A STUQY 8.75 THE 'E‘RANSMISSISEUW GF SHORT DURAflON SHOCK PULSES SY EQACKAGE CUSHEQNENG MATEREALg “mats gSim. EM Deana c§ M. S. MECEEEGAN STATE UEEVERSZTY Michae’é A. McGiz—més £965 w w «$400 'A 012 ABSTRACT A STUDY OF THE TRANSMISSlBlLlTY OF SHORT DURATlON SHOCK PULSES BY IACKASE CUSHIOHINB HATERIAL$ by Michael A. HoGinnis This study was undertaken in order to detenmlne if a shock producing device can be used for evaluating package cushioning materials. Test cushions received a constant shock pulse at vari- ous levels of static loading and lateral restraint. Shocks trans- mitted through the cushions were measured by a crystal accelerometer mounted on an aluminum plate. The transmitted shocks were recorded as stored traces on a storage oscilloscope. Results showed that varying amounts of lateral restraint and static loading affected the magnitude and duration of the trans- mitted shock pulses. Open structure cushioning materials. such as bonded animal hair. were affected more by lateral restraint than were closed structure materials. such as expanded bead polystyrene. It was concluded that the effects of lateral restraint of a package cushion were greatest upon the movement of air in and around the material during dynamic loading. Lateral restraint has less effect upon material rigidity. It was also concluded that a shock generating device can be used to study the properties of cushioning materials. It was not deter- mined whether shock generating devices are more valid tests of cushion performance than present test methods. A STUDY OF THE TfiAflSfilSSlBILITY 0? SHORT UURATIOM SHOCK PULSES BY PACKfiBE CUSHiDfllflG HATERlALS By chhaei A. HoGinnls A THESIS Submitted to chhlgan State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of HASTER 0F SCIEHCE Department of Forest Products School of Packaging l9—55 MKiiflluiLEDGEi’ENTS The author would like to thank Dr. Jams w. Goff. Professor, i‘iichigan State University School of Packaging, for his guidance throughout the course of this study and Howard c. Blake. ill. Research Associate. School of Packaging. for his suggestions and assistance on technical problems. hetuould also like to thank Mrs. Elizabeth Anderson. for her assistance in preparing this paper and David V. arouse. Dr. Hugh I. Lockhart. and Dr. Harold J. Raphael. for their criticisms. sug- gestions and encouragement throughout the course of this study. TABLE OF COHTEHTS ACKNUHLEDGEHENT! .................................. TABLE 0! CONTENT! .................................. LIST OF TAELES oooaoo..o............................ LIST OF FIGURES .................................... LIST OfiAPFENDICES ..o...o..o............o.......... IHT300967ION ...................................... BA¢KGROUND aeeeeeeaeeeeaeeeeeeeeeeeeeaeeeeeeeeeeaea TEST EQUIPHEHT ......o....o...................o.... YES? IH$TRUHEHTATION eaaeeeaeeeaeeeeeeeaeeeeeeeeeae EXPERIKENTAL FRDCEDUR! eaeeeeeeeeeeeeeeaeeaeaeeeeeee DISCUSiIOfl 0' DATA eaeeeeeeeaeeeeaaeeeeeeeaeeaeeeaa CONCLUSIONS ....a.....a........a................... REFERENCES .......o.......o...o..o................. BIBLIOGRAPHY aeaeeeaeeaeaaeeeeaeeeeeeeeaeeeaaeeeeee APPENDIX I ....................................... AF'ENDIX II aeeeeaeaeeeeeeaeeeeeeeeaeeeeeaaaeeeeeee APPENDIX III eeeeeeeeeaeeaeeeeeeeeeeeaaeeeeeeeaeea APPEHDIX IV eaaeeeeeeeeeeaeaeeeeeeeeeeaeeeeeeeeeea Apm'x ' 0..DOCCOOOOCOOOOOOOOOOCIOOOOOI...0...... Page Table I. II. III. IV. V. VI. VII. VIII. IX. X. XI. LIST OF TABLES Test Data for 2 Inch Expanded Bead Polystyrene. UflfOItTCIDOd eeeeaaeeaeeaeeaeaeaaeaaeeeeeeeeaaaaaaaeae Test Data for 1 inch Expanded Bead Polystyrene, 8 X 8 Inch Restraint OCOOICOOOOOOOOOOOOCOOO.IOOOOOOOI Test Data for 2 inch Expanded Bead Polystyrene.‘ . 8* X 8% inch Restraint eeeeeaeeeaeeeeeeeeeeaeeeeeeeee Test Date for 2 Inch Bonded Animal Hair. “0 Rcltfllflt eaeeeeeeeeeeeaeeeeaeeeeaaeeaaaaeaaaaeseae Test Deta for 2 inch Bonded Animal Hair. 8 X 8 .06” Rflltfllfl‘ eaaeeeeeeeeeeeeaaeaaeeaaaaaaeaeae Test Data for 2 Inch Bonded Anlnal Hair """""" 8% x 8* .flCh “OIITOIflI eeeeeeseeaaeeaaeeaaaaaaeeaaeeea Test Data for 2 Inch Bonded Aninai'Hair.'- 8* ‘ 8* 'flCh “O‘Trlln‘ eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeaeaaeeaaaeeee Test Data for 2 Inch Bonded Animal Hair... 8 3/“ x 8 3/“ Inch Restraint OOOOCCQOOOOOOOOOOCOOOIO. Comparison of Klstler Nodal 808A SIN l086 and IIITIOP HDdCI 808 KIN I23 AG¢CIIFOQCTCTI seoeeoe-saoss Test Data for 2h Inch Instrumented Package Drop ........ Data for.§lmg;gggg 2“ Inch Drop Test Using LAB 0709 Shock TOS‘.’ eeeeaaeeaeeeeeeaeeaaeeeaaeaaeaeaeaa iv Page l0 i3 I5 l7 l8 I9 20 2i Figure 2. 3. ll. 5. 6. 7. 8. LIST OF FISURES LAB Corporation Type SD iii-152400 Drop Shock T‘St‘f eaeeeeaeaeaeeeeaeeaeeaeeaeaeeaaeeaeeaaaaeasee EXPIOdOd 'ICN’BT r03t Equipment eeeeaeeeeeeaeeeeeeeee Pulse Marinade vs Static Stress. 2 Inch Expanded 3686 EOIYQTYTGflO eeeeeeseeeeeesaeeseaeeeaa Pulse Duration vs static Stress. 2 Inch Expanded 863d ,OIYStVTGnC seeeeeeeeaeeaeaeeaaeeeaae Pulse Magnitude vs Static Stress. 2 inch BOfldOd Animal “8" eeeeeeeeeeeaaeeeeeeeaeeeeaeeaaaea Pulse Duration vs Static Stress. 2 inch Bonded Animal flair eaeseeaeeeaeaeaaeaeaaaeeeaeaeeaa The Degradation of the shock Pulse Transmitted to the Interior of an iii-flute Boat During the ’Ifflt TB" 0'099 From 2“ THChCQ aeaeeaeaeaaaeeaaaeeea Representative Shock Pulses From 2% Inch instrmmnted Package Drop and Drop Shock 765:8? aeaeaeeeeeaaaaaeeesaeeeeaeeeaaeeeaaeaeaeaeae shock Pulses 'l'rmsnitted by Cushions: 2% inch instrumented Package Drop and W Drop Shock 765:3? eaeeeeaeaaaaseaeeeeeaeeeeaaeeaaeaeeesaaaaaee Page 22 23 2‘5 25 33 37 105 U 51' 0F APPfiifl i CES Appendix II. iii. IV. V. The Degradation of the Shock Duise Trensmitted ‘0 th. Contents Of an A'f'flt‘ BON eeeeeeeeeeeseese PU'SO‘ aflflefith by LA; ”'0? Sh0¢k Ti'th eeeeeeeeeo Comparison of Kistier Hodei 388A 5/“ i085 Ifld Kiflt'cr 803 S!" '28 ACCG‘CTOMBtGrQ eeeeeeeeeee Comparison of 2% inch instrumented Package Drop Data with Results Predicted Using n the 0'0? ShOCk Tester eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeseoesseeee Rosuits of 2% inch fiouiveient Free Fall Cushion 733‘ soeeeeeeoeeeeeeeeeeeeeseeeeeeseeesseeeesoeeee vi Page 32 33 to iNTROOSCTiON The generally accepted method of testing package cushioning materials is to drop a platen of known weight and cross section ares on to the test cushion. The-deceleration of the falling pieten. as well as the deflection and recovery of the cushion. are used to predict cushion performance. in these tests. the cushion is not restrained ietereily. in actual use. the outer container absorbs pert of the energy from a free fell end transmts a shock pulse to the cushion. The cushion absorbs some of this energy and transmits enothsr shock to the product. it is felt that the shock pulse trmmitted to the product by the cushion may be significantly different than the pulse obtained by dropping a given weight on to a stationary cushion. During actual use the cushion is usually restrained laterally by the outer container. it has not been shown. however. how various amounts of lateral restraint affect cushion perfionnence. This study was concerned with the shock pulse trensoitted ironsa cushion to its load when subjected to a shock input sioiliar to that transmitted from an A-fluta corrugated box to its contents (333 D's deceleration and .h milliseconds duration). This pulse was obtained by dropping an instrumented. corrugated box from 2h inches. Both static loading and lateral restraint of the cushions were varied. BACKGfiOUflO Before florid dor ii there was little interest in package cushion testing. During the war the Forest Products Laboratory in Madison. Wisconsin. began studies on package cushions for the evaluation of eateriais and prediction of performance. These early studies were based on static tests. Because static test results did not agree well with dynamic test results and dynamic tasting eore closely sile- elated the action on a cushion when the peckege is dropped. dynamic testing of cushions bacene the accepted eethod for evaluating cushion performance (l). A All dymic tests of package cushioning curate on the same principle. A eass of know weight and cross section area is in- pectad on a cushion of imam thickness and area. The deceleration of the falling body as well as deflection and recovery of the cushion can then be measured. Several methods were tried. The dynamic tester that became east comn utilizes an instrumnted variable weight plat- fore that is dropped on to the sample cushion. it was found that im- pact velocity was easier to control with the free felling platform than with other dynamic tasters(2). Host dynamic testing of cushions has been performed without lateral restraint of the cushions. One study has shown that there is a signifi- cant increase ln cushion stiffness when the cushion is restrainediB). However. it has not been determined how much different amounts of lateral restraint affect cushion performance. As for as could be determined, no one has studled the shock pulse transmitted by a cushion at various levels of static load. ing and lateral restraint when subjected to a shock pulse of the type transmitted from a container to its contents. Before the effect of shock trensnisslbility by a cushion could be exeained it was necessary to determine the type of shock pulse trananitted free a particular container to its contents and find a method of duplicating this pulse. : it was decided to use the shock pulse transnitted by an A—i‘iute R56 to a dowry load when dropped from 215 inches. Twenty-four inches was selected because it has been shown that the probability of a pack- age drop exceeding 2h inches is 0.02“”. There is also a trend to reduce the drop height of present cushion testing methods from 30 to 2“ inches. Appendix l shows the degradation of the shock pulse trans- mitted to the dunner load as the box is dropped 60 times. The shock pulse of the‘liOth drop from 2“ inches was selected as the level at which to study the effects of different static loadian and various amounts of lateral restraint on cushion efficiency. The lion: drop was selected became a package will receive 1+0 drops. or less. in over 97 percent of all trips. Drop heights greater than 2!: inches and more than M craps occur in less than three percent of all shipments(5). it was found that the pulse transmitted by an A-fiute container to its contents could be mproxlinsted on the LAB drop shock tester. These pulses are shown in Appendix ii. TEST EQUIPRENT This saction covers all non-electrical equipment used. Included are the drop shock testor. rubber pads for the drop shock tester. aluminum platen and woights. the corrugated restraints. and the cushions thomuelves. The drop shock tester was on LAB Corporation Typo 50 i6 “2 iOO Drop Shock tester. The conical nose piece was removed. The drop shock tester drop head was dropped fro-ta height of 5 3/“ inches on to h layers of i/B inch. 72 durometer natural rubber. The drop shock tester is shown in Figure l. The aiuminum platen was used to receive shock pulses transmitted by the cushions. 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TEST DATA Only the primary shock pulses were used for the analysis of tast data. Thu secondary pulse appeared to be cushion remind which docs not occur in actual package drops. Figure 9 (see Appondix Iii) man: shock pulses obtained on the drop shock taster with those obtained from instrunented package drops. Examination of tin graphs of puis- magnitudo (“gun 3) and pulse duration (Figurc h) for We: had polntyrm shows that the difference botwecn shod: pulses transmitted when restrained (mi unrutrainad is man". Puiu magnitude of the restrained cushions was slightly in” than tho magnitude of the unrestrained cushions. Puiu duration of the "strained cushion: was slightly longer than that of tho unrestrained cushions. Pals. magnitudo and duration transmitted by the restrain“ cushion varied from tho unrestrained cushion: by less than in percent. Figures 5 and 6 show that tight restraint of tin bonded animal hair had a large effect on tho puise transmittod. Reduced restraint had iittlo effect on pulse magnitude and less effect on pulse dura- tion. The tightly "strained cushion tranmittod a pulse that was twice as large in magnitude and hail” the duration of tin pulse trans- mitted by tha «unstained cushion. Pulse magnitude of less tightly restrained cushions remained virtuaiiy the saw as the unrestrained cushions but puiu duration was less. 26 27 Varying static loading affected the shock pulses transmitted to the instrumented platen. The effect of increased static load- ing was somewhat greater on the bonded animal hair. in both cush~ ions. Eran shock tester results did not compare wall with 2% incl equivalent free fall drop test results for dither cushion. lnstrumented A~fiute boxes containing cushions and instruments- tion warn dropped from 2% inches. fiat: for shock pulses transmitted from the cuslfions to the simulated product is given in (upon-din iii. Comparing instrumented psokogu dron results with Figure 3v-curvo C. Figuro hn-curvo D. Figure 5-curvo 0. and Figure Go-curvo D will show that instrumented package drug test results differed from values ob- tained by the drag shock tester. Observed 6': for expanded bead polystyrene were :7 peroont higher than those obtained by the drop shock taster. Pulse duration was 47 percent longor than that obtained by the drop shock tester. The orror for bonded animal hair was less. Onsorvud 6': were 6 porcont higher and pulse duration was 7.3 percent less than drop shock tester results. Comparing instrwnented pool-toga drop results with curvo .9. of Figures 3. h, 5 and 6 will show that instrumented package drop ru- tults diffurud from‘values obtalnnd by the 24 inch equivalent ire. fail cushion test. instrumented package drop 6’: for expanded bead polystyrene were 22 percent lower and pulse duration l3 percent longer than the results of tho 2% inch equivalent freu fall cushion test. thiiu porcont of error was not determined, it appears that the 1M :13 difference batman 2.3+ inch equivaiant free fall data and instrumntud paukago drag data is larger than the difference between drop shock tester data and lnstrmmnied package drop data. COHELUSifiHS it can be concluded that the shock pulse transmitted by expanded bead polystyrene was not greatly affected by lateral restraint. The pulse transmitted by bonded animal hair was greatly affected by close restraint and to a lesser amount by reduced restraint. This suggests that the greatest effect of lateral restraint on a package cushion is the restriction of air covenant in and around the cushion during dynmic shocks. The drop shock teeter is useful for studying the properties of cushioning materials. while instrumented package drop results differed significantly from both drop chock tester and 2% inch equivalent free fall results. it cannot be concluded at the present time Mother the drop shock test is a more valid test of package cushioning materiel prooerties than the 215 inch equivalent free fall cushion test. 2. 3. 9. i0. REFEfi;fi£ES Storn. R.K.. "Tho FPL Dynamic Comoression Testing E uipment for iosting Package Cushioning Rotoriois." Forgott”r¢doctg aborntory Rooort_fio. 2i??. august. i958. p.o. Klingonnerg, A.D.. "Tho Theory and Operation of A Dynamic Tester for Evaluating Package Cushioning Materials." Wright Air Development Center. V‘S;,Toohnic i honor *3~?fi2. Seotomoer. lBSS. 9.6. Wilison. Kari Snow. “Relative Energy Absorption Prooerties of Free and Enclosed Cushions." Unoualisnod Masters Thesis- Hiohigan Stat. University. l9S8. Bull. Kenneth H. and Kossack. Carl F.. "floasuring Field Hand- ling and TranSportotion Conditions." Wright Air Development Division » icoi Eonort 50-h. February. lgéo, p.23. 'b‘d. P. 32. Biako. Howard 6. iii. "2% inch Drop Height Peak acceleration - Static Stress Curves for Selected Cushioning Materials.” School of Packaging. Michigan State University. eonnin; new)? 1'4. C“ prflj EC: 3‘2”}; J I Havmle' '0 '9Dz50 Bloke. Hownrd 6. iii. Unoubiishod Data. School of Packaging Michigan State University. Juno 2%. i953. Appendix iV. p. #0. nppondix IV. p. #0. Anpondix i. p. 32 (Table ix) ii. flcGinnis. Hichaoi A.. Unpublished Data. School of Packaging Michigan State University. Juno i3. i935. 2. 3. BiBLlOGRA?”Y Reports Bid-1.9, m‘i‘fil’d c. |"' "2-21" “16"! art)? Height 3’33: Decelefaglon. Static Stress Curves for selected Cushioning Materials." 56h°°i 0f Packaging, Hi¢hljan Stata University. Tethnigal Kmart ROLE. ”ENE 7 g Rig, 1, Member I, 1951.. ' Bull. Kenneth J. and Kossack. Carl F., "Measuring Field Hané- ling and transportation Conditions." wright Air Development Division Hfifia 7 ch lca Rano- 60-h. February. lfiéa. p.20. Kiingenberg, A.D.. "Th0 Theory and Operation of I Dynamic Tester for Evaluating Package Cushioning fiaterials." Wright Air Davelopmcnt Center, WQE. azhni.w i5». ~ c3~2ha Septanber. ‘955. P. 60 ‘ Stern, R.K.. "Tho PPL Dynamic Compression Testing Equipment for Testing Package Cushioning Hateriail.“ Pores: Prcaucts_iahng- $052 Rgggr; ”0: £122. AUQUSt. '3533 P. E. Unpublished Material Blake. "award 6. Ill. Unpublished Data. Iahuni of Packaging, Hichlgan Stat. University. Juno 2%. i964. 3i AN’EZE lX l TUE DESRADATIOH OF THE SHOCK PULSE TRANSHlTTED TO THE CONTENTS OF AH AvFLUTE BOX l. 8 X 8 X 8% inch h-flute boxes. 2. 8 X 8 X 3 inch wood block. constructed of laminated ample die board. on. 3/8 inch bolt running top to bottom It each corner. weight with accelerometer: ll pounds. i0 ounces. Static loading: O.l3l pounds per square inch. 3. LAB Hanoi SD-lDO Droo foster. Drop height: 24 inches. t '. o l. Kistior Model 808A Crystal iccoioromoter. 2. Kiatlor Nodal 565 Charge Amplifior. 3. Toktronix Type 56% Storage Oscilloscope. 3m instrumented package was droopod from 2% inches. Pulses i through l0 and pulaos is through 60 at 5 droo intervals war. ro~ cordod. Soloctod poise: were photographed. The shape of the pulse romainod basically tho some after l0 drops. Figure 7 shows the do- grodotion of tho shock pulse during the first l0 drops. Data and average values are given in Table ix. 33 FIGURE 7 SHOCK PULSE TRANSMITTED TO THE CONTENTS OF AN A-FLUTE BOX, 24 INCH DROP Calibration: Vertical - IOI.6 G's/division Horizontal - 2 mscc/division Dr0ps l and 2 Drops 3 and h DrOps 7 and 8 DrOps IO and 9 .88 :9: .3. £8 m5:& .2 ...a mEMES m: E. aE_zo%& 35.. 503 K. mamas. o... R; 3.. .3 o... 3.. o... R... ...... o... ...... a.“ ...u 3.82. ....m o... ...m «.m .... ...m ...... ...m a.» o... m... «.... 2m. 5. .... ...... ...... .... a. .... ... ...... m... m; a... «.... a. n N a N. ... .... .... .... .... ... ... ... .... ... a... m N . m m... .... m... .... ~.. .... .... .. .. .... m. . ... u u... m ...... .... a; .... ~.. o... .... 9.. .... .... .... m. . m. N a.“ 4 m a. .... a... .... .. .... .... .... .... .... .... mg .... m .. ... .... ...... ... .... .... .... .... .... ....u ....u ...u «.u N .. ...o .... .... a... .. .... ... .... a; .... o... «A . 2 m m N m m a M1 1a . $33....z. 8.» 8:. 3.... 3mm mum mmm .mu wan NmN hm“ 9% m n N mm— am. 5— ~ mm 3.6.354 ...... mam. ...... am. 8.. an. 3.... ..m... a... 8m. ...... «2 S... a... 8m mm... fiu mom a.” ...: an. 3“ :3 SN mm. a: , 3. u 3“ 5... on... ...... ....“ ...... ...... ....” ....“ mm. 3. «... .m m M m... ...... m2 m0. ...." ......“ .... i .. 8. m... «a. N: m u :2 ...n mm. ...... R. an. m.” in mm. ...... Nm. .3. .m .. m a... n... 8. ......" .. .....N .3... ..m a... an" N... «m. 3. n m. mum mi” mam gm #3 #2 mm“ ..mw .3“ ma“ .. ... i N J .. no... ..mu no. .2 c 8. ..2 2. ...: «... 2. z . Idmili? m. o. m a N o u a A a . Goa S—HCBU~§ 5—K”: o... R; 3.. ...... 2... 3... o... R... «.... Q. ...... ...... =3 1.33. 0.5 ......m wow mom. ”.5 .O.m Don: Rom Q. m w. - a... m.— N..._..— com; an...“ 3.... .6... .... ...3 9.3.... .... ...... 2353 w... 8 3:29.33 and... 59$ euaa ....zou x. mamE. .mu amoeba. . noouo :. new: mono. 233§£u§§§33§gucm§o.§on§¢ m:.. m4.. m3.. 0m.. nm.. hm.. nm.. Omaueza 9m ad ...» o.m ...m ...m m.m 5m O O O O O O O h a I .... .... .... ¢.. 3.. .... m w m.. 3.. 6.. 9.. 0.. 3.. 0.. m a.. o.. 4.. 9.. o.. m.. 9.. : WW .... I w.. a; m.. m. m.. n w .... o... .... .... .... w.. .... N J I I I 3.. 9.. o.. w.. . mo any Lonrzz 22.58.22... as... on; 3.2 oh. 3.» 4g :3 .... .3. was cannot... .wdm .¢3 mam: mam: mama owe: “mm: as» I «Ne ..w «mm ans ..0 ma: mmw smm mum :.m mmw n.~ cmm :uu «mm «mm «aw mmw mam mmm Nmm I mmw mmm own Nmo wmm mum mum mmw mum mmw amh «mg I I n.n «mm 3.0 :.m 5mm mum-amass Joqumxoa a. mm on m. as. main .... .....m a... a... 3330.33 9.2.3: APPEHDlX ii PULSES GENERATEO BY LAB DROP SEOOK TESTER The magnitudo of the shock pulse was determined by dropning tho drop head of the drop shock tester on to h layers of l/S inch, 72 durometor natural rubber. The droo height was 5 3/5 inches. Approxi- mately 30 seconds elapsed botwoon drops. instrmmntation: Kistler natal SOOA Malamute:- iiistlor ibdoi 5-66 Charge Moll-flu Tektronix Type 564 Storage OsciIIOSCOpo Calibration: 558 G's/division Pulse Emotion: II milliseconds Pulse Height: l.8 l.) i.6 l.6 G's¢(i.&h divisions) (sea G's/division) l.7 l.6 G'Iu333 i.§5 ..JLua. Average i.6lI divisions Figure 8 shows some roprooontativo shock pulses from instrumented package droos and from tho drop shock tester. 37 FIGURE 8 REPRESENTATIVE Sim PULSES FROfl 2’0 liiCli lPISTRUiENTED PACK‘fiE DROP Nib ORB? SHOCK TESTER Left to Right: Drops 2i, 22, 23 24“ instrumented Package Drop. A-flute Box lnstrumented Hood Block Calibration: Vertical - l0l.6 G's/ division Horizontal - 2 msec/ division LAB Shock Drop Tester DrOp Height: Ii” Cushion: h Layers l/8" 72 Durometer Natural Rubber Calibration: Vertical - i0i.6 G's/division Horizontal - 2 msec/division LAB Shock Drop Tester Drop Height: 5 3/h“ Cushion: h Layers i/8” 72 Durometer Natural Rubber Calibration: Vertical - l0l.6 G's/division Horizontal - 2 msec/division APPEI-‘ii’iix iii CDi~iP.‘-Ri50il OF KISTLER li-DSEL 383-1 SIN lOGE': A?” KISTLER 80-3 X/N l2?» :‘aCCELEROi-HETERS Equipment: Shock pulse generator. L413 Type 50 lei-1.2430 Drop Shock Tester with the Concial nose piece removed from drop heed. Cushion Drop Heed Dropped 0n: 3 layers of VS inch, 72 euro- Inoter rubber under i layer of 2'.- lnch formed polyurethane. Oscilloscope: Toktronln Type 55.1: storeys oscilloscope. Accelerometer: and Charge fopiifiors: e. Klstier Hodoi 833A accelerometer and II Kistler Model $56 charge amplifier. Output I lD.li5 luv/g b. Kistler Model 838 acceleramter and a Kistier Model 565 charge amplifier. Output .. l0.0 rev/g 9.3 CO mfigomuauuud wan z\n mam Juno: "EH5; 93 amo— zxm «wow Juan! munch—a no zen-«Rats x. 33... «.3 Imago)- ozu eta be so . l u: a... ..uem ‘um I aghflwmua “880$ .... .u:m_oz nest sure a. neo_u->50nao 0>_~ ho umouo>§¢ 8.“ 3» 3 33 3.3 2 am.— mcw «m cmaw acmm @. m~.. mNN m_m amms cmom m. 4m.m omw mmw ooww om:m 4. :w.~ omm 3mm oawm ommm m. mo.~ mm: mm: omw¢ ooh: ~— m..n mom 3mm coma cmnm _. mm.~ m:m mmn swam comm o. mm.. Non smu awom o~m~ m m~._ mmu umm cmmu own“ a g... m“. mu. amm- omu. u .c.~ «m. m:. o~m_ asa. w 36 mo. 8. $2 32 m mo.: 0.55 c.3h o- m- : .a.o c.m¢ a.m: mm: on:. n ma.. c.mu a.m~ can own a m~.: m.~. «.m. m.o~. cm. _ a 4%u a «mum wag. ...: an .ofiot so.uu_u .cfio: ~6.uo_u .ovo: so.uo.u .ouat so.uu_u yaw—o: aoha oucuseuu_o H" cw.u aw».os.___: co.ucso_ouoa oaosuaq “sauna nuns-ac AN’EIifliX W Ciiiii’s’eiilSON iii" 2‘; INCH iNSTRUEriENTEED PACKfisGE DROP DATA Uil’l'i REEULTS HEEDICTED USii‘fi m DROP $51921! TESTER V Three CUSi’iiOflS of coach typo studied were enclosed i n 8% X 8.9; 2: l2 inch Iii-flute 356': that had been degraded by 35 drops from 219 inches using; an ”.5 pound instmmented 8 ii 8 1i 8 inch wood test block. The polystyran. cushions were loaded with the wood test block and filler material. The combined loading on the polystyrene cushions was ".53 pomds. Static stress ... 0.l8l pounds per square inch. Tho bonded animal hair cushion: were loaded with the alumlnma a x a x 1% inch platen and mm mtoriai. Tm load on tho bonded animal hair was 3.91! pounds. Static. stress was 0.052 pounds per square inch. All other mlpmont and test instrunmtation was the some as used in «appendix I. Each instrumntad package was dropped ten times from 235 inches. The shock pulse magnitude and duration worn recorded and representative photographs taken. Tobi. X shows the results of this test. The sum cushions we" then tested on the drop shock tester at a static loading ciao. to that used in the instrumented package drop. no 82% ii 8% inch corrugated restraint was used. Test equipment and to kl ond instrumontstion woro tho samo as used in provious drop shock tosting of cushions. Tablo Xi shows tho rosults of this test. Figaro 9 shows comporstlvo photographs of tho pulses generated by tho instrumontod pockago drop and thoso generated on the drop shock toster. 1+2 «h... a name mug.“ ggékmz - :92. am x n.3,: «.3 38 omega 9.12 33 about... ..m— on. $303.. 3.3 Ba conga m.m« I m.~_ o.m~ I —.ou 0.4m I nom— «.a._Im—.mu OIM..Imu.mm mm.n~ I «.mu 3 an o, .. m. 3 ma 0......“ I no. 0.5“ I M6“ sin I m6. .3 9.: I ~.m& mé. I n._m m.m— I «.3 .3 0.3 I n6. 93 I m.o~ 05.... I n3... 3 0.4. I «.5 m.~_ I .18 o5. I «.mm m: o.m~ I n.w~ o.a~ I m.o~ o.an I n.w. ma o.a. I ~.mh o.m_ I m._m a.o~ I N.wh «a o.m~ I «.9 9mm I m6“ aim I at“... 3 95— I ...h ox... I m._m m.m. I T5 3 o.m~ I m.w— a.m~ I m.ou o.:m I m.m~ c: o.m. I ~._m o.~. I «.mm o.:_ I N.m~ a; o.w~ I n.m— 9mm I «:3 0.3.. I Wm. mm o5. I «.3 m.~. I «.mn m.n— I «AK mm o.om I m.m. o.m~ I m.om 0.:n I m.m_ an 0.:- I —.~u m.m_ I N.mh a.d— I «.mu mm n.0n I m.m. «2 I ma o.am I m.m— hm o.m— I «.mm m.m— I m.—@ o.a. I «.05 mm 0.9. I né. oém I ma: aim I n6. mm 93 I «...K m.m. I «.mh 0.2 I ..K mm MMMMflIHWIudm. .mummIJulAfluw mmmHWIHWquuq coho mummWIdulgnmw mflflMfllflflldnmm mama. .2 $6 I 223. :32.— .n. 8.: 239... count 35802 :05 N ”Margret ooom 339a fit. a .3 no; .8528 32qu So:u to... 3.8.5 9.3.0» 1&3 £953. lug name 3 92m: (.53 hum... «33 .32. an gsnzmw an 395—. 3...: I 3.2 coma among... wmIoa I m_.nm n.u omauo>¢ mm.m_ I o~.a. m.:_ I :.o. sag. I «.9. 3.; I313 qum Immém 3.3 I mIcm mi Iidqmu... _ m1. Iiwudwl .....wfi I o....II2 «I? I ”.3 wImn I 93 m6.— I 0.3 IIIWIMAIIIuwIaIaHII. m.¢. I m.u4II. m.m_ I mjquI 33 I «.3 an I mum 33 I «.3 m.m. I OImAII. IIIwaquIJuI4mquII m.m_ lemqquI m.a¢ I m.mm ¢.mm I. m.om w.oe I w.am NIm I anm w.- I m.¢~:1 ~33 I 9.3 a: m... ”.33... 5%: Eugf 33 3.8.5 55 ~ .3 8.».— 53. .3 .00 0.33.5.5 ca— 3 fiufl 285 .35 as was «:5 a”: 3% 32. .3 g Gui-.53 .K 39; 3.2 I 3. 3 use 9333‘ 3.3 I 0.9 Pa 330% II I mIma «5 I wImm 0.2 I mImm II I 9: $43 I m.m. v.9 I nIm. Ha I 0.3.1.1 MA. I cg” r2 I mfim 5. I mi»... 9.3 I anp 5. I nIm. as I 04$. ohm I cum. .odfli I 93. 5 I n33 mIcm I nIQN «2,2 I nIon m“ I 0.54 OIW I own” n22 I 040$ a: I NIB mIMn I view nIoN I MAN 5.. I 03.4: m! I «In. «a I 043 ad I GR? a I a, E. I MION wINM I MA“ 5. I “a .2 o5 £33.53: 35802 no»; N 53: .0834 33:8 0.0 FIG-WE 9 SHOCK PULSIES I’m-53mm BY CUSHIORSI 2Q RICH MSTRUMENTED PACKAGE DROP mm LAB DROP Si-IOCK TESTER 2h Inch lnstrumentcd Package Drop Expanded Bead Polystyrene Bonded Animal Hair Vertical - 50.8 G's/division Vertical - 20.32 G's/division Horizontal - 5 msec/division Horizontal - l0 msec/division LAB Shock Drop Tester Expanded Bead Polystyrene Bonded Animal Hair Vertical - 50.8 G's/division Vertical - 20.32 G's/division Horizontal - 5 msec/division Horizontal - l0 msec/division APPEHDIX V RESULTS OF 25 INCH EQUIVALENT PRES FALL CUSHION TEST Gilmn Brother: Emmy: Typo ‘IO Colluliner. Expanded Bead Polystyrene. Thickness-o2 Inches (7). Average Pu! u .078 122.9 9 .172 120.7 12 .256 84.9 “I .359 80.5 10 .uss 82.7 In .5h7 76.0 16 .601 67.1 18 .733 62.6 20 .828 62.6 22 3 .906 60.8 22 3‘ Bonded Animal Hair: Thickness~~2 IRCh08 (11) . 0.077 66.0 20.7 '4 0.010 102.8 26.8 0.123 102.2 26.6 M: "Illllllll'lllllllllllll