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I I . . ,.II.. x. .. . 1t... ......r. .. . 3.7:... Ltzv I _. . _.. . .. ....3<. .. p.11..- . . . . I I . v .. .v .09 n 0.... ..f'.,o.v1....o¢:IvII o.'.v..-.... I .93.! .0 «(got a... I. I .. .I _ .I. .. o .. .. . I .I; ..I... I. ,o. 0'93... . er‘v... . ..¢v Ifi‘.J c . . I. . . . ‘ . . . v, I .. r. .. .II.lJ—. .7???“ I I?o.J.I.:.v.Y..I!.o.~I . . III . . I; I I.. . . u . I . .f. I II; II In! ..Ia... . II I. .o I. . .. I. I . ...... y...:...q?.i. .3 . I I . ._...'I.. :391. .EI.‘ I v .. | I—o . . . . v . 1"\I| Il.’ I V II! I! IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII 293 10593 1582 , , . LIBRARY Michigan State University ‘A FUNCTIONAL EXAMINATION AND EVALUATION OF THE PATmL ACTIVITIES OF A MID-WESTERN POLICE DEPARTMENT A THESIS Presented to The Faculty of the School of Criminal Justice Michigan State University In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE by Donald E. Dombrowski 1971 ABSTRACT .A FUNCTIONAL EXAMINATION AND EVALUATION OF THE PATROL ACTIVITIES OF A MID-WESTERN POLICE DEPARTMENT By Donald E. Dombrowski PURPOSE The purpose of this thesis is to examine the patrol activities of a selected police department so that the functions performed by patrol officers can be analyzed in terms of criminal and noncriminal response. The purpose of the analysis is to develop rational data regarding the functions of patrol officers to allow police administrators and others concerned with police objectives and performance to have a better under- standing of how a patrol officer's time is engaged in the various criminal and noncriminal incidents and activities with which he becomes involved. The data developed can be utilized in several ways, from manpower deployment, to assignment, to specialization, to resource allocation, and to numerous other police organizational questions. hflflflIHXHLXhT The data utilized in this thesis was deve10ped from the examina- tion of 116,228 separate incidents and activities performed by patrol officers during the year of 1970. Through the use of data processing it was possible to categorize and classify these incidents and Donald E. Dombrowski activities into 73 different types of criminal and noncriminal response. Data was also developed to show the number of each type of incident and activity, the time consumption of each type of incident and activity, and other pertinent data such as monthly, daily and hourly activity levels. RESULTS The data revealed the expected results that the patrol officer's time is primarily engaged in noncriminal incidents and activities. IMPLICATIONS AND LIMITATIONS The data developed which revealed that the response time of patrol officers is primarily consumed by noncriminal incidents and activities requires a different evaluation of the role and functions of the police officer in our society. Inasmuch as the resources of any police depart- ment are limited and the crime rate continues to climb, the police administrator must consider the organizational impact of the variety of noncriminal services performed by his officers in terms of man-hour and resource consumption in order to maintain an efficient and effec- tive police organization. The police administrator should closely scrutinize the activities performed by his officers and reduce or eliminate those activities which could be perfbrmed.more efficiently or effectively by others. Other implications of the developed data are the impact of these patrol activities regarding the recruitment, retention, training, assign- ment, deployment, and morale of police personnel. Donald E . Dombrowski The limitations of this thesis are concerned with the data developed; not the amount or accuracy of the data but the fact that only the patrol activities of one police department were examined. Even though the sample was large it only represented only one police department in one city with certain demographic properties which may not necessarily apply to other police departments or cities. However, the reader can interpret the data, because of the size of the sample, as general indicators of patrol response and can apply the data developed in many general ways to police organizations. It is also realized that the data developed may leave questions unanswered, however, additional studies using this or similar data can be perfbrmed to answer these questions. .A FUNCTIONAL EXAMINATION AND EVALUATION OF THE PATROL ACTIVITIES OF A MID-WESTERN POLICE DEPARTMENT BY Donald E. Dombrowski .A THESIS Submitted to Michigan State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE School of Criminal Justice 1971 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page List of Graphs of Patrol Response Activities ........... v Chapter I General Statement of the Problem and Purpose of the Study . . . 1 Scope of Study ........... . ....... . . 11 Chapter 11 Examination of Patrol Activities. ............... 12 ‘ Examination of Patrol Activities by Month of Year ..... . . 14 Examination of Patrol Activities by Day of week . . . . . . . . 16 Examination of Patrol Activities by Hour of Day . . . . . . . . 32 Chapter III Examination of Patrol Response by Type of Incident or Activity . ...... . ......... . . . ....... 35 Patrol Response to Homicide Incidents .......... . . . 37 Patrol Response to Forcible Rape Incidents .......... 40 Patrol Response to Robbery Incidents ............. 41 Patrol Response to Breaking and Entering Incidents ...... 43 Patrol Response to Larceny Incidents . . . . . . . ...... 46 Patrol Response to Aggravated Assault Incidents . . ...... 48 Patrol Response to Auto Theft Incidents ........ . . . . 50 Table of Patrol Response to Part I Crimes . . . . . . ..... 53 Patrol Response to Forgery Incidents . . . .......... 55 Patrol Response to Fraud Incidents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 Patrol Response to Assault Incidents . . . . . . . . . . . . . S7 Patrol Response to Weapons Offense Incidents . . . . . . . . . 59 Patrol Response to Sex Offense Incidents . . . . . . . . . . . 61 Table of Contents (Cont.) Patrol Response to Narcotics Offense Incidents . . ...... Patrol Response to Gambling Incidents ............. Patrol Response to Liquor Violations Incidents . ....... Patrol Response to Drunk Incidents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Patrol Response to Disorderly Conduct Incidents . . . . . . . . Patrol Response to Vagrancy Incidents . ...... . . . . . Patrol Response to Purse Snatching Incidents . . . . . . . . . Patrol Response to Shoplifting Incidents . . . . . . . . . . . Patrol Response to Driving Under the Influence of Liquor Incidents ......... . . . ..... . . . . . . Table of Patrol Response to Part II Crimes . . . ....... Chapter IV Examination of Patrol Response by Type of Incident or Activity (Noncriminal) ...... . ............ Patrol Response to Animal Complaint Incidents . . . Patrol Response to Property Damage Incidents Patrol Response to Open Door Incidents ..... Patrol Response to Injury Report Incidents Patrol Response to Checking for hazardous Conditions . . . . . Patrol ReSponse to Rescue Runs . . . . ..... . . . . . Patrol Response to Fire Alarms . . . . ........ Patrol Response to School Crossing Guard Duties . . . Patrol Response to Parking Lot Release Incidents ....... Patrol Response to Prowler Complaint Incidents Patrol Response to Missing Persons Incidents ........ Patrol Response to Suicides and Attempt Suicides . ...... Page 65 68 69 71 73 74 76 78 80 82 83 86 86 87 88 89 90 90 91 92 Patrol Patrol Patrol Patrol Patrol Patrol Patrol Patrol Patrol A Patrol Patrol Patrol Patrol Patrol Patrol Patrol Patrol Patrol Patrol Patrol Patrol Patrol Patrol Patrol Patrol Response ReSponse Response Response Response Response Response Response Response Response Response Response Response Response Response Response Response Response Response Response Response Response Response Response Response Table of Contents (Cont.) to Mental Disturbance Incidents ........ to Sick Person Incidents to Juvenile Runaways to Transporting Found Bicycles to Miscellaneous Assistance Incidents . to to t0 to to to Checking for Debris in Streets Releasing Impounded Automobiles Releasing Impounded Bicycles . ....... Lost and Missing Children Incidents Parade Duty (On-Duty) . . . . . Trash Complaint Incidents . . . to Attempts to Locate . . . . . . . . to Found Property Incidents . . . . to Unfounded Calls to Other Types of Calls .......... . . to Traffic Accidents to Abandoned Automobile Incidents to Miscellaneous Traffic Services . to Moving Traffic Violations to Ass is ting Motorists to Family DiSputes to Neighbor Disputes to Disorderly Juvenile Incidents to Fight Incidents to Threat Incidents . iii Page 93 94 95 96 96 97 97 98 98 Table of Contents (Cont.) Page_ Patrol Response to On-Duty Court Appearances ......... 114 Patrol Response to Secretary of State Automdbile Registrations . . . . . . . . . . . . ............. 114 Patrol Response to Serving Warrants .............. 115 Patrol Response to Serving Subpoenas ............. llS Patrol Response to Serving the Police Car or Its Radio . . . . 116 Patrol Response to Transporting Prisoners ........... 116 Patrol Response to City Council Mail Pickup .......... 117 Patrol ReSponse to Meney Escort Incidents . . . . . . . . . . 117 Patrol Response to Delivering Messages .......... . . 118 Patrol Response to Finishing Report Activities . . . . . . . . 118 Patrol Response to Eating On-Duty . . . ...... . . . . . . 119 Patrol Response to Personal and Restroom Activities . . . . . . 119 Patrol Response to Department Orders ............. 119 Patrol Response to On-Duty Pistol Range Activities . . . . . . 120 Patrol Response to Calling Headquarters ............ 120 Table of Patrol Response to Noncriminal Incidents and Activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........ 121 Chapter V Correlation and Comparison of DeveIOped Data ......... 125 Correlation of Data From Another Independent Study ...... 125 Questionnaire of Police Officer‘s Estimates .......... 129 Summary and Conclusion ............... . . 133 Appendix A.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..... . . . . . 143 Bibliography ........................... 145 Graph Graph Graph Graph Graph Graph Graph Graph Graph Graph Graph Graph Graph Graph Graph Graph Graph #1 #2 #3 #4 #5 #6 #7 #8 #9 #10 #11 #12 #13 #14 #15 #16 #17 LIST OF GRAPHS OF PATROL RESPONSES ACTIVITIES Percentage of Patrol Time Consumption by Month-- All Incidents and Activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . Monthly Time Consumption of A11 Incidents and Activities, Stated as a Percentage of the Whole Year ................. . . . . . . . Daily Percentage of All Incidents and Activities, Yearly Average . ............ . . . . . . January: Daily Percentage of Incidents and Activities ............... . . . . . . February: Daily Percentage of Incidents and Activities . . . . . . . . . . . . ........ . March: Daily Percentage of Incidents and Activities ............ . . . . ..... April: Daily Percentage of Incidents and Activities . . . May: Daily Percentage of Incidents and Activities . June: Daily Percentage of Incidents and ActiVities O O C O O O O O O O O 0000000000 July: Daily Percentage of Incidents and Activities . ............ . . ...... August: Daily Percentage of Incidents and ACtiVitieS ..... O O O O O O O O O O O O O O I 0 September: Daily Percentage of Incidents and Activities . . ..... . ....... . . . . . . October: Daily Percentage of Incidents and ACtiVities O O O O O O O O ..... O O O O O O O O 0 November: Daily Percentage of Incidents and Activities . . . December: Daily Percentage of Incidents and Activities . . . . . Hourly Percentage of All Incidents and Activities, Yearly Average . . . . . . . . O O O O O O O O C O O homicide: Hour. Hour of Patrol Response and Number per Yearly Average 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 3O 31 34 39 List of Graphs (Cont.) Page Graph #18 - Forcible Rape: Hour of Patrol Response and Number per Hour. Yearly Average . . . . ...... 42 Graph #19 - Robbery: Hour of Patrol Response and Number per Hour. Yearly Average . . . . . ........ 44 Graph #20 - Breaking and Entering: Hour of Patrol Response and Number per Hour. Yearly Average ........ 47 Graph #21 - Larceny: Hour of Patrol Response and Number per Hour. Yearly Average ............... 49 Graph #22 - Aggravated.Assault: hour of Patrol Response and Number per Hour. Yearly Average . . . . . . . . . . Sl Graph #23 - Auto Theft: Hour of Patrol Response and Number per Hour. Yearly Average ........ . . . . . S4 Graph #24 - Assault: Hour of Patrol Response and Number per Hour. Yearly Average . . . . . . ......... 60 Graph #25 - Weapons Offenses: Hour of Patrol Response and Number per Hour. Yearly Average . . . . ...... 62 Graph #26 - Narcotics Offenses: Hour of Patrol Response and Number per Hour. Yearly Average . . . . . . . . . . 66 Graph #27 - Drunk: Hour of Patrol Response and Number per Hour. Yearly Average . . . . . . . . ...... 70 Graph #28 - Disorderly Conduct: hour of Patrol Response and Number per Hour. Yearly Average ...... . . . . 72 Graph #29 - Purse Snatching: Hour of Patrol Response and Number per Hour. Yearly Average .......... 7S Graph #30 - Animal Complaints: Hour of Patrol Response and Number per Hour. Yearly Average ........ 84 Graph #31 - PrOperty Damage Incidents: Hour of Patrol ’ Response and Number per Hour. Yearly Average . . . 85 Graph #32 - Traffic Accidents: Hour of Patrol Response and Number per Hour. Yearly Average ........ 104 Graph #33 - Moving Traffic Violations: Hour of Patrol Response and Number per Hour. Yearly Average . . . 107 List of Graphs (Cont.) Page Graph #34 - Family Disputes: Hour of Patrol ReSponse and Number per Hour. Yearly Average . . . . . . . . . . 109 Graph #35 - Neighbor Disputes: Hour of Patrol Response and Number per Hour. Yearly Average . . . . . . . . . . lll Graph #36 - Disorderly Juvenile Incidents: Hour of Patrol Response and Number per Hour. Yearly Average . . . 112 CHAPTER I. General Statement of the Problem and Purpose of the Study Police departments like all other agencies in the Criminal Justice system, and for that matter all other organizations, are organized and administratively constructed in order that certain goals or Objectives can be accomplished. But of all the agencies in the Criminal Justice system police departments are in a unique position because, unlike the other agencies that receive their inputs in terms of criminal activi- ties or criminal behavior such as the courts and correctional institu- tions, many of the activities with which a police department becomes involved are not criminally derived incidents or activities. For example, these noncriminal incidents and activities run through an entire spectrum of human behavior and can often include such items as fandly disputes, missing children, sick persons and juvenile problems to name just a few. This large input of noncriminal incidents and activities changes the concept of goals or Objectives of the police department as compared to other agencies of the Criminal Justice system. The goals or objec- tives may be considered in part to be the prevention and control of crime and crime-related activities but the large input in numbers and the resulting large time consumption in man-hours of these noncriminal incidents and activities requires a different interpretation of the role of the police in contemporary society. The various line divisions within a police department become involved in criminal and noncriminal incidents and activities in vary- ing degrees: detectives will spend the majority of their time investi- gating criminal offenses, whereas those officers assigned to the juvenile division will spend much of their time in the guidance and counseling of juveniles who may or may not have committed a criminal offense. In this analysis one segment within the police deparoment must reSpond to, and in many ways be responsible for, practically the whole range of criminal and noncriminal incidents and activities which originally come to the attention of the police department. This division, the patrol division, may initiate further activities by other police department members such as the detectives and the juvenile officers, but is also responsible in a large percentage of its contacts for arriving at a satisfactory, if sometimes temporary, disposition in the many border line criminal and noncriminal incidents and activities with which it becomes involved.without necessarily invoking any criminal process. Because of this large noncriminal input in terms of incidents and activities a different concept of administration must be utilized by the police department than just having manpower available to respond to criminal or criminally-derived situations. Not only must the police department respond to criminal incidents and activities in an attempt to accomplish the goals of crime prevention and crime control, but also the organization must be flexible enough to effectively dis- pose of a myriad of incidents and activities, primarily border line criminal and noncriminal, which are commonly called ”police services" or "called-for services." These functions are primarily accomplished by the patrol division, but should there be, or can there be, a practical limit to this type of police response? Flexibility within the police organization regarding the "police services” or "called-for services” is a necessity because of the possi- bility of a noncriminal incident erupting into a criminal incident, which then obviously becomes the responsibility of the police, but the pervasive question which frequently appears in examining the spectrum of police response and police effectiveness regarding the vast variety of incidents coming to the attention of the police department, is should a police department draw the line between "legitimate" services and activities and those services and activities which could be accom- plished more easily and effectively by others? As the Commission pointed out in "The Challenge of Crime in a Free Society;" The police did not create and cannot resolve the social conditions that stimulate crime. They did not start and cannot stop the convulsive social changes that are taking place in America. They do not enact the laws they are required to enforce, nor do they dispose of the criminals they arrest.1 Inasmuch as it is the police who are charged with the responsi- bility of controlling crime in our society, this question of "legiti- mate” police response to noncriminal incidents and activities becomes all-important because of the drain on manpower and the concomitant time consumption of these activities. This, of course, raises the question that if the police do desire to limit their response activities in the 1The Challenge of Crime in a Free Society, p. 242. area of noncriminal activities what criteria are to be used to develop just where and how the line is to be drawn between the "legitimate" and "non-legitimate” activities. Because it is often difficult to differentiate between "legitimate" and "non-legitimate” demands made upon the police by our complex society, this question can best be explored at this time in a philo- sophical context. What is the "proper" role of the police in our society? Police officers direct and control traffic, escort important visitors in and out of town, license taxicabs and bicycles, assist motorists, find lost children, settle family disputes, reSpond to medical emergencies and perform a myriad of other activities which by any measurement could not be considered to be crime control activities. How did these services come to be a part of the police response? Per- haps it is easy to understand why the police traditionally perform such services. They are services somebody must perform, and the police, being ever present and mobile, are logical candidates. Since much of a uniformed patrolman's time is spent on simply moving around his beat on preventive patrol, it is natural for the public to believe that he has the time to perform such services. It is also natural to interpret the police role of ”protection" as meaning protection not only against crime but against other hazards, accidents, or even dis- comforts of life.2 This interpretation projects that the police must be more than crime fighters; the general nature of human problems which require some kind of official assistance cannot be solved by ignoring 2Ibid., p. 252. them just because these problems cannot be classified as crime-related problems. {The function of the police is to assist the citizens whom they serve in whatever way they can--whether it be keeping the peace at a family dispute or searching for a missing child--no other agency has at its disposal the resources available to the police department, especially the patrol division: 24-hour per day manpower and mobility-- and to limit these resources only to the fighting of crime, which would be necessarily inefficient because the police can do little to change conditions which cause crime, would leave the citizenry helpless in a great variety of situations. The summation of this philosophical view is that the police function in our contemporary society is the maintenance of an orderly society and the provision of general serv4’ ices, and these functions should not be dependent merely upon an arbitrary labelling of some activity as either criminal or noncriminal. The other view of this philOSOphical dichotomy regarding police response to noncriminal activities should also be examined. One viewpoint is that since the police are Charged with the responsibility of controlling crime in our society and are already undermanned and overburdened to control to any extent the rapid increase in crime experienced in all parts of the country, the continually increasing burden of handling and diSposing of a variety of noncriminal activi- ties and incidents severely taxes available police resources. This view also holds that the majority of these "service" activities are a waste of time and the skills of persons who have been specifically trained for fighting crime--a police officer issuing bicycle licenses or being uSed as a chauffeur for the mayor is obviously not employing his crime-related training. Collaterally with this argument is that the performance of these trival duties may discourage able men from entering police work and may drive other able men out of it. This view is especially relevant today because of the added emphasis on higher standards for police personnel, especially both pre- and post-employment education for the police officer at the college and university level. Will the young, educated police aspirant be attracted to and more importantly remain 'with a vocation.which, although dealing with the challenge of crime, spends a much larger preportion of its time doing trival, service- connected activities which very rarely require the knowledge and skill level which this individual has attained? Many police aspirants are attracted to police work because of the chance to be of service to their fellow man but will the educated police officer find enough intellectual challenge in police work of this type or will he view himself as a ”public servant" in the least complimentary sense of the words? This phi1050phy can also argue that this misuse of manpower for nonessential services seriously affects the main responsibility of the police--the control of crime. The following example illustrates this prOblem: On a nationwide basis the number of police officers per one thousand pepulation averages slightly less than two, although this varies considerably even within continguous geographic areas. However, even with this small number to begin with not all these officers are on actiVe patrol assignment: a percentage are detectives, juvenile officers, vice officers, command and supervisory personnel and etc. The average strength of a patrol division nationwide in any average police department is slightly over half of the sworn personnel of the department. Even now, however, this reduced figure is still not usable in looking at patrolmen on the street. Allowances have to be made for patrol supervisory personnel, patrolmen on days off or off on sick leave and also patrolmen on vacation. In addition, the remaining num- ber of patrolmen now have to be further divided into shifts to cover the 24-hour, seven-day-aeweek working schedule of the police department. It can be seen that the average number of patrol officers on the road for any given hour is going to be much less than two per one thousand population. For example, the average patrol officer coverage for the city studied in this thesis for any given hour during any given day of the year is one patrol officer per 5,750 persons, considerably less than the beginning figure of two police officers per one thousand popu- lation. Obviously, the added burden of responding to and disposing of a variety of noncriminal, nonessential incidents and activities severly detracts for the time and resources available to the police to deal with criminal incidents and activities. To further confuse the issue as to what is "legitimate" police response to public demands regarding noncriminal incidents and activi- ties is the argument that the traffic officer does deter crimes or solve them by virtue of his presence and availability; that answering service calls stimulates public esteem for and cooperation with the police, helps familiarize policemen with the community and furnishes investigative leads to alert and intelligent officers; that opportuni- ties to be friendly and useful are psychologically valuable to men who spend much of their time dealing with the seamy side of life.3 3Ibid., p. 253. In addition the mere presence of the police going from one loca- tion to another will have some deterrent affect upon street crime just because the officers will be seen by a certain percentage of potential violators which is the theory of preventive police patrol, marked police cars and uniformed officers. As the Commission discovered in an analysis of crime in Chicago, 61.5% of over 9,000 major crimes against the person, including rapes, robberies and assaults, over a six-month period occurred on the streets or in other public premises.4 The Commdssion further pointed out that the number of crimes committed in the New York subways declined by 36% in one year after a uniformed transit patrolman was assigned to every train during the late night hours.5 The issue, then, of what is ”legitimate" police response cannot easily be defined because of the many variables which are present no matter which view is taken. The philosophical dichotomy just presented does not answer the questions it develops, however, it does present the two sides to the question of police response to the various non- criminal incidents and activities. To examine empirically the ques- tions raised requires research about the various police response activities, especially those performed by the patrol division, to develOp data to discover just how much time is devoted to the criminal incidents and activities and to the noncriminal incidents and activi- ties perfbrmed by patrolmen. Inasmuch as most activities by patrol officers are initiated by radio conmand from headquarters--the officer is dispatched to a given 41bid., p. 248. 51bid. 9 location to deal with a specific problem--a study of the nature of these radio dispatches can reveal how often patrol officers are involved in the various criminal and noncriminal incidents and activities. The purpose for the develOpment of this data is to give the police administrator a better perspective of the activities of his police department, especially the patrol division. In a small town the police administrator is not beset by any insurmountable difficulties in the acquisition of this information, however, in any city of considerable size the task of acquiring such information may be formidable and therefore just not done. Administrators and command officers therefore often guess as to what percentage of time patrol officers are devoting to the various criminal and noncriminal incidents and activities, often with the result of erroneous assumptions and conclusions upon which to base decisions. This is illustrated in the response to the Patrol Activity Questionnaire, page 129. Because both crime and the demands made upon the police are increasing yearly at an unprecedented rate, and because of other prob- lems such as closer scrutiny of police budgets, problems in recruitment of qualified personnel, job satisfaction for the younger, educated officers, and a host of other related problems, the police administra- tor must analyze and evaluate the response of his police department to the increasing demands and pressures in order that he be able to main- tain an efficient, effective organization. The police administrator must obtain the maximum realistic output and efficiency from his most important resource-~his manpower. To accomplish this he must analyze the use of the personnel of his department, especially his patrol offi- cers, in terms of efficiency, effectiveness and also even morale influences. 10 Many factors, both intrinsic and extrinsic, can influence the morale of a police department and a discussion of these various factors would be out of context for this study, however, the use of a police officer in terms of criminal and noncriminal response activities can be an influencing factor of morals. This thesis will be the examination and also evaluation of the patrol activities of a police department in terms of criminal and noncriminal response activities in order to develop empirical data upon which rational decisions could be made. Even though this study will be concerned only with the patrol activities of one police department out of an estimated 45,000 police departments in this country, the data deve10ped in this examination and evaluation can be applied to a number of police departments through a general application of the data. The data has been developed through the examination of over 116,000 responses by patrol officers of the police department studied to a variety of criminal and noncriminal incidents and activities during a one-year period. The data develOped in this study because of the size of the sample allows a minute examination of patrol response activities which enables the data to be evaluated in terms of the decision-making process which is the most important function of any police administra- tor. Again, the data developed only pertains to one police department, however, even the use of general data can be of great utility especially in this area of study which has been largely neglected. 11 SCOPE OF STUDY The police department chosen for study in this thesis is comprised of 173 sworn personnel of whom 102, or approximately 59%, are assigned to the patrol division. The department services a population of 95,000 persons in what can be described as an industrial city with considerable heavy industry as the main employment. During the year beginning January 1, 1970 and ending through December 31, 1970, patrol officers responded to a total of 116,228 incidents and activities, both criminal and noncriminal, which consumed a total of 51,878 man- hours of patrol time. Through the use of data processing it was possible to categorize the 116,228 incidents and activities into 73 separate criminal and noncriminal categories of patrol response. This allowed data to be compiled to reveal the number of incidents in each category handled by patrol officers, e.g., murder, robbery, family disputes, traffic accidents, and etc., and also, more importantly, the time consumption of these various incidents and activities could be developed. The time consumption data allows an evaluation of these various response activities relative to one another so that comparisons can be made not only as to the number of responses but also as to which type or types of activities consume the most patrol time which is essential if one is to evaluate the patrol response. Inasmuch as the police administrator is concerned not only with overall numbers and percentages for use in an evaluation of patrol response, because of their limited usefulness only to a general appli- cation of the data, data has also been developed to show monthly, weekly and even hourly fluxuations and changes in patrol response in the 73 criminal and noncriminal categories to give the police adminis- trator an even more concise picture of the activities of a patrol division. Again this study is only concerned with the patrol activities of one police department but the data developed does show some correla- tion with a similar study as is illustrated in Data Correlation, page 125, and if the reader keeps in mind that the data developed should be used more for relative comparison than for absolutes, the data developed can do much to give a better understanding of the role of the average patrol officer in a contemporary police department. And through an examination of the functions of the patrol officer an evaluation of patrol activities can be accomplished. CHAPTER II Percentage of Patrol Time Consumption by Month - All Incidents and’ActiVities The examination of patrol response can best be begun by examining all 73 different categories of incidents and activities as they affected the patrol division officers in terms of time consumption of these activities. The 116,228 incidents and activities which consumed 51,878 man-hours represent only a percentage of the patrol manrhours expended for the year of 1970. The total number of man—hours expended by patrol officers for the year was 140,160, therefore, the 51,878 hours consumed by all the criminal and noncriminal incidents and activities reveals that 37.01% of the total number of patrol man-hours expended was consumed by these incidents and activities. The 37.01% time consumption is only an average however of the entire year. The different months of the year are either more or less busy on a relative basis. The developed data revealed that the busiest month of the year was August when 5048 man-hours were consumed by patrol activities, representing 43.22% of the total man-hours expended for the month, while the least busiest month was February when only 3411 man-hours were consumed by patrol activities which represented 29.20% of the total man-hours expended for the month. The months of the year and the man-hours consumed by all inci- dents and activities as a percentage of the total man-hours expended fer each month are shown as follows: 14 January: 31.04% of patrol time consumed by patrol activities February: 29.20% of patrol time consumed by patrol activities March: 35.05% of patrol time consumed by patrol activities April: 35.68% of patrol time consumed by patrol activities May: 37.33% of patrol time consumed by patrol activities June: 40.03% of patrol time consumed by patrol activities July: 41.11% of patrol time consumed by patrol activities August: 43.22% of patrol time consumed by patrol activities September: 39.51% of patrol time consumed by patrol activities Octoben 42.84% of patrol time consumed by patrol activities November: 31.04% of patrol time consumed by patrol activities December: 37.75% of patrol time consumed by patrol activities The above data is illustrated graphically in Graph #1 - Percentage of Patrol Time Consumption by Month - All Incidents and Activities. The above data of monthly response by patrol officers can also be shown as a percentage of the total response for the year. If the time consumption of the total number of incidents and activities to which patrol officers responded is considered to be 100%, the monthly time consumption of all incidents and activities,stated as a percentage of the whole year is as follows: 15 January: 7.07% February: 6.58% March: 7.89% April: 8.03% May: 8.40% June: 9.01% July: 9.26% August: 9.73% September: 8.90% October: 9.65% November: 6.99% December: 8.50% Total Year 100% The above data is illustrated graphically in Graph #2 - Monthly Time Consumption of All Incidents and Activities, Stated as a Percentage of the Whole Year. In addition to the monthly fluxuations in incident and activity levels throughout the year it is also important to note that these levels vary with the different days of the week. The next series of data will illustrate the amount and percentage of activities per day of week on a yearly average, and also the amount and percentage of activities per day of week on a monthly average. The total of 116,228 incidents and activities handled by patrol officers during the year can be shown by each day of the week as follows: Sunday: 13,715 incidents and activities, representing 11.80% of all incidents and activities. 16 Monday: 17,702 incidents and activities, representing 15.23% of all incidents and activities. Tuesday: 16,958 incidents and activities, representing 14.59% of all incidents and activities. Wednesday: 16,132 incidents and activities, representing 13.88% of all incidents and activities. Thursday: 17,376 incidents and activities, representing 14.95% of all incidents and activities. Friday: 17,992 incidents and activities, representing 15.48% of all incidents and activities. Saturday: 16,411 incidents and activities, representing 14.12% of all incidents and activities. The above data is illustrated graphically in Graph #3 - Daily Percentage of All Incidents and Activities - Yearly Average. The months of the year are illustrated graphically in Graphs #4 through #15 which show the percentage of response for each day of the week for each month, and also the daily response per month compared to the yearly average daily response. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May Jun. Jul. Aug. Sep. Oct. Nov. Dec. 17 Graph # 1 Percentage of Patrol Time Consumption by Month -- All Incidents and Activities 10 15 20 25 50 55 40 45 Yearly Average = 57.01% per Month 18 Graph # 2 Monthly Time Consumption of All Incidents and Activities, Stated as a Percentage of the Whole Year. Year = 100% Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May Jun. Jul. Aug. Sep. Oct. Nov. Dec. 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Yearly Average = 8.35% Sun. Mon. Tues. Wed. Thur. Fri. Sat. Daily Percentage of All Incidents and Activities. Yearly Average. 19 Graph #3 Week = 100% lO 15 2O 20 Graph.#4 January - Daily Percentage of Incidents and Activities Week = 100% Sun. Mon. Tues. Wed. Thur. Fri. Sat. L .1 January Percentage \\\\\.\\\\V Average Yearly Percentage 21 Graph #5 February - Daily Percentage of Incidents and Activities Week = 100% Sun. Mon. Tues. Wed. Thur. Fri. Sat. I; 1 February Percentage m Average Yearly Percentage 22 Graph #6 March - Daily Percentage of Incidents and Activities Week = 100% Sun. Mon. Tues. Wed. Thur. Fri. Sat. l 1 March Percentage L\\\\\\\\\‘ Average Yearly Percentage 23 Graph #7 April - Daily Percentage of Incidents and Activities Week = 100% Sun. Mon. Tues. Wed. Thur. Fri. Sat. [1, *1 April Percentage m Average Yearly Percentage 24 Graph #8 May - Daily Percentage of Incidents and Activities Week = 100% Sun. Mon. Tues. Wed. Thur. Fri. Sat. [_ *1 May Percentage cm Average Yearly Percentage 25 Graph #9 June - Daily Percentage of Incidents and Activities Week = 100% Sun. Mon. Tues. Wed. Thur. Fri. Sat. L 4 June Percentage m Average Yearly Percentage 26 Graph #10 July - Daily Percentage of Incidents and Activities. Week = 100% Sun. Mon. Tues. Wed. Thur. Fri. Sat. [_ J July Percentage Average Yearly Percentage 27 Graph #11 August - Daily Percentage of Incidents and Activities. Week = 100% Sun. Mon. Tues. Wed. Thur. Fri. Sat. l 1 August Percentage m Average Yearly Percentage 28 Graph #12 September - Daily Percentage of Incidents and Activities. Week = 100% Sun. Mon. Tues. Wed. Thur. Fri. Sat. l 1 September Percentage m Average Yearly Percentage 29 Graph.#fl3 October - Daily Percentage of Incidents and Activities. Week = 100% Sun. Mon. Tues. Wed. Thur. Fri. Sat. [ *1 October Percentage m Average Yearly Percentage 30 Graph #14 November - Daily Percentage of Incidents and Activities. Week = 100% Sun. Mon. Tues. Wed. Thur. Fri. Sat. l 1] November Percentage k\\\\\\\\\‘ Average Yearly Percentage 31 Graph #15 December - Daily Percentage of Incidents and Activities Week = 100% Sun. Mon. Tues. r" J December Percentage m Average Yearly Percentage 32 In addition to the monthly and daily fluxuations in patrol response, another important area of data is that of the hourly fluxuation of patrol response. Logically, the patrol officer is not going to be as busy at 3:00 A.M. as he will be at 3:00 P.M. Inasmuch as this examina- tion will develop numerous facets of patrol response, an examination of the hourly responses is important in analyzing the various incidents and activities of patrol response. Through the use of data processing it was possible to obtain not only the number and time consumption of the patrol responses in the 73 different categories but also the num- ber of these incidents and activities which occurred each hour of the day in each category of response. If all 73 categories of response are combined and analyzed as to the percentage of the amount which will occur each hour of the day, based on a yearly average, the hourly response percentage using 24 hours as 100% is as follows: (hours in military time) 0000 to 0100 t 4.86% 0100 to 0200 = 4.25% 0200 to 0300 - 3.55% 0300 to 0400 = 2.15% 0400 to 0500 1.46% 0500 to 0600 = 1.46% 0600 to 0700 3 1.83% 0700 to 0800 = 2.52% 0800 to 0900 = 3.77% 0900 to 1000 - 4.36% 1000 to 1100 I 4.38% 1100 to 1200 8 3.66% 1200 to 1300 = 5.11% 1300 to 1400 = 5.38% 1400 to 1500 = 5.17% 1500 to 1600 = 5.88% 1600 to 1700 = 5.86% 1700 to 1800 = 5.81% 1800 to 1900 5.02% 1900 to 2000 = 3.50% 2000 to 2100 = 5.24% 2100 to 2200 = 5.09% 2200 to 2300 = 4.70% 2300 to 2400 = 4.99% Total Day 100% The above data is illustrated graphically in Graph #16 - Hourly Percentage of All Incidents and Activities - Yearly Average. During the course of deve10ping the above data, data was also developed of the hourly response for each month of the year, however, the slight differences obtained are not significant in examining the hourly fluxuations and the above data can be considered to be applica- ble to all months of the year. 0000 0100 0200 0500 0400 0500 0600 0700 0800 0900 1000 1100 1200 1500 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 2100 2200 2500 34 Graph #16 Hourly Percentage of All Incidents and Activities. Yearly Average. 0100 0200 0300 0400 0500 0600 0700 0800 0900 1000 1100 1200 1500 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 2100 2200 2500 0000 Military Time. 24 Hours = 100%. CHAPTER III Examination of Patrol Response by Type of Incident or Activity» So far in this study patrol response has been only examined as it pertained to an average of all incidents coming to the attention of patrol officers or of all activities performed by patrol officers. This data is useful from the standpoint of an overall examination of patrol response, however, if patrol response is to be examined in greater detail and an analysis made of the data developed it will require the deve10pment of data concerning each type of criminal and noncriminal incident or activity. This part of the study will be concerned with the examination of each of the 73 different types of incidents or activities to develop the following information: 1. The number of each type of incident or activity handled by patrol officers. 2. The total time consumption in man-hours of the patrol response to each type of incident or activity. 3. The average man-hour time consumption for each type of incident or activity. 4. The time consumption of each type of incident or activity compared to the total expenditure of man-hours, stated as a percentage. 5. The time consumption of each type of incident or activity compared to patrol man-hours expended only in responding to all incidents and activities, stated as a percentage. 36 6. The number of each type of incident or activity handled by patrol officers compared to the total number of all incidents and activi- ties handled, (ll6,228), stated as a percentage. 7. Patrol response to each type of incident or activity to develop: a. the busiest month of the year. b. the busiest day of the week. c. the busiest hour of the day. The examination of each type of incident or activity will begin with an examination of patrol response to the criminal incidents or activities. The incidents or activities categorized as criminal are those which are considered crimes in the Uniform Crime Reports published by the Federal Bureau of Investigation. These include both Part I and Part 11 crimes. The examination will then continue to all the other incidents and activities not listed in the Uniform Crime Reports as crimes but to which patrol officers responded. Examination of Patrol Response - Criminal Incidents or Activities Incidents or activities categorized as criminal are those which are listed as crimes in the Uniform Crime Reports. The Part I crimes examined in this study are: Homicide Forcible Rape Robbery Breaking and Entering (Burglary) Larceny Aggravated Assault Auto Theft 37 The Part 11 crimes examined in this study are: Forgery Fraud Assault Weapons Offenses Sex Offenses (except forcible rape) Narcotics Gambling Liquor Violations Drunk Disorderly Conduct Vagrancy Purse Snatching Shoplifting Driving Under the Influence of Liquor The recording system of the police department studied did not allow for a differentiation between these incidents and activities to which apatrol officer was dispatched by radio command from headquarters and these incidents and activities which the officer discovered by himself during routine patrol activity. The time spent on each inci- dent or activity, whether radio dispatched or observed by the officer, is recorded the same, and a differentiation is not necessary for the purposes of this study which is interested primarily in the time con- sumed by the various incidents and activities. HOMICIDE The first criminal incident to be examined is homicide. During the year of 1970 patrol officers responded to 23 homicide incidents which consumed 54.23 hours of patrol time. The average time consump- tion per incident was 2.35 hours. The following data was deveIOped regarding patrol responses to homicide incidents: l. The time consumed, 54.23 hours, was .03% of the total number of patrol man—hours expended fer the year. 38 2. The time consumed, 54.23 hours, was .10% of the total number of patrol man-hours consumed by all incidents and activities. 3. The number of homicide incidents, 23, accounted for .01% of the total number of incidents or activities handled by patrol officers. 4. Patrol officers responded to more homicides during the month of March, 6, than during any other month. 5. Patrol officers responded to more homicides on Friday and Saturday, 6 apiece, than during any other days of the week. 6. Patrol officers responded to more homicides between the hours of 6:00 P.M. and 7:00 P.M. than during any other hours of the day. Response to Homicide Incidents by Month, Day and Hour: Response by Month: January . . . 1 July . ..... 5 February . . . 0 August . . . . . 2 March . . . . 0 September . . . . 2 April . . . . 2 October . . . . . 0 May ..... 5 November . 0 June . . . . . 0 December 0 Response by Day of Week: Sunday . . . . Monday . . Tuesday . . . . wednesday . . . Thursday . . . 0 Friday . . . . 0 Saturday . . . 6 Obi/«11> Response by Hour of Day: The hourly data of patrol response is illustrated graphically in Graph #17 - Homicide: Hour of Patrol Response and Number per Hour. 0000 0100 0200 0500 0400 0500 0600 0700 0800 0900 1000 1100 1200 1500 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 2100 2200 2500 Graph #17 — Hour of Patrol Response Yearly Average ”J1 Lyme 39 Homicide and Number per Hour Military Time 10 40 FORCIDLE RAPE Patrol officers reSponded to S9 forcible rape incidents during the year which consumed 66.95 patrol hours. The average time consump- tion per forcible rape incident was 1.13 hours. The following data was developed regarding patrol response to forcible rape incidents: 1. The time consumed, 66.95 hours, was .05% of the total number of patrol man-hours expended for the year. The time consumed, 66.95 hours, was .12% of the total number of patrol man-hours consumed by all incidents and activities. The number of forcible rape incidents, 59, accounted for .05% of the total number of incidents and activities handled by patrol officers. Patrol officers responded to more forcible rape incidents during the months of July and October, 9 apiece, than during any other ‘months. Patrol officers responded to more forcible rape incidents on Sunday and Wednesday, 15 apiece, than during any other days of the week. Patrol officers responded to more forcible rape incidents between the hours of 11:00 P.M. and 12:00 A.M. than during any other hours of the day. 41 Response to Forcible Rape Incidents by Menth, Day and Hour: Response by Month: January . . . 3 July ..... 9 February . . 4 August . . . . 8 March . . . . 5 September . . . 3 April 4 October . . . . 9 May 4 November . 5 June ..... 4 December . 1 Response by Day of Week: Sunday . . . . 15 Thursday . . . 3 Monday . . . . Tuesday . . . . Wednesday . . . 1 Friday . . . . 8 Saturday . . . 8 (fl-50 Response by Hour of Day: The Hourly data of patrol response is illustrated graphically in Graph #18 - Forcible Rape: Hour of Patrol Response and Number per Hour. ROBBERY Patrol officers responded to 699 robbery incidents which consumed 628.25 hours of patrol time. The average time consumption per robbery incident was .90 hours. The following data was developed regarding patrol response to robbery incidents: l. The time consumed, 628.25 hours, was .45% of the total number of patrol man-hours expended for the year. 2. The time consumed, 628.25 hours, was 1.21% of the total number of patrol man-hours consumed by all incidents and activities. 3. The number of robbery incidents, 699, accounted for .60% of the total number of incidents and activities handled by patrol offi- cers . 42 Graph #18 - Forcible Rape Hour of Patrol Response and Number per Hour Yearly Average Military Time 43 4. Patrol officers responded to more robbery incidents during the month of October than during any other month. 5. Patrol officers responded to more robbery incidents on Saturday than during any other day of the week. 6. Patrol officers responded to more robbery incidents between the hours of 8:00 P.M. and 9:00 P.M. than during any other hours of the day. Response to Robbery Incidents per Month, Day and Hour: Response per Mbnth: January . . . 40 July ..... 49 February . . . 54 August . . . . 60 .MarCh . . . . 37 September . . .104 April . . . . 24 October . . . .126 May ..... 31 November . . . 43 June . . . . . 31 December . . .100 Response_per Day of Week: Sunday . . . . 57 Thursday . . . 108 Monday . . . . 97 Friday . . . . 116 Tuesday . . . . 104 Saturday . . . 120 Wednesday . . . 92 Response by Hour of Day: The hourly data of patrol response is illustrated graphically in Graph #19 - Robbery: Hour of Patrol Response and Number per Hour. BREAKING AND ENTERING Patrol officers responded to 4112 breaking and entering incidents which consumed 2991.00 hours of patrol time. The average time consump- tion per each breaking and entering incident was .73 hours. 0000 0100 0200 0500 0400 0500 0600 0700 0800 0900 1000 1100 1200 1500 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 2100 2200 2500 Hour of Patrol Response and Number per Hour 10 Yearly Average 20 Graph #19 - Robbery 50 4O 44 50 Military Time 60 70 80 9O 100 45 The following data was developed regarding patrol responses to breaking and entering incidents: l. The time consumed, 2991 hours, was 2.13% of the total number of patrol man-hours expended for the year. The time consumed, 2991 hours, was 5.77% of the total number of patrol man-hours consumed by all incidents and activities. The number of breaking and entering incidents, 4112, accounted for 3.54% of the total number of incidents and activities handled by patrol officers. Patrol officers responded to more breaking and entering incidents during the month of August than during any other month. Patrol officers responded to more breaking and entering incidents on Monday than during any other day of the week. Patrol officers responded to more breaking and entering incidents between the hours of 9:00 PdM. and 10:00 P. M. than during any other hours of the day. Response to Breaking and Entering Incidents by Month, Day, and Hour of Day: Response by Month: January . . . 291 July ..... 429 February . . . 255 August . . . . 558 March . . . . 291 September . . . 403 April . . . . 295 October . . . . 474 May ..... 281 November . . . 326 June . . . . . 273 December . . . 236 Response by Day of Week: Sunday . . . . 644 Thursday . . . 592 Monday . . . . 648 Friday . . . . 542 Tuesday . . . . 611 Saturday . . . 544 Wednesday . . . 531 46 Response by Hour of Day: The hourly data of patrol response is illustrated graphically in Graph #20 - Breaking and Entering: Hour of Patrol Response and Number per Hour. LARCENY Patrol officers responded to 4457 larceny incidents which consumed 2693.65 hours of patrol time. The average time consumption per each larceny incident was .60 hours. The following data was deve10ped regarding patrol response to larceny incidents: l. The time consumed, 2693.65 hours, was 1.92% of the total number of patrol man-hours expended for the year. 2. The time consumed, 2693.65 hours, was 5.19% of the total number of man-hours consumed by all incidents and activities. 3. The number of larceny incidents, 4457, was 3.83% of the total number of incidents and activities handled by patrol officers. 4. Patrol officers responded to more larceny incidents during the month of July than during any other month. 5. Patrol officers responded to more larceny incidents on Monday than during any other day of the week. 6. Patrol officers responded to more larceny incidents between the hours of 5:00 P.M. and 6:00 P.M. than during any other hours of the day. 0000 0100 0200 0500 0400 0500 0600 0700 0800 0900 1000 1100 1200 1500 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 2100 2200 2500 0 47 Graph #20 Breaking and Entering Hour of Patrol Response and Number per Hour Yearly Average Military Time 50 100 150 200 250 300 48 Response to Larceny Incidents by Menth, Day and Hour of Day: Response by Month: January . . . 224 July . . . . . 515 February . . . 217 August . . . . 502 March . . . . 272 September . . . 422 April . . . . 404 October . . . . 438 May ..... 402 November . 285 June . . . . . 500 December . . . 276 Response by Day of week: Sunday . . . . 469 Thursday . . . 668 Monday . . . . 747 Friday . . . . 665 Tuesday . . . . 683 Saturday . . . 587 wednesday . . . 638 Response by Hour of Dgy: The hourly data of patrol response is illustrated graphically in Graph #21 - Larceny: Hour of Patrol Response and Number per Hour. AGGRAVATED.ASSAULT Patrol officers responded to 713 aggravated assault incidents during the year which consumed 632.25 patrol hours. The average time consumption per aggravated assault incident was .89 hours. The following data was developed regarding patrol response to aggravated assault incidents: l. The time consumed, 632.25 hours, was .45% of the total number of patrol man-hours expended fer the year. 2. The time consumed, 632.25 hours, was 1.22% of the total number of man-hours consumed by all incidents and activities. 3. The number of aggravated assault incidents, 713, accounted for .61% of the total number of incidents and activities handled by patrol officers. 49 Graph # 21 Larceny Hour of Patrol Response and Number per Hour Yearly Average Military Time 0000 0100 0200 0500 0500 0600 0700 0800 0900 1000 1100 1200 1500 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 2100 2200 2500 O 50 100 150 200 250 500 550 50 4. Patrol officers responded to more aggravated assualt incidents during the month of August than during any other month. 5. Patrol officers responded to more aggravated assault incidents on Saturday than during any other day of the week. 6. Patrol officers responded to more aggravated assault incidents between the hours of 10:00 P.M. and 11:00 P.M. than during any other hours of the day. Response to Aggravated Assault Incidents by Month, Day and Hour: Responseby MOnth: January . . . 46 July ..... 71 February . . . 23 August . . . . 90 March . . . . 35 September . . . 61 April . . . . 66 October . . . . 71 May . . . . . 68 November . . . 55 June . . . . . 54 December . . . 73 Response by Day of Week: Sunday . . . . 111 Thursday . . . 80 Monday . . . . 85 Friday . . . . 108 TUesday . . . . 83 Saturday . . . 177 wednesday . . . 78 Response by Hour of Day; The hourly data of patrol response is illustrated graphically in Graph #22 - Aggravated Assault: Hour of Patrol Response and Number per Hour. AUTO THEFT Patrol officers responded to 986 auto theft incidents during the year which consumed 675.58 hours of patrol time. The average time consumption per auto theft incident was .69 hours. 51 Graph #22 Aggravated Assault Hour of Patrol Response and Number per Hour Yearly Average Military Time 0000 0100 0200 0500 0400 0500 0600 0700 0800 0900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 2100 2200 2500 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 52 The following data was developed regarding patrol response to auto theft incidents: 1. The time consumed, 675.58 hours, was .48% of the total number of patrol man-hours expended for the year. The time consumed, 675.58 hours, was 1.30% of the total number of man-hours consumed by all incidents and activities. The number of auto theft incidents, 986, accounted for .85% of the total number of incidents and activities handled by patrol officers. Patrol officers responded to more auto theft incidents during the month of May than during any other month. Patrol officers reSponded to more auto theft incidents on Saturday than during any other day of the week. Patrol officers responded to more auto theft incidents between the hours of 11:00 P.M. and 12:00 A.M. than during any other hours of the day. Response to Auto Theft Incidents by Month, Day and Hour: Response bijonth: January . . . 68 July ..... 85 February . . . 62 August . . . . 78 March . . . . 87 September . . . 78 April . . . . 108 October . . . . 88 May . . . . . 133 November . . . 70 June ..... 86 December . . . 43 Response by Day of Week: Sunday . . . . 153 Thursday . . . 130 Monday . . . . 122 Friday . . . . 163 Thesday . . . . 129 Saturday . . . 178 wednesday . . . lll 53 Response by Hour of Day: The hourly data of patrol response is illustrated graphically in Graph #23 - Auto Theft: Hour of Patrol Response and Number per Hour. TABLE OF PATROL RESPONSE TO PART I CRIMES Patrol response to the Part I crimes: homicide, forcible rape, robbery, breaking and entering, larceny, auto theft, aggravated assault and auto theft revealed the following data regarding the number of incidents and the time consumption of each type of incident:* % of Total Time Con- Time Con- Number of sumption as sumption as Incidents a % of Total a % of Time Number Handled Time Patrol Time Consumed by Incident of Inc. by_Patrol Consumption Expended A11 Incidents Homicide 23 .01% 54.23 hrs. .03% .10% Forcible Rape 59 .05% 66.95 hrs. .05% .12% Robbery 699 .60% 628.25 hrs. .45% 1.21% Breaking G Entering 4112 3.54% 2991.00 hrs. 2.13% 5.77% Larceny 4457 3.83% 2693.65 hrs. 1.92% 5.19% Aggravated Assault 713 .61% 632.25 hrs. .45% 1.22% Auto Theft 986 .85% 675.58 hrs. .48% 1.30% Total- Part I Crimes 11,049 9.19% 7741.91 hrs. 5.51% 14.91% *Percentages rounded off to nearest one-hundredth of a percent. 54 Graph # 23 Auto Theft Hour of Patrol Response and Number per Hour Yearly Average Military Time 0000 0100 0200 0500 0400 0500 0600 0700 0800 0900 1100 1200 1500 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 2100 2200 2300 55 FORGERY Patrol officers responded to 58 forgery incidents during the year which consumed 59.57 hours of patrol time. The average time consump- tion per each forgery incident was 1.03 hours. The following data was developed regarding patrol response to forgery incidents: 1. The time consumed, 59.57 hours, was .04% of the total number of patrol man-hours expended for the year. The time consumed, 59.57 hours, was .11% of the total number of man-hours consumed by all incidents and activities. The number of forgery incidents, 58, accounted for .05% of the total number of incidents and activities handled by patrol offi- cers. Patrol officers responded to more forgery incidents during the month of November than during any other month. Patrol officers responded to more forgery incidents on Wednesdays and Fridays than during any other days of the week. Patrol officers responded to more forgery incidents between the hours of 4:00 P.M. and 5:00 P.M. than during any other hours of the day. Response to Forgery Incidents by Month, Day and Hour: Response by_Mbnth: January . . . 1 July . . . . . 1 February . . . 2 August . . . . 9 March . . . . 8 September . . . 8 April . 8 October . . . . 1 May ..... 1 November . . .17 JUne ..... 1 December . . . l 56 Response by Day of Week: Sunday . . . . 1 Monday . . . . 10 Tuesday . . . . 8 Wednesday . . . 14 Thursday . . . 4 Friday . . . . 14 Saturday . . . 7 Response by Hour of Day: 0000 . . . . 0 1200 . . 4 0100 . . . . 0 1300 . . . S 0200 . . 0 1400 . . . 1 0300 . . 0 1500 . . . 6 0400 . 0 1600 . . 0 0500 . . 1 1700 . . S 0600 . . 0 1800 . 3 0700 . . 0 1900 . 2 0800 . 1 2000 . . 3 0900 . . 1 2100 . . . 0 1000 . . 1 2200 . . . 1 1100 . . 4 2300 . . . . 1 FRAUD Patrol officers responded to 245 fraud incidents during the year which consumed 184.50 patrol hours. The average time consumption per fraud incident was .75 hours. The following data was developed regarding patrol response to fraud incidents: 1. The time consumed, 184.50 hours, was .13% of the total number of patrol man-hours expended for the year. 2. The time consumed, 184.50 hours, was .36% of the total number of man-hours consumed by all incidents and activities. 3. The number of fraud incidents, 245, accounted for .21% of the total number of incidents and activities handled by patrol officers. 4. Patrol officers responded to more fraud incidents during the month of December than during any other month. 5. Patrol officers responded to more fraud incidents on Friday than during any other day of the week. 57 6. Patrol officers responded to more fraud incidents between the hours of 3:00 P.M. and 4:00 P.M. than during any other hours of the day. Response to Fraud Incidents by Month, Day and Hour: Response by Month: January . . . 11 July ..... 25 February . . . 18 August . . . . 21 March . . . . 20 September . . . 25 April . . . . 18 October . . . . 20 May . . . . . 19 November . . . 25 JUne ..... 9 December . . . 34 Response by Day_of Week: Sunday . . . . 25 Monday . . . . 33 Tuesday . . . . 34 Nednesday . . . 38 Thursday . . . 38 Friday . . . . 46 Saturday . . . 32 Response by Hour of Day: 0000 . . . . 12 1200 . . . . 19 0100 . . . . 11 1300 . . . . 12 0200 . . . . 2 1400 . . . . 10 0300 . . . . 4 1500 . . . . 22 0400 . . . . 3 1000 . . . 19 0500 . . . . 2 1700 . . . . 12 0600 . . . . 8 1800 . . . . 15 0700 . . . . 4 1900 . . . . 17 0800 . . . . 5 2000 . . . . 18 0900 . . . . 3 2100 . . . . 9 1000 . . . . 14 2200 . . . . 4 1100 . . . . 13 2300 . . . . 7 ASSAULT Patrol officers responded to 1168 assault incidents during the year which consumed 715.65 patrol hours. The average time consump- tion per assault incident was .61 hours. 58 The following data was developed regarding patrol response to assault incidents: I. The time consumption, 715.65 hours, was .51% of the total number of patrol man-hours expended for the year. 2. The time consumption, 715.65 hours, was 1.38% of the total number of man-hours consumed by all incidents and activities. 3. The number of assault incidents, 1168, accounted for 1.01% of the total number of incidents and activities handled by patrol officers. 4. Patrol officers responded to more assault incidents during the month of October than during any other month. 5. Patrol officers responded to more assault incidents on Saturday than during any other day of the week. 6. Patrol officers responded to more assault incidents between the hours of 9:00 P.M. and 10:00 P;M. than during any other hours of the day. Response to Assault Incidents by Month, Day and Hour: Response by Month: January . . . 93 July ..... 103 February . . . 62 August . . . . 117 .March . . . . 80 September . . . 86 April . . . . 107 October . . . 121 May ..... 101 November . . . 74 June ..... 115 December . . . 109 Response by Day of Week: Sunday . . . . 163 Thursday . . . 159 Monday . . . . 168 Friday . . . . 171 Tuesday . . . . 162 Saturday . . . 196 wednesday . . . 154 S9 ReSponse by Hour of Day: The hourly data of patrol response is illustrated graphically in Graph #24 - Assault: Hour of Patrol Response and Number per Hour. WEAPONS OFFENSES During the year patrol officers responded to 1307 incidents involv- ing weapons offenses which consumed 635.65 hours of patrol time. The average time consumption per weapons offense incident was .49 hours. weapons offenses involve such incidents as carrying a concealed weapon, possession of an unregistered weapon and firing a weapon within the city limits. The following data was developed regarding patrol response to weapons offenses: 1. The time consumed, 635.65 hours, was .45% of the total number of patrol man-hours expended for the year. 2. The time consumed, 635.65 hours, was 1.22% of the total time consumed by all incidents and activities. 3. The number of weapons offense incidents, 1307, accounted for 1.12% of the total number of incidents and activities handled by patrol officers. 4. Patrol officers responded to more weapons offense incidents during the month of August than during any other month. 5. Patrol officers responded to more weapons offense incidents on Sunday than during any other day of the week. 6. Patrol officers responded to more weapons offense incidents between the hours of 8:00 P.M. and 9:00 P.M. than during any other hours of the day. 60 Graph # 24 Assault Hour of Patrol Response and Number per Hour Yearly Average Military Time 0000 0100 0200 0500 0400 0500 0600 0700 0800 0900 1000 1100 1200 1500 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 2100 2200 2500 0 10 20 50 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 61 Response of Weapons Offense Incidents by Month, Day and Hour: Response by Month: January . . . . 67 July . . 115 February . . . . 87 August . . . . 162 March ..... 98 September . . . 112 April ..... 90 October . . . 159 May ...... 131 November . . . 97 June ...... 88 December . . . 102 Response bLDay of Week: Sunday . . . . 242 Thursday . . . 143 Monday . . . . 155 Friday . . . . 212 Tuesday . . . . 168 Saturday . . . 231 wednesday . . . 156 Response by Hour of Day: The hourly data of patrol reSponse is illustrated graphically in Graph #25 - weapons Offenses: Hour of Patrol Response and Number per Hour. SEX OFFENSES During the year patrol officers responded to 56 sex offense incidents which consumed 34.62 hours of patrol time. The average time consumption per sex offense incident was .62 hours. Sex offense inci- dents would include sex-related crimes, except forcible rapes, such as indecent exposure, lewd conduct, statutory rape, and etc. The following data was developed regarding patrol response to sex offense incidents: 1. The time consumed, 34.62 hours, was .02% of the total number of patrol man-hours expended for the year. 2. The time consumed, 34.62 hours, was .06% of the total time consumed by all incidents and activities. 62 Graph #25 Weapons Offenses Hour of Patrol Response and Number per Hour Yearly Average Military Time 0000 0100 0200 0500 0400 0500 0600 0700 0800 0900 1000 1100 1200‘ 1500 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 2100 2200 2500 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 63 3. The number of sex offense incidents, 56, accounted for .04% of the total number of incidents and activities handled by patrol officers. 4. Patrol officers responded to more sex offense incidents during the month of August than during any other month. 5. Patrol officers responded to more sex offense incidents on Wednesday than during any other day of the week. 6. Patrol officers responded to more sex offense incidents between the hours of 6:00 P.M. and 7:00 P.Mk than during any other hours of the day. Response to Sex Offense Incidents by Mbnth, Day and Hour: Response by Month: January . . . 6 July ..... 5 February . . . 4 August . 8 .March 5 September 5 April . 3 October . . 6 .May ..... 4 N0vember 2 June . 5 December 3 Response by Day of Week: Sunday . . . . 3 LMonday . . . . 10 Tuesday . . . . 8 wednesday . . . 12 Thursday . . . 6 Friday . . . . 8 Saturday . . . 9 Response by Hour of Day: 0000 . . . . 2 1200 . . . . 2 0100 . . . . 1 1300 . . . . 2 0200 . . . . O 1400 . . . . 4 0300 . . . 1 1500 . . . . 5 0400 . . . . 0 1600 . . . . O 0500 . . . 1 1700 . . . . 6 0600 . . . 0 1800 . . . . 7 0700 . . . 0 1900 . . . . 3 0800 . . . 0 2000 . . . . 5 0900 . . 2 2100 . . . 2 1000 . . 3 2200 . . . . 2 1100 . . 5 2300 . . . . 3 64 NARCOTICS OFFENSES Patrol officers responded to 131 narcotics offense incidents during the year which consumed 107.78 patrol hours. The average consumption per narcotics offense incident was .79 hours. The following data was developed regarding patrol response to narcotics offense incidents: 1. The time consumed, 107.78 hours, was .08% of the total number of patrol man-hours expended for the year. 2. The time consumption of 107.78 hours, was .21% of the total time consumed by all incidents and activities. 3. The number of narcotics offense incidents, 137, accounted for .12% of the total number of incidents and activities handled by patrol officers. 4. Patrol officers responded to more narcotics offense incidents during the month of August than during any other month. 5. Patrol officers reSponded to more narcotics offense incidents on Wednesday than during any other day of the week. 6. Patrol officers reSponded to more narcotics offense incidents between the hours of 12:00 A.M. and 1:00 A.M. than during any other hours of the day. Response to Narcotics Offense Incidents by Month, Day and Hour: Response by Month: January . . . . 7 July ..... 15 February . . . . 4 August . . . . 17 March ..... 11 September . . . 10 April ..... 12 October . . . . 13 May ...... 11 November . . . 12 June ...... 10 December . . . 9 65 Response by Day of Week: Sunday . . . . 15 Thursday . . . 15 Monday . . . . 17 Friday . . . . 16 Tuesday . . . . 21 Saturday . . . 17 wednesday . . . 30 Response by Hour of Day: The hourly data of patrol response is illustrated graphically in Graph #26 - Narcotics Offenses: Hour of Patrol Response and Number per Hour. GAMBLING During the year patrol officers reSponded to 38 gambling incidents which consumed 9.82 hours of patrol time. The average time consumption per gambling incident.was .26 hours. The following data was developed regarding patrol response to gambling incidents: 1. The time consumed, 9.82 hours, was .01% of the total number of patrol man-hours expended for the year. 2. The time consumed, 9.82 hours, was .02% of the total time consumed by all incidents and activities. 3. The number of gambling incidents, 38, accounted for .03% of the total number of incidents and activities handled by patrol offi- cers during the year. 4. The busiest month of the year for patrol response was May when 11 incidents were recorded, while January, November and December each recorded 0 incidents. 5. The busiest day of the year was Thursday when 10 incidents were recorded, while the least busiest day of the year was Saturday when only 1 incident was recorded. 66 Graph # 26 Narcotics Offenses Hour of Patrol Response and Number per Hour Yearly Average Military Time O 5 10 15 20 25 67 The busiest hour of the day was the time between 12:00 P.M. and 1:00 P.M. when 12 incidents were recorded. LIQUOR VIOLATIONS During the year patrol officers responded to 112 liquor violation offenses involving both adults and juveniles. Adults accounted for 35 of the incidents and juveniles accounted for 77 of the incidents. The time consumed by these incidents was 85.92 hours. The average time consumption per liquor violation offense was .77 hours. The following data.was developed regarding patrol response to liquor violation incidents: 1. The time consumed, 85.92 hours, was .06% of the total number of patrol man-hours expended for the year. The time consumed, 85.92 hours, was .17% of the total time consumed by all incidents and activities. The number of liquor violation incidents, 112, accounted for .09% of all incidents and activities handled by patrol officers during the year. The busiest month of the year for patrol response was October when 17 incidents were recorded, while the least busiest month was December when only 2 incidents were recorded. The busiest days of the week for patrol reSponse were Friday and Saturday when 25 incidents were recorded for each day, while the least busiest day was Tuesday when only 6 incidents were recorded. The busiest hour of the day was the time between 12:00 ANM, and 1:00 A.M. when 16 incidents were recorded. 68 DRUNK During the year patrol officers reSponded to 956 drunk incidents which consumed 395.30 hours of patrol time. The average time consump- tion per drunk incident was .41 hours. The following data.was developed regarding the patrol response to drunk incidents: 1. The time consumed, 395.30 hours, was .28% of the total number of patrol man-hours expended for the year. The time consumed, 395.30 hours, was .76% of the total time consumed by all incidents and activities. The number of drunk incidents, 956, accounted for .82% of the total number of incidents and activities handled by patrol officers for the year. Patrol officers responded to more drunk incidents during the month of August than during any other month. Patrol officers reSponded to more drunk incidents on Saturday than during any other day of the week. Patrol officers responded to more drunk incidents between the hours of 6:00 P.M. and 7:00 P.M. than during any other hours of the day. Response to Drunk Incidents by Month, Day and Hour: Response by Month: January . . . . 52 July ..... 86 February . . . . 57 August . . . . 142 .March ..... 58 September . . . 97 April ..... 82 October . . . . 82 May . ..... 79 November . . . 51 June ...... 99 December . . . 71 69 Response by Day of Week: Sunday . . . . 122 Thursday . . . 123 Monday . . . . 113 Friday . . . . 168 Tuesday . . . . 122 Saturday . . . 204 Wednesday . . . 104 Response by Hour of Day: Patrol response by hour of day is illustrated graphically in Graph #27 - Drunk: Hour of Patrol Response and Number per Hour. DISORDERLY CONDUCT Patrol officers responded to 4840 disorderly conduct incidents during the year which consumed 1650.22 patrol hours. The average time consumption per disorderly conduct incident was .34 hours. The following data was developed regarding patrol response to disorderly conduct incidents: l. The time consumed, 1650.22 hours, was 1.18% of the total number of patrol man-hours expended for the year. 2. The time consumed, 1650.22 hours, was 3.18% of the total time consumed by all incidents and activities. 3. The number of incidents, 4840, accounted for 4.16% of all inci- dents and activities handled by patrol officers for the year. 4. Patrol officers responded to more disorderly conduct incidents during the month.July than during any other month of the year. 5. Patrol officers responded to more disorderly conduct incidents on Saturday than during any other day of the week. 6. Patrol officers responded to more disorderly conduct incidents between the hours of 11:00 P.M. and 12:00 A.M. than during any other hours of the day. 70 Graph #27 ‘ Drunk Hour of Patrol Response and Number per Hour Yearly Average Military Time 0000 0100 0200 0500 0400 0500 0600 0700 0800 0900 1100 1200 1500 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 2100 2200 2300 0 10 2O 50 40 50 60 70 80 71 Response to Disorderly Conduct Incidents by Menth, Day and Hour: Response by Month: January . . . . 282 July . . . . . 642 February . . . . 254 August . . . . 530 March . . . . . 313 September . . . 468 April ..... 347 October . . . . 430 May ...... 455 November . . . 244 JUne ...... 506 December . . . 369 Response by Day of Week: Sunday . . . . 749 Thursday . . . 610 Monday . . . . 602 Friday . . . . 763 Tuesday . . . . 612 Saturday . . . 982 Wednesday . . . 492 Response by Hour of Day: The patrol reSponse by hour of the day is illustrated in Graph #28 - Disorderly Conduct: Hour of Patrol Response and Number per Hour. VAGRANCY During the year patrol officers responded to 3 vagrancy incidents which consumed .80 patrol hours. The average time consumption per vagrancy incident was .27 hours. The following data was developed regarding the patrol response to vagrancy incidents: l. The time consumed, .80 hours, was less than .01% of the total num- ber of patrol man-hours expended for the year. 2. The time consumed, .80 hours, was less than .01% of the time consumed by all incidents and activities. 3. The number of vagrancy incidents, 3, was less than .01% of the total number of incidents and activities handled by patrol offi- cers for the year. 72 Graph #28 Disorderly Conduct Hour of Patrol Response and Number per Hour Yearly Average Military Time 0000 0100 0200 0300 0400 0500 0600 0700 0900 1000 1100 1200 1500 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 2100 2200 2500 0 100 200 500 400 500 73 PURSE SNA'l'O IING During the year patrol officers responded to 186 purse snatching incidents which consumed 145.97 patrol hours. The average time consump- tion per purse snatch incident was .78 hours. The following data was deve10ped from patrol response to purse snatching incidents: 1. The time consumed, 145.97 hours, was .10% of the total number of patrol man-hours expended for the year. 2. The time consumed, 145.97 hours, was .28% of the total time con- sumed by all incidents and activities. 3. The number of incidents, 186, accounted for .16% of the total num- ber of incidents and activities handled by patrol officers for the year. 4. Patrol officers responded to more purse snatching incidents during the month of September than during any other month of the year. 5. Patrol officers responded to more incidents on Friday than during any other day of the week. 6. Patrol officers responded to more incidents between the hours of 9:00 P.M. and 10:00 P.M. than during any other hours of the day. Response to Purse Snatching Incidents by Month, Day and Hour: Response by Month: January . . . 22 July ..... 6 February . . . 13 August . . . . 8 March . . . . 22 September . . . 26 April . . . . 19 October . . . . 21 May . . . . . 5 November . . . l4 JUne ..... 9 December . . . 21 74 Response by Day of week: Sunday . . . . 10 Thursday.. . . 24 Monday . . . . 27 Friday . . . . 35 Tuesday . . . . 32 Saturday . . . 33 wednesday . . . 25 Response by Hour of Day: The patrol response to purse snatching incidents is illustrated in Graph #29 - Purse Snatching: Hour of Patrol Response and Number per Hour. SHOPLIFTING Patrol officers responded to 246 shoplifting incidents during the year which consumed 218.92 patrol hours. The average time consumption per shoplifting incident was .89 hours. 1 The following data was developed regarding patrol response to shoplifting incidents: l. The time consumed, 218.92 hours, was .16% of the total patrol man- hours expended for the year. 2. The time consumed, 218.92 hours, was .42% of the total time consumed by all incidents and activities. 3. The number of shoplifting incidents, 246, accounted for .21% of the total number of incidents and activities handled by patrol officers for the year. 4. Patrol officers responded to more shoplifting incidents during the month of October than during any other month. 5. Patrol officers responded to more sheplifting incidents on Saturday than during any other day of the week. 6. Patrol officers responded to more incidents between the hours of 4:00 P.M. and 5:00 P.M. than chlring any other hours of the day. 75 Graph #29 Purse Snatching Hour of Patrol Response and Number per Hour Yearly Average Military Time 0000 O 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 4O 76 Response to Shoplifting Incidents by Month, Day and Hour: Resmnse by Month: ..... 24 August . . . . 24 September . . . 18 October . . . . 35 November . . . 18 December . . . 23 January ...16 February...17 March ....18 April. . . . . 15 May .....19 June.....19 ReSponse by Day of Week: Sunday . . . . 10 Abnday . . . . 37 Tuesday . . . . 36 Wednesday . . . 46 Thursday . . . 32 Friday . . . . 35 Saturday . . . SO Bgsponse by Hour of Day: 0000 . . . . 0 1200 . . . . 24 0100 . . . . 0 1300 . . . . 19 0200 . . . . 0 1400 . . . . 29 0300 . . . . O 1500 . . . . 34 0400 . . . . 0 1600 . . . . 39 0500 . . . . 0 1700 . . . . 26 0600 . . . . 0 1800 . . . . 13 0700 . . . 1 1900 . . . . 12 0800 . . . . 0 2000 . . . . 14 0900 . . . 2 2100 . . . . 4 1000 . . . . 10 2200 . . . . 0 1100 . . . . 19 2300 . . . 0 DRIVING UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF LIQUOR During the year patrol officers responded to 97 driving under the influence incidents which consumed 124.15 hours of patrol time. The average time consumption per incident was 1.28 hours. The following data was developed regarding patrol response to driving under the influence incidents: 1. The time consumed, 124.15 hours, was .09% of the total patrol man- hours expended for the year. 77 2. The time consumed, 124.15 hours, was .24% of the total number of patrol hours consumed by all incidents and activities. 3. The number of incidents, 97, was .08% of the total number of inci- dents and activities handled by patrol officers fer the year. 4. Patrol officers responded to more driving under the influence inci- dents during the month of September than during any other month. 5. Patrol officers responded to more incidents on Saturday than during any other day of the week. 6. Patrol officers responded to more incidents between the hours of 12:00 A.M. and 1:00 A;M. than during any other hours of the day. Response to Driving Under the Influence Incidents, by Month, Day and Hour of Day: Response by Mbnth: January . . . 2 JU1y . . . . . 5 February . . . 2 August . . . . 8 March . . . . 3 September . . . 19 April . . . . 15 October . . . . 2 May . . . . . 17 November . . . 10 June.....9 December...5 Responseyby Day of Week: Sunday . . . . 20 Thursday . . . 14 Btnxknr . . . . 6 Friday . . . . 12 Tuesday . . . . 9 Saturday . . . 24 Wednesday . . . 12 78 Response by Hour of Day: 0000 . . . . 13 1200 . . . . 3 0100 . . . . 12 1300 . . . . 2 0200 . . . . 10 1400 . . . . 0 0300 . . . . 7 1500 . . . . 5 0400 . . . . 4 1600 . . . . 2 0500 . . . . 1 1700 . . . . 5 0600 . . . . 1 1800 . . . . 9 0700 . . . . 0 1900 . . . . 6 0800 . . . . 1 2000 . . . . 5 0900 . . . . 0 2100 . . . . 3 1000 . . . . 1 2200 . . . . S 1100 . . . . 0 2300 . . . . 2 TABLE OF PATROL RESPONSE TO PART II CRIMES Patrol response to the Part 11 crimes: forgery, fraud, assault, weapons offenses, sex offenses, gambling, liquor violations, narcotics offenses, driving under the influence of liquor, drunk, disorderly conduct, vagrancy, purse snatching and shoplifting revealed the follow- ing data regarding the number of incidents and the time consumption of each type of incident:* % of Total Time Con- Time Con- Number of sumption as sumption as Incidents a % of Total a t of Time Number Handled Time Patrol Time Consumed by Incident of Inc. by Patrol Consumption Expended A11 Incidents Forgery 58 .05% 59.57 hrs. .04% .11% Fraud 245 .21% 184.50 hrs. .13% .36% Assault 1168 1.01% 715.65 hrs. .51% 1.38% weapons Offenses 1307 1.12% 635.65 hrs. .45% 1.22% Sex Offenses 56 .04% 34.62 hrs. .02% .06% Gambling 38 .03% 9.82 hrs. .01% .02% Liquor Violations 112 .09% 85.92 hrs. .06% .17% 79 Part II crimes: (cont.) % of Total Time Con- Time Con- Number of sumption as sumption as Incidents a % of Tbtal a % of Time Number Handled Time Patrol Time Consumed by Incident of Inc. bnyatrol Consumption Expanded All Incidents Narcotics Offenses 131 .12% 107.78 hrs. .08% .21% Driving Under the Influence 97 .08% 124.15 hrs. .09% .24% Drunk 956 .82% 395.30 hrs. .28% .76% Disorderly Conduct 4840 4.16% 1650.22 hrs. 1.18% 3.18% 'Vagrancy 3 .01% .80 hrs. .01% .01% Purse Snatching 186 .16% 145.97 hrs. .10% .28% Shoplifting 246 .21% 218.92 hrs. .16% .42% Total - Part II Crimes 9443 8.11% 4368.87 hrs. 3.12% 8.42% *Percentages rounded off to nearest one-hundredth of a percent. Combining both the Part I and Part II crimes reveals the follow- ing data: Number of Incidents - 20,492 Percent of Total Number of Incidents Handled by Patrol Officers = 17.30% Time Consmnption of All Criminal Incidents - 12,110.78 hours Time Consumption as a Percent of Total Patrol ll‘ime Expended for the Year . 8.63% Time Consumption as a Percentage of the Time Consumed by All Incidents and Activities for the Year - 23.33% CHAPTER.IV Examination of Patrol Response - Noncriminal Incidents and Activities This part of the study will examine the patrol responses to the noncriminal incidents and activities. .As the patrol response data has just previously developed, the total criminal incident and activity response by patrol officers only consumed 17.03% of the total number of incidents and activities handled by patrol officers and this criminal reSponse only consumed 23.33% of the total time spent on all inci- dents and activities during the year. This data clearly shows that a much greater proportion of patrol response is involved in.what can be classified as noncriminal incidents and activities. For the purpose of this study, a noncriminal incident or activity is one which is not classified as a crime in the Uniform Crime Reports published by the Federal Bureau of Investigation. The following inci- dents or activities will be examined regarding noncriminal patrol response: Animal complaints Property damage incidents Open door complaints Injury reports Checking for hazardous conditions Rescue runs Responding to fire alarms Acting as school crossing guards Downtown parking lot release Prowler complaints Nfissing persons Suicides and attempt suicides Mental disturbances Incidents involving sick persons Juvenile runaways 81 Transporting found bicycles Nfiscellaneous assistance incidents Releasing impounded automobiles Releasing impounded bicycles Lost children incidents Parade duty Trash complaints Checking for debris in street .Attempts to locate Found property Unfounded calls Other types of calls Traffic accidents Abandoned automobiles .Miscellaneous traffic services Moving traffic violations Assisting motorists Family disputes Neighbor disputes Disorderly juveniles Fight incidents Threats On-duty court appearances Picking up Secretary of State automobile registrations Serving‘warrants Serving subpoenas Servicing the police car or its radio Transporting prisoners Picking up City Council mail Money escorts Delivering messages Finishing reports Eating Personal affairs Restroom stops Pistol range practice (on-duty) Responding to department orders Calling headquarters Inasmuch as the preceeding incidents and activities consume the greatest proportion of patrol response and many of the activities are service-type activities, an examination of these noncriminal activi- ties will allow data to be developed from which an evaluation can be made of the patrol response. Patrol officers will always respond to the criminal incidents and activities, however, it is in this large noncriminal response where an evaluation can be made as to the “legiti- macy" of the patrol response. The data developed will show the amount 82 of each type of incident or activity as it occurred during the year and also the time consumption of each type of activity. Where appropri- ate the hourly response of patrol officers has also been included in order to allow for a better evaluation of the incident or activity. ANIMAL COMPLAINTS During the year patrol officers responded to 1629 animal complaint incidents which consumed 697.48 patrol hours. The average time con- sumption per incident was .43 hours. Animal complaints involve such incidents as barking dogs, stray animals and even occasionally animal bites to humans. The following data was deve10ped regarding patrol response to animal complaints: 1. The time consumed, 697.48 hours, was .50% of the total number of patrol man-hours expended for the year. 2. The time consumed, 697.48 hours, was 1.34% of the total time spent on all incidents and activities during the year by patrol officers. 3. The number of incidents, 1629, accounted for 1.40% of the total number of incidents and activities handled by patrol officers for the year. 4. The busiest month of the year for patrol response was July with 212 responses, while the least busiest month was February with 63 responses. 5. The busiest day of the week for patrol response was Saturday with 221 responses, while the least busiest days were Tuesday and Wednesday with 203 responses apiece. 6. 83 The busiest hour of patrol response was between the hours of 5:00 P.M. and 6:00 P.M. with 130 responses, while the least busiest hour was between 6:00 A.M. and 7:00 A.M. with only 25 responses. The hourly data of patrol response is illustrated graphically in Graph #30 - Animal Complaints: Hour of Patrol Response and Number per Hour. PROPERTY DAMAGE INCIDENTS Patrol officers responded to 2217 preperty damage incidents during the year which consumed 1236.68 patrol hours. The average time con- sumption per incident was .56 hours. Property damage incidents can be generally classified as malicious mischief incidents. The following data was developed regarding patrol response to preperty damage incidents: 1. The time consumed, 1236.68 hours, was .88% of the total number of patrol man-hours eXpended for the year. The time consumed, 1236.68 hours, was 2.38% of the total time consumed by all incidents and activities. The number of incidents, 2217, accounted for 1.91% of the total number of incidents and activities handled by patrol officers for the year. The busiest month of the year for patrol response was October with 288 responses, while the least busiest month was January with only 106 responses. The busiest day of the week was Menday with 342 responses, while the least busiest day was wednesday with 242 responses. The hourly data of patrol response is illustrated graphically in Graph #31 - Property Damage Incidents: Hour of Patrol Response and NUmber per Hour. 84 Graph #30 Animal Complaints Hour of Patrol Response and Number per Hour Yearly Average Military Time 0000 0100 0200 0300 0400 0500 0600 0700 0800 0900 1000 1100 1200 1500 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 2100 2200 2500 0 50 100 150 8S Graph #31 Property Damage Incidents Hour of Patrol Response and Number per Hour Yearly Average Military Time 0 50 100 150 86 OPEN MR COMPLAINTS During the year patrol officers responded to 768 open door can- plaints which consumed 250.05 patrol hours. The average time consump- tion per incident was .33 hours. Open doors usually result from the failure of store owners to properly secure their pranises. The following data was developed regarding patrol response to open door complaints: 1. The time consumed, 250.05 hours, was .18% of the total mmber of patrol man-hours expended for the year. 2. The time consumed, 250.05 hours, was .48% of the total time con- sumed by all incidents and activities. 3. The amber of incidents, 768, accounted for .66% of the total num- ber of incidents and activities handled by patrol officers. 4. The busiest month of the year was September with 128 responses, while the least busiest month was December with 31 responses. 5. The busiest day of the week was Sunday with 147 responses, while the least busiest day was Saturday with 76 responses. 6. The busiest hour was between the hours of 12:00 A.M. and 1:00 A.M. with 70 responses, while the least busiest hour was between 4:00 P.M. and 5:00 P.M. with 7 responses. INJURY REPORTS Patrol officers responded to 446 injury report incidents which consumed 288.23 patrol hours. The average time consumption per inci- dent was .65 hours. Injury reports are taken when the injury sustained may result in a civil suit against the city, not an injury resulting from a traffic accident or a criminal assault. 87 The following data was developed regarding patrol response to injury report incidents: 1. The time consumed, 288.23 hours, was .21% of the total mmber of patrol man-hours eXpended for the year. The time consumed, 288.23 hours, was .56% of the total time con- sumed by all incidents and activities. The number of incidents, 446, accounted for .38% of the total num- ber of incidents and activities handled by patrol officers. The busiest month of the year was September with 50 responses, while the least busiest month was November with 22 responses. The busiest day of the week was Sunday with 66 responses, while the least busiest day was Tuesday with 54 responses. The busiest hours were between the hours of 1:00 P.M. and 2:00 P.M. and 8:00 P.M. and 9:00 P.M. with 38 responses apiece, while the least busiest hour was between 6:00 A.M. and 7:00 A.M. when no incidents were reported. CHECKING FOR HAZARDOUS CONDITIONS Patrol officers responded to 427 incidents during the year which consumed 150.12 hours of patrol time. The average time consumption per incident was .35 hours. The following data was developed regarding patrol reSponse to hazardous condition incidents: 1. The time consumed, 150.12 hours, was .11% of the total number of patrol man-hours expended for the year. The time consumed, 150.12 hours, was .29% of the total time con- sumed by all incidents and activities. 88 3. The number of incidents, 427, accounted for .37% of the total num- ber of incidents and activities. 4. The busiest month of the year was May with 52 responses, while the least busiest months were January and February with 13 responses apiece. 5. The busiest day of the week was Saturday with 71 responses, while the least busiest day was wednesday with 45 responses. 6. The busiest hour of the day was between 8:00 P.M. and 9:00 P.M. with 44 responses, while the least busiest hour was between 4:00 A.M. and 5:00 A.M. when only 3 responses were recorded. RESCUE RUNS Patrol officers responded to 296 rescue run incidents which con- sumed 172.40 patrol hours. The average time consumption per incident ‘was .58 hours. The following data was developed regarding patrol response to rescue run incidents: 1. The time consumption, 172.40 hours, was .12% of the total number of patrol man-hours expended for the year. 2. The time consumption, 172.40 hours, was .33% of the total time consumption of all incidents and activities. 3. The number of incidents, 296, accounted fer .25% of the total num- ber of incidents and activities. 4. The busiest month of the year was July with 35 responses, while the least busiest months were March and December with 15 responses apiece. 5. 89 The busiest day of the week was Friday with 53 responses, while the least busiest days were Monday and Thursday with 38 responses apiece. The busiest hour of response was between the hours of 9:00 P.M. and 10:00 P.M. with 23 responses, while the least busiest hours were the early morning hours between 4; 00 A.M. and 7:00 A.M. with 6 responses apiece. RESPONDING TO FIRE ALARMS Patrol officers responded to 1420 fire alarms which consumed 645.70 patrol hours. The average time consmption per incident was .45 hours. The following data was deve10ped regarding patrol response to fire alarms: 1. The time consumed, 645.70 hours, was .4615 of the total number of patrol man-hours emended for the year. The time consumed, 645.70 hours, was 1.24% of the total time con- sumed by all incidents and activities. The number of incidents, 1420, accounted for 1.22% of the total ntmlber of incidents and activities. The busiest month of the year was October with 146 responses, while the least busiest month was November with 84 responses. The busiest day of the week was Tuesday with 242 responses, while the least busiest day was Thursday with 169 responses. The busiest hour was between the hours of 9:00 P.M. and 10:00 P.M. with 97 responses, while the least busiest hour was between 6:00 A.M. and 7:00 A.M. with 21 responses. 90 SCI 1001. CROSSING GUARD 111T IES Patrol officers responded to 163 incidents which consumed 85.75 hours of patrol time. The average time consumption per incident was .53 hours. The following data was developed regarding patrol response to school crossing guard incidents: l. The time consumed, 85.75 hours, was .06% of the total number of patrol man-hours expended for the year. 2. The time consumed, 85.75 hours, was .17% of the total time eon- sumed by all incidents and activities. 3. The number of incidents, 163, was .14% of the total number of incidents and activities. 4. The busiest month of the year was March with 47 incidents, while July and August naturally recorded no responses. 5. The busiest day of the week was Thursday with 49 incidents, while Saturday and Sunday naturally recorded no incidents. 6. The busiest hour of patrol response was between the hours of 11:00 A.MT and 12:00 P.M. with 33 incidents. DOWNTOWN PARKING DOT RELEASE Patrol officers responded to 172 incidents which consumed 45.02 patrol hours. The average time consumption per incident was .26 hours. The downtown parking lot in question involves patrol officers if the coin mechanism becomes inoperable or if automobiles are left in the lot after the 10:00 P.M. closing hour which then requires a key to be used to open the gate. 91 The following data was developed regarding patrol response to parking lot incidents: 1. The time consumed, 45.02 hours, was .03% of the total number of patrol man-hours eXpended for the year. The time consumed, 45.02 hours, was .09% of the total time con- sumed by all incidents and activities. The number of incidents, 172, accounted for .15% of the total num- ber of incidents and activities. The busiest month of the year was July with 23 responses, while the least busiest month was May with 7 responses. The busiest day of the week was Friday with 38 responses, while the least busiest day was Sunday with 9 responses. The busiest hour of the day was between 10:00 P.M. and 11:00 P.M. with 41 responses. PROWLER.COMPLAINTS Patrol officers responded to 883 incidents which consumed 230.57 patrol hours. The average time consumption per incident was .26 hours. The following data was developed regarding prowler incidents: The time consumed, 230.57 hours, was .16% of the total number of patrol man-hours expended for the year. The time consumed, 230.57 hours, was .44% of the total time con- sumed by all incidents and activities. The number of incidents, 883, accounted for .76% of the total num- ber of incidents and activities. The busiest month of the year was July with 134 responses, while the least busiest month was March with 27 responses. 92 The busiest day of the week was Saturday with 150 responses, while the least busiest day was Wednesday with 100 responses. The busiest hour of the day was between 11:00 P.M. and 12:00 A.M. with 45 responses . MISSING PERSONS Patrol officers responded to 337 incidents which consumed 184.57 patrol hours. The average time consmption per incident was .55 hours. The following data was developed regarding missing persons response : 1. The time consumed, 184.57 hours, was .13% of the total number of patrol man-hours expended for the year. The time consumed, 184.57 hours, was .36% of the total time con- sumed by all incidents and activities. The number of incidents, 337, accounted for .29% of the total num- ber of incidents and activities. The busiest month was September with 38 incidents, while the least busiest month was February with 22 incidents. The busiest day of the week was Saturday with 62 incidents while the least busiest day was Friday with 34 incidents. The busiest hour of the day was between the hours of 8:00 P.M. and 9:00 P.M. when 30 responses were recorded, while the least busiest hour was between 6:00 A.M. and 7:00 A.M. when only 2 responses were recorded. 93 SUICIDES AND AT'I'BIP'I’ SUICIDES Patrol officers responded to 205 incidents which consumed 134.85 hours of patrol time. The average time consumption per incident was .66 hours. The following data was deve10ped regarding patrol response to suicides and attempt suicides: l. The time consumption, 134.85 hours, was .10% of the total mmnber of patrol man-hours expended for the year. 2. The time consumed, 134.85 hours, was .26% of the total time con- sumed by all incidents and activities. 3. The number of incidents, 205, accounted for .18% of the total number of incidents and activities. 4. The busiest months of the year were February, March, May, June and December which each recorded 21 apiece, while the least busiest months were January and July which each recorded 10 apiece. 5. The busiest day of the week was Thursday with 34 responses, while the least busiest day of the week was Wednesday with 24 responses. 6. The busiest hour of reSponse was between 7:00 P.M. and 8:00 P.M. with 21 responses, while the least busiest hour was between 7:00 and 8:00 A.M. with only 1 response. MENTAL DISTURBANCES Patrol officers responded to 195 incidents which consumed 105.97 patrol hours. The average time consumption per incident was .54 hours. The following data was developed regarding patrol response to mental disturbance incidents: 94 The time consumed, 105.97 hours, was .08% of the total number of patrol man-hours expended for the year. The time consumed, 105.97 hours, was .20% of the total time con- sumed by all incidents and activities. The number of incidents, 195, accounted for .17% of the total num- ber of incidents and activities. The busiest month of the year was October with 30 responses, while the least busiest month was June with 4 responses. The busiest day of the week was Monday with 39 responses, while the least busiest day was Sunday with 20 responses. The busiest hours of the day were between 12:00 AWM. and 1:00 AWM. and 9:00 P.M. and 10:00 P.M. which recorded 15 responses apiece, while the least busiest hours were between 5:00 A.M. and 7:00 A.M. which recorded only 1 response apiece. SICKGPERSONS Patrol officers responded to 396 incidents which consumed 194.38 patrol hours. The average time consumption per incident was .49 hours. The following data was developed regarding patrol response to sick persons incidents: 1. The time consumed, 194.38 hours, was .14% of the total number of patrol man-hours expended for the year. The time consumed, 194.38 hours, was .37% of the total time con- sumed by all incidents and activities. The number of incidents, 396, accounted for .34% of the total num- ber of incidents and activities. The busiest month of the year was December with 50 responses, while the least busiest month was April with 19 responses. '95 The busiest day of the week was Saturday with 64 responses, while the least busiest day was Wednesday with 43 responses. The busiest hour of the day was between 8:00 P.M. and 9:00 P.M. with 26 responses, while the least busiest hour was between 4:00 A.M. and 5:00 A.M. with 7 responses. JUVENILE RUNAWAYS Patrol officers responded to 958 incidents which consumed 605.37 hours of patrol time. The average time consumption per incident was . 85 hours . The following data was developed regarding juvenile may incidents : 1. The time consumed, 605.37 hours, was .4315 of the total number of patrol man-hours expended for the year. The time consumed, 605.37 hours, was 1.17% of the total time con- sumed by all incidents and activities. The number of incidents, 958, accounted for .82% of the total num- ber of incidents and activities. The busiest month of the year was May with 109 responses, while the least busiest month was December with 50 responses. The busiest day of the week was Monday with 146 responses, while the least busiest day was Friday with 108 responses. The busiest hour of the day was between 6:00 P.M. and 7:00 P.M. with 71 responses, while the least busiest hour was between 5:00 A.M. and 6:00 A.M. with 4 responses. 96 TRANSPORT ING POUND BICYCLES Patrol officers responded to 37 incidents which consumed 31.10 hours . The average time consumption per incident was . 84 hours . The following data was developed regarding found bicycle inci- dents : 1. The time conSLmied, 31.10 hours, was .02% of the total number of patrol man-hours expended for the year. The time consumed, 31.10 hours, was .05% of the total time con- sumed by all incidents and activities. The number of incidents, 37, accounted for .03% of the total num- ber of incidents and activities. MISCELLANEUJS ASSISTANCE INCIDENTS Patrol officers responded to 2267 miscellaneous assistance inci- dents during the year which consumed 1094.62 hours of patrol time. The average time consumption per incident was .48 hours. The following data was developed regarding patrol response to these incidents: 1. The time consumed, 1094.62 hours, was .78% of the total number of patrol man-hours expended for the year. The time consumed, 1094.62 hours, was 2.11% of the total time con- sumed by all incidents and activities. The number of incidents, 2267, accounted for 1.95% of the total number of incidents and activities. The busiest month of the year was December with 260 responses, while the least busiest month was March with 126 responses. 97 The busiest day of the week was Saturday with 354 responses, while the least busiest day was Sunday with 277 responses. The busiest hour of the day was between 10:00 A.M. and 11:00 A.M. with 138 responses, while the least busiest hour was between 5:00 A.M. and 6:00 A.M; with 57 responses. RELEASING IMPOUNDED AUTO/OBI LES Patrol officers responded to 43 incidents which consumed 25.85 hours. The average time consumption per incident was .60 hours. The following data was deve10ped regarding patrol response to releasing impounded automobiles: 1. The time consumed, 25.85 hours, was .02% of the total number of patrol man- hours expended for the year. The time consumed, 25.85 hours, was .05% of the total time con- sumed by all incidents and activities. The number of incidents, 43, accounted for .01% of the total num- ber of incidents and activities. RELEASING IMPOUNDED BICYCLES Patrol officers responded to 11 incidents which consumed 5.38 hours of patrol time. The average time consumption per incident was . 49 hours . The following data was developed regarding patrol response to releasing impounded bicycles: 1. The time consumed, 5.38 hours, was less than .01% of the total num- ber of patrol man-hours expended for the year. The time consmed, 5.38 hours, was less than .01% of the total time consumed by all incidents and activities. 98 The number of incidents, ll, accounted for less than .01% of the total number of incidents and activities. LOST AND MISSING CHILDREN Patrol officers responded to 201 incidents which consumed 83.70 hours of patrol time. The average time consumption per incident was .42 hours. The following data was deve10ped regarding patrol response to lost and missing children: 1. The time consumed, 83.70 hours, was .06% of the total number of man-hours expended by patrol officers during the year. The time consumed, 83.70 hours, was .16% of the total time con- sumed by all incidents and activities. ‘ The number of incidents, 201, accounted for .17% of the total num- ber of incidents and activities. The busiest month of the year was September with 36 responses, while the least busiest month was December with 5 responses. The busiest day of the week was TUesday with 38 responses, while the least busiest day was Sunday with 18 responses. The busiest hour of the day was between 6:00 P.M. and 7:00 P.M. ‘with 29 responses, while several of the early morning hours recorded no responses by patrol officers. PARADE DUTY (ON-DUTY) Patrol officers responded to 31 incidents which consumed 37.53 hours of patrol time. The average time consumption per incident was 1.21 hours. 99 The following data was developed regarding patrol officer response to parades: l. The time consumed, 37.53 hours, was .03% of the total number of patrol man-hours expended for the year. 2. The time consumed, 37.53 hours, was .07% of the total time con- sumed by all incidents and activities. 3. The number of incidents, 31, accounted for .03% of the total num- ber of incidents and activities. TRASH COMPLAINTS Patrol officers responded to 352 trash complaints which consumed 106.02 patrol hours. The average time consumption per incident was .30 hours. The following data.was developed regarding trash complaint incidents: 1. The time consumption, 100.02 hours, was .08% of the total number of patrol man-hours expended for the year. 2. The time consumed, 106.02 hours, was .20% of the total time con- sumed by all incidents and activities. 3. The number of incidents, 352, accounted for .30% of the total num— ber of incidents and activities. 4. The busiest month for patrol response was July with 47 responses, while the least busiest months were February and December with 11 responses apiece. 5. The busiest day of the week was Nednesday with 65 responses, while the least busiest day was Sunday with 38 responses. 100 The busiest hour of the day was between 12:00 P.MT and 1:00 P.M. with 35 responses. CHECKING FOR DEBRIS IN STREET Patrol officers responded to 15 incidents which consumed 3.12 hours of patrol time. The average time consumption per incident was .21 hours. 3. The following data was deve10ped: The time consumption, 3.12 hours, was less than .01% of the total number of patrol man-hours expended for the year. The time consumption, 3.12 hours, was less than .01% of the total time consumed by all incidents and activities. The number of incidents, 15, accounted for less than .01% of the total number of incidents and activities. AdTEMPTS TO LOCATE Patrol officers responded to 185 incidents during the year which consumed 89.25 patrol hours. The average time consumption per inci- dent was .48 hours. The following data was developed regarding patrol response to attempt to locate incidents: 1. The time consumed, 89.25 hours, was .06% of the total number of patrol man-hours expended for the year. The time consumed, 89.25 hours, was .17% of the total time consump- tion of all incidents and activities. The number of incidents, 185, accounted for .16% of the total num- ber of incidents and activities. 101 FOUND PROPERTY Patrol officers responded to 742 incidents which consumed 538.65 patrol hours. The average time consumption per incident was .73 hours. The fellowing data was developed regarding response to found prOperty incidents: 1. The time consumed, 538.65 hours, was .38% of the total number of patrol man-hours expended for the year. 2. The time consumed, 538.65 hours, was 1.04% of the total time con- sumed by all incidents and activities. 3. The number of incidents, 742, accounted fer .64% of the total num- ber of incidents and activities. UNFOUNDED CALLS Patrol officers responded to 1366 incidents, both criminal and noncriminal, which upon arrival and subsequent investigation proved to be unfounded, meaning that the condition reported did not exist at the location to which sent. These 1366 incidents consumed 235.98 patrol hours with an average time consumption per incident of .17 hours. The following data was deve10ped regarding unfounded calls: 1. The time consumption, 235.98 hours, was .17% of the total number of patrol man-hours expended fer the year. 2. The time consumed, 235.98 hours, was .45% of the total time con- sumption of all incidents and activities. 3. The number of incidents, 1366, accounted for 1.18% of the total number of incidents and activities. 4. The busiest month of the year was April with 148 responses, while the least busiest month of the year was January with 19 responses. 102 5. The busiest day of the week was Friday with 236 responses, while the least busiest day was Wednesday with 163 responses. 6. The busiest hour was between 10:00 P.M. and 11:00 P.M4‘with 117 responses, while the least busiest hour was between 5:00 AsM; and 6:00 A.M. with 13 responses. OTHER TYPES OF CALLS Patrol officers responded to 5762 incidents which were not classi- fied into the 73 different types of incidents during the year. These 5762 incidents consumed 2692.52 patrol hours, with an average time consumption per incident of .47 hours. These incidents would be pri- marily noncriminal in nature and have been classified as noncriminal for the purposes of this study. The following data.was developed regarding patrol response: 1. The time consumed, 2692.52 hours, was 1.92% of the total number of hours expended by patrol officers for the year. 2. The time consumed, 2692.52 hours, was 5.19% of the total time consumed by all incidents and activities. 3. The number of incidents, 5762, accounted for 4.96% of the total number of incidents and activities. TRAFFIC INCIDENTS Patrol officers responded to 7481 traffic accident incidents during the year which consumed 6744.65 hours of patrol time. The average time consumption per incident was .90 hours. The following data was developed regarding patrol response to traffic accidents: 103 The time consumed, 6744.65 hours, was 4.81% of the total number of patrol man-hours expended for the year. The time consumed, 6744.65 hours, was 13.00% of the total time consumed by all incidents and activities. The number of incidents, 7481, accounted for 6.43% of the total number of incidents and activities. The busiest month of the year for patrol response was December with 877 responses, while the least busiest month was November with 533 responses. The busiest day of the week was Friday with 1381 responses, while the least busiest day was Sunday with 804 responses. The hourly data of patrol response is illustrated graphically in Graph #32 - Traffic Accidents: Hour of Patrol Response and Number per Hour. ABANDONED.AUTOMOBILES Patrol officers responded to 537 incidents regarding abandoned automobiles which consumed 224.05 patrol hours. The average time con- sumption per incident was .42 hours. The following data was developed: The time consumption, 224.05 hours, was .16% of the total number of patrol man-hours expended for the year. The time consumed, 224.05 man-hours, was .43% of the total time consumed by all incidents and activities. The number of incidents, 537, accounted for .46% of the total num- ber of incidents and activities. 104 Graph #32 Traffic Accidents Hour of Patrol Response and Number per Hour Yearly Average Military Time O 100 200 500 400 500 600 700 800 105 MISCELLANEOUS TRAFFIC SERVICES Patrol officers responded to 3859 miscellaneous traffic services during the year which consumed 1502.35 patrol hours. The average time consumption per incident was .30 hours. Incidents in this category would include such activities as directing traffic at an accident or a malfunctioning traffic signal, assisting with pedestrian traffic, and etc. The following data was deve10ped regarding the miscellaneous traffic services: 1. The time consumed, 1502.35 hours, was 1.07% of the total number of patrol man-hours expended for the year. 2. The time consumed, 1502.35 hours, was 2.90% of the total time consumed by all incidents and activities. 3. The number of incidents, 3859, accounted for 3.32% of the total number of incidents and activities. MOVING TRAFFIC VIOLATIONS 13,717 moving traffic violation incidents were recorded during the year which consumed 2584.10 hours of patrol time. The average time consumption per incident was .18 hours. The following data was deve10ped regarding patrol traffic viola- tion activities: 1. The time consumed, 2584.10 hours, was 1.84% of the total number of patrol man-hours expended for the year. 2. The time consumed, 2584.10 hours, was 4.98% of the total time con- sumed by all incidents and activities. 106 3. The number of incidents, 13,717, accounted for 11.80% of the total number of all incidents and activities. 4. The busiest month of the year was March with 1636 incidents, while the least busiest month was February with 545 incidents. 5. The busiest day of the week was Thursday with 2445 incidents, while the least busiest day was Sunday with 1614 incidents. 6. The hourly response of patrol officers is illustrated graphically in Graph #33 - Moving Traffic Violations: Hour of Patrol Response and Ntmlber per Hour. ASSISTING MOTORISTS Patrol officers perfOrmed 450 activities during the year which consumed 136.02 patrol hours. The average time consumption per inci- dent or activity was .38 hours. The following data was deve10ped: 1. The time consumed, 136.02 hours, was .10% of the total number of patrol man-hours expended for the year. 2. The time consumed, 136.02 hours, was .26% of the total time con- sumed by all incidents and activities. 3. The number of incidents, 450, accounted for .71% of the total num- ber of incidents and activities. FAMILY DISPUTES Patrol officers responded to 3623 family dispute incidents during the year which consumed 1409.20 hours of patrol time. The average time consumption per incident was .39 hours. The fellowing data.was deve10ped regarding patrol response to family dispute incidents: 0000 0100 0200 0500 0400 0500 0600 0700 0800 0900 1000 1100 1200 1500 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 2100 2200 2500 107 Graph #33 Moving Traffic Violations Hour of Patrol Response and Number per Hour Yearly Average Military Time O 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 108 The time consumed, 1409.20 hours, was 1.01% of the total number of patrol man-hours expended for the year. The time consumed, 1409.20 hours, was 2.72% of the total time con- sumed by all incidents and activities. The number of incidents, 3623, accounted for 3.12% of the total number of incidents and activities. The busiest month of the year for family disputes was September with 421 incidents, while the least busiest month was February with 203 incidents. The busiest day of the week was Saturday with 771 incidents, while the least busiest day was Tuesday with 376 incidents. The hourly response of patrol officers to family disputes is illustrated graphically in Graph #34 - Family Disputes: Hour of Patrol Response and Number per Hour. NEIGHBOR DISPUTES Patrol officers responded to 448 neighbor dispute incidents during the year which consumed 186.33 hours. The average time consumption per incident was .42 hours. The following data was developed regarding patrol response to neighbor dispute incidents: 1. The time consumed, 186.33 hours, was .13% of the total number of patrol man-hours expended for the year. The time consumed, 186.33 hours, was .36% of the total time con- sumption of all the incidents and activities. The number of incidents, 448, accounted for .39% of the total num- ber of incidents and activities. 109 Graph #34 Family Disputes Hour of Patrol Response and Number per Hour Yearly Average Military Time 0000 0100 0200 0500 0400 0500 0600 0700 0800 0900 1000 1100 1200 1500 1400 1500 1700 1800 1900 2100 2200 2300 O 100 200 300 110 4. The busiest month of the year was June with 69 incidents, while the least busiest month was January with 9 incidents. S. The busiest day of the week was Thursday with 78 incidents, while the least busiest day was Wednesday with S3 incidents. 6. The hourly response by patrol officers to neighbor disputes is illustrated graphically in Graph #35 - Neighbor Disputes: Hour of Patrol response and Number per Hour. DISORDERLY JUVENILES During the year patrol officers responded to 5225 incidents which consumed 1898.92 patrol hours. The average time consumption per inci- dent was .36 hours. The following data was developed regarding patrol response to disorderly juvenile incidents: l. The time consumed, 1898.92 hours, was 1.35% of the total number of patrol man-hours expended for the year. 2. The time consumed, 1898.92 hours, was 3.66% of the total time con- sumed by all incidents and activities. 3. The number of incidents, 5225, accounted for 4.50% of the total number of incidents and activities. 4. The busiest month of the year was August with 676 incidents, while the least busiest month was January with 171 incidents. S. The busiest day of the week was wednesday with 816 incidents, while the least busiest day was Sunday with 561 incidents. 6. The hourly response by patrol officers is illustrated graphically in Graph #36 - Disorderly Juveniles: Hour of Patrol Response and Number per Hour. 111 Graph #35 Neighbor Disputes Hour of Patrol Response and Number per Hour Yearly Average Military Time 0000 0100 0200 0300 0400 0500 0600 0700 0800 0900 1000 1100 1200 1500 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 2100 2200 2500 112 Graph #35 Disorderly Juvenile Incidents Hour of Patrol Response and Number per Hour Yearly Average Military Time 0000 0100 0200 0500 0400 0500 0600 0700 0800 0900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 2100 2200 2300 0 100 200 500 400 500 113 FIGHT INCIDENTS During the year patrol officers responded to 1554 fight incidents which consumed 506.53 patrol hours. The average time consumption per incident was .33 hours. 1. The following data.was deve10ped regarding fight incidents: The time consumed, 506.53 hours, was .36% of the total number of patrol man-hours expended for the year. The time consumed, 506.53 hours, was .98% of the total time con- sumed by all incidents and activities. The number of incidents, 1554, accounted for 1.33% of the total number of incidents and activities. The busiest month of the year was August with 198 incidents, while the least busiest month was January with 82 incidents. The busiest day of the week was Saturday with 335 incidents, while the least busiest day was Tuesday with 130 incidents. The busiest hour was between the hours of 8:00 P.Mt and 9:00 P.M. with 159 incidents, while the least busiest hour was between 8:00 A.M. and 9:00 A.M. with 8 incidents. THREATS Patrol officers responded to 682 incidents which consumed 362.72 hours of patrol time. The average time consumption per incident was .53 hours. The following data was deve10ped regarding patrol response to these incidents: 1. The time consumed, 362.72 hours, was .26% of the total number of patrol man-hours expended for the year. 114 The time consumed, 362.72 hours, was .70% of the total time con- sumption of all incidents and activities. The number of incidents, 682, accounted for .59% of the total num— ber of incidents and activities. ON-UUTY COURT APPEARANCE 747 incidents were recorded during the year which consumed 715.83 hours, with an average time consumption per appearance of .96 hours. The following data was developed regarding court appearances on duty: The time consumed, 715.83 hours, was .51% of the total number of patrol man-hours expended for the year. The time consumed, 715.83 hours, was 1.38% of the total time con- sumed by all incidents and activities. The number of incidents, 747, accounted for .64% of the total num- ber of incidents and activities. PICKING UP SECRETARY OF STATE AUTQDBILE REGISTRATIONS Patrol officers only responded to 3 incidents during the year which consumed 2.48 hours of patrol time. The average time consumption per incident was .82 hours.. The following data was developed regarding these incidents: The time consumed, 2.48 hours, was less than .01% of the total num- ber of patrol man-hours expended for the year. The time consumed, 2.48 hours, was less than .01% of the total time consumed by all incidents and activities. The number of incidents, 3, was less than .01% of the total number of incidents and activities. 115 SERVING WARRANTS 706 incidents were recorded during the year which consumed 343.33 hours of patrol time. The average time consumption per incident was .49 hours. The following data was developed regarding the serving of warrants: l. The time consumed, 343.33 hours, was .24% of the total number of patrol man-hours expended. 2. The time consumed, 343.33 hours, was .66% of the total time consumed by all incidents and activities. 3. The number of incidents, 706, accounted for .61% of the total num- ber of incidents and activities. SERVING SUBPOENAS 897 incidents were recorded during the year which consumed 342.23 hours of patrol time. The average time consumption per inci- dent was .38 hours. The fellowing data was deve10ped regarding the serving of subpoenas: l. The time consumed, 342.23 hours, was .24% of the total number of man-hours expended by patrol officers. 2. The time consumed, 342.23 hours, was .66% of the total time con- sumption of all incidents and activities. 3. The number of incidents, 897, accounted for .77% of the total num- ber of incidents and activities. 116 SERVICING THE POLICE CAR OR ITS RADIO 3066 incidents were recorded.where patrol officers found it necessary to have either vehicle or radio repairs while on duty. These incidents consumed 909.28 hours, with an average time consumption of .30 hours per incident. The following data was developed regarding police car or radio repair: 1. The time consumed, 909.28 hours, was .65% of the total number of patrol man-hours expended for the year. 2. The time consumed, 909.28 hours, was 1.75% of the total time con— sumed by all incidents and activities. 3. The number of incidents, 3066, accounted for 2.64% of the total number of incidents and activities. TRANSPORTING PRISONERS 714 incidents were recorded during the year which consumed 605.37 hours of patrol time. The average time consumption per incident was .85 hours. The following data.was deve10ped regarding transporting prisoners: l. The time consumed, 605.37 hours, was .43% of the total number of patrol man-hours expended for the year. 2. The time consumed, 605.37 hours, was 1.17% of the total time con- sumed by all incidents and activities. 3. The number of incidents, 714, accounted for .61% of the total num- ber of all incidents and activities. 117 PICKING UP CITY C(UNCIL MAIL 20 incidents were recorded during the year which consumed 22.83 hours of patrol time. The average time consumption per incident was 1.14 hours. The following data was developed regarding patrol response to these incidents: 1. The time consumed, 22.83 hours, was .02% of the total number of patrol man-hours expended for the year. The time consumed, 22.83 hours, was .04% of the total time con- sumption of all incidents and activities. The number of incidents, 20, accounted for .02% of the total num- ber of incidents and activities. MONEY ESCORTS 63 incidents were recorded during the year which consumed 18.37 hours of patrol time. The average time consumption per incident was .29 hours. The following data was developed: The time consumed, 18.37 hours, was .01% of the total number of patrol man-hours expended for the year. The time consumed, 18.37 hours, was .03% of the total time con- sumed by all incidents and activities. The number of incidents, 63, accounted for .05% of the total num- ber of incidents and activities. 118 DELIVERINGIMESSAGES 827 incidents were recorded during the year which consumed 314.93 patrol hours. The average timevconsumption per incident was .38 hours. The following data was developed: 1. The time consumed, 314.93 hours, was .22% of the total number of patrol man-hours expended for the year. 2. The time consumed, 314.93 hours, was .61% of the total time con— sumed by all incidents and activities. 3. The number of incidents, 827, accounted for .71% of the total num- ber of incidents and activities. FINISHING REPORTS 297 incidents were recorded during the year which consumed 137.53 patrol hours. The average time consumption per incident was .46 hours. Even though the patrol officer will write a report while in the field, at times it is necessary for him to return to the station to correct errors or change the written report in some way. The following data was developed: 1. The time consumption, 137.53 hours, was .10% of the total number of patrol man-hours expended during the year. 2. The time consumption, 137.53 hours, was .27% of the total time consumed by all incidents and activities. 3. The number of incidents, 297, accounted for .26% of the total num- ber of all incidents and activities. 119 EATING (ON-DUTY) 4638 incidents were recorded during the year which consumed 4681.34 hours. The average time consumption per incident was 1.01 hours. The following data was deve10ped: 1. The time consumed, 4681.34 hours, was 3.34% of the total number of patrol man-hours expended for the year. 2. The time consumed, 4681.34 hours, was 8.94% of the total time con- sumed by all incidents and activities. 3. The number of incidents, 4638, accounted for 3.94% of the total number of incidents and activities. PERSONAL AND RESTROOM 1259 incidents were recorded during the year which consumed 333.40 patrol hours. The following data was developed: 1. The time consumed, 333.40 hours, was .23% of the total number of patrol man-hours expended during the year. 2. The time consumed, 333.40 hours, was .65% of the total time con- sumed by all incidents and activities. 3. The number of incidents, 1259, accounted for 1.09% of the total number of incidents and activities. RESPONDING TO DEPARTMENT ORDERS 3069 incidents were recorded during the year which consumed 1737.48 patrol hours. The average time consumption per incident was .57 hours. Department orders refer to such activities as picking up a 120 police car at the garage, running errands, picking up a police officer at his home, and etc. The following data was deve10ped: l. The time consumed, 1737.48 hours, was 1.24% of the total number of patrol man-hours expended during the year. 2. The time consumed, 1737.48 hours, was 3.35% of the total time con- sumed by all incidents and activities. 3. The number of incidents, 3069, accounted for 2.64% of the total number of incidents and activities. PISTOL RANGE (ON-DUTY) 807 incidents were recorded during the year which consumed 625.78 hours of patrol time. The average time consumption per incident was .78 hours. _ The following data was developed: 1. The time consumed, 625.78 hours, was .45% of the total number of patrol man-hours eXpended during the year. 2. The time consumed, 625.78 hours, was 1.21% of the total time con- sumed by all incidents and activities. 3. The number of incidents, 807, accounted for .69% of the total num- ber of incidents and activities. CALLING HEADQUARTERS 703 incidents were recorded during the year which consumed 322.32 patrol hours. The average time consumption per incident was .46 hours. The following data was developed. 1. The time consumed, 322.32 hours, was .23% of the total number of patrol man-hours expended during the year. 121 2. The time consumed, 322.32 hours, was .62% of the total time con- sumed by all incidents and activities. 3. The number of incidents, 703, accounted for .60% of the total num- ber of incidents and activities. Patrol Response to Noncriminal Incidents and Activities:* % of Total Time Con- Time Con- Number of sumption as sumption as Incidents a % of Total a % of Time Number Handled Time Patrol Time Consumed by Incident of Inc. bngatrol Consumption Expended All Incidents Animal Complaint 1,629 1.40% 697.48 hrs. .50% 1.34% Proverty Damage 2,217 1.91% 1236,68 hrs. .88% 2.38% Open Door 768 .66% 250.05 hrs. .18% .48% Injury Report 446 .38% 288.23 hrs. .21% .56% Hazardous Conditions 427 .37% 150.12 hrs. .11% .29% Rescue Runs 296 .25% 172.40 hrs. .12% .33% Fire Alarm 1,420 1.22% 645.70 hrs. .46% 1.24% School Guard 163 .14% 85.75 hrs. .06% .17% Parking Lot 172 .15% 45.02 hrs. .03% .09% Prowler 883 .76% 230.57 hrs. .16% .44% Missing Persons 337 .29% 184.57 hrs. .13% .36% Suicides and .Attempts 205 .18% 134.85 hrs. .10% .26% Mental Disturbance 195 .17% 105.97 hrs. .08% .20% Sick Person 396 .34% 194.38 hrs. .14% .37% Juvenile Runaways 958 .82% 605.37 hrs. .43% 1.17% 122 Patrol Response to Noncriminal Incidents and Activities: (cont.) % of Total Time Con- Time Con- Number of sumption as sumption as Incidents a % of Total a % of Time Number Handled Time Patrol Time Consumed by Incident of Inc. bngatrol Consumption Expended All Incidents Found Bicycles 37 .03% 31.10 hrs. .02% .05% Misc. Assistance 2,267 1.95% 1094.62 hrs. .78% 2.11% Impounded Autunobiles 43 .01% 25.85 hrs. .02% .05% Impounded . Bicycles 11 .01% 5.38 hrs. .01% .01% Nfissing Children 201 .17% 83.70 hrs. .06% .16% Parade '31 .03% 37.53 hrs. .03% .07: Trash Complaints 352 .30% 106.02 hrs. .08% .20% Debris in Street 15 .01% 3.12 hrs. .01% .01% Attempts to Locate 185 .16% 89.25 hrs. .06% .17% Found Property 742 .64% 538.65 hrs. .38% 1.04% Unfounded Calls 1,366 1.18% 235.98 hrs. .17% .45% Other Calls 5,762 4.96% 2692.52 hrs. 1.92% 5.19% Traffic Accidents 7,481 6.43% 6744.65 hrs. 4.81% 13.00% Abandoned Automobiles 537 .46% 224.05 hrs. .16% .43% Misc. Traffic Services 3,859 3.32% 1502.35 hrs. 1.07% 2.90% hkwing Traffic Violation 13,717 11.80% 2584.10 hrs. 1.84% 4.98% 123 Patrol ReSponse to Noncriminal Incidents and Activities: (Cont.) % of Total Time Con- Time Con- Number of sumption as sumption as Incidents a % of Total a % of Time Number Handled Time Patrol Time Consumed by Incident of Inc. by Patrol Consumption Egpended A11 Incidents Assisting Motorists 450 .71% 136.02 hrs. .10% .26% Family Disputes 3,623 3.12% 1409.20 hrs. 1.01% 2.72% Neighbor Disputes 448 .39% 186.33 hrs. .13% .36% Disorderly JUveniles 5,225 4.50% 1898.92 hrs. 1.35% 3.66% Fight 1,554 1.33% 506.53 hrs. .36% .98% Threats 682 .59% 362.72 hrs. .26% .70% Court Appearance 747 .64% 715.83 hrs. .51% 1.38% Sec. of State Auto Registration 3 .01% 2.48 hrs. .01% .01% Serving Warrants 706 .61% 343.33 hrs. .24% .66% Serving Subpoenas 897 .77% 342.23 hrs. .24% .66% Serving Police Car 3,066 2.64% 909.28 hrs. .65% 1.75% Trans. Prisoners 714 .61% 605.37 hrs. .43% 1.17% Council Mail 20 .02% 22.83 hrs. .02% .04% Money Escort 63 .05% 18.37 hrs. .01% .03% Deliver .Message 827 .71% 314.93 hrs. .22% .61% Finish Report 297 .26% 137.53 hrs. .10% .27% 124 Patrol Response to Noncriminal Incidents and Activities: (Cont.) % of Total Time Con- Time Con- Number of sumption as sumption as Incidents a % of Total a % of Time Number Handled Time Patrol Time Consumed by Incident of Inc. by Patrol Consumption Expended All Incidents Eating 4,638 3.94% 4681.34 hrs 3.34% 8.94% Personal and Restroom 1,259 1.09% 333.40 hrs. .23% .65% Pistol Range 807 .69% 625.78 hrs. .45% 1.21% Dept. Orders 3,069 2.64% 1737.48 hrs. 1.24% 3.35% Calling qurts. 703 .60% 322.32 hrs. .23% .62% Total - Noncriminal Incidents and Activities 95,736 82.70% 39,767.22 hrs 21.23% 76.67% *Peroentages rounded off to the nearest one-hundredth of a percent. CHAPTER V Correlation and Comparison of Developed Data Before attempting to analyze the developed data in order to evalu- ate patrol response to the criminal and noncriminal incidents and activities, it is appropriate at this time to introduce two additional areas of examination which will allow a better evaluation of the data. The first item consists of the comparison of the data developed in this study to the data developed in another similar study so that a correlation between the two studies can be shown to allow the reader an opportunity to compare the two sources of data. The second item of comparison is that of comparing the data developed in this study to estimates by patrol officers as to the amount of time they spend in the various categories. This comparison study will illus- trate the differences between accurate data and guesswork regarding the extent of patrol officer response to the criminal and noncriminal inci- dents and activities. CORRELATION OF DATA One of the objectives of this study was to compare the data developed regarding patrol response to data deve10ped by John A. Webster in this study of the patrol activities of another police depart- 6 . . ment. This comparison between the two data can be used as a general 6Webster, John A., ”Police Task and Time Study,” The Journal of Criminal Law, Criminology and Police Science; March 1970, pp.94-100. 126 correlation of the data developed in this study. Webster's study involved a period of 54 weeks in which he categorized and classified the patrol activities of approximately 385 patrol officers in another unnamed city. webster's study involved 599,211 incidents of patrol response which consumed 301,127 hours of patrol time. Although a true comparison of the data developed is not possible for several reasons such as the difference in the size of the sample, the different geographic location, a different.method of classifying and categorizing patrol activities, and other similar problems, a correlation can be developed between the webster study and this study which is indicative that basic patrol response basically varies little even though the size of the samples and the cities involved.may differ. webster's first patrol activity category was entitled "Crimes Against.Persons" and included criminal offenses in which there was direct harm or threat of harm to the individual. The crimes used by webster in this category were: murder, rape, assault and robbery. webster's data revealed that the consumed patrol response time of these crimes compared to the time consumed by all other patrol incidents and activities was 2.96%, and that the number of patrol responses to these crimes when compared to the total number of all other incidents and activities performed by patrol officers was 2.82%. By using the same crimes and compiled data as webster the data developed in this study revealed the time consumption comparison to be 4.03%.and.the number of incidents comparison to be 2.28%. webster's second category of patrol activity was entitled "Crimes Against Property" and included crimes in Which there was no danger to the individual. The crimes used by webster in this category were: 127 breaking and entering, burglar alarms, auto theft, larceny, fraud, property damage, suspicious persons and forgery. webster's data revealed that the consumed patrol response time of these crimes com- pared to the time consumed by all other patrol incidents and activities was 14.82%, and that the number of patrol responses to these crimes when compared to the total number of all other patrol incidents and activities was 13.76%. By using the same crimes and compiled data as webster the data developed in this study revealed the time consumption to be 15.55%, and the number of incidents comparison to be 11.15%. webster's third patrol response category was entitled "Traffic" and included traffic accidents, abandoned automobiles, and parking violations. Webster's data revealed a.time consumption of 17.51%, and the number of incidents as 11.70%. Even though this study did not allow data to be developed regard- ing parking violations, the time consumption of traffic accidents and abandoned automobiles was 13.43%,and the number of incidents was 6.89%. Parking violations undoubtedly would have added many more hundreds of incidents to this category which would have increased the percentage of the number of incidents probably comparable to the percentage developed by webster. I webster's fourth category was entitled "On-View" and was comprised of patrolman initiated incidents such as Observing a law violation, performing a security check of a building, stopping suspicious persons and checking persons for outstanding warrants. As was indicated pre- viously, the data developed in this study allowed fer the classifica- tion of each incident or activity performed by patrol officers but it 128 was not possible to differentiate as to whether the activity resulted from a radio call from the station or an on-the-scene observation by the patrol officer. webster's data revealed that the time consumed.by these activities was 9.10%, and that the number of these activities was 19.68% of the total number of patrol activities. webster's fifth category was entitled "Social Service" and included incidents of a social nature such as family disputes, drunkenness, dis- orderly conduct and mental illness. webster's data revealed that the time consumption of these activities was 13.70%, and that the number of these incidents was 17.27%. By using the same crimes and compiled data as Webster the data developed in this study revealed the time»consumption of these activi- ties to be 7.19%, and the number of these incidents to be 8.69%. Webster's sixth category was entitled "Administration" and included those police functions and activities performed which are basically not criminal or do not require immediate police response such as coffee breaks, running errands, attending court, serving warrants, and etc. Apparently webster used more activities than just the above even though they were not indicated because his data revealed a time consump- tion of 50.19%, and the number of these activities as 39.28% of all incidents and activities handled by patrol officers. To compare the two data the following incidents and activities were used: court appearances, serving warrants, serving subpoenas, servicing the police car, transporting prisoners, delivering messages, finishing reports, eating, personal and restroom, pistol range, depart- :ment orders and calling headquarters. The time consumption of these incidents and activities compared to the total time consumed by all incidents and activities in this study was 21.27%, and the number of incidents compared to the total number of incidents and activities was 15.20%. Even though the percentages may vary somewhat, a correlation can be observed between the data developed in this study and the study conducted by webster. in the following table. Incident Crimes Against Persons Crimes Against Property Traffic Social Service Administration Webster's Study: Number Time 2.82% 2.96% 13.76% 14.82% 7.62% 9.20% 17.27% 13.70% 39.28% 50.19% For clarification the data deve10ped is shown This Study: Number Time 2.28% 4.03% 11.15% 15.55% 6.89% 13.43% 8.69% 7.19% 15.20% 21.27% Questionnaire - Estimates of Incident and Activity Time consumptionfiby Police Officers As was previously mentioned, before evaluating patrol response two additional items useful from a comparison standpoint would be introduced. The first was just completed, webster's study, and the second*will consist of the results of a questionnaire completed by patrol super- visors and patrol officers of the police department studied regarding their estimation of the time consumption of the various patrol inci- dents and activities. See Appendix A. 130 In order to keep the questionnaire within a useable size all the patrol incidents and activities deve10ped in this study were classified into five main categories of Criminal, Noncriminal, Traffic, Disturb- ance, and Administrative patrol response. The Criminal category included all the Part I and Part II criminal offenses with the exceptions of drunk and disorderly conduct which are used in the Disturbance-Social category. This was done in order to place similarly derived incidents and activities together in the same category. Driving under the influence also was removed from the Criminal category and placed in the Traffic activities. The Noncriminal category was comprised of such incidents and activities as: injury reports, rescue runs, suicides, sick persons, runaways, suspicious persons, money escorts, lost children, found prOperty, and etc. The Traffic category was comprised of traffic violations, traffic accidents, driving under the influence, assisting motorists, and abandoned cars. The Disturbance category was comprised of family disputes, neighbor disputes, disorderly conduct, drunks, disorderly juveniles, and fight calls. The Administrative category included such activities as the down- town parking lot release, serving warrants, serving subpoenas, trans- porting prisoners, delivering messages, servicing the police car or its radio, eating, calling headquarters, and etc. Because of the large number of different types of patrol incidents and activities, it was felt that the named activities classified into the five categories of patrol response just indicated would give the officers involved with the questionnaire an idea of the different types 131 of activities within each category without necessarily making the questionnaire too cumbersome or the response too tedious. The purpose of the questionnaire was to take a representative sample of patrol supervisors and patrol officers and receive their estimates as to the amount of time consumed in the five categories so that a comparison could be made between the data developed in this study and the esti- mates of the police officers. This comparison is utilized in the evaluation of patrol response in the summary and conclusion of this study. The questionnaire was completed by two lieutenants, six sergeants, and 36 patrolmen. Activity levels vary from hour to hour as to the percentage of time patrol officers are involved in the various criminal and noncriminal incidents and activities as has been seen, however, the officers completing the questionnaire as nearly as possible represented a cross section of the three main patrol shifts in order that an average could be obtained. From the data of patrol response developed in this study, the comparison between the data and the estimates received from the ques- tionnaire completed by the police officers revealed the following: 1. Time Consumption of All Incidents and Activities as a Percentage of Total Patrol Time Expended: (averages) .Actual - 37.01% (see page 12) Lieutenants (2) - 77.50% Sergeants (6) - 49.17% Patrolmen (36) - 69.02% 132 Time Consumption in the Five Categories of Patrol Response as a Percentage of the Actual and Estimated Percentages Developed in Answer #1. (a) Criminal category: Actual = 7.08% Lieutanents (2) = 15.00% Sergeants (6) = 12.17% Patrolmen (36) = 18.37% E”? (b) Noncriminal category: Actual = 6.96% , 1 Lieutenants (2) = 17.50% g} Sergeants (6) = 12.66% Patrolmen (36) = 17.16% (c) Traffic category: Actual 8 8.07% Lieutenants (2) = 22.50% Sergeants (6) = 7.50% Patrolmen (36) = 11.97% (d) Disturbance category: Actual a 4.31% Lieutenants (2) - 15% Sergeants (6) = 11.33% Patrolmen (36) = 15.61% 133 (e) Administrative category: Actual = 11.59% Lieutenants (2) = 7.50% Sergeants (6) = 5.50% Patrolmen (36) = 7.27% ERDWMRX AND CONCLUSION The primary purpose of this study was to develop data which . through general application could be used by police administrators to examine and evaluate patrol response to a variety of criminal and non- criminal incidents and activities. Of primary importance in any evalu- ation of patrol response is the number of occurences and the patrol time consumption of the incidents and activities which are not criminal or crime-related yet have become the responsibility of the police. These activities often consume a large percentage of patrol time, as the data has revealed-~time which could be utilized more efficiently and more effectively by the police in the control of crime and the provision of better service to the public in many instances. Many of these activities have been assumed by the police because of various reasons; either no other agencies were available to handle the activity or else, quite commonly, the agency did not want to assume the full responsibilities involved even though the activity was within their jurisdiction. Police officers escort important visitors in and out of town, chauffeur mayors and other dignitaries, license taxicabs and bicycles, pick up stray animals, respond to medical emergencies, run errands, and perform a myriad of other activities which are rarely related to crime or crime control. Somebody must perform these serv- ices and the police, being ever present and mobile, have been, and are 134 today, the logical candidates. However, because of the rapidly increasing crime rate and other burdens of increased social responsi- bility and response being placed on the police, the pervasive question which inevitably must be answered is can the police afford to devote the time they have been or will have to give in the future to these types of activities. It is realized that it would be ill-advised to curtail all police activities which do not pertain directly to crime or crime control because the police must still furnish a variety of services to the public to maintain order within our society, however, some of the serv- ices now perfbrmed by the police could be reduced or even curtailed altogether without affecting the role or function of the police in our society and which would, at the same time, increase the efficiency and 'effectiveness of police response. This study has developed data to show police response to 73 different types of incidents and activities, from.number of occurences to percentages of patrol time consumption to monthly, weekly, daily, and even hourly fluxuations in patrol response. For ease of statisti- cal compilation and presentation each activity or incident was classi- fied into either a criminal or noncriminal patrol response. The police are responsible for the criminal incidents and activities in any evalu- ation of police response, but to properly evaluate the total police response any evaluation.must consider the large input of the noncrimi- nal incidents and activities. One criterion of evaluation which could be used is whether the response activity is either criminal or non- criminal but if such a criterion was used to define the "prOper" police response many necessary police activities would be eliminated with chaotic results. Therefore, any evaluation of "prOper" police response 135 must take into account an additional factor beyond the criminal- noncriminal criterion: this factor is the ”priority" of the incident or activity in terms of its potential for violence and disruptive effect to society. The use of both the criminal-noncriminal classification and the priority of the incident to evaluate both criminal and noncriminal police response can be illustrated in the following example: gambling is a criminal incident for which the police are responsible and will respond, yet the police also respond to noncriminal family dispute incidents. Trying to evaluate the necessity of police response to family disputes based only on a criminal-noncriminal criterion as to whether the police should respond is not possible; the police must respond to family disputes because of their great potential for violence. The family dispute, even though it could be classified as noncriminal, must be considered as a higher priority for necessary police response than for the criminal incident of gambling, for example. Viewing police response in terms of both criminal and noncriminal classifications and high or low priorities allows a choice of several flexible criteria from which to evaluate the type of police response. These flexible criteria used as an evaluative tool can give the police administrator a more detailed examination and analysis of the different types of police response which can be used to develop criteria for the reduction or elimination of unnecessary police response. These evalu- ation criteria can also be used to develop or revise training programs, to assist in the assignment and deployment of personnel, to assist in the allocation of resources and in many other areas concerning the efficiency and effectiveness of the police organization. 136 To illustrate how such an evaluation of police response could be accomplished in terms of criminal-noncriminal, high-low priority inci- dents, a sample of some of the activities performed by patrol officers of the police department studied will be evaluated in terms of.both personnel and organization requirements. One such activity is the patrol response to animal complaints. During the year patrol officers responded to 1629 animal complaints which consumed 697.48 hours of valuable patrol time. Many of these incidents occurred during one of the peak hours of necessary patrol response, between the hours of 5:00 P.M. and 6:00 P.M. (see pages 33 and 34). .Most municipalities have animal control personnel to handle animal complaints but these personnel typically work an 8:00 ATM. to 4:30 P.M. shift, which leaves much of the burden of animal control to the patrol officers. In addition, animal control personnel typically work only Menday through Friday, while data indicated the busiest day for patrol response was Saturday. The lack of animal control person- nel during the weekend places the entire burden of animal control onto the police department. In addition, there is often little the patrol officer can do about animal complaints since he has usually neither the equipment nor expertise to handle the animals, and he often resolves the problem by advising the complaining party to contact either the animal control personnel during the regular workweek or else to contact the local prosecutor if a legal violation has occurred. This type of patrol activity can be classified as noncriminal, low priority and the police should not become involved in these activi- ties unless they are of an emergency-type nature or an aggravated situ- ation which could erupt into violence. A closer analysis of this type 137 of activity would probably indicate that many of the 1692 incidents to which patrol officers responded could just have easily been handled over the telephone if the police had to become involved at all. Surely, the 697.48 hours of patrol time consumed by these incidents could have been more effectively used. Other implications of this type of police response include such problems as training and the efficient use of manpower. Is the police department obligated to train its officers to handle animal complaints even though an animal control officer is employed by the municipality? Who has the responsibility for animal complaints, the police or animal control personnel? Is the trained police officer being utilized.most efficiently and most effectively for this noncriminal, low priority activity? Obviously, the police should not be in the animal control business and should not respond to such activities unless it is an aggravated situation. The responsibility lies with the municipality to furnish and assign adequate personnel to perform this service for the public. The burden should not be assumed by the police just because they are available. Another activity which could be similarly evaluated is that of having patrol officers respond to the downtown parking lot to release automobiles which have been parked beyond the time limit. After the 10:00 P.M. closing hour the parking gate can only be opened.by use of a key which can only be obtained at the police department. This means that a patrol officer must be called into the station to pick up the key, drive to the parking lot and release the automobile, and then return to the station to replace the key. This activity required 172 patrol responses and consumed 45.02 patrol hours during the year. This activity is another example of a noncriminal, low priority response 138 which is plainly a waste of valuable time and.menpower. In addition, the majority of these activities called for police response between the hours of 10:00 P.M. and 11:00 P.M., which is one of the more busy periods of the day for necessary police response, and.most of these incidents occurred on Friday which is the busiest day of the week for necessary police response. Again, the police administrator must evalu- ate this type of activity in terms of valuable manpower and patrol time consumed.when it can least afford to be given. Perhaps one solu- tion to this type of prOblem would be to give each patrol officer a key to the parking lot to reduce his travel time back and forth to the police station, but this is not the answer to the burden of this type of activity. The answer is to remove this type of activity from police jurisdiction.where it does not belong and give it to another municipal agency. Another activity which could be evaluated is the response by the police to family disputes, for a different type of analysis. Even though a family dispute could be considered to be another noncrimdnal incident it must be given a higher priority for patrol response than the preceeding incidents because of the potential for violence. During the year patrol officers responded to 3623 family disputes which con- sumed 1409.20 hours of patrol time. An examination of the data developed regarding famdly disputes revealed that the greatest number of these incidents occurred between the hours of 10:00 P.M. and 11:00 P.M. on Saturday, a very busy period for necessary patrol response. This time of response and the day of the week are also busy periods for both ani- mal complaints and the parking lot release. The family dispute is of a higher priority than either animal complaints or the parking lot 139 release but if patrol officers are not available to respond to a family dispute because they are engaged in animal complaints or the parking lot the result may have fatal consequences fer the disputants. Perhaps such a situation would never arise but the potential is always present when patrol time and manpower are being misused. Any number of the remaining 70 patrol response activities could be evaluated in this manner once empirical data of patrol response has been Obtained. The important point to be stressed is that all patrol activities both criminal and noncriminal should be evaluated in order to deve10p criteria from which the most efficient and effective use of patrol manpower and resources can be deve10ped. These criteria can be deve10ped through statistics obtained from data of patrol response activities combined with value judgments as to the priority of the type of patrol response in terms of necessary response. Combining statis- tics with value judgments can give the police administrator a flexible scale of criteria which he can use to make apprOpriate decisions regard- ing patrol response. It is appropriate at this time to examine the options or alterna- tives open to the police administrator if he desires to make changes after an examination and evaluation of the different types of patrol response. The fellowing suggestions are not necessarily in order of importance and do not include all options or alternatives available to the police administrator but can serve as possible areas of inquiry and evaluation to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of police service: (1) The employment of greater selectivity and reasonable criteria in determining the validity of police reSponse to such activities as animal complaints, trash complaints, feund bicycles, various (2) (3) (4) (5) 140 assistance calls and etc., based upon a criminal-noncriminal, high- low priority evaluation of each type of incident. The placement of greater emphasis on other municipal agencies to assume more responsibility regarding activities which are within their jurisdiction and which are their responsibility such as animal complaints, trash complaints, city council mail pickups, parking lot release, and etc. The use of police cadets to perform services at the police station and selected services on the road to release trained police offi- cers for high priority incidents. Cadets could take crime reports at the station on walk-in crimes, run errands, serve subpoenas, and.perform many other activities of these types which may be necessary but which should not require the services of a trained police officer. The greater use of civilian personnel both at the police station and in selected services on the road to release trained police officers. Civilians could perfbrm.such functions as releasing impounded automobiles and bicycles, operating the police radio, picking up feund prOperty, delivering messages and.many other related actvities to release trained police officers. The possibility of re-structuring patrol officer assignment and deployment based upon education, training and aptitude to develop specialists available at peak times of necessary police response to handle difficult incidents and.activities sudh as certain crimes, family disputes, juvenile problems, and etc., based upon patrol response data which can indicate and predict the need for patrol response. 141 (6) The promulgation of policies of guidance and direction for the police department which will allow for the developnent of positive morale influences. These policies would re-state the role and function of the police officer in our society through the elimina- tion of unnecessary police response and the development of positive guidelines toward the concept of professionalization of the police service. The preceeding suggestions as alternatives to what has been tradi- tional police response are by no means complete or conclusive. A thorough examination and evaluation of patrol response activities will reveal many areas which could be developed to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of police service. Other valid areas of inquiry could include such items as training needs, personnel needs, resource allocation, equipment changes and a host of other pertinent areas of inquiry. A It is realized that not all police departments are engaged in the same incidents or activities which have been develcped in this study, however, a close scrutiny of the patrol activities of any police depart- ment will reveal much of the same type of information that has been deve10ped-~patrol manpower and resources are not being utilized in the most efficient and effective manner. This misuse of manpower and resources is not necessarily wilful, but as the Patrol Officer Ques- tionnaire illustrated, guesswork would be a poor foundation upon which to base any important organizational decisions regarding patrol response activities. Through data processing the police administrator of today has at his disposal the tools to analyze and evaluate a nultitude of factors which affect his organization. The police administrator rust be concerned with an efficient and effective organization which he can 142 obtain through the preper use of his manpower and resources , and data processing allows data to be deve10ped upon which the police adminis- trator can base important decisions to guide and direct his department. 1. APPENDIX.A The questionnaire given to patrol supervisors was as follows: During the time a patrolman spends on patrol, a portion of his time is spent answering radio calls and doing other activities (such as writing traffic tickets, making drunk arrests, and etc.) and the remainder of his time is spent on routine patrol. What percentage of time do you feel the average officer spends out of his total time answering radio calls and doing these other activi- ties? This part of the questionnaire is concerned with the incidents handled and dealt with while the officer is on patrol. With the above answer in mind, I want you to estimate the percentage of time the average officer spends in the following five categories: criminal, noncriminal, traffic, disturbance and administrative activities. Remember, these percentages cannot add up to be greater than the percentage you indicated in.Answer #1. (a) Category #1 is criminal activities. Included in this category are all criminal offenses such as homicide, rape, rebbery, BaE, larceny, narcotics, and etc. What percentage of time do you feel the average patrol officer spends in.making investi- gations, making arrests and writing reports in this area? 0b) Category #2 is noncriminal activities. Included in this category are noncriminal activities such as injury reports, rescue runs, suicides, sick persons, runaways, suspicious persons, money escorts, lost children, found property, and etc. What percentage of time do you feel the average patrol officer spends in dealing with these activities? (c) Category #3 is traffic activities. Included in this category are such activities as traffic accidents, writing traffic tickets, assisting motorists, dealing with abandoned cars, and investigating and arresting drunk drivers. What percentage of time do you feel the average patrol officer spends in dealing with these activities. (d) Category #4 is disturbance activities. Included in this cate- gory are such activities as family disputes, neighbor disputes, disorderly conduct, drunks, disorderly juveniles and fight calls. What percentage of time do you feel the average patrol officer spends in dealing with these activities? 144 (e) Category #5 is administrative activities. Included in this category are such activities as the downtown parking lot release, serving warrants, serving subpoenas, transporting prisoners, delivering messages, servicing the patrol car or its radio, eating, calling headquarters, and etc. What percentage of time do you feel the average patrol officer spends in dealing with these activities? The questionnaire given to patrol officers was the same as that give to patrol supervisors with the exception that it asked for them to estimate the percentage of time they spent in each of the five categories. BIBLIOGRAPHY Katzenbach, Nicholas DeB., gt, 31. The Challenge of Crime in a Free Sociegy. New York: The Hearst Corporation, 1968. Webster, John A. "Police Task and Time Study," The Journal of Criminal Law, Criminology and Police Science. V01. 61, No.41, MarCh 1970, pp. 94-100. JUL 1 3 1‘3“ HICHIGQN STRTE UNIV. LIBRRRIE II l 11 ll Ill I Ill 1111”! III 31582