 8N NN 0N 8H .02 088Hm
M m .02 30m

603803 mchsnm 8>80m
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H .5088
8N .854
0.8HN 8H0N 58HN 58HN HN-8H .854
8.88H 888H 88H 88H 88H 88H 8HH 8HH 88H 88H H8H 08H 8 .854
0.8HH 08HH 8HH 0NH HNH 8HH NHH 0HH 8NH NHH 0NH 8HH 08-8N 8H58

0989
11 88H80H8
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0888H8 80080

800:0Hm I mundam #0020 088 880390: abdom cam .oudH003808QH .pngq
8n uocsam mpcme 3089 800850 :H mlonom no pan03 .0 oHnma

80.H8N 88.0H8N 88.88N 88.8NH N8.N88 H8.888 HH.8N8 H8.8NN 88.08N 88.0HN 8N.HN8 00.888 H8808
08.N 80.8N 8H.N NH.0 .NH.8 NH.m. 80.8 H8.0 8N.0 8N.0 80.0 N8.H H .8808
88.NH 88.8HH 88.08 88.H 88.8 NH. N 00.8N 8H.8 H8.8 H8.8 H8.H N8.HH 8N
88. 8 88.888 8N.88 80.HH H8.8 88.N8 H8.88 08.8N 80.8H 80.8H 80.0N 8.HH 8H
m0.H8 Nm.0H8 08.H8 80.N8 08.00H 88.80H 00.00H 88.H8 88.8 88.88 H8.88 8N.80H 8-8 .854
H.88 0 .H88 HH.88 00.88 8H.80H NH.88 88.88 00.N8 H8.8 H8.88 8H.8HH 00.8NH 88. N
H8.08 8H.808 00.8H 88.88 88.8H H.88 H8.NH 8N.8H H8.8H 8.8H 88.H8 88.H8 HN. H
HH.8H 8H.H8H H8.8 NH.8 88.8 00.8 88.8 88.8H H8.0N 8.NN 08.8N 08.0N HH-0M88H58
. 0 8
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88.0H 88.80H 88.NH 0808 888NH N8.HH N8.H 88.H N8.0H H8.NN N8.HH H8¢HH H .8808
H8.NH 8N.8NH NH.8N 08.8H 00.88 00.8H H8.88 8H.HN 8H.88 88.N8 88.8N H8.8H 8N
88. 8 8 .H 8 80.8 H8.H8 HN.H8 88.88 88. 8 8N.HH 88.88 8N.H8 88.H8 88.88 8H
8H.HNH 88.HHNH 88.88 NH.N8H N8.N8H 88.8NH 88. NH H8.H8 8N.HNH H8.H8H 8N.08 N8.NHH 8-8 .854
88.H8 88.8H8 H8.88 8.0NH 88.80H 88.88 H8.N H 88.88 88. 8N.88 NH.88 H8.88 8N N
8N.H8 N8.NH8 HH.88 H.88 88.88 00.H8 88.88 8N.NH 8N.H8 08.N8 HH.N8 08.08 HN- H
88.8H 88.88H NH.8 08.8H H8.0N 00.0N 88.8N 88.8H 88.NH 8N.NH H8.0H H8.8H HH-mM8MH58

88H80H8
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3 .02 tom

(56)

 

 

 

 

 

 

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880280: pcvouan an docsnm unawam Bonk
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8 .8808
80.0 88. H8.0 80.0 80.0 8N
H8.0 NH.8 NH.8 8H
88.8 88.88 H8.88 NH.H 88.8 8H.8 08.8 88.0 88.8 08.8 88.M NH.H 8-8 .888
88.88 88.888 H8.88 80.8H 00.8H 88.88 8H.8N 88.8N 88.88 80.8 88. m 88.8N 8N- N
88.88 N8.888 00.08 00.N8 88.H8 88.88 88.08 H8.N8 08.88 8N.H N8.m 88.88 HN- H
H8.8 8H.88 00.8 00.8 80.8 88.8 88.8 88.8 88.N 8 .8 88. H8.8 HH-0H 8H88
0889
80H80H8
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. w .02 30m
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3.0 80N 5.0 80.0 8%.0 80.0 80.0 80.0 88.0 NH.0 88.0 8 .8908
80.8 08.08 88.8 88.8 08.8 N8.H 00.8 H8. 00.8 N8.8 8N.H 88.8 8N
0 .8N 80.N8N 88.8H 00.8H 88.8N 88.NH 00.8N 08. N 8H.H8 8H. H N8.HN 8N.88 8H
8 .88 88. 88 88.88 80.88 88. 8 88.88 88.N0H 08.88 88.H8 08. 8 00.88 H8.08 8-8 .808
88.80H H8.880H 88.88 NH.88H 08. HH 88.N8 N8. 8H H8.8HH N8.88 80.H8 88.8HH 88.0HH 8N.NN
88.08 H8.808 88.88 8.N8 NH.H8 8N.N8 88.88 8H.H8 NH.88 88.08 00.88 88.88 HN- H
88.8H 88.88H 88.8 N.8H NH.8H 8 .NH 88.8H 08.HH 88.8 H8.8 88.8N 88.NH HH-mwamHsb
80H80Hm
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(57)

.850 88H8888ms 8 HHHM 08 80885088 88888 880 8888 8805 8088 mmHnnmm

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8.88H 888H 08H 8H 88H H H 88H N8H 8MH 8H 8 H 88H 8-8 .808
8.88H 888H 88H HH 88H 8NH 8HH N8H 8 H NH H 88H 8N- N
8.8NH 88NH 88H N8H 8NH NHH 8HH NNH 08H 8NH NH 8NH HN- H
8.8HH HN0H 80H 8HH 80H 80H 8HH 8NH 8HH HNH 80H HH-0H 8H08
888Q
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H.88H 888H 88H 8NH 8 H 88H 88H 88H 88H 88H N8H 88H HN- H
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88H80H8
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0880H8 80080
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8.88
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8.88 888 88 08 H8 88 8 H8 88 N8 88 .88 8N- N
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8 .02 308
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8.88H 888H 88H N8H 80N H8H 88H 88H N8H 88H 08H 88H 8H
H.88H H88H 88H N8H 88H 88H 88H 88H 88H 8NH 88H 88H 8-8 .800
8.8NH 88NH H8H 8NH 88H 8HH N8H HNH 8NH NHH 8NH 8NH 8N-NN
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088a
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(59)

 

 

 

 

. . 88N0. 888. H.88 8.8. o.HH o.N 08.H 8888884
88.N ‘88, 88H 8N 80.8H H8808
88888 8888 NHN0. 8H. 8.88 8 NH N 08.N 8m
88888 8888 88N0. 8H. 0.08 8 8H N N8.H 88
88888 8888 08N0. 8N. 8.N8 0H 8H H H8. 08
88888Hoo 0N80. 8H. 0.00H 8 8 H 00.H H8
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88888 8888 08N0. 08. 8.88 NH 8H N 88.H 88
08888 8888 0NN0. NN. 8.88 0H NH N 88.H 8m
88888 8888 8NN0. 8N. N.88 8H 8H 8 H8.N 8
88888 8888 NNNo. NN. .88 0H 8H 8 88.H H8
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00H880m 80 08Hm 8:0 .808 8:00 808 .c08803808m 8Hs8m .m 0H809

 

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(60)

 

 

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(61)

 

 

 

 

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(62)

 

 

 

 

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(63)

 

 

 

 

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(65)

 

 

 

 

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(66)

 

 

 

 

mmuHm mSOth> no mawhmpwa no GQHpozUonm sznh

.m wands

oHnaoHoo mHmo. wo.m m.om momm m,mw m.m wmamm owooo><
mw.om mmm mmm mm Hm.mmN Hopoa
oHpasHoo OHmo. HNHH mmwm Nm. mm! m” mm.mw mHH
coo: oooHoo NNmow wmq qum wH mm m H HNN mHH
oooz oooHoo Nmmoq qum Nqow mm moH H H 4mm HHH
opopm oHoH mmmo. mm.m mqmw OOH HNH HH mmqu HHH
ooopm oxog ammo. NNWN mwmm mHH HNH NH Hm.mH HNH
ooos cooHoo oo ow NHJH NHNN mm HH mmem mHH
oHnasHoo om ow mqu mme mm om m qumm moH
coo: oooHoo Hmmoq Hoqm wqmw mm Hm m moqmm Hm
coo: oooHoo mo ow waH wwHw m om m mm.Nm HH
oHnaoHoo mm ow moqm mqwm o Hm mH HquH mm\m mm
1; 4 goo 1 A4 ‘ {1
agnmn Hon Imlopom pom pHsnb UoMOHm maommoam muzm Amonoch Ammnoch .oz
wuwhw .ps .>< mo..pa pcoo 9mm moaanom.oz .oz pasnh.oz newcoq AopoadHn Hwhopdq

.. c o 2 out»

;.Ip|.lu|ln...a~1|
. . . . ,

. wfl

(67)

 

 

 

 

oHnasHoo mono. NwmoN o.mN omdmw m.moH maHH NN.NN omooo><
NNHNN NNN. NNHH HmH NmommN Hopoe
opopm oHoH mmNo. ommN N.mm .moH {NNH ‘mH Nm.mN NMH
oHosoHoo m Now mm.N NWHN NN Nm HH qumN mmH
opopm oHoH 0 Now owl o.OH HN om m qumm NH
coo: oooHoo NNmow wwwH HWHN om 0N N NH.HN NH
oHneoHoo NmNo. HH.m Nqu mN NNH HH qumN HNH
oHnaoHoo NmNo. mmq N.HN NNH NHN HN oqum NHH
oHnsoHoo mHmoo om.H mwNH NH HHH HH NNHNN HHH
oooz oooHoo mmmow NNHH NNHN NHH mNH NH omNmN moH
oHosoHoo mmmoq quH NHHN Hw Hm m qumH Nm
oHnasHoo mHmo. NNNH HHN m H NHH H om.HN mN
oHoasHoo HmNoq HNN qum N mm m NHwNm Nm\m mN
.No
Nhhmn Lam umonpmm pmm wasnm UmMOHm maommoam mcdm Ammnocav Ammnocdv .oz
muwpw .ps.>< No .pa pcoo pom mmHnnmm.oz .oz pHsnm.oz QPmcmq nmpoadHn Hwhmpmq

mmNHm mSOthb MO mHmhmeQ k0 COHPODUOHW flfifihh om QHQGB

(68)

 

HHdn Humwm poonm “Ham chHEhoa “Hum Hdudm Poozm Madm HGCHENNB Mddm Hammm poonm

NO. H NH. NH NH. OH O O NN
NH. N
NH. N NN. NH NH. N
NH. N NH. N NO. N
NH. N NO. N NO. N O O NN
NH. N NO. N
NO” N NO. H NH. N
NH N NO. N NO. N
NO. H NO. N NH. N
NO. N NO. m NO. H
NH. N NO. NH. N NN. HN NN
NN. NN NH. N NN. NN O O NN
NH. HH
NO. N NN. NN NH. NH
NH. OH NO. N NO. m
NH. NH NH. N NN. N O O HN
NH. N NH. NH
NH. HH NH. N NH. . O O NN
NH. NH NH. N
NH. N NH. N NH. N
NH. N NH. N NO. H
NO. N NO. N NH. OH
NH. N NO. N NH. N O O NN
NH. NH
HN. mN NH. NN NO. N O O HN
NH. H NH. OH NO. N
NO. N NH. N NH. N N.pcoo
NO. N NO. N NO. H O O ON
NHN NH «Ho NH NHN NH NHN NH
. @639 Mo mvfin Mo .02
NHNm HocHENoa
EOHH SPBOA¢ Hdhmpwd

 

NH. NH NH. N

NH. N .NO. m

NH. NN NH. H O O
NH. NH

NO. H NH. N

NH. N NO. N

NH. NH NH. HH

NH. OH NH. NN

NH. HH NO. N O O

NN. NN NH. N

NO. H NO. H

NH. NH NH. HN O O

NN. NN NH. NN

NO. N NH. NH

NH. OH NO. N O O
NH. N

NH. NH NO. N

NO. N NH. NH

NO. H NH. HN

NH. NH NH. OH O O

NH. H NH. NH O O

NH. H NH. N

NO. N NO. N O O

NH. N NH. N

NH. N NO. N

NH. NH NO. H O O
HN. NN

NO. N NH. NH O O

oH NH :H 2H cH cH

NHN NHINHN NH. NHN NH,

@639 Ho udfin ho

aonm gpkoua Hanoudq

NH

ma

NH

NH
NH
HH

NH

NH
AH

002

npsonw Hwaopoq so opoo:N no NcHomom No pNoNNN

 

NN. NN NO. N

NN. HN NN. NN

NH. OH NH. N

NH. N NO. N

NH. N NH. N

NH. N NH. H O O
NN. HN

NH. N NN. NH

NH. N NH. N

NH. NH NO. H

NH. N NO. N

NH. HH NO. N O O
NH. NH

NN. NN NO. N

NO. N NH. OH

NH. N NO. H O O

HN. NN NN. MN

NO. N NH. N O O

NN. ON NH. NN

NH. NH NH. N O O
NH..N

NH. OH NH. N O O
NO.

NO. N NH. M

NH. OH NH. N O O

NO. N NH. NN

NH. NH HN. OH O O

OH :H OH cH cH 2H

«Ho NH NHN NH oHO nchoH

moan no mean mo

Bonn Sascha Hwnmpwq

.m manna

N\ :f LG \0

0]

.oz

(69)

NH. NH NH. HH NH.
NO. N NO. N NH.
NO. N NO. N NO.

NN. NN NH.
NH. HH NH. N NH.
NN. HN NH. NH NH.

wHo NH NHN NH NHN

 

wasp no
“Ham Handshoe
Sony spsouw

 

 

N NO. H NH. N NO. N NH. OH
HN NH. N NH .N NN. HN NH. N
H O O ON NH. N NO. N O O ON NH. OH NH. N O O OH
OH HN. NN NH. NH
N O O NN NH. N NO. N NH. N NH. N
NH NH. N NO. N NO. N NO. N O O N
NH NHN NH NHN NH NHN NH NHN NH NHN NH NHN NH NHN NH
chn no .02 moan ho moan Mo .02 Nuzn no moan no .02

NHom Hooam poonm NHNN HacHegoa “Ham Hoomm poonN “Ham HooHenoe NHNN Hmowm pooflm

Hammad; Bonn nuaohw Hanopwq Bonn spsopo Hmnmpwq
u.p:oo

sproNO Haaopwq co opoonm no NcHuNNN no pooNNN .N oHpoa

(70)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

NNN. NN.H HH. HN. NH. ON. OH. HNN. NN. HN. NN. Hopoe
NOO. NO. HO. HO. N .pqu
NOO. NO. HO. HO. HO. NN
NOO. NO. NO. NO. NO. N
NNO. NW. NH. NO. NN. NO. H
NNH. N«.H NN. HN. NH. NH. NO. NN. NN. NN. NN. N-H .No<
coH opmn NoHHoHN
nonm.
.>N Hapoe ON NH NH NH NH NH HH NH NH HH .oz Homooag
NoboEmm NeoNNon no naom Hammm
HNH. HN.H NN. NN. HNN. NN. HN. HN. HH. NN. NN. HN. Hmpoa
N .onN
NN
NOO. NO. NO. NN
HNO. HN. NO. NO. NO. NO. OH. H
NHH. NH.H HN. NH. NH. NN. HN. NH. HH. NN. HN. HN. NsH .N34
opmn NcHNon
.oN Hopoe OH N, N N N N. H N, N H .oz HogopoH

cmpoaom Naommoam no nflwm HNCHSNNB

ooosoonm

pHdpm no panoa co mHNhOpNA Bonn Naommon no nme
Homwm New nme HNCHEHNE no Hw>oeom no poonnm

.0 wands

(71)

 

 

 

 

NON. INO.N NN. HN. NN. NN. OO.H NN. NN. ON. NN. Hmpoa

NOO. NO. HO. HO. N .pmom
NOO. NO. NO. NN
NO. N. NO. NO. NO. NO. NO. NO. NO. N
Nn. N.H Hm. NO. NN. NO. NH. NH. HN. NO. NO. H

ONN. ON.N NN. NN. NH. NH. NN. NN. NH. NN. NN. ON. NnH .NHN

opon NoHHoHN

.oH Hapoe ONI, INN NN NN NN .NN HN NN NN HN qoalHNNome

Nm>oamm Naommoam oz I Momno

coosoonm

pHsnm no pszoa co mHNnOpNA Bonn NeoNNon no nme

mewm New nHmm HacHanNa no Ha>oawm no poonnm

.N oHooN

._ 1.4.4.5. . .
.. . U“

(72)

Ill"

9 o o o w
NHpesHoO NWNO. NNNN- NN.NN -N.NH O.ON N H, N N- NN N o oaopN

 

 

 

 

 

 

HHON. NN.H NHH owH 0N Hm, HN.HN proa
. om
NHpazHoo mmmo. Hm. mnmw HH NH NH M um.m mH
zoos cooHoo HNNO. m . O.OOH NN NN NH N NN.N NH
cooz coUHom 0m 0. m. o OCH CH WH m m om.: NH
ooog oooHoN HN O. O . NHNN HH NH N N NH.NH NH
opwpm NHNH ommo. 0H. N.Nm H H w m NH.N copoaon mH
NHDBSHOU NHmo. Mm. o.Nw NH mm m mH.N maom MH
NN. N. N.N N N m § -2:- N
w azHo . . Hmmwm
wwmasHoo mHmo. mm. m.ww om mm m mH m nme
. . . . . uwdpm>N
coca :NNHow meo. HNH. Hm.mw m,MH m NH N HH N-M mmJN
mmim. Hw.: mMH me 0HH mm mm.mN H6909
. 0H
opNHN oxNH NNNO. NM. NHNN H NM WM m, Wm.w N
2002 :mcHow 00H0. mm. N.HN H NH HH m Hm.N w
coo: cONHoo NHHO. Hm. N.Nm NH HH NH m NN.N N
oooz cooHoO OOHO. NN. O.OOH HH MH N NN.N N
cooz GNUHow mmdo. Hm. m.mw :H mm m m :.m m .
mpwpm NHNH NHNO. mm. o.Hw Hm om NH m NN.N ooboaon
anssHoo Hmo. HH. O.ON HH H NH No.m maoNNOHn m
. opmpm oxoq Nmmm. MW” m.ww m m NH m NH.N no nHo: M
NH asHoO . . ocHENoe
c005 MouHow mwmo. Hm. N.Nw Hm Hm HH H No m mm\m H
.02
. mpH59h wchHoeNm .
oownm mummw mMmewwa ammomemm .oz Hdpoa NEONNOHm.oz Noam .oz npwcoH NHQ pcoapmmna HNNmpNH

Naommon no
on an o ouHm can .psmHoB .nOnasz co NHNnoumH Bonn .
doommwmmewamhoma nHmm HNcHanoa no Hw>oaom no poonnm Hmpoa m oHnaa

(73)

 

 

 

 

oHnasHoO NHNO. NON. N.NN N.NN H.NN- HHN N.N. NNNN oNNpo><

HNHNa ANO.N N.NNN NNN HNN, NN NN-HHHNN proa
oHpesHoO NNNO. HNN O.OOH 1HN NN N- N -NN.N Om
zoos cooHoN NNNO. NN. N.NN ON HN N N NN.H NN
opopN oNoH NNNO. HN. H.NN NN NN N N NN.N NN
oprN oNNH ONNO. NN. N.HN OH HN NH H HN.N NN
coca cooHoN owmo. NN. 0.0 om o m m HN.N Nm
NHpesHoO NHNO. OO.H H.HN NN N N NN.H NN
oprN oon ONNO. NN. N.NN NN HH m HN. oo>oaoa MN
ooopm oNNH ONNO. NN. O.HN HN NN N HN. oaoo N
zoos oooHoN NHNO. ON. o.NN NN NN HH m ON.N sooHo oz NN
NHoeoHoO NNNO. NN. H.NH NH HH N NN.N NN\N . HoonO HN
apnea pom, .93 new sznm NpHsnm onCHNeNm .oz

mownw .pk .>¢ Hduoa pcoo nmm .oz Hmpoe NeoNNOHm.oz Nuzm .oz npmqoq .NHQ pcoapdmna Hanmpwq

No.9:oov
ooosuopm pHon& no ONHm can .panmB .909952 :0 NHwnmpmH aonn NEONNOHm no

NHom Hooom oco NHNN HocHaooH No Hoooaom no pooNnN proa .m oHooH .

(74)

 

 

 

 

 

 

N.NH NHH HH NN OH HH H NH NH NH ON Hopoa
N N H H N .HNNN
N N H H H NN
N N H H H N
H.H NH N N N N H
H.NH HNH N HN OH NH N NH NH HH NH NnH .NHH
cox opwo NoHNon
loam
.>< Hmpoa ON NH NH NH NH .HH- HH NH NH HH .oz HagopoH
woboamm usONNOHm no nHom mewm
N.NH NNH HH NH NH HH HH HN HH N N HN HNpoN
N .poom
NN
H.O H H N
H.H HH N H N H N H
N.NH NNH NH NH HH NH HH NH HH N N HN NIH .NHH
ovum-NcHNoHN
.oN Hmpoe OH N, N N - N N- H Nw N .H .oz propaa

NoHnnNm no mchoon no Name New Lonasz co menopwH Bonn Naommon mewm

Noboaom NEONNOHm no nHNm HNcHanoa

can nme chHEnoa no Ho>osom no poonnm

.H OHQNB

.

(75)

N.NN

NNN NN

NN

 

 

 

ON OH ON NN NN HN NN NH Hmpoa
N. N H I; H N .pmNN
H. H H NN
N.H NH N N H N N H N NN
o.N ON‘ OH N :H N j N N H H
N.NH NNH :H NH N N NH NN NH HN ON :H N-H .NON
OmeINcHNOHN
.>< Hapoa ON‘ NN NN NN NN NN :N NN NN HN .oz Hagmpaq
oo>oeom Naommoam 02 I Moono
AUHHCOOV

NoHnnom no mchoon no mama Ono nonezz co mawnmpwq scan NEoNNon memm

Una naom chHanoa no Ho>oamm no poonnm

.H manma

(76)

 

 

 

 

 

 

NNN. NN.N NN. HN. NN. NN. NH.H NN. NNq NN. ON. NN. Hmpoa
NOO. NO. HO. .1 NO. NO. HO. N .NQNN
HNO. HN. OH. NO. HO. NO. NN
NNO. NN. NH. NO. NO. HO. mo. NH. NO. NO. NO. NN
NON. NO.N NN. NN. ON. NO. N. ON. NH. NN. :H. H
NNN. NN.N NO. NN. ON. NN. NN NN. NH. NH. NN. :N. NuH .N54
1. mama NNHNOHN
NNN Hapoa ON. N: N: AM: N: N: . j: N: N: H: .02 Hmumpaq
ooboaom omwaaon nHNQIoco
NNN. NN.N NN. NN. NN. NN. NN. ON. NN. NN. NN. NN. Hmuoa
:mOoNu NO. NO. NO.N. HO. NO. N .pmuN
NNO. NN. NH. .NO. HO. NO. NO. NN
ONO. ON. HH. NO. NO. NO. NO. NO. NO. NO. ON. N
NNH. NN.H HH. NO. NO. NN. :H. NH. NH. ON. NN. H
NON. NO.N NH. NN. HN. NN. NO. HO. HN. NN. NN. HN. NnH .N34
NNNO NcHuodm
_
.>< Hmpoa o: NN. NN. NN. NNN MN :N NN. NN. HNw .oz Haaopmq

voodoonm pHsnh no pgmHok no NHNnOpdA Bonn
owNHHon on» HH<.oco naazloco no HN>OaNm no poonnm

um>oamm odeHOh Had

.N oHnas

(414 K.

(77)

 

 

 

NNN. NN.N :N. :O.H NN. NN. NN. NN. NN. NN. ON. NN. Hapoe
N .pmom
NOO. NO. HO. NO. HO. NO. HO. NN
NO. :N. NO. NO. NO. NO. HO. NO. HO. N
HH. NH.H NH. OH. NH. No. HH. NO. NN. NO. NH. NO. H
NNN. N:.: OH. NN. NH. NN. NH. NN. ON. NN. NN. HN. NuH .Nz<
Opao NcHNOHN
.>< proa ON NN, NN NN, NN NN. :N NN. NN. HN. .oz Haaopaq
cobosom mmNHHoh oz I #0020
coosoonm pasnm no panoz no NHNnOPNA aopn Ho.pooov .

mwwdaoh 039 Had Una nHanumqo no Hwboamm no pownnm

.b oHQwB

 

 

 

(78)

 

 

 

 

OprN oxaq NNNO. NNN. N:.¢N N.NN .Jmaww H.N N.N H:.N ONNNN><

.NNNN. NN.N N.::N :NN NiN HN NN. NH.NN proa
opmpN NNNA OONO. NN. N.NN HN, NN, : N. NN.N Om.
mprN NNNH HNNO. HN. N.NN HN Nm N N NN.N N:
NHpesHOO ONNO. NN. N.NN NN O N N NH.N N:
mprN NNN; HNNO. NN. N.HN NN NW N N NN.N N:
«HaasHOO NONO. NH.H N.NN NN N NH m Nw.OH N:
OprN mama NNNO. NN. N.NN NN NN N NO.N um>oaoa N:
ONNPN NNN; H NO. NN. .HN NH NN N : NN.N NNNHHon :
mprN NNNA NNNO. NN. 0.0N HN ON N : NN.N can :
oprN NNNH :HNO. ON. N.NN :H NN N m HN.N no NHN: N:
NHpesHOO NNNO. NN. N.ON NN HN HH HN.N NN\N noco H:

INNNNN NNNA NNNO. NNN. NN.NN N.HN N.NN. N.NN N.N ON.N «NNNN><

NNNN. NN.N, NNNNN NHN NNN, NN NN. NO.NN proa

opwpm NNNH OONO. NN. N.NN, NN NN N N, NH.N O
NHpssHOO OONO. NN. N.N :H NN M N NN.: N

coo: coNHoN NNNO. NN. N.H NH NN N NN.N NN
mpmpm oxaq NNNO. NN. N.NN NN ON HH m NH.N NN
mprN NNNH NHNO. NN. O. N HN NN m ON.N NN
mprN NNNA NNHO. ON. N. N WH N: N HN. NN
coo: cmoHoN NNNO. NN. N.ON H N NH N HN.N N
coo: cONHOw :HNO. NN. N.ON :H N OH N NN.N umpoamp N
eprN mqu :NNO. NN. H.NN HN NN N N NN.N NNNHHON NN
mprN oxaq NNNO. NN. N.HN NN NN N : NH.N NN\N HHN HN
Nansen hum NmHnnmm pom coxOHm NEONNOHm nwoq pdznm .oz

Nownw .pB .>< no .pa pcoo nom.NmHnnom.oz .oz Noam .oz npwcoq .Nao pGNEmena Hanopwq

Noannom no Nudm can UHONN co Nawnopwq aonn mwNHHoh

map no HH<.oco naonloco no HoboENm no Npoonnm no comanmmeoo .x wands

(79)

 

NHnssaoo :Nmo. Nmm. mm.Nm m.mH N.NN. muN m.m. mNaN owapo>4

 

 

 

MNNN. wam NN.NNN NNH NNN. NN NN. NNNNN Hoooe
opopm ego; .NNNO. :N. N.NN NH Nm N, N HN.N ON
oHpaoHoO NNNO. NO.H N.NN NN m: N N NN.N NN
ooopm oxoq NNNO. NN. O.NN NH N N N NO.N NN
oHpssHoO ONNO. NN. N.N: HH N N N NN.N NN
opopm oxoq H:NO. NN. :.:: NH N N N NN. NN
oHnssHoO NNNO. NN. N.HN NN NN OH m OO.N NN
oHnesHoO NHNO. NN. :.NN HN NN N HN.N oopoaoo N
zoos cooHoO ONNO. NN. N.NH N NN N N HN.: oNoHHon N
oHnssHoO NNNO. ON. N.NN NN :N OH m NN.N on NN .
coo: oooHoo NNNO. NN. N.NN HN NN HH NN.N NN\N : NoonO HN
hhhmn. hm“ moahhom Pmm GOxOHm mEommOHm Ham...” Pdfihh .OZ
0.09am .9? (<4 no .98 #200 .Hmm mmdhhmm .oz .02 99.5 .oz npwcod .ddn Pcmfipdmna Hwhmps

NNHnnom no ouam oco oHoHM no Naonopoq Bonn owwaaom
oNp no HHN oco NHosuocO no Hoposom no opoonnm no oooHoooaoO .N OHnoN

(80)

 

 

 

 

 

 

voodoonm pHsnm no panos no Naonopog aonn pHsnh
.q manna

on» nHonuoco coo annsonuoco NchcHnn no noonnu

NNN. NN.N NO. NN. ON. NN. NN. Ni. ON. NN. NN. Hz. Honon
N .onN
NN
NOO. NO. NO. N
NOO. NO. NO. H
HNN. HN.N NO. NN. ON. NN. NN. ::.. ON. NN. NN. Hs. NIH .NON
onoo NNHNoHN
.nN Honon ON NN NN NN NN NN :N NN NN HN .oz Honoowq
oo>oaommpasnh onp nawztoco
NNN. NN.N NN. HN. NN» NN. NN. HN. Nd. NN. NN. NN. HNpon
N .nooN
NN
NOO. NO. NO. NO. N
NNO. NN. N. NO« NH. NO. NO. NO. HH. H
NON. NO.N O. HN. ON. ON. NN. HN. NN. ON. NN. NN. NaH .Nsd
opoo.NoHNon
.>N Honon ON NN NN NN NN INN :N NN NN HN .oz Honopoq
oo>oamm mpHsnm on» no Sansonloco

(81)

 

 

 

HHN. HH.N NN. NN. NN. NN. NN. NN.H. NN. :N. NN. :H. Hopon
N .onN
HOO. HO. HO. NN
NOO. NO. NO. . NO. NO. N
NNO. NN. ON. NO. NO. NO. NO. HO. H
ONN. ON.N NH. NN. NN. NH. ,NN. NN.H NN. :N. NN. NH. NIH .NON
opoOINoHNoHN
.>< Honoe ON NN NN NN NN NN :N NN NN HN .oz Hononoq

oo>oamm NpHsnn oz I Momma

voodoonm paznn no unwaog co NHNQOpoA aonn uHsnn
map nHNNIooo oco annsonIocO NcHooHnn no noonnm

III

:.H canon.

(82

 

 

 

 

 

 

N.NH NNH N ON :H NH N NH N NH NH HH Hopon
- I N .nmom
NN
H. H H N
H. H H . H
N.NH NNH N ON :H NH N HH N NH NH HH NIH .N:«
I. moon NNHNoHN
.>< Hopon ON NN NM, NN NN NN :N NN. NN. HN .oz Hononoq
ooboemm disnn on» no ndwzloco
N.NH NNH NH NH ON NH N NH :H NN NN ON Honoa
I N .pmom
NN
m. m N N N
.N N HH 1 N N N H N H
O.NH ONH 2 NH NH N N NH HH NN NN NN NIH .NON
opoononNoHN
.oN Honon ON NN NN NN NN mN :N NN NN HN .oz HononoH

om>oamm Nsznn o£p no npnsonIoco

voodoonm NpHsnm no nonasz co NHNAONNA aonn sznn

can nHonIocO Ono annsonIocO NcHocHne no poonnm .2 OHnoa

(83)

 

 

 

oo>oaom NpHsnn 02 I xomno

ooosuOnm NpHsnm no nmnasz co NHwnopNA Bonn pdznn

on» nHonIooO ooo monsonIoco NchcHnn no noonnm

.E OHDNB

NNH NH NH :H NH HN NN . NN. NN NN N Honon

14. .1 N .pmom
H. H H NN
:. i N H H MN
N.H NH OH H N N H H H

N.NH NNH N NH NH N NH NN NN NN NN N NIH .NsN

- moon NcHNoHN

.oN HNnon ON. NN NN INN NN NN :N NN NN HN .oz Hononoq

(8H)

.nno ooccan NpHsnn wodnocHNcoo no: NEONNoHn Haven no NH pmm pHsnn pcmonoa was t

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

coo: cooHoN NHNO. NNN. NH.NN. N.NH N.NN, N.N . N.N. HNNNN oNononN

NNHN. NN.N INNHNN. NNH NNN. NNw NN HNNNN Hanon
NHQEOHOO OONO. NO. H.HH N NN N, N INN.N ON
coo: cooHoo NNNO. NN. N.N ON NN NH N O0.0H NN
coo; cooHoN OONO. ON. H.N NH H N N NN. N NN
cooz cooHoN NNNO. NN. O.N NH N N HN. N NN
coo: cmcaow mm o. m mm 0H m mN. 0H NN
zoos cooHoN NN O. Nmm m. WM NH NN N m NN. N NN
cooE couaom mNmo. w mm m mo.m nno N
coo: cooHoo NN O. O. ON NH NN NH N HN.NH ooccHNp N
cooN oooHoN NH-O. NN. N.NN NH NN OH N NN.N opHonn ozn NN
2002 cooaow NNNO. HN. m. Ha mm N N .w mm\m nHNQI oco HN

NHpesHOO NNHNO. NNN; NN.NN. N.NH N.NN N.N N.N. NNNNN oNono><

NNHN. NN.N. N.NNN NNH NNN, NN NN. NNJNN Honon
onanm oNNq NHWO. NN. NINN NH NNI N. N NH.N ON]
NHoaoHoO HNnO. N. N. NN NH ON N N OO. N NN
NHnesHoo NNNO. NN. N. ON ON NN OH N NN. N NN
ononm NNN; NHNO. NN. N.NN NH NN OH N NN. N NN
coo: cooHoN OOm . NN. N. ON N NN N M ON. HH NN
cooz oooHoN O. HN. N. NN H NN N OO. N nno NN
oHnezHoO OONO. NN. O. NN NH NN N N ON. N ooccHNn N
cooz cooHoN NNNO. NN. H. NN N NN N m NN. N mannn on» N
coo: cooHoo NNNO. NN. H. NN NN NN N HN. N no Np NN
NHpesHoO ONNO. NN. N. NN ON HN N N HN. N NN\N IpsonI oco HN
anmm now .No *pom coxOHm NEoNNOHm nwoq wasnb .02

00950 .93 .b4 HmPOBIp? pcmoenmm mmflhnmm.oz .OZ mUHHm .oz mecmd .wHQ Pcmfiumoha Hmhmpwd

nHNSImco Una Sundonumco madccdne no pomnnm no mpHSmmm proa

Noannom no NNHm ocw oHoHM co mawnmpwq Bonn Npasnh map

.2 oHQwe

(85)

.nno ooccHzp NpHsnn wcHnoonmcoo poo Naommoap Hmpop no ma pom pHsnn pcmonmm one t

 

 

 

 

NHnesHoo mwmo. HHN. NO.NN w.mH o.mw m.~ N.N mo.m omwno><

OmNN. HH.N N.ONN NNH ONN NN NN. NN.ON Honon
oanN NNNN HNNO. NN. O.NN NH NN N N, NN.N ONI
onopm oNNA NNNO. Nm. H.NN NH NN N N NN.N NN
ononN oNNH NNNO. N . H.N NH HN N m NN.N NN
oanN oNNN NHNO. NN H.N NH HN N N.N NN
oHpesHoO NNNO. NN. N.NN HN NN N N NN.N NN
:ooN cooHoo NNNO. NN.H N.HN NN mm N N HN. NN
zoos cooHoO ONNO. NN. N.NN NN NH N NN.N N
coo: cooHoO NNNO. NN. H.NN NN NN m N NN.N NoHooHNn N
onanm oNNN NNNO. N. H.NN NN NN H w NN.N Ioz NN
ononN oNoN OONO. NH N.HN N NN N HN.N NN\N NooNO HN
mwnom nom .No tpom ooonm NEONNOHm nwoq pnsnm .oz

$69.30 .9? .bd proelpg Pcmohom mmdnnmm .Oz .02 mflfim .02 fipmHnmA .dfiQ pcmapwmha Hdhopwd

NoHnnom no ouHm New NHNHM co Nawnmpwq Eonn NpHsnn esp
nHoNIoco New NonsonIoco NoHccHNn no noonnm no opHsoom Hanon .z oHnmn

(86)

 

 

 

 

HNaNHN NNNNN NO.NN, N.NNHH N.HNNH (NNN. oNNnonN
NN.NNONH NN.NNN NN.NNN NNNN, NNNN .NNnNH Honon
. NN.HN OO.H NH
oponN oNNq NN.NON NN.HN ON. H
NN.NN NO.NN NNN ONOH NN. H
NH.NN NN. NH
oponN oxoq NN.NON NO.HN NN.NN NONH NNNH NN. HH
NO.NH N. OH
onNNN oxaq NN.NHN HN.NN NN. N
NN.NN NH.NN NNNH NNNH OO.H N
N . N NN. N
NN.NN NN. N
NH.HN NN. N
ononm oNoq NN.NHN NN.NN HN.NN NNOH NNHH N. w
NN.NN :w. oo>oaon
ononm oxaq NN.NNN NN.NN NN.NN NNNH NNNH ON. oHNnopoH N
HN.NN NN. N\HIN\H H
Acomwmm no
0.0690 .>d.v Q50 .Hmnm Empm 90% wow Pdfihh mOdhhmm mEOmmOHm Aggy .oz
mmdhhom .oz mpdsnh In; pamonmm .oz .02 .HOPOEGHQ Pcmapwmhe Hdhopwd

No.9coov NoHnnom no pszog owono><_oco panoa proe
.pom pHsnn co Naopm no NHNnopNA on» no nHNQIoco Op oanpIoco aonn

Naommoam no Ho>oeom no and nno wcHosnm no Npoonnm no comHnNano .o canoe

(87)

 

 

 

 

N;NHN NNJNN. NNNN. NnNNN. N.HNOH .NNN. NNono>N
ON.NNOH NN.NON. NN.NNN NNNN ,NONN. ON.NH HNNNH
\ NO. NN NN. ON-
NN+OHN Wmfi HN. NN
NN.NN NNN NNN HN. NN
NN. NN NN. NN
NN.NNN HH. N NN. NN
NN.O ENN NNHH NNNH NN.
NN. N NH. N ONN ONOH OO.H NN
ON.OON NN. N NN. N
NO. NN ON. NN
NN. HN NN. HN
NN.NHN NN. NN NN. ON
.NN NN.NN NNOH NNNH NN. oHononNH NH
NN. NN NN. N\H I NNH NH
NN.NHN NN. NN N. oo>oaom NH
NO. NN NN.NN NNN NNN N. mEoNNOHm NH
ACOmwmm no
moonw .><v Q30 pom aopm nom pom pHsnm modnnom Naommoam .oz
moHnnom oz Nsznm .pa pcoonom .02 .oz nopoawan pcmapmmne

NEONNOHm no HN>oEom no New nno madcznm no Npoonnm no :oNHnNQEoo

NoHnnom no panoz omwno>¢ com panoa Hmpon
.uom pHsnm co Naopm no Naonmpwq mop no nawnImoo Op oanpIoco Bonk

.0 manwe

Hanopmq

(as)

 

 

 

 

NN.HNN NN.NN NO.NN11 N.NHNH N.NNNH NNN. oNNNm><
NN.NOHH NN.NNN NNNONN NNNN .NNHN NH.NH Hmpoa

NH.NN ON. mN

NN.HN HN.NN NHNH ONNH NN. MN

ON.NHN NN.NN - NN. N

ON.NN NN.HN NNNH NNNH N. NN

NN.ONN NN.ON NN. HN

HH.NN NO.H om

- NN.N NN.HN NNNN NNNN ON. N

ON.NNN NN.N ON. NN

NN.N NN. NN

NN.N OO.H NN

OO.NNN NH.NN NN.NN NNNH NNNH NN. NN

NN.HN NN. N

NN.NN ON. chENNmnn N

ON.NHN N.O NH.ON HNNH HNNH ON. oz NN

NH.N HN. Nomzo HN

“Comwmm ho .NO

ovwnw .>¢v ado pom aopm nom uom pHan NoHnnom NEONNOHm A.:Hv .oz

mmfihhmm .Oz mpdfihh ”v.5 flamenmm .02 .oz hmpmewan Pcmspwka Hwhmpwd

Naommoam no Hmboaom no new nno mchsnm no mpoonnm no nomHnNano .o manma

moHnnom no pzmHos ommnm>4 ocw panoz HNpOB
.pom pHsnm co Naopm no NHNnopNA map no nawnuoco Op onHzpuoco Bonn

 

N.NHN HNmmHN NNNNMN NNH. ONN NNN. N.ONN NNN.H N.NNN NON.N N.NNH NN.NN mmmuo>4

 

 

(89)

 

 

NNMNNNN.NNN .NO.N ONN NN.N NNNH NN.NN NNNH NN.NN NNN ON.NNN|,pros
mNHm NN. Om. . NN.N Wmé - NN.ON fl
NN.NON NHN NN.HN NO. NH. NNN NN.H NNH HN.N NNH NN.NN H
NN.NN NO. NH. NN. NN.N NN.HN H
NH.NN NN. NN. NN.N NN. HN.NH NH
NN.NON HNN NO.HN NO. NN. NHN OO.H NHN NO.N NNH NN.NN 1 HH
NO.NH NH. NN. NN. NN.H NN.NH OH
HN.NN NO. NN. NN. ON.N NN. N N
ON.NHN ONN NN.NN NO. NH. ONN NO.N NNN NH.N NNH NO.NN N
.N . N NO. NN. HN. NN.N HN.NN N
\ NN.NN NO. NH. NN.H O .H NO. N N
NN.NHN NNN NH.HN NH. NN.‘ NNN OO.H NNN WN NNH OO.NH N
NN.NN NH. ON.N OO.H N .N NN.ON m
NN.HN NO2 NO. NH.H NN.N NN.NH
NN.NNN HNN NN.NN HN. ONN NN. NNN HN.N NNN OO.N NNH NN.NN N
HN.NN NN. NN. NN.N NH.N NO.NH H
ado pom nno pom .pz @30 pom .pa ado Mom .93 9:0 pom .uideo pom .pg 950 non .pz .02
NOHnnom _moHnnom NOHAnom moHnnom NOHnnom NoHnnom moHnnom aopm
omNNO>¢ proa : nonaopmmm mm pmmmsdin Hm pmamsd HH pmJMd4 anmams4 NNMOHA

Opwn
nno vacuum menmpmA ozp no annpuoco on nHwnuoco
NOHpnom no ouHm and pano; Hdpoa co

maopm no NHNnopwq on» nammuoco on NNHnanoco Bonn
NaonOHm no Hmboaom no coo nno mchsnm no mpoonnm no comHnomaoo .m canoe

 

<90)

 

 

 

 

 

flNHN N.NHN NNNNN NNH. HNN NHN. N.HNN NN.N O.MON NN.N N.HmH NN.NN $303.
NNHNiNN.NON NN.H HNN .NN.N NOHH NN.HN NHOH NO.NHH NNN], NH.HNN.HNpoa
NO.NN NO. ON.H NN.N NN.N NN.NH ON,
NN.OHN HNN NN.NN NN. NN. NNH NN.N NHN NN.N NNH NN.NH NN
N .HN NO. HNN NN.N NO.N ON.N. NH.NN NN
NN.NN NN. NN. NN. NN.N NH.NN NN
NN.NNN HNN HH.N NO. NN. NNN NN.N NHN NN.N NNH NH.HN NN
NN.O NN. ON. NN.N NN.N NN.ON NN
NN. N NO. NH. NN.H NN.N ON.NN N
ON.OON NON NN. N NH. NN. NHN N .N NNH NN.NN NNH NN.NH N
NO.NN NO. NH. NN. .H NN.NN NN
NN.HN NN. NH. NN.N N.N NN.NH HN
NN.NHN NNN NN.NN NH. HN. NNN NN.H NNH NN.N NNH NN.NH ON
H.NN NO. NH. HN.N NH.N N.NN NH
NN.NN NO. NM. NN.N .NN.N N.NH NH
NN.NHN NNN NN.NN NO. N . NNN NO.N ONN ON.N NNH NN.NN NH
NO. N NO. NO. NH. NN.H NH.NN NH
950 pom use nom .93 950 pom .pB ado pom .93 930 nom..p3 ado Mom .93 950 mom .pg .02
moHnnom moHnnom NNHnnom moHnnom moHnNOm NOHAnom NOthom aopm
ommno>4 Hapoa N nopaopmom_ ‘mN pm3m34 . Hm pmzmsd NH pmnms4 m pmmms4 ooMOHm

menopmA map naansoco Op onHSpJoco aonm oo>oaom Naommoam

moHnnom no ouHm Una panoa proa co

mEOpm no mawhopwa on» anntoco on cnasploco Bonk
Naommoam no Hdboeom no can nno mchspm no mpoonnm no comHnooaoo .m candy

opon

 

 

 

 

 

(91)

 

 

 

 

 

NN.HNN NN.HNN NNNNN. NON. .MNN NNN. N.NNN NO.N O.NNN NN.N N.NNH NN.NN NNNNN>N
NNNNNN.NNN. ON.N NNN NN.NH NNHH .NN.HN ONHH ON.NHH NHN NN.ONmi proa
NH.NN NA» NH.H NN.N OO.NH NH.HN mi]:
N .HN NO. NN. OO.N . NO.N NN.NH N
ON.NHN ONN N .NN NH. NN. ONN, NH.N NNH NH.N NNH N.ON N
. ON.NN NH. HN. NN.H OO.N HN.NN NN
NN.ONN NNN NN.ON NH. HN. NNN NN. NHN NN. NNH NN.NN HN
HH.NN NH. NO. .NN. NH.N NN.NN O
, NN.NN NO. NN.N NH.N NH.N ON.NN N
ON.NNN ONN NN.N NO.H NNN NN.H NNN ON.N NNN NH.NH NNH NO.NN NN
NN.N NN. NN. NN.N NN.OH NH.NN NN
NN.N NH. HN. NN.N NN.N NN.NN NN
OO.NNN NNN NH.NN NN. HN.H NHN NN.N NNN NN.N NNH NO.NH NN
NN.HN NN. NN.H HN.N NH.N NN.NH N
N.NN NH. NN. NH.N OO.N NH. N N
ON.NHN ONN N. Hm. NN. OHN NN.N NNN NH.N HNH HN. N NN
NH.N HN. N. HN.N HN.N NO.NN HN
awe pom gym.3om .93 moo mmm..93 moo nom .93 ado nmm .93 ado mom .9ml!mdo pom .93 .oz
mmdhhwm mmdhhmm medhhom moahhom mmfihhmm mmdhhmm mmdhnmm Empm
owwno>< HN9OB .: nonammmom . mm 9sz54 . Hm 9Nsm:< . NH 9muw5< M19Nnm:¢ ooMOHm
o9No

9co89wmne oz u Nao9m Mooso

mmHnnom no oNHm New 9£wHo3 HN9OB no
m8o9m no NHNno9NA o£9 nawsuoco 09 oan9loco Bonk
Naommoam no HN>oaom no New nno wchsnm no N9oonnm no coNHaneoo .m wands

Bibliography

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Massachusetts Agricultural Experiment Station
Bulletin 315:73. 1935.

Bailey, J. 5.; Franklin, H. J.§ Kelley, J. L. Blue-
berry Culture in Massachusetts. Massachusetts
Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin 358. 1939.

Beckwith, C. 8.; Coville, S.; Doehlert, C. A. Blue-
berry Culture in New Jersey. New Jersey Agricultur-
a1 Experiment Station Circular Bulletin 229. 1939.

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Brierley, W. G. Effect of Height of Pruning on Size of
Berries and Yield in the Latham Raspberry.
Minnesota Agricultural EXperiment Station Bulletin
281. 1931. A

Byrd, D. A. Relationship of Leaf Area to Total Weight
and Average Height of Fruit in Blueberries. Thesis,
Michigan State College. 1930.

Coville, F. V. The Wild Blueberry Tamed. National
Geographic Magazine 29: 535-5h6, June, 1916.

Coville, F. V. Directions for Blueberry Culture. U. S.
Department of Agriculture Bulletin 974. 1921.

Crowley, D. J. Observations and Experiments with Blue-
berries in Western Washington. Washington Agricul-
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in.

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16.

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(93)

Johnston, Stanley Winter Pruning the Black Raspberry.
Michigan Agricultural EXperiment Station Special
Bulletin 1M3. 1925.

Johnston, Stanley The Cultivation of the Highbush
Blueberry. Michigan Agricultural EXperiment Station
Special Bulletin 252. 1939.

Latimer, L. P. and W. W. Smith Improved Blueberries.

New Hampshire Agricultural Extension Service Circular

Bulletin 215. 1938.

Loree, R. E. Raspberry Growing in Michigan. Michigan

Agricultural Experiment Station Circular Bulletin
152. 1939.

Mowry, H., and Camp, A. F. Blueberry Culture in Florida.
Florida Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin
19“. 1928.

Ricks, G. L., and Gaston, H. P. The “Thin Wood" Method
of Pruning Bearing Apple Trees. Michigan Agricul-
tural Experiment Station Special Bulletin 265. 1935.

White, E. C. Development of the Cultivated Blueberry.
American Pomological Society Proceedings 36 and 37:
h8-6l. 1921.

Wills, H. M. Climatological Data for Michigan Section.
U. S. Department of Agriculture Weather Bureau
Volume 5%, No. 6, June, 1939.

Wills, H. M. Climatological Data for Michigan Section.
U. S. Department of Agriculture Weather Bureau

Volume 59, No. 7, July, 1939.

 

(94)

19. Wills, H. M. Climatological Data for Michigan Section.
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Volume 59, No. 8, August, 1939.

(95)

Acknowledgements

The writer wishes to acknowledge his appreciation to
Mr. V. R. Gardner and Mr. Stanley Johnston for many help-
ful suggestions and arrangement of data, to Mr. H. A.
Cardinell and Mr. D. W. Hayne for bird control measures and

to Mr. H. P. Gaston for photographic work.

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