ms cm. WAR CAREEROF JOHN GIBSON mamma- Thos’is Ear the 0mm of M. A. meme»: sum wvmsm- . Jerry L Bawer‘ ‘ ~ 19.62 ’ 55...“; 357a LIBRARY Michigan State Univctsity IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII 3 1293 10614 5562 P M4 7 THE CIVIL WAR.CAREER OF JOHN GIBSON PARKHURST BY Jerry L. Bower AN ABSTRACT submitted to Michigan State University in partial fulfillment of therequirements fbr the degree of ~ MASTER 0F.ARTS Department of History 1962 ’ l 5/3” 0 2*" 4 ’ 7 IV 3 4" a; “54/4” D A Ag nailjjgmx/J This study traces the Civil war career of John Gibson Parkhurst, a lawyer from Goldwater, Michigan, who led the Ninth Michigan Infantry during most of the war. It treats his activities as a combat commander, as Provost Marshal of the Feurteenth Army Corps under General George H. Thomas, and as Provost Marshal General of the Army of the Cumberland from January, 186h to October, 1865. Through his eyes the record of the Ninth Michigan is traced and an attanpt is made to place that regiment in proper historical perspective. New information is disclosed concerning the contribution of the Ninth Michigan to the Union victory at Stone's River in January, 1863. A critical examination of the claims made by Parkhurst concerning this battle revealed that the Ninth played an.important and much overlooked role in General Braxton Bragg's withdrawal from the battlefield. For this study use was made of the John Gibson Parkhurst Papers in the Museum othichigan State University and in the Michigan.Histori- cal Collections of the University of'Michigan. Printed documents, notably 3133 1425 g; the Rebellion: The Official Records 93 29.9. Union and Confederate.inmies, provided useful information. Another valuable source was the Records of §h3_Michigan.Militg£z Establishment located in the Archives of the Michigan Historical Commission in Lansing. For background material on Parkhurst liberal use was made of state and local histories. Other secondary works, notably studies of the war in the western theater, were relied upon to place the Ninth Michigan Infantry in its proper context. ' '7" ' n , . fl". 7 I ‘1’ L/ ‘1 l7 \a9&1%a%€7 ZZ./m the roads leading to Murfreesboro. Because of his Obvious neglect in taking prOper security precautions and for not coming to the aid Of the beseiged men, Lester was dishonorably discharged from the service. 51 The findings of the board of inquiry absolved the Ninth and Parkhurst of any responsibility for the great loss of prOperty at Murfreesboro. In fact General Crittenden in his report highly comp mended the Michigan volunteers and the Lt. Colonel fer the stiff re- 52 sistence in the face Of great Odds. Parkhurst always felt, however, that his men.were never totally cleared Of the onus attached tO their surrender, fer as he wrote in 1866, "the Regiment has never received 29 Papers, MHC., Parkhurst to Sister, July 15, 1862. 30 Cist, Army‘gf the Cumberland, pp. 43-45. 31 93-. part I. 796-798. 32 Ibid., p. 795. a prOper degree of credit, having in a manner received the reproach which should have [been] attached solely to C01. Lester of the 5rd iinnesota, whose refusal to allow his regiment and Hewitt's battery to go into the fight was the sole cause of the Capture of Murfrecsboro." 53 Ferrest paroled all of his prisoners, except the Officers, and the next eight days were spent in marching, or in riding southern rail- roads, to a Confederate prison at Madison, Georgia. While on the march General Fbrrest took Parkhurst's horse and gave his "poor" mount in return. In addition to this "exchange" Parkhurst discovered that most of his horse-riding equipment and other valuables were stolen by the rebels. Although this was most annoying, his greatest indignation was aroused when a Negro, to whom he gave $2.50 to fill his canteen, made off with both container and money. 34 In the prison which was located in an Old cotton mill surrounded by a board fence, boredom was the biggest problem.fbr the men, and they whiled away the time reading, talking, and playing cards. At first the prisoners were often stirred with excitement as rumors of exchange were circulated; but hOpe of a short internment soon died, for this gossip proved false. Some Of the Federals wrote an inscrip- tion upon the fence which greatly irritated the Confederate guards, and the officer in charge of the prison demanded the immediate removal of "Dixie the Land of Snakes, Scorpions and Traitors." Adding another insult the inmates hired a Negro to remove the offending sign. EarLy in October there came a reliable report that an exchange had been arranged, and the prisoners prepared themselves for the trip north. 35 33 RG 59-14, Parkhurst to Robertson, December 29, 1866. 54 Diary, MSU., July 14-22, 1862. 35 Ibid., July 23-October 3, 1862, msim. 28 On October 7, 1862 the prisoners left Madison by rail for Vir- ginia and parole. After a short stay in Libby Prison at Richmond the men were transferred to a steamer and taken to Washington, D. C. While in the capital Parkhurst called on President Lincoln and recorded this event in his diary with the eanperatingly cryptic notation that the Chief Executive "is quite ugly and inferior looking." 36 During Parkhurst's imprisonment the Army of the Ohio under Buell was encountering difficulties. The raids by Morgan and Forrest in June and July had raised havoc with its communications. Bragg's move to Chattanooga put him in position to invade the North by several routes: he could advance into middle or eastern Tennessee, or he could move through the mountains into Kentucky. In early September, Buell, faced with uncertainty, decided to concentrate his fbrces at Murfreesboro and await Bragg's next move. The Federals had recently been fOrced to abandon the Cumberland Gap when the Confederates cut the Union supply lines. Still more trouble was provided by General Kirby Smith, who raised havoc in Kentucky among the green.recruits of General William Nelson. These developments enabled Bragg to move his fbrces through Tennessee and into Kentucky, with high hOpes of driving north all the way to the Ohio River. Bragg's invasion precipitated a.race fbr Louisville between the Opposing com- manders, with the Union army arriving first, on September 29, 1862. In Louisville the Union commander reorganized his men and ab- sorbed new recruits into his Army of the Ohio. He then led his men against the invaders, and succeeded in defeating them in the bloody battle of Perryville, on October 8. This clash was not decisive, and 36 Ibid., October 7-16, 1862. 29 Bragg made good his escape despite an active Union pursuit which shifted the scene of action to Murfreesboro, where the enemy began to concen- trate his trOOps. This period is Often viewed as the height of Confederate mili- tary success. General George B. IcClellan had been fOrced to abandon the Virginia peninsula; and Federal trOOps under General John POpe had been whipped at Second Bull Run, after which the Army of Northern Virginia prepared fer its first invasion of the North. In the West, as already noted, Bragg had driven from ChattanOOga northward into Kentucky. But both invading forces were defeated and turned back--Lee at Antietam, and Bragg at Perryville. The success of the Confederates gave rise to such widespread criticism of MbClellan and Buell that Lincoln, convinced of their in- competence, decided to relieve them of their commands. On October 50, 1862, Buell was dismissed, and a few days later McClellan was removed as commander of the Army of the Potomac. Buell's successor was General William S. Rosecrans, whose com- mand was designated as the Army of the Cumberland. Rosecrans' first action was to relieve the garrison at Nashville under Negley, who had been under a semi-siege directed by General John C. Breokinridge Oper- ating from Murfreesboro. General Alexander McCook arrived in Nashville with reinforcements and lifted the siege, while other units fellowing him repaired the railroad from Louisville as they advanced. On November 7 Rosecrans reorganized the Army of the Cumberland into three wings under the commands of Generals Thomas, McCook and T. L. Crittenden. Rosecrans also removed all Officers whom he believed unfit fer their positions. The rest of that month and most of December 30 were spent in drilling troops and gathering supplies at Nashville in preparation for an Offensive against Bragg at Murfreesboro. Chapter IV THE BATTLE OF STONE'S RIVER Lt. Colonel Parkhurst and the other Union officers who had been sent north by the secessionists were merely on parole. Under the rules adOpted for the exchanging of prisoners, these men could not return to active duty until the Union authorities had released an equal number of Confederate Officers of corresponding ranks. If a soldier was re- captured before he had been officially exchanged, he faced death before a firing squad. When Parkhurst learned that he was not free to return to the front, he said, "(this is] Not very flattering news to us. Our Govt should have had us exchanged." 1 During his parole Parkhurst visited relatives in New York, old friends in Goldwater, Michigan, and enjoyed a happy reunion with his two children, Kittie and Maggie, whom he had not seen in.over a year. The trip to Goldwater included a sad visit to the grave of his beloved Amelia, whom he often remembered fondly in entries in his diary. This was a time fbr reflection, and the lawyer-turned-soldier contem- plated what the future might hold in store for himself and his broken family. The notification of Parkhurst's official exchange was communi- cated to the military authorities in Detroit on November 10. This news was relayed to Parkhurst, who was at Syracuse, New YOrk; however, he did not receive orders to rejoin the Ninth until the nineteenth of 1 Diary, MSU., October 2, 1862. 2 Ibid., October 16 - November 1, 1862. 31 52 December. .5 When he arrived in Iashville, Parkhurst found the bulk of the Army of the Cumberland concentrated in that city. 4 The reunion with his regiment was a joyous Occasion for the commander of the Ninth. He made a short speech which the men heartily cheered while throwing their hats into the air. 5 During his absence the'Michigan volunteers had received a post of honor, being assigned to the headquarters of General Thomas as Provost Guard. 6 Parkhurst described the station as "one of which any Regiment in the Service would feel a pride and that's the position of Select Guard fer the Army Corps of Maj.-Genl Thomas-—Similar to the Body-guard of a EurOpean officer." 7 General Rosecrans had been under pressure from the Washington authorities for a considerable length Of time to advance upon the en- emy at Murfreesboro. Rosecrans delayed his attack for almost two months while he reorganized his army and gathered an adequate amount of sup- plies for a major battle. Then came his move. The Army of the Cumber- land was to advance in three columns--McCook's right wing against Gen- eral William Hardee at Triune; Thomas with the center against Hardee's right and then to NOlinsville; and T. L. Crittenden's left wing was to move on a direct route via the Nashville Pike against Generals Leonidas Polk and Kirby Smith. 8 3 93., Series II, v, 46; Diary, MSU., November 13, 1862. 4 Diary, MSU., December 19-23, 1862. 5 12.1.9.” December 24-25, 1862. 6 Dyer, Compendieum, III, 1285. 7 Papers, MHC., Parkhurst to Sister, December 26, 1862. 8 Papers, MSU., "Recollections of Stone's River." This is a 35 The Federals made contact with enemy pickets within two miles of Nashville and McCook ran into stiff resistance within six miles of the city. It took four days of constant fighting for the Union army to reach the rebel lines which were solidly established about two miles from Murfreesboro on the west bank of Stone's River. On December 30 Rosecrans established his battle line. It was anchored on the left on Stone's River and extended south and west a- cross the Nashville Pike towards Overalls Creek. Rosecrans' plan of battle was to attack with Crittenden and Thomas on the left and center, while performing a holding action with McCook on the right. Unfortu- nately McCook‘s line was not only poorly placed, but was vulnerable because of several gaps between the various brigades of his command. These defects were noted by Rosecrans in his inspection of the Federal position, but the final emplacement was left with MCCook, who was familiar with the terrain. The failure of Rosecrans personally to establish a proper line on the right placed upon his shoulders much of the responsibility for the near-disaster which occurred on the next day. 9 Bragg, on the other hand, conceived a plan that was identical to that of Rosecrans--attacking with his left and center and holding on his right. To effect these tactics Bragg transferred some trOOps from his right to the Opposite wing, which then overlapped the Union report of the battle written by Parkhurst fer his comrades of the Ninth after the war. Detailed descriptions of the battle may also be found in W. D. Bickham, Rosecrans' Cam i with.th§ Fourteenth Arm 00.1223 2; thg Arm 3;; the Cumberland Cincinnati, 18635; Van Horne, History _o_f; _’_c_h_e_ Arm _o_f_ in; Cumberland; and Cist, 2.9.9. Army 3; the Cumberland. 9 Gist, History 31; _1_;___ Arm 93.15... Cumberland, pp. 129-135. an .e .263 6233233 33.35 one was 9: Mm. £35. £er see some echoes K a . 1 F , _ u 0 . ‘33P. g 0:— x » FINES. 54 "u moo: more 00“ an «H I a | 2 es s omommmmameaz me I? “.WgHm m. .mzoem mo maria E me: .~ 5.. 35 line. Once the hostile armies had assumed their position, the ad- vantage would rest with the army which seized the initiative. Rosecrans had ordered his assault to begin at 7 A. M. on the last day of December, 1862; but Bragg's attack began at dawn, and the forces on the Union right were caught by surprise. The smashing Con- federate offensive quickly outflanked McCook's defective line, and as his units fell back under the weight of the attack, the rebels were able to turn on the flank of other Union brigades. Within two hours Rosecrans' right was in dire danger of total collapse. When the battle began the Ninth Michigan was located at the rear Of the lines near Thomas' headquarters. Shortly after the action commenced, Parkhurst noticed a large number of men rushing to the rear. He described the scene in his "Recollections of Stone's River." And in advance of the running mules was one particular Negro, who, though very black, had an absolute pallor upon his countenence, and about feur inches of tongue protruding from his mouth, his eyes bulging nearly out of his head. It being a part of the writer's duty to prevent straggling and to Keep men with their respective Commands, he Sent out details to pick up these terrified trOOps; but, the picking up soon became a pretty lively business and he found it necessary to place the 9th Michigan in line of battle across the Nashville Pike Extending its flanks to the utmost limit, and he was none too Soon in this Movement. Cavalry-:Artilleryb-Infantry Quitters and Camp followers came rushing‘with the force of a cyclone, and the 9th Michigan was ordered to fix bayonets and charge upon this panic Stricken Mass of men. 36 The Charge was Made and the result was gratifying-—the Stampede was Checked and the fleeing Mass of troops were halted, put in line facing the enemy, until a force of some thousands of Infantry [about 2,00Q]--Seven pieces of.Artillery and several hun- dred Cavalry were placed in a favorable position, from which this recently terrorized_fOrce several times repulsed the Charges of the pursuing Enemy and finally after General Wilkes with his bri- gade including the 4th Michigan Artillery came foreward from Stew- arts Creek, We were Enabled to drive the Enemy back to his lines and relieve the right of Rosecrans' Army. 10 After the Opening rush had carried away the extreme right of Rosecrans' line, the entire rebel force began to pivot slowly on Stone's River bringing it into action against the Union right and center. The second phase of the day's fighting centered upon the Union divisions of Jeff C. Davis, Bushrod R. Johnson and Philip H. Sheridan, whose flanks were eXposed to assaults by the enemy. These units resisted bravely but eventually were forced to retreat, fighting their way through enemy trOOps in their rear to a new position which paralleled the Nashville Pike. The new alignment of the Army of the Cumberland revealed that the right wing had been driven to a position perpendicular to the cen- ter. Confederate General Leonidas Polk now concentrated his attack on this angle in the Union line, for a break-through would split the Federal army and put the secessionists across the Nashville Pike, cut- ting off the best route for a Union retreat. Failing to carry this point after riumerous charges, heavy fighting develOped on the left of l . 0 Papers, MSU., "Recollections of Stone's River." 37 Rosecrans' line near Stone's River. Bragg ordered fresh trOOps under Breckinridge, who had been posted across the river all morning, to make one final attempt to break through the Union lines. Once again the Northerners arose to the task and repelled the rebels with great losses. Darkness put an end to a day of hard, costly fighting. During the night both armies were busy consolidating their positions. Bragg believed that enemy losses were so heavy that the Federals would retreat. Rosecrans, however, held a council of war with his chief officers and all decided that the Union position could be held. Thus when daylight broke on New Year's Day the Army of the Cumberland was still on the battlefield ready to receive an attack. It never came, for Bragg had not fermed any definite plans. The Fed- erals, unprepared to launch an offensive, were content to hold their position, repulsing the few probes that were made by the Confederates. The greatest activity occurred in the rear, where rebel cavalry har- assed Union communications. It was in that quarter that Parkhurst's regiment saw action. Well before dawn the Ninth received cmders from Thomas to es- cort to Nashville a train of wagons which carried unneeded equipment and wounded men. Nine miles from.their destination the column was hit by cavalry which had been harassing the rear of the Union lines. The attack threw the teamsters into a general stampede, which Park- hurst's regiment managed to check. The men were then lined up ready to repulse any subsequent onslaught by the enemy, but the Confederates made no further efforts to stOp the train.and it proceeded unmolested to Nashville. 11 11 Diary, MSU., January 1, 1863; 93., xx, part I, 652-654. 38 On the third day of the battle the heaviest fighting occurred on the east side of Stone's River, away from the main body of both armies. Some of Crittenden's units, situated on heights across the river, were in a position to throw enfilading artillery fire into Polk's lines on the.0pposite shore. Seeing this danger, Bragg ordered Breckinridge to carry the heights and drive the Federals back over the streams The attackers reached the crest of the hill, but the con- centrated fire of fifty-eight Union batteries forced them to retreat, with Crittenden's men in hot pursuit. After this clash the strategic position on the heights was strongly reinforced, posing an even greater threat to Polk. Early in the morning of January 3, the Ninth, under orders from Thomas, left Nashville to return to the battlefield with supply wagons and the troops who had fled the front. They reached Lavergne about noon and found Colonel William P. Innes and his First Michigan Engi- neers awaiting an attack from Confederate cavalry. The Michigan volunteers and their column joined the Engineers and after an unevent- ful two—hour wait, decided to proceed. The train reached the battle- field in the late afternoon after a hard march of twenty-seven miles. 12 Dawn of the following day found the Army of the Cumberland alone on the battlefield before Murfreesboro. Bragg had withdrawn his men during the night, leaving behind his dead and wounded. The deci- sion to retreat was based upon a report by General Joseph C. Wheeler of the rebel cavalry that Rosecrans was receiving reinfOrcements. The Union trOOps spent the day in burying the dead and resting. 12 93., xx, part I, 652-654; Diary, MSU., January 3, 1863. 59 The occupation of Murfreesboro was a happy event for the men of the Ninth Infantry as they were allowed to enter the city at the head of the army. Thus the Michigan Volunteers returned to the scene of their earlier defeat at the hands of Forrest. 13 The conclusion of the great clash at Stone's River brought a time of reflection for the trOOps. Parkhurst, in looking back over the activities of his men, said that they had fulfilled their duties well. Reflecting on the two stampedes halted by his Ninth Michigan, he asserted: "I think I have saved our army from two sad disasters and disgraces if I never do anything More for My Country." 14 For their timely action the Michigan volunteers were commended by Thomas in his official report of the battle fOr rendering "most valuable service" to the army. 15 Parkhurst said, in commenting upon the rebel retreat, that his regiment had played a key role in causing that movement. In writ- ing a report of Stone's River after the war he began one portion with the statement, "I trust it will not be regarded immodest in the Writer, at this remote period, to furnish the Companions of this Commandery-- but the information £111.33. _g9_ 332 further (underline added)-- [knowledge of] the occasion which influenced General Bragg to abandon a claimed victory, and to withdraw his army from the front of what he proclaimed a defeated foe." There follows a brief description of the Ninth's return to Stone's River on January 3 with the ammunition train and 15 Diary, MSU., January 5, 1863; Bennett, Historical Sketches 2.1: 113.2 M, 1" 50° 14 Papers, MHC., Parkhurst to Sister, January 2, 1863. 15 9.3," XX! Part I, 374- 40 the stragglers collected in Nashville. The appearance of this column relieving the beseiged Innes and his Engineers at Lavergne had caused the rebel cavalry to hasten to Bragg with the report that Rosecrans was receiving fresh men. Parkhurst continued, "No other troops came to Rosecrans on the 3-131 and the inference is fair that he [Wheeler] referred to the 923 Michigan. "Thus you can see comes the conclusion that not only was Innes saved by the Opportune arrival of the 9£Q Michigan at Lavergne, but Wheeler was so impressed with its Extended Columns as to induce him to hasten a report to Bragg of its March to reinforce Rosecrans." 16 If Parkhurst's information is correct, he and his regiment were instrumental in securing an important victory for the Union-~a matter which deserves deeper investigation. Bragg reported that he withdrew because Wheeler had informed him by noon on January 3 that 17 Van Horne said that Bragg's in- Rosecrans was being reinfOrced. formation was incorrect or else the Confederate leader had interpreted the arrival of General James G. Spears' brigade as giving a great pre- ponderance to the Union army. 18 A study of the official reports disclosed that Spears arrived at 5 P. M. on January 2 while Wheeler and his men were Operating in the rebel lines at Stone's River. 19 Thus Spears‘ unit did not prompt the retreat. It appears from this evidence that Parkhurst's assumption was correct and that it was the approach of his column that was reported to Bragg. This is further 16 Papers, MSU., "Recollections of Stone's River." 17 9.3.." XX! Part I: 653- 18 Van Horne, Histogy g: the Argy g; the Cumberland, I, 251. 19 93," XX: Part I, 416’ 959- 41 borne out by Wheeler's report which tells of being unable to attack a wagon train about noon on January 3 because it was heavily guarded by infantry and cavalry. 20 In short, the evidence in the official records reveals that the Ninth had, quite by accident, caused the re- bels to leave the battlefield at Stone‘s River thus bringing a great victory to the Army of the Cumberland. The actions of the Michigan volunteers become even more signifi- cant when the results of the battle are viewed. The Federals had finally forced Bragg to make a stand. In the battle the Union troops suffered a near-disaster on the first day, but recovered from the shock, regained the offensive on January 2 and forced the rebels to abandon their strategic position at Murfreesboro on the Nashville- Chattanooga railroad. Of great importance, too, was the psychological impact of the victory upon the men-in-arms and the people of the North, for this was the first major success for the Federals in sev- eral months. Conversely Bragg's retreat caused considerable conster- nation in the South. It may very well be true that the Ninth Michigan has never received prOper credit for their part in securing Murfrees- boro for the Union. The Army of the Cumberland spent almost six months at Murfrees- boro without engaging in any important action against the rebel army, which established itself behind the Duck River with a large supply depot at Tullahoma. As before, the Confederate cavalry under Morgan and Forrest posed a constant threat to the supply lines. To meet this harassment, Rosecrans spent considerable time in develOping a larger cavalry force to neutralize this effective arm of the enemy's 20 Ibid., 959. 42 fighting machine. In February, Rosecrans received 14,000 reinforce- ments under Generals Charles C. Gilbert and George Crook. These units had previously been known as the Army of Kentucky. The following month saw several reconnoissance missions depart from Murfreesboro towards Bragg's position, but they generally ended with small clashes and little or nothing in the way of important news about enemy plans. During May Lincoln and the War Department repeatedly urged Rosecrans to strike the rebels and prevent Bragg from reinforcing the besieged Confederate army at Vicksburg. Rosecrans refused. He insisted that he needed more cavalry, and he argued that if he attacked, the rebels would retreat behind the Cumberland Mountains, making it even easier for them to go to the aid of Vicksburg! The Ninth, during the Union occupation of Murfreesboro, per- formed routine duties as Provost Guard fbr the headquarters of Thomas, while Parkhurst discharged his responsibilities as Provost Marshal fer the Fourteenth Corps. The Michigan volunteers sometimes escorted foraging parties into the surrounding countryside, but beyond this their activities were very limited. 21 During February, 1863, Lt. Colonel Parkhurst corresponded with the military authorities in Michigan concerning his pending promotion to the rank of colonel. He requested that the commission be dated January 17, 1862, the day on which he assumed command of the regiment. In support of his request the other officers of the Ninth wrote: "We believe that he has earned this by a faithful and satisfactory per- formance of his duties while in command of the Regiment . . . ." The 21 Diary, MSU., January 3 - June 23, 1863, pggsim. 22 RG 59-14, MHCA., Parkhurst to Robertson, February 9, 1863. 22 43 officers went on to say that Parkhurst's commission should be ante- dated so that he would not be out-ranked by some other colonel with less time in the service. On February 27 Parkhurst received confir- mation of his promotion, which bore the date March 25, 1862. 23 Throughout this eventful period Parkhurst carried on a regular correspondence with his sisters in New York. His letters contain several interesting comments and observations about the prosecution of the war. Parkhurst believed that the activities of certain ele- ments in the North made the prosecution of the war an unnecessarily difficult task. 24 On one occasion he declared that if "the whole North would turn out and give these rebels what they deserve and then go home and pitch into the abolitionists[,] we could soon put our country into its old position[;] but it is impossible to carry on both wars at the same time and succeed in either . . . ." 25 The Colonel was disturbed that the Northern pOpulace was not giving total support to the war and found it difficult to understand. "I don't know," he wrote, "why peOple suppose the rebellion is going to be put down when they don't furnish the Means to do it. It is My opinion that We Shall have a war on our hands for years to Come and that these rebels will resist the Government so long as there are any of them left to fight. They will'ggxgg come into the Union willing- 1y . . . ." 26 In short, by the spring of 1863 Parkhurst realized that the South must be conquered; he suggested that the only way to 23lgpgg., Officers of Ninth to Robertson, February, 1863; Diary, MSU., February 27, 1865. 24 Papers, MHC., Parkhurst to Sister, February 15, 1863. 25 Ibid., February 25, 1863. 25 Papers, MSU., Parkhurst to Sister, may 20, 1863. 44 do it was for, "the North to turn out En Passe and give the South a lfl'hipping. H 27 Early in June some forty members of the Ninth Nichigan became a mounted guard as a result of the efforts of Parkhurst. The Colonel felt that the presence of this group would add to the efficiency of the regiment in discharging its duties for General Thomas. 28 In late June Rosecrans finally decided to advance. It appeared that Vicksburg was so close to surrender that it was too late for Bragg to offer any effective aid to that army. The Union offensive was directed against Shelbyville and Tullahoma, where Parkhurst was sure the enemy would form for "a big battle." 29 Orders to move were issued on the twenty-third, and the advance began the next day. In a last-minute letter Parkhurst said: "We move foreward today—-the whole army--We go in the direction of Chattanooga." 50 27 has” March 23. 1863; My 29, 1863. 28 Diary, MSU., June 9-11, 1863; Papers, MSU., Parkhurst to Sister, June 14, 1863. 29 Papers, MSU., Parkhurst to Sister, June 14, 1863. 50 Ibid., June 24, 1863. Chapter V THE CILAT'I‘AT‘IOOGA CAMPAIGN AND TIE BATTLE OF CHICK/ATTAWIA The advance against Bragg was a flanking movement designed to force the enemy from their strong defensive position. A feint was to be made at the center of the rebel line at Shelbyville by General Gor- don Granger while Thomas, McCook and Crittenden were to sweep around the right of the Confederate lines to concentrate at Manchester. This movement would make it necessary fer Bragg either to retreat south of the Tennessee River or to offer battle at Tullahoma. The Union columns reached Manchester on June 27 and the campaign entered its second phase. Granger had been successful in executing his feint at Shelbyville, causing Bragg to concentrate at that point. This allowed the rest of the Army of'the Cumberland to turn the right flank and put the Confederates in a disadvantageous position. Skill- ful maneuvering by General David S. Stanley's cavalry forced Bragg to evacuate Shelbyville and fall back towards Tullahoma. Only the heavy rains which were falling prevented the corps of Thomas, McCook and Crittenden from beating the rebels to their objective. 1 Bragg did not offer battle to the Federals at Tullahoma and continued to retire southward, crossing the Tennessee River to Chattanooga. The Union pursuit was stalled at the Elk River by high waters and the destruction of the bridges by the rebels. Parkhurst, in viewing develOpments, 1 Diary, MSU., June 28—30, 1863. .4 6 expected that the Confederates would probably make a stand at Bridge- port to contest the crossing of the Tennessee. The Elk River proved to be a great obstacle to the Union advance. In addition to this problem the Federals were experiencing difficulty in supplying the men with food. Parkhurst said that the trOOps were forced to live on one-half ration for several days until the railroad 5 Finally in mid-July the river was bridged to the front was repaired. with pontoons and the army again moved fknrward, with Thomas' head- quarters being established at Decherd. The duties of the Provost Marshal of the Fourteenth Corps were constantly increasing. In addition to processing prisoners and return- ing stragglers, Parkhurst became responsible for all Negroes who were picked up along the way. lost of these refugees were sent north to keep them from hampering the activities of the army. His regiment was also ordered to make reports upon the condition of citizens in the Decherd area who had been stripped of supplies by the retreating re- bels. 4 John C. Love of the Ninth said, in commenting about his com- mander, ". . . our Colonel is Provost martial General fer the 14th Army Corps, it is a good position, but he has a good deal of business to doe. But he is a verry business man and it does not trouble him to doe what there is to be done." 5 2 Papers, no, Parkhurst to Sister, July 3, 1863. 3 Ibid., July 12, 1863. 5 John G. Love Papers, Michigan Historical Collections of the University of Michigan, Love to Parents, July 13, 1863. 47 The month of July, 1863, saw the tide of events in the Civil War turn definitely in favor of the North. On July 3 the siege of Vicksburg had ended with the surrender of General John Pemberton's army to Grant. That same day also saw the last great action in the Battle of Gettysburg, which ended in defeat for Lee and forced him to abandon his invasion of the North. Rosecrans had initiated a movement which forced Bragg back to Chattanooga, leaving almost all of Tennessee in Union hands. With the Tullahoma campaign behind, the advance of the Army of the Cumberland came to a halt. Early in.August Colonel Parkhurst was granted a leave of absence from the army. After putting his affairs in order he proceeded to Murfreesboro to attend to a pleasurable personal matter. 6 In.April, 1862, Colonel Parkhurst had made the acquaintance of Miss Josephine Reeves and throughout the following months he called upon her whenever an Opportunity presented itself. 7 Their friendship grew into love and the couple became engaged in July, 1862. Now being momentarily free from military affairs, the Colonel married Josephine on August 10, 1863. 8 & 9 6 Diary, MSU., August 6, 186}. 7 Ibid., April 13, 1862-August 10, 1863, pggsim. 3 Ibid., August 10, 1863. 9 Marital difficulties soon arose for the Parkhursts. Mrs. Parkhurst's impulsive and indiscreet actions caused her husband much worry. Josephine visited a male acquaintance in Buffalo, New York, while Parkhurst was on duty in Tennessee. She constarmly requested sums of money from her husband, and when it did not arrive, tried to obtain the money from Parkhurst's business manager in Goldwater. In November, 1864, Josephine lost a baby through miscarriage. John attri- buted the tragedy to imprudence on the part of his wife because she had travelled fnam Murfreesboro to Louisville, Kentucky, without his con- sent or knowledge. These personal problems diverted the Colonel's at- tention from his military concerns and prevented him from giving full attention to his duties. 48 The newlyweds travelled to Goldwater, Michigan, where Parkhurst presented his bride to friends and showed her his home. The couple then went to New York to join Parkhurst's children at Oneida Castle. 10 Here they reaffirmed their vows in a church in accordance with the wishes of Mrs. Parkhurst since the marriage ceremony in Tennessee had been performed by an.army chaplin. 11 0n.August 26 Parkhurst bade farewell to his wife and children and two days later returned to the Ninth, then encamped at Bolivar. 12 Rosecrans had not ordered the army fOrward from the positions that they had assumed after Bragg's retreat despite pressures from General Halleck and the Secretary of wsr, Edwin Stanton. The commander was convinced that certain conditions were necessary before it would be advisable to advance. He believed that it was essential fer General Ambrose Burnside to occupy Knoxville and the Cumberland Gap; that a good supply route was Open from Louisville and Nashville; and that the corn in southern Tennessee was ripe to provide forage for the animals. When these prerequisites were met in mid-August, 1863, the Federals crossed the Cumberland Mountains and prepared to bridge the Tennessee River. The men were carrying rations for several days and enough am, munition for two battles when the campaign was resumed. Rosecrans re- jected the idea of a frontal assault on Chattanooga, preferring to make a feint at the city with some units while sending the rest of the 10 Diary, MSU., August 11-25, 1863. 11 Papers, MSU., A Newspaper Clipping without name or date. 12 Diary, MSU., August 26-28, 1863. 49 army southward to encircle the rebel position. The scheme worked very well and by September 4 the Army of the Cumberland was in Georgia. Thomas had alerted his men that they were to move forward on the first day of September. The Ninth was ordered to collect and send all tents, excess supplies and baggage back to Nashville. 13 Two days later they left Bolivar and crossed the Tennessee River on a pontoon bridge 412 yards long supported by fifty-eight boats. The Corps then marched up the south side of the river a distance of seven- teen miles befOre establishing camp at Moores Spring. 14 After stap- ping for a day the Fourteenth Corps then scaled the Racoon Mountains and advanced its position to Trenton, Georgia, some twenty-two miles south of Chattanooga. 15 Rosecrans, after crossing into Georgia, had directed his corps commanders to strive for separate objectives, for his infermation in- dicated that the rebels were making a fast, full retreat. Thus Thomas was ordered to march to Lafayette, McCook to Alpine and Crittenden to pass near Chattanooga and then on to Ringgold. Bragg evacuated Chat- tanooga on September 9, having finally perceived the threat that Rosecrans' army posed to the south. In viewing the proposed movements Parkhurst wrote, "The Move We are now making is a desperate one and Genl Rosecrans is risking a great deal in making it but if it proves to be Sucessful it will damage the rebels more than anything which has yet occurred." 16 13.;2iq., September 1, 1863. 14.12l93: September 3, 1863. 15 233... September 4—8, 1863. 16 Papers, MHC., Parkhurst to Sister, September 9, 1863. 50 The Colonel of the Ninth anticipated a real danger in the plans ijRosecrans. Bragg had evacuated Chattanooga but he was not in a rapid retreat and was actually falling back towards Lafayette to pro- tect his supply lines. The rebel commander saw what the Federals were doing and decided to whip them _i_x_1 _d_e_t_a_i_l_. This loomed as a real possi- bility for each of the three corps was separated by rough mountains. This meant that the Confederates had an excellent Opportunity to con- centrate on one column as it emerged from.the mountains and, after smashing it, they could turn their attention to another until they had destroyed the entire Army of the Cumberland. In accordance with orders, Thomas continued to move slowly to- ward his objective. On September 12, the Ninth was ordered to estab- lish headquarters fer the Fburteenth Corps at Stevens Gap. 17 This was executed on the following day and upon arrival at the designated point, Parkhurst found that the advance had been stalled by the pres- ence of Bragg's entire army between Thomas' position and Lafayette. 18 The trOOps under Thomas were fOrced to hold off the rebels, while the other columns under McCook and Crittenden marched to join them. Thus the stage was set fOr the Battle of Chickamauga. The Confederates, in the meantime, had failed to execute Bragg's excellent plan. Each of the three Union commanders had experienced stiff resistance on September 10, while they were still widely sepa- rated. Here fate seemed to have taken sides because on the following day orders to attack Thomas were not carried out and on the 12th Polk failed to smash Crittenden. These blunders allowed Rosecrans to direct 17,gg., xxx,psrt III, 565. 18 Diary, MSU., September 14-17, 1865. 51 O / GRANGER / e7 ' Q ’llflifl‘m, - ~ e Ina/,1; 'ss {0 ,1 ’e = 4, UNION WITHDRAWAL W A“ ,9, FORRES'IE - / - e ‘ '* |\\\\\\\“’ 7 u, / é Mm é I ‘7’ 74/ '30” O (I) a’m C") II) > ill ‘JI’ e: MO CO OK\ \Chstt 5 mil \ — --_.._ I anOOga es Rossvil - "~‘ _‘ V LONGSTREET C» a‘6 e 9 k 01“ “fl. BATTLE OF CHICKAMAUGA Adapted from Mark M. Boatner III, The Civil War Dictionary (New York, 1961), p. 151. 52 McCook and Crittenden to retrace their steps at once and join Thomas. When the battle Opened on the 18th the Union army was not entirely reunited, but by the next morning all Of the troops were in line. The rebels, at Chickamauga, reversed the plan which had proved so effective at Stone's River, concentrating the attack on the left of the Federal army hOping to cut the roads between the battlefield and Chattanooga. Bragg's fOrces, recently reinforced from Virginia with a corps under General James Longstreet, numbered about 70,000 while Rosecrans had 55,000 men ready to fight. 0n the first day of action, September 18, the enemy failed to turn the left held by Thomas. The next day Bragg massed an even greater number of troops on the flank and attempted to carry his Objective, but he was repulsed and the day's fighting ended with no decisive results. The crisis of the battle occurred on September 20. The Confed- erate assaults began on the left and slowly moved toward the center, their weight becoming so heavy that Thomas was fbrced to call fOr re- inforcements from MCCOOko In the shuffle Of sending regiments to aid Thomas a gap was inadvertently created in the Union right. The enemy quickly exploited this hole and soon put McCOOk‘s entire wing into rout, forcing Thomas to contract his lines to protect his right flank. Mistrtune continued to plague the Federals as the rest of the units on the left gave way and those troops were put to flight leaving Thomas to face Bragg's entire army with approximately five divisions. The resistance, admirably directed despite great odds, earned for the commander the title "Rock of Chickamauga." Parkhurst, in describing the scene, wrote, "alone the brave and gallant Thomas stood resisting the repeated assaults of column after column like a lone rock on old 55 oceans stands buffeted by the Surging waves of Men, bullets and bay- onets." 19 His stand had saved the Army of the Cumberland as it was able to concentrate at Rossville and execute a successful retreat to ChattanOOga. While the battle raged the Ninth performed the unglamorous task of escorting a hospital train to Chattanooga and on the morning of the 20th they retraced their steps to the front. They reached Rossville in the rear of the Union lines about noon and were On their way for- ward when Crittenden's and McCook's corps gave way in a wild stampede. The Michigan volunteers fixed their bayonets, as at Stone's River, and taking positions across the road they stOpped the mad rush to the rear. 20 Evidently Crittenden thought that the entire army'was lost. Refusing to take command of the men gathered by the Ninth, he ordered Parkhurst to hold the position until the artillery and wagons had 21 passed. The Michigan men under their Colonel provided a rallying point fer the dispirited men, who were reorganized into a semblance Of fighting order along the road to Rossville. Presently General John S. Negley appeared and took command of the force collected by Park- 22 hurst. The timely actions of the Ninth were commended by both Gen- erals Rosecrans and Thoms in their official reports Of the battle. Thomas said, "Col. J. G. Parkhurst, . . . at the head Of his regiment did most valuable service on the 20th, in arresting stragglers and re- organizing the troops which had been driven from the field. " 25 19 Papers, MHC., Parkhurst to Sister, September 29, 1863. 20 $21.9.- 21 931.. xxx, part I, 263-265, 612. 22 ibis» 331. 23 3331., 85, 256. 54 Bragg followed the retreat to Chattanooga and decided that the Federals could be starved out of their position because the Army of the Cumberland had to transport its supplies from Bridgeport by wagon-- a trip of 60 miles that was vulnerable to disruption by rebel cavalry. The long overland supply route was forced upon the Union because the Confederates had occupied Lookout Mountain and Missionary Ridge which allowed them to prevent supplies from arriving via the Tennessee River. By mid-October the men were on low rations and the horses that had drawn the batteries were dying of starvation. Either the Federals had to break the siege or retire to a safer base of Operation. Faced with this great problem.the authorities in Washington made several changes in the Western military structure. They created a Division of the Mississippi, to include the Army of the Tennessee, the Army of the Cumberland and the Army of the Ohio, and Grant was given the over-all command. In Chattanooga Rosecrans was replaced by Thomas as the head of the Army of the Cumberland. 0n the day that thflschange took place Parkhurst drOpped in at the Headquarters of Gen- eral Thomas. Thomas called Parkhurst into his room.and said that he had been placed in command of the army. The General regretted that the change had been made for he felt that it was wrong to remove Rose- crans simply because he had lost a battle. Parkhurst was requested to continue, with his regiment, as the provost guard for Thomas' head- quarters. The Colonel noted that Thomas felt the weight of his new responsibilities but was sure that the "Rock of Chickamauga" was equal to the task. 24 24 Diary, MSU., October 19, 1863. 55 By the first Of November the siege had been partially relieved and some supplies were reaching Chattanooga. This was effected by seizing'Brown's Ferry Opposite the rebel stronghold on Lookout Mountain. With this point in their control the Federals sent supplies up the Tennessee River to the Ferry and then by wagon to Chattanooga. These Operations were supervised by Grant, who had come to ChattanOOga to direct Operations in and around the embattled city. The Colonel of the Ninth was very busy during the month follow- ing the Battle of Chickamauga. Parkhurst spent many days processing prisoners and on November 6 Thomas gave him the additional duty of commanding the Post of Chattanooga. 25 In this capacity Parkhurst was responsible fOr governing the city and for directing police activ- ities. Within a few days the Fifteenth Kentucky was placed under Parkhurst to aid in expediting his work. 26 Late in November the Union trOOps dislodged Bragg's entire army from its strong position on Lookout Mountain and Missionary Ridge, putting it in full retreat. The first break was made when several units under Thomas took Orchard Knob near Chattanooga. The following day "Fighting" Joe Hooker's men carried Lookout Mountain. On the 25th General William T. Sherman, with trOOps from Grant's army, attacked the rebels on the northern end of Missionary Ridge with some success but the decisive action occurred at the center Of the rebel position when Thomas' men stormed the heights despite heavy rifle and artillery fire. This put Bragg in flight with the Federals pursuing as far as Ringgold, Georgia. 25 931., xxxx, part III, 66. 26 Diary, MSU., November 7-9, 1865. 56 While the Ninth was not directly engaged in the fighting, it was close enough fOr Parkhurst to observe the battle. He considered the success a great victory and probably one of the "most important of the war." The extent of the rout was shown by the fact that after the battle Parkhurst sent over 4,000 prisoners north in one day. 27 Since winter was setting in the Colonel Of the Michigan regiment did not expect much action until the fOllowing spring, but then a strong Offensive against the enemy would be mounted to, "get him confined to so narrow a limit he will be Compelled to Submit." 28 During most of December Parkhurst was busy preparing his regi- ment fOr leave and re-enlisting 274 of his men who decided to return as veterans. Thomas infOrmed Parkhurst, on December 24, that he would be promoted to Provost Marshal General Of the Army of the Cumberland upon his return. Fbur days later the Michigan Volunteers boarded a train at Bridgeport and headed for Michigan and a much needed rest. 29 27 Papers, MHC., Parkhurst to Sister, November 28, 1863. 28 Ibid., December 8, 1865. 29 Diary, MSU., December 24-28, 1865. Chapter VI THE ATLANTA CAMPAIGN Many regiments of the Union armies were granted furloughs dur- ing the winter, 1863-1864. This policy was followed because men in the two-year units had completed their term of service. Some of these men went home to stay; others re-enlisted as veterans to serve fOr the duration of the war. Because of these furlough: the number of trOOps available fOr duty was greatly reduced until the experienced soldiers and new recruits returned to the front. Fbr the morale of the army perhaps it was fOrtunate that many of the soldiers were absent during the long, dull period of inactivity which fbund the armies in winter quarters. In the west these months were spent in planning the spring campaigns fOr Grant's three armies-- the Army Of the Cumberland under Thomas; the Army of the Tennessee under Sherman and the Army of the Ohio led by General John M. Schofield. In accordance with these plans the army in the West moved against the rebels in February. Thomas occupied the trOOps under General Joseph E. Johnston, who had replaced Bragg, while Sherman struck against the railroads near Meridian, Mississippi. This operation was successful and greatly reduced the ability of the rebels to make movements west- ward against the important Mississippi River. In March there came another important change in the command structure. Grant was called east to accept a promotion to lieutenant general and to the position of general-in-chief of the Union armies. At the same time Sherman was promoted to the post vacated by Grant in the west. Grant and Sherman met in Nashville and planned a coordinated 57 58 campaign for 1864. The armies in both theaters of the war were to work towards one goa1--the destruction of the rebel forces and of the Confederacy‘s capacity to carry on the war. Grant would lead the Army of the Potomac against Lee's.krmy of Northern Virginia, while Sherman struck towards Atlanta against Johnston's Confederate Army. General Nathan P. Banks was to march from New Orleans upon Mobile to keep enemy troops in the deep South occupied and prevent them from rein- fOrcing either Johnston or Lee. Sherman concentrated his armies at Chattanooga during the win- ter and spring months. By May 5 Union trOOps in the Chattanooga- Ringgold area totaled 100,000. Thomas had 60,000; Schofield, 14,000; and General James B. McPherson, who had succeeded Sherman to the com- mand of the Army of the Tennessee, had 25,000. Each Of these armies was in excellent condition. The railroad to their rendezvous had been kept Open throughout the winter, and equipment and supplies rolled in for the coming campaign. During January'Parkhurst and the Ninth Michigan Infantry were on furlough from the army. Parkhurst and his wife, who had recently come south, traveled to Goldwater, Michigan, where they spent several days visiting old friends and attending to business matters. The couple then went on to visit the children in New YOrk where they had a very pleasant time with the girls and Parkhurst's sister-sand brother. Colonel Parkhurst returned with his wife to Murfreesboro on February 8 and on the following day reported to Thomas in Chattanooga. As expected, Thomas ordered Parkhurst to assume the post of Provost 1 Diary, MSU., January, 1864, pggsim. l 59 Marshal General for the entire Army of the Cumberland. 2 Parkhurst began his new duties on February 11, fully aware of the fact that he now had "a very important position" which would require "a vast amount 5 The responsibilities of of hard labor and constant attention." the new office included processing all prisoners captured by Thomas' trOOps, commanding the military railroad police and granting passes to military personnel fer travel on the railroads. 4 The Michigan volunteers returned to Chattanooga in mid-February, much to the delight of their colonel,who had missed his men. 5 A short time later the regiment was equipped with new Springfield rifles, which were superior in every respect to the weapons it had been using. The Springfields were more accurate, had a much greater range, and could be fired more rapidly. 6 Sherman, with about 100,000 well equipped men, decided early in May that he was ready to march. The enemy army under Johnston, about 60,000 strong, held a formidable position at Dalton, on the Chattanooga-Atlanta railroad. The Confederate strategy was to give ground until an Opening appeared that could be exploited with promis- ing results. When Sherman saw the Confederate works, he decided against frontal assaults in favor of flanking movements aimed at forcing the rebels into the Open where he could use his superior numbers with 2 Ibid., February 9, 1864; 93., XXXII, part II, 570. 3 Papers, MHC., Parkhurst to Sister, February 11, 1864. 4 RG 59-14, MHCA., "History of Officers-Ninth Michigan Infan- try," statement by Parkhurst, February 23, 1874. 5 Papers, MHC., Parkhurst to Sister, February 11, 1864. 6 Diary, MSU., February 26, 1864. 60 ATLANTA CAMPAIGN Tennessee. 15 MAY, 1864 gs> Resaca Rome 18 MAY, I O\Cusville Kingston ,_ \ :$; ‘5 \ r W“ ‘§\\\\\‘\“1‘7111UMNJ‘JIIUHIluaumulti‘ \s Allatoona \ BATTLE OF KENESAW MOUNTAIN 27 JUNE, 1864 SITUATION \ 31 AUGUST, 1864 \ Jonesboro Lovejoy E Adapted from.Mark Mayo Boatner III, The Civil war Dictionary (New YOrk, 1961), p. 31. :..\.11 N .i.‘ 61 telling effect. This was the basic Union strategy throughout the cam- paign from Dalton to the outskirts of Atlanta. 7 The movement against Dalton began on May 7, 1864, and within four days the Federals had outflanked Johnston and forced him to re- treat to Resaca. Throughout the rest of May Sherman used similar movements to force the enemy from strong fortifications at Resaca, Adairsville and the New HOpe Church near Dallas. During the first days of the campaign Parkhurst remained in Chattanooga as commander of the post while the Ninth Michigan moved forward as Provost Guard of Thomas' headquarters. On May 16 Parkhurst received orders to join his men. Thomas was glad to see him and re- quested that he remain at the front where he was needed. 8 Thomas and Parkhurst evidently were quite friendly with one another as the General often revealed his thoughts to the Colonel. In one of these conversations Thomas said that he felt Sherman was not "Operating as well as he might." 9 UnfOrtunately Parkhurst did not say, if he knew, on what grounds Thomas criticized his commander. During the month of June, as Sherman's army was attempting to dislodge the rebels from their lines around Marietta, Colonel Parkhurst and his regiment were executing their duties fer Thomas. A steady stream of prisoners kept the Provost Marshal General very busy. How- ever these efforts were not without reward for on June 25 Parkhurst 7 Jacob D. Cox, Atlanta (New YOrk, 1882) presents this campaign in detail. Fbr a brief but informative account see Walter Geer, W o_i; 3.1.1.9 _c_i_g_i_; her. (New York, 1926), Chapter 18. 3 Diary, MSU., may 18, 1864. 9 Ibid., May 50, 1864. 62 was brevetted a Brigadier General, an honorary appointment which car- ried neither an increase in pay nor the authority accorded to a brigb adier-general. 10 Nevertheless, Parkhurst could be justly proud of this recognition. Late in June the Colonel, whose duties as Provost Marshal General were extremely demanding, was relieved of direct comp mand of the Ninth Michigan. 11 In viewing the progress of the Union armies in the West, Colonel Parkhurst observed that their goal had not been Obtained. It appears that Parkhurst misunderstood Sherman's true objective because he em- phasized the fact that the enemy would make great efforts to keep the city Of.Atlanta. 12 The fact is that Sherman's primary goal was not Atlanta but the destruction or severe crippling Of Johnston's army. The Colonel realized that they still faced the hardest fighting of the campaign but he believed "that a Divine Providence will give us the victory and sooner terminate this unhappy war." 13 On July 7 the Union trOOps secured a bridgehead across the Chattahoochie River and the Confederate army retired within the de- fenses around Atlanta. In mid-July when the railroad to the front was completely repaired the Federals moved across the river and to the east of Atlanta. Sherman believed it would be easier to protect his communications from this position which also presented an Opportunity to disrupt the rebel supply lines by destroying the Georgia railroad. 1° 93., XLIX, part II, 1054. 11 Papers, MHC., Parkhurst to Sister, June 28, 1864. 12 Ibid., June 16, 1864. 13 Ibid., June 28, 1864. 63 The day after the Federals renewed their advance, General John B. Hood became the rebel commander. The Union officers welcomed this decision despite knowledge of Hood's aggressive nature since this might cause him to make errors that the more conservative Johnston had not committed. The Union trOOps braced themselves for the assaults that they knew would now be made by the rebels. Colonel Parkhurst agreed with the sentiments of his superiors on this change of the Confederate command, observing that Hood was not as good a soldier as Johnston; he was just a more desperate fighter. 14 Hood soon attacked the Union flanks hOping to gain a position which would force the enemy to retreat. The assaults had little ef- fect upon the Federals, while the heavy cost in casualties severely hurt rebel morale. Throughout July and August Sherman's trOOps re- versed their earlier movements and maneuvered around Atlanta in a westerly direction toward the important railroad junction at East Point. By this movement the Federals destroyed the West Point and Maconthlanta Railroads, vital lines of Confederate supply. Hood now had to evacuate Atlanta, and the city surrendered on September 2, 1864. Thomas, with the Army of the Cumberland, occupied Atlanta and the victorious soldiers settled down to enjoy some well-earned rest. Hood retreated eastward from.Atlanta and the rebels remained inactive until the last days of the month. They finally made an at- tempt to cut the railroad between ChattanOOga and Atlanta, hOping that this would fOrce Sherman to make a long retrograde movement to pro- tect his supply lines. However Sherman let the movement develOp befOre committing himself, then he quickly cut in behind the 14 Ibid., July 29, 1864. 64 Confederates and forced Hood westward into Alabama. Sherman, who was now awaiting permission fnam washington to begin the famed "march to the sea," was satisfied merely to observe the rebel army. This was the military situation in the west as October came to a close. As Parkhurst reflected upon the campaign to Atlanta he noted that their efforts had been crowned with success, but at the cost of thousands of lives on both sides. Here Parkhurst corrected his earlier error concerning the goal of Sherman's army as he pointed out that "the rebel army is still Strong and the war is yet to continue and possibly the same ground over which we have fought for four months may again be a theater of contest. An army of 50,000 men is a great machine, a Monster that cannot be destroyed in a day, a month nor in years and never will it be destroyed nor the rebellion crushed till the peOple of the Nerth unite as one man and push with their whole Strength upon the Enemy." 15 In answer to the requests of his sisters that he resign the service Parkhurst said, "I feel that My Service is of value to the Government now that I am familiar with My duties and I cannot make up aw mind to withdraw from a field of duty so important and so neces- sary." 16 Parkhurst continued saying that he would never quit until the end of the rebellion was in sight and until he had done everything within his power to insure the honor and stabiliity of the nation. 17 On the last day of October Parkhurst moved from Atlanta to Chattanooga in accordance with orders from Thomas, who had gone to 15 Ibid., October 2, 1864. 16 Ibid. 17 Ibid. 65 Nashville several weeks earlier. 18 The war was now in its last phase and the Army of the Cumberland was destined to fight the great Battle of Nashville as Hood's army made its last great effort to save the rebellion for the Confederacy. Chapter VII THE BATTLE OF NASHVILLE-- A CROWNING GLORY One of the most important battles of the Civil War took place in the West in late 1864. After Sherman had forced Hood's army into Alabama near the Tennessee River, he began his "mrch to the sea," leaving Thomas, with headquarters at Nashville, to Oppose Hood. Fbr this purpose the corps of Schofield and General David S. Stanley were sent into Tennessee with the understanding that Thomas would be sent new recruits to bring his army to full strength. The new troops and reinfOrcements arrived so slowly that throughout November the Army of the Cumberland was outnumbered by 10,000. 1 The rebels crossed the Tennessee River early in November and concentrated at Florence, Alabama, to await the arrival of Forrest's cavalry befbre beginning a campaign directed at Nashville. 2 This delay probably saved the Union cause in the West as it allowed Thomas to strengthen his army. Schofield, located 80 miles south of Nashville, had orders to contest the enemy advance. Hood moved forward on Nov- ember 21, quickly outflanked the Federals, and forced them back to Columbia. At Columbia the Confederates again employed Sherman's tactics and crossed the Duck River, hoping to reach Franklin ahead of Schofield and force his surrender. The failure of Hood to execute this plan 1 Fbr general background see: Jacob D. Cox, Thgwflgrgh 39 Egg '§§§; Franklinlggg,Nashville (New York, 1882), Chapters 1, 4-7; Geer, Swim. 9.: .2129. 2211.1. as. Chapter 19~ 2 General J. B. Hood, "The Invasion of Tennessee," in Robert Underwood Johnson, editor, Battles and Leaders of the Civil war, 4 vols. (New Yerk, 1888), IV, 426-428. 66 67 Q a fix opposes; 0 Japanese omgbopm m 426 on esoeoon S. 3 on 38339 assess MWMW/ . 02m. . m .m m m m z z . ca 85500 a. m. changes: so? a _ .ceo UJQ s. assesses / mcwhohfl madam. , ~859on _.. _ LUZ.“ V‘s—Loafnb 68 successfully is considered one of the gravest errors of the war. Two of his corps did get behind the Federals and were in a position to cut the road to Franklin, but neither General Alexander P. Stewart nor General Benjamin F. Cheatham carried out their orders and the Union troops marched unmolested within one-half mile of the rebels on their way to Jermain. 3 The first major action of the campaign took place at Franklin, Tennessee on November 30. Schofield placed his men in defensive posi- tions while bridges across the Harpeth River were being repaired. He planned to retire to Nashville. Late in the afternoon Hood's men struck the Union lines and tore a large hole in the center, which was repaired only after severe hand-to-hand combat. The Confederates lost close to 7,000 men in their desperate attacks, while the Federals suf- fered 2,300 casualties. The setback was a great blow to the secession- ist's plans. Despite this reversal Hood decided to continue his ad- vance towards Nashville, where Thomas was gathering a numerically superior army behind strong defenses. Historians have since questioned the wisdom of this decision. 4 Hood fellowed the Federals to Nashville and took up a position outside the city. Meanwhile Thomas had received new recruits and re- infOrcements from the Army of the Tennessee. This gave the Union trOOps a decided advantage since Thomas' trOOps now numbered about 55,000 while Hood's forces had been cut to 23,000 by casualties and by detaching Forrest for an attack on Murfreesboro. Thomas spent the first eight days of December develOping his plans despite the urgings 5 Geer, Campaigns 9; 3333 Civil War, pp. 389-390. 4 Fbr emple’ See Ibid., p. 4000 69 of Stanton and Grant to smash the rebels. A further delay resulted from an icy rain which made tr00p movements impossible on the hills around Nashville. On December 14 a warm rain melted the ice and orders were issued for the assault to begin the next day. The Federal attack was directed at Hood's right. Under the cover of fog the Federals surprised the rebels, broke their lines, and outflanked several units. The whole Confederate army was now in danger. Its left was crushed in the early afternoon and by sunset Hood had been driven back two miles. The following day the rebel lines were again pierced and the enemy was routed, with Union cavalry in pursuit. Heavy rains hampered the pursuing Union cavalry and Hood escaped without further disaster. But his army was badly whipped, and on December 27 what was left of it recrossed the Tennessee River into Alabama. 5 The significance of this battle cannot be overestimated as it removed any serious rebel threat in the West. Parkhurst considered this victory as the most decisive of the war, agreeing‘with the Opin- ions already cited. He said the rebels were "Whipt badly." 6 The Colonel had nothing but praise for General Thomas, whom he described as, ". . . our beloved Hero-the Noble Thomas. No purer--braver-or better Man Ever drew a Sabre and thank God that on this occasion no one can take from him his laurels so proudly won." 7 During the Battle of Nashville Parkhurst's command was small. Most of the Ninth Michigan was on duty in Chattanooga. 8 The Colonel's 5 For a detailed description see Stanley F. Horn, The Decisive Battle of Nashville, (Batoanouge, 1956 ). 6 Paw rs MHC., Parkhurst to Sister, December 18,1864; December 21, M186 7 Ibid., December 21, 1864. 8 Diary, MSU., December 18, 1864;.Q§., XLV, part II, 251-252. 70 official report showed that in December he had handled 8,450 prisoners, a good indication of the extent of the Union success at Nashville. 9 With the defeat of Hood's army, fighting in the West subsided. During January, 1865, Parkhurst completed the processing of Confeder- ate prisoners taken in Tennessee befOre he returned to his command at Chattanooga. 10 Early in February he was ordered to contact all "prominent and influential" citizens in the area under his control. Suspected rebel sympathizers were requested to show reason why they should not be sent through the Union lines and into Confederate terri- tory. Parkhurst was directed to discover "where their sympathies are fixed and where their friends are to be fbund." 11 This step was taken to remove those people who might stir up trouble for the Federals. On February 17, Parkhurst received orders from Thomas to meet General Forrest in Mississippi to arrange an exchange of prisoners. 12 He proceeded under a flag of truce to Rienzi, where rebel pickets telegraphed Fbrrest that Parkhurst had arrived. The conferees met and Fbrrest accepted the Union prOposals for the exchange, but final ap- proval of the plan had to be given by General Richard Taylor. The Confederate's decision, delayed several days because a storm damaged the telegraph wires, was to execute the exchange at Iuka, Mississippi, in early March. 13 9 93., XLV, part II, 405. 1° Diary, MSU., January 1-51, 1865, pagaig. 11'9§., XLIX, part I, 628-629. 12 1139... 755-736; Diary, ram, February 17, 1865. 15 Diary, MSU., February 19-27, 1865. 71 Parkhurst returned at once to East Port, reported to Thomas, and recommended that a guard accompany the rebels to Iuka and then proceed to St. Louis with the exchanged Federals to prevent them from deserting. 14 In accordance with Parkhurst's request, the Fbrty-Fburth 15 Wisconsin was assigned to carry out this duty. The Colonel spent the first half of March travelling between Nashville and East Port trying to make final arrangements for the exchange. On March 15, Ferrest informed Parkhurst that the exchange would have to take place at Nashville since floods prevented the rebels from.reaching Iuka. 16 The Provost Marshal General reported this develOpment to Thomas, who approved the plan.and released the Colonel from this assignment, ordering him to bring the Ninth from Chattanooga to Nashville. 17 Parkhurst's sisters had been concerned about his safety during the negotiations. He dispelled their concern by saying, "I came out with dispatches from Genl Thomas to Genl Ferrest and came under a Flag of Truce so you need not apprehend any danger as I have a Sufficient Escort to defend Myself against Guerillas and the Enemy are to GEES) high toned to fire on a flag of truce." 18 The Colonel described the many flooded areas which he passed through, saying that the Tennessee River had never reached a higher level. The floods destroyed much property in northern Mississippi which increased the hardships created 15 Ibid., 367.1 16 Diary, MSU., march 1-9, 1865; 93,, Serial 11, VIII, 354, 405. 17 Ibid., March 22, 1865. 18 Papers, MHC., Parkhurst to Sister, February 26, 1865. 72 when Hood's retreating army stripped the countryside of all supplies. To alleviate the suffering of the citizens, Parkhurst arranged for Fbrrest to transport supplies from southern Mississippi. 20 Momentous events occurred during the month of April, 1865. Richmond fell into Union hands on the 5rd after Grant cracked the re- bel lines at Petersburg. Lee attempted to escape the pursuing Feder- als but was forced surrender at Appomattox Court House on the 9th. General Johnston turned his farces over to Sherman late that month and the Western Departments of the Confederacy formally surrendered during May. The news of the great victory in Virginia caused spontaneous celebrations in Nashville. Colonel Parkhurst sent Thomas a bottle of "good whiskey" after learning of the fall of Richmond. 21 Lee's surrender brought another jubilee to the happy troops and a formal celebration was planned for April 15. But the news of Lincoln's assassination turned Nashville from a happy city into one which was draped with black. 22 On the 19th Parkhurst "attended the funeral obsequies of President Abraham Lincoln, as true a man as the Country had in its history." 23 In summing up Parkhurst said, "this Month has been frequented with the Most important Events of the Whole War and under ordinary times the occasions of this month would have turned 19 3191., March 7 and 18, 1865. 20 2221-: March 2, 1865. 21 Diary, MSU., April 3, 1865. 22 _I_p_i_<_i_., April 15, 1865. 25 Ibid., April 19, 1865. 19 73 the nation crazy but we have become accustomed to all sorts of life and familiar with death so that we become Shocked at nothing." 24 The closing of the war caused Parkhurst to begin thinking about the future. Since Parkhurst expected that his duties as Provost Mar- shal General would hold him in Nashville until winter, he decided to send fer his wife and children. 25 Despite the cessation of hostil- ities, the Colonel was still occupied with preparing the rebel prison- ers fer parole. The entries in his Diary fer several months merely show the notation "very busy in office all day." 26 In May Colonel Parkhurst's earlier promotion to Brevet Brigadier- General by Thomas was made official. The commission stated that the promotion was granted for "gallant and meritorious service." 27 In mid-September the Ninth Michigan Infantry was mustered out of the service, but Parkhurst remained in Nashville as Provost Marshal General. Thomas requested President Andrew Johnson for permission to retain the Colonel on his staff throughout the winter. Parkhurst be- lieved that ". . . as the policy now is to Muster out of Service all Officers and all white tr00ps Except the regulars I think it is very doubtful whether they will allow him to keep me." 28 On October 4 he 24 Papers, MHC., Parkhurst to Sister, April 28, 1865. 25 Ibid., May 8 and June 18, 1865. 26 Diary, MSU., June-August, 1865, pggsim. 27 General George H. Brown, Record.g§ Service-gf‘Michiggg Volunteers‘ig the Civil‘ygr, 1861-65, 46 vols. (Kalamazoo, Michigan, n. d.5, IX, 110; Papers, MSU., "Military Record of John G. Parkhurst." 28 Papers, MHC., Parkhurst to Sister, September 19, 1865. 74 received orders relieving him of his duties and his official release came on October 10, 1865. 29 29 Diary, MSU., October 4, 1865; Papers, MSU., "Military Re- cord of John G. Parkhurst." Chapter VIII THE POST-WAR YEARS Parkhurst, a civilian again, decided to practice law in Nash- ville, and early in November, 1865, he Opened an office in that city. 1 Land speculation also interested him. Early in 1866, he, along with General Thomas and others, prOposed to purchase 160,000 acres in Tennessee. The possibility that oil might be feund on this land evidently increased the interest of the group. Parkhurst, however, strangely drOpped the subject after mid—February, 1866, and made no further mention of it in his diary. 2 Many northerners who remained in the South after the war found themselves buffeted by political and social pressures due to the un- settled conditions of that section. Parkhurst felt some of these pressures and when a friend decided to return North, he commented "I regret his leaving but think it will be very difficult for any North- ern Professional Man to live here a great while on his business." 5 In late July, 1866, Parkhurst himself decided to return to Goldwater, Michigan, and resume his law practice in that community. 4 One source explained that the move had resulted from his refusal to identify him- self with "either the radicals, the Republicans or the southerners." 5 1 Papers, MHC., Parkhurst to Sister, October 1, 1865; Novem- ber 1, 1865. 2 Diary, MSU., January S-February 12, 1866, sin. 3 Ibid., April 4, 1865. 4 Ibid., August 1, 1865. 5 Collin, Biographical Record.g§ Branch Count , p. 541. 75 76 His own letters and diary were silent as to the reasons for his re- turn to Michigan. Shortly after returning to Michigan, Parkhurst was elected delegate to a national convention of war veterans to be held in Phila- delphia. 6 His attendance at this meeting was to have an influence on later events. He went to washington, D. C. from Philadelphia and asked fer an appointment to the post of Marshal fbr the Eastern District of Michigan. After several days of seemingly fruitless meetings with 7 the Attorney-General, he returned home. Although his name was later placed in nomination, the Senate refused to confirm.the appointment because Parkhurst had been a delegate at the Philadelphia Convention which warmly received a speech by President Johnson. 8 It appeared that the radical Republicans were convinced that anyone who would applaud the President was unfit for a national office of any type. Parkhurst ran unsuccessfully for several political offices on the Democratic ticket during the ten years immediately following the Civil war. In November, 1866, the ex-Colonel was soundly defeated for the post of Lieutenant-Governor. The Republicans, in that year, swept elections across the entire country, prompting Parkhurst to say: "Election all radically radical Except in Maryland and New York City. This Shows that the peOple are not yet Satisfied with revenge and blood and angers war I fear." 9 6 Ibid., August 10-16, 1866. 7 Ibid., August 17-24, 1866. 8 Collin, Biographical Sketches-g; Branch County, pp. 541-542. 9 Diary, MSU., November 6-7, 1866. 77 In 1872 the Democrats backed a Liberal ticket and Parkhurst accepted the nomination as candidate for representative from the 10 He campaigned actively during Sep- tember and October, speaking in many cities and towns. 11 Again he Third Congressional District. was rejected by the voters, but he was not very disappointed for he had not expected to win. 12 Two years later he unsuccessfully sought the office of state treasurer. Commenting on Parkhurst's political activities, the Reverand Henry P. Collin said: "In politics General Parkhurst was an uncompromising Democrat, and were it not for the fact that his party [was] in the minority in Michigan he would have at various times been honored by election in high political station." 13 Josephine Parkhurst's health had caused her husband great con- cern for several years. She was often unable to accompany him on business trips or on his political campaigns. In June, 1870, she was confined to bed by a severe cold but rallied quickly and appeared to be well on the way to recovery when suddenly she took a turn for the worse and passed away. Josephine's death was a great shock to her de- voted husband, who revealed his deep feeling by sadly writing, "Poor little wife. Thou art an Angel now and relieved of all thy pains." 14 For many years Parkhurst corresponded with Mrs. Frances Jose- phine Fiske of Syracuse, New York, who was a close friend of Park- hurst's sisters and brother in New York. On April 25, 1874, four 10 M” August 29, 1872. 11 3339, September 25-0ctober 30, 1872, w. 12 31339, November 5, 1872. 13 Collin, Biographical Sketches _o_f_ Branch County, p. 542. 14 Diary, MSU., June 3-14, 1870. 78 years after the death of Josephine, John Gibson Parkhurst took Mrs. Fiske as his third wife, bringing new happiness into his life. 15 Parkhurst attended the Democratic National Convention held in St. Louis during June, 1888. One source stated that the lawyer was seriously spoken of by local and state newspapers as a possible vice- presidential candidate. 16 Parkhurst did not mention this in his diary, merely noting that President Grover Cleveland was nominated by acclamation and Allen Thurman received the second position on the ticket on the first ballot. 17 Parkhurst was called to an interview in New YOrk City in Sep- tember, 1888, by John Dickinson, Cleveland's Post-Master General. Dickinson offered him the embassy at St. Petersburg, Russia, but Parkhurst was obliged to refuse the post because it would require $35,000 annually to maintain while the salary would provide only one- half that sum. He was then tendered an appointment as minister to Belgium.which he accepted after consulting with his friends in Cold- water. 18 He served in Belgium.until May 31, 1889, when he was re- called by President Benjamin Harrison. 19 The last public office that Parkhurst held was Postmaster of Goldwater. He was appointed to this position in 1893, during President 15 Ibid., April 23, 1874. 16 [Chapman Brothers], Portrait and Bio hical Albumagf Branch County, Michigan (Chapman Brothers, 1888 , p. 503. 17 Diary, MSU., June 5-7, 1888. 18 Ibid., September 10-13, 1888. 19 Ibid., May 31, 1889. 79 Cleveland's second term. His resignation in 1897 marked his retire- ment from active participation in politics. 20 On April 17, 1906, John Parkhurst happily celebrated his eighty- second birthday with his daughter, Kittie, his brother, William, and several friends. While Parkhurst described the festivities in his diary, he struck an ominous note by writing that he was weaker on that day than at any of his past birthdays. 21 Almost every entry there- after contained some comment upon his health and it appears that Park- hurst was aware that his life was drawing to a close; he wrote, "If I keep getting weak I will soon have to travel on the River and leave this beautiful world. " 22 Six days later, he wrote "I think I grow weaker Every day and get short of breath. " Here the writing stOps for the life of John Gibson Parkhurst came to an end as he sat at his desk, pencil in hand, writing in his diary. 23 Upon Parkhurst's death.2hg Detroit Nggg stated that he should be recognized as "a soldier, a lawyer, a diplomat, a politician and always an honored citizen." 24 Parkhurst's career as a soldier was the major concern of this study, although his service in other capac- ities was recognized. It cannot be said that he proved to be an out- standing soldier. But he did serve effectively as Colonel of the Ninth Michigan Infantry, especially while it acted as Provost Guard fer General Thomas. His promotion to Provost Marshal General of the Army 20 Collin, Biographical Sketches.g§.§g§ggh Count , p. 342. 21 Diary, MSU., April 17, 1906. 22 _I_;o_i_<_i_., April 30, 1906. 23 MW May 6’ 19063 SEE-10.12%. May 7. 19069 P- 9. 24 The Detroit News, May 7, 1906, p. 9. 80 of the Cumberland indicates that he was regarded as an efficient and trusted administrator. Throughout the war he showed his concern for a successful prosecution of the war by the North, for he felt that a Northern victory was essential to the continuance of the United States as a strong, unified nation. It must be concluded that Parkhurst executed his service during the Civil War very well. As the Detroit .EEESHEEééé said, "His death marks also the passing of another of that group of Michigan men who rose to distinction and high rank in the Civil war." 25 25 mmm. May 8 . 1906. p- 11- BIBLIOGRAPHY Manuscripts John G. Love Papers. Michigan Historical Collections of the University of Michigan. "Ninth Michigan Infantry." Records 2; the Michigan Military Establishment. Record Group 59-14. Michigan Historical Commission Archives, Lansing, Michigan. John G. Parkhurst Diary. Museum of Michigan State University. John G. Parkhurst Papers. Museum of Michigan State University. John G. Parkhurst Papers. Michigan Historical Collections of the University of Michigan. Printed Public Documents The Egg _o_1_’ the Rebellion: A Qamilation _o_f the Official R_e- co;g§ of the Union and Confederate Armies. Serial I - 53 vols., Serial II - 8 vols., Serial III - 5 vols., Washington, 1880-1901. Newspapers Detroit Free Press. January-June, 1860; may 8, 1906. The Detroit Negg. January-June, 1860; May 7, 1906. lgichigan Studies Barnard, F. A. American Biogpaphical History pg Eminent Egg Self-Made Men--Michigpp Volume. Cincinnati, 1878. Belknap, Charles E. Histopy‘pf‘phg Michigpp Orgppizations‘pp Chickama , Chattanooga and Missionary_Ridg_. Lansing, Michigan, 1897. Bennett, Charles W. Historical Sketches‘g§.phg Ninth Michigpp Infantry. Coldwater, Michigan, 1913. Brown, Brigadier General George H. Record of Service of Mich- Michigan, n. d. [Chapman Brothers.] Portrait and Biogrpphical Album _o_§ Branch Count , Michigpp. Chicago, 1888. 81 82 Collin, Rev. Henry P. .A‘Tgentieth Century History_and Bio- Eggphical Recopg 2; Branch County_Michig, . Chicago, 1906. Johnson, Crisfield. History.p§ Branch qunty, Michigan. Philadelphia, 1879. Robertson, John, Adjutant General, Compiler. Michigpplip the War, rev. ed., Lansing, Michigan, 1882. General Sources Andrews, C. C., ed. Minnesota ip the Civil and Indian Wars. 3 vols., St. Paul, 1890. Bickham, W. D. Rosecrans' Campaign with the Fburteenth Army Corps pp the Arm _0_{ the Cumberland. Cincinnati, 1863. Cist, Henry M. The Arpy'gf the Cumberland. New Yerk, 1882. Clark, Thomas D. ‘5 History 9; Kentucky. New York, 1957. Coulter, E. Merton. The Confederate,States pvamerica, 1861- 1865. Baton Rouge, 1950. Cox, Jacob D. Atlanta. New York, 1882. Cox, Jacob D. The March pg the Sea: Franklin and Nashville. New York, 1882. Dyer, Frederick H. g COppendium p}: the We; pf the Rebellion. 5 vols., New York, 1959. Fitch, John. Annals g; the Arpy pf the Cumberland. Phila- delphia, 1864. Geer, walterx Cppppigpgigf the Civil War. New York, 1926. Henry, Ralph Selph. Fbrrest. New York, 1944. Horn, Stanley F. The Arpy‘pf Tennessee. Norman, Oklahoma, 1953. Horn, Stanley F. The Dgcisive Battle pf Nashville. Baton Rouge, 1956- Johnson, Robert Underwood, ed. Battles and Leaders.p§ the Civil war. 4 vols., New York, 1888. Mitchell, Lt.-Colone1 Joseph B. Decisive Battles g; the Civil war. New York, 1955. Swinton, William. The Twelve Decisive Battlgp‘p£.phg Civil War. New York, 1867. 83 Townsend, William H. Lincoln and the Bluegrass; Slavery and Civil War _i_r_; Kentucky. Lexington, Kentucky, 1955. Van Horne, Thomas B. History _o_f _t_1_1__e_ Arpy _o_§ the Cumberland. 3 V0130, Cincmti, 18850 Wyeth, John Allan. That Devil Forrest. New York, 1959. .31! t ’64- A US :1 I a: '1 3‘“ .83: $4 .0.- £5.) '0. .C- .. far... 7 .‘t ”fiend '4. -1. a” ii .i NJ! ”VF. ,. .23 I. “1.3.. inn ,. s «1...... . HICHIGQN STRTE UNIV. LIBRQRIES 31293106145562