AN ANALYSIS OF THE CLAUSE LEVEE TWEMES AND THE CLAUSE TYPES THEY WEST IN .- BiBUC‘AL HEBREW Thesis far the Dogma of M. A. MICHIGAN STATE UNNERSIW Ernest F; Dunn > 1965 LIBRARY uu‘rmn‘am:1WMWWW .... “51“?" ““"° 3 1293 106682895 “1"“ 51W mom USE ONLY AN ANALYSIS OF THE CLAUSE LEVEL TAGMEMES AND THE CLAUSE TYPES THEY MANIFEST IN BIBLICAL HEBREW BY ERNEST F . DUNN A THE SIS Submitted to Michigan State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS Department of Linguistics and Oriental, and African Languages 1965 f ”x; 7 “K 3‘1'4 ~02 n‘w ‘q'W.’ PREFACE The desire to do a syntactical study of Biblical Hebrew grew out of an article written by Dr. Henry Allen Gleason Jr. The article was entitled, "Some Contributions of Linguistics to Biblical Studies.” Biblical Literature and Exegesis at a meeting at Union Theological Seminary, New York, appeared in the 1963 Fall Edition of The Hartford Quarterlx. (The Hartford Quarterly is a publication of the Hartford Seminary Foundation, Hartford, Connecticut). Dr. Gleason began the article with the hypothesis that most of the materials used in the study of Biblical Hebrew was firmly grounded in the traditional grammar of Gensenius. Wilhelm Gensenius presented the first edition of his grammar in 1813, and since that time there have been 28 German editions. There is a second English edition revised in accordance with this 28th German edition. "Yet, " wrote Dr. Gleason, "several of the basic assumptions on which Gensenius worked are quite unsatisfactory.” The point which Dr. Gleason wished to make, however, was not these matters. The point was this: Biblical scholars should deal just as critically with their tools as with their subject matter; by and large they have not done so with their linguistic tools. They seem ii p‘ragm atically content with the grammars and. dictionaries, even when aware that these have very basic weaknesses. Grammatical investigation of Biblical Hebrew has been notably moribund even while Old Testament studies have been vigorously active. In view of the total dependence of textual investigation on language tools, there is certainly a curious contradiction. Dr. GleaSOn further states: Grammar and dictionaries are the prime tools of exegesis. Language is always the first datum. Careful attention must be given to identifying each specific sentence pattern in all its detailed ramifications. Incidentally, modern linguistics can give a new reSpect for the intricacy of structure and the subtleties of relationship within a sentence. The vocabulary embedded in this sentence structure must be carefully identified. To do this, the relevance as context of each bit of structure and of each other word must be appraised. Only then can the meaning or function of any word be properly determined. The task is one of infinite detail. The task i_sone of infinite detail, and the work has begun. Robert E. Longacre is one who has done notable work in this area. This present study is a pilot tagmemic analysis of one level, the clause level, in the grammatical hierarchy of Biblical Hebrew. Although the analysis is limited to the clause level, the higher and lower levels in the grammatical hierarchy are mentioned when relevant. The implications of this study are intended to be tentative and suggestive rather than conclusive since the analysis is based on a limited corpus, and since a thorough treatment of all the levels in the hierarchy will be necessary before final conclusions can be drawn in each level. Further study, treating all levels, needs to be done. Such a study will undoubtedly result in certain modifications of the analysis here presented. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . The Hebrew Language . . Nature of the Study. . . . . The Corpus Used . . . . . Analytic Procedures Used . Orthography . . . . . . . . Key to Symbols and Abbreviations ooooooo QODU'IthNo—I SECTIONI-CLAUSES . . . . . . . . Introduction . . . . . . . Distribution. . . . . . . . Major Clause Types . . . . . 1 Clause TypeI . . . . 1.1 Allotype of Clause TypeI. 2 Clause TypeII . . . 2.1 Allotype of Clause Type II 3 ClauseTypeIII. . . . . . 4 Clause TypeIV . . . . 4.1 Allotype of Clause Type IV 5 ClauseTypeV . . . . . 6 7 8 8. 8. 9 1 1 Clause Type VI . . . . . . Clause Type VII. . . . . Clause Type VIII . . 1 Axis- Clause Type I Filler. 2 Axis- Clause Type II Filler ClauseTypelX . . . . . . 0 ClauseTypeX. . . . . . 1 Clause Type XI . . . Minor Clause Types 1 Clause Type I 2 Clause Type II . 2.1 Allotype of Clause Type II 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.2 12. 1..2 1..2 1.2 1.2. 12. 1..2 1.2. 1.2 12 1.2 1..2 12. 1..2 1.2 1.3 13. 1..3 1..3 iv Core Tagmemes of the Clause Types. oo-qoommmH 10 10 11 11 11 20 22 28 29 31 32 34 36 37 39 39 40 40 42 43 45 45 46 47 SECTION II - TRANSFORMED CLAUSES . Introduction . NNNNNN O. O Cfln-thI—to SECTION III - RESIDUAL TAGIVEEMES 3.0 Introduction . 3. 1 The Vocative Tagma Emphasis Clause Type I . Emphasis Clause Type II . Emphasis Clause Type III . Emphasis Clause Type IV . Emphasis Clause Type V 3.2 Direct Quotation Tagma APPENDIX - BIBLIOGRAPHY 49 49 5O 52 54 54 55 56 56 56 57 60 This thesis is dedicated to Dr. Moses Bailey, teacher, scholar, friend, Professor Emeritus of the Hartford Seminary Foundation. In his presence a love for the Old Testament, its people and its language was born. INTRODUCTION 0. 1 The Hebrew Language The Hebrew Language is a member of the Semitic Branch of the Afroasiatic Family of Languages. 1 "The name Hebrew Language usually denotes the language in which many of the books of the Old Testament are written. It is also called Ancient Hebrew in contra— distinction to the New Hebrew of Jewish writings of the post Biblical period."2 During the Roman occupation, Ancient or Classical Hebrew gradually ceased to be a Spoken language. Hebrew finally gave way to Aramaic, a language which had begun to influence the language after the return from the final exile to Babylonia. The books of the Old Testament written during this time reflect Aramaic coloring in varying degrees. 3 Ancient Hebrew also differs from another Hebrew Language, Modern Hebrew, a language which is presently Spoken. Some ninety years ago, Eliezer ben Yehudah was inSpired with a vision that Hebrew, used only for liturgical purposes, could live again as a 1Greenberg, Joseph H. , The Languages of Africa, Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press, 1963, pp. 42ff. 2Kautzsch, E., ed., Gensenius' Hebrew Grammar, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1910, pp. 8ff. 3Ibid. _1_ -2- Spoken language. Although at first he considered this to be an idle dream, he nevertheless went to work in Israel. Slowly the fire that burned within him Spread to others. The dream became a reality, and within a few years almost all Jews in Israel were Speaking Hebrew. "This was the first time in all human history thatla language which ceased being Spoken in ancient time, came back to life on the lips of men and women and little children."4 This study will concern itself with the Ancient Hebrew Language of a major portion of the Old Testament. 0.2. Nature of the Study This study will be primarily an analysis of the clause level in the grammatical hierarchy. It will describe the clause types of the language and the clause level tagmemes composing these various clause types . 0. 3. The Corpus Used The corpus on which this analysis is based is the entire text of 11 Samuel 1-6:19. This corpus was chosen for two reasons: (1) the book is narrative and thus it was felt that it would yield a greater variety of syntagmemes filling sentence level slots; and (2) the book was written early enough So as not to be flavored with Aramaic borrowings. This source yielded 500 clauses for analysis. 4Harowitz, Edward, How the Hebrew Language Grew, New York: Jewish Education Committee Press, 1960, p.6. -3- 0.4. Analytic Procedures Used The 500 clauses were placed onto 3x5 cards with their translations and an accurate reference of their locations in the Biblical text. The clause level procedures suggested by Robert E. Longacre in his Grammar Discovery Procedures5 were then applied to this corpus. An etic analysis of the tagmas manifesting clauses was produced. It was then possible to file and crossfile the cards on the basis of some tentative judgments concerning clause types. The clauses were then charted according to types, and all the variations of each type listed. It was then possible to compare the various clause types to find those which were syntagmemically distinct. In the process of joining and separating clause types, simultaneously, an analysis of tagmas was being done in order to discover the tagmemes manifested at the clause level. I departed slightly from Longacre's procedures in that I did not use transform potential as a criterion for distinguishing clause types . 0. 5. Orthography Hebrew has a non-Roman alphabet which is composed of twenty-two consonants. To this once completely consonantal orthography were later added nine vowels which were written as subscript. For purposes of this study, I have produced my own 5Longacre, Robert E. , Grammar Discovery Procedures, The Hague: Mouton and Co. , 1964, pp. 35ff. -4- transliteration into Roman symbols with an eye toward ease of production on a standard typewriter. The following chart gives a list of the Symbols which I have adopted for the transcription. The phonetic value of each symbol is that suggested by Jacob Weingreen in his Hebrew Grammar. 6 CONSONANTS Lab- Den- Alve- Pala- Ve- Uvu- Pharyn- Glot- ial tal olar tal lar lar geal tal Stops: V1. p t t k q ? vd. b d g Affricate: ¢ / V Fricatives: vl. f t1} 8 S s x h ' vd. v d z g Nasals: m n Resonants: r y w Lateral: l VOWELS Front Central Back High 1 u I 1” Mid e o 5. Low )6 a 6Weingreen, Jacob, A Practical Grammar for Classical Hebrew, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1959, pp. 1ff. Weingreen, in his treatment of the Hebrew consonants and vowels, offers either English equivalents for them or else their usage in a word to demonstrate their phonetic value. Consonantsz Ip/ - (p) . /b/ - (b) . (“l - (L). /t/ - (t) . /d/ - (d) . lk/ - (k) . /g/ - (g) . /?/-(?). /q/ - (q) . /¢/ - (¢) , If/ - (f) . /v/ - (v) , ltjgl - (1:11) /d/ - (d) /s/ - (s) /§/ - (s’) IZ/ - (2) /§/ - (é) /x/ - (x) /g/-(g) /h/ - (h) /'/ - (0 . [ml-fink , ’ 3 ’ O , voiceless bilabial stop voiced bilabial stop voiceless dental stop voiceless alveolar stop voiced alveolar stop voiceless velar stop voiced velar stop glottal stop voiceless uvular stop voiceless alveolar affricate voiceless labiodental slit (flat) fricative voiced labiodental slit (flat) fricative voiceless dental slit (flat) fricative voiced dental slit (flat) fricative voiceless alveolar lenis grooved fricative voiceless alveolar grooved fricative voiced alveolar grooved fricative voiceless alveopalatal grooved fricative voiceless velar slit (flat) fricative voiced velar slit (flat) fricative voiceless pharyngeal Slit fricative voiceless glottal slit (flat) fricative voiced bilabial nasal resonant -5- /n/ - '(n) , voiced alveolar nasal resonant /r/ - (r) , mid retroflex oral resonant ly/ - (y) , high palatal resonant /w/ - (w) , high velar resonant /1/ - (l), voiced alveolar lateral resonant There are Six more phonemes in the consonant inventory than there are consonants in the alphabet. This results from the fact that six of the consonants in the alphabet each represent two phonemes. For example, Special pointing in the Hebrew orthography Signal whether the second consonant in the alphabet which is "beth" is to be produced as a voiced bilabial stop or as a voiced labiodental slit fricative. In certain environments they function as phonologically conditioned variants of each other. This variation is not between two mutually exclusive phones but between two full phonemes. Vowels: /i/ - (i) , high close unrounded vocoid /I/ - (I) , highopen front unrounded vocoid /e/ - (e) , mid close front unrounded vocoid [Cl - (5.) , mid open front unrounded vocoid IJQI - (2Q) , low close front unrounded vocoid /a/ - (a) , low open central unrounded vocoid /u/ - (u) , high close back rounded vocoid /v’/ - (1r) , high open back rounded vocoid /o/ - (o) , mid close back rounded vocoid 0. 6. Key to Symbols Tr.P. Intr. P. Tr. Imp. P. Intr. Imp. P. P38. P. Caus. P. Refl. P. Part. P. Tr. Inf. P. Intr. Inf. P. EP P08. P. AS GS RS IS It-S IO R0 -7- and Abbreviations Transitive Declarative Predicate Intransitive Declarative Predicate Transitive Imperative Predicate Intransitive Imperative Predicate Passive Predicate Causative Predicate Reflexive Predicate Participial Predicate Transitive Infinitive Predicate Intransitive Infinitive Predicate Equational Predicate Positional Predicate Actor Subject Goal Subject Reflexive Subject Imperative Subject Subject as Item Director Object Indirect Object Locative Time Manner / Modification Role ItE Q tr. vb. tr. vb. ph. intr. vb. pron. n. ph. rel-ax-ph. rel-ax-cl. lim. no. adv (8). pers. noun adv. rel. inf. constr. intr. imp. vb. tr. imp. vb. equ. rel. -3- - Relater Interrogative transitive verb transitive verb phrase intransitive verb pronoun noun phrase relater axis phrase relater axis clause limited number adverb (s) personal noun adverbial relater infinitive construct intransitive imperative verb transitive imperative verb equational relationship Core Tagmemes of the Clause Types Major Clause Types 1. +TrP-_/-As+o +Q +TrP iAS+O II. +Intr. P 1- 'AS +Q +Intr. P 1L AS -9- 111. +Tr. Imp. P +o IV. +Intr. Imp. P v. +Pas. P st VI. 7‘ Caus. P +0 VII. + Refl. P fins VIII. +RE +Axis IX. +PartP t It-S x. +Tr. Inf. P +30 XI. Intr. Inf. P Minor C lause Types 1. +EP II. +Pos. P Definition Syntagmeme - a syntagmeme is the resultant construction of a string of tagmemes at one level which may in turn manifest a tagmeme on the next higher level. \ ’OI‘ '91 'd ‘0961 ‘SsaJd KIJaAeM :aaouxnjeg ‘(99 'oN uonemasstq afienfiueq) ‘oaiodez snurqisl jo quxeaatfl [eatiemureag aql, ‘ “g emaA ‘IISHOIJL IBanA .10 ‘aseaqd QJBA paioauu; ‘anA paioajjut ue Kq paisafiueui St amamfiei aieotpaad am qotqm u; sasneto axe sadAJ, 9811810 .Iol'eux an, 'sadAi 8311810 .IoutuI pue sadfii BSHBIO .Iofeux fpaAIlap 9.19m sadKJ, asnejo jo sassejo om ‘QSI'IBIO aqi jo uon'gutjap Stun, Bursa 'IBAGI aseJqd pue asneto aqi uo sioIs III} 0319 Ken: inq ‘IaAaI aouaiuas am, no 31013 Sun Aneaauafi nun {90118111111918 S1111, 'auxauxfiei aieotpaad aqn, oi aouaaajaa 330.10 u; st 1! aouts amamfiei 3.10:) 'e s; 11 sanooo auxamfiei 1031‘an Ieuondo ue uaqm 'umo; anA auxos Kq paisafiuem amauxfiei aieotpaad '9 13291 1e suieiuoo qotqm uoneotpaad go nun IeonemumJfi e se pautjap aq neqs GSHBIQ 1113.1an am, ‘aouaaajaa e se uontutjap 81m 1111M _ '(uuo; anA autos Kq pant; iojs uonoe us Butaq adAi iuanbaaj isoui Kn'eonsneis aqi) aieotpaad jo pupI auxos umo; umuxtutux e se seq qotqm uotieotpaad jo nun P St 9311910 9111, :smono; 99 98151810 '9 sautjap aqs / 'SBSI’I’BIQ 1113.1an ;0 SISKIBUB am, at Injdjaq 180m 9111 aq oi SBAOJd 113>IOICI 12(1qu Aq paisafifa‘ns GSH’BIO aqi jo uontugap aql uononponul o ' I SEISIIV'TO - 3N0 NOLLOHS -11- form. The minor clause types are clauses in which the predicate tagmeme is manifested by a non verbal filler. 1.1 Distribution Clauses of both types, major and minor, usually function on a higher level as syntagmemes filling slots on the sentence level. They may also function on a lower level filling Slots in another clauses or slots within a phrase level construction. Clauses of both types may function independently as simple sentences. They both may fill the nuclear slot of a complex sentence type, and they both may also function dependently as time, reason, or purpose clauses within a complex sentence type. Further, they both may function as independent clauses with other independent clauses to fill slots in a coordinate sentence type, or a sentence including a direct quotation slot. 1.2 Major Clause Types There are eleven emic types of the class of the major clause types. A detailed discussion of each follows. 1.2. 1 Clause Type I Nuclear Tagmemes Clause Type I, the declarative transitive clause type, has a nucleus composed of an obligatory, transitive, predicate tagmeme (TrP), an obligatory direct object tagmeme (O), and an optional -12.- subject tagmeme (S). The subject tagmeme is included in the nucleus as it is a core tagmeme in cross reference with the predicate tagmeme. The tagmemes of the nucleus may or may not be contiguous. More will be said about this when the indirect object tagmeme and the locative tagmeme are discussed. The predicate slot of this clause type is filled by an inflected transitive verb. The inflections which are included are tense or aSpect, active mood, person indicator coupled with number marker. Included in this word level construction filling the predicate slot, may also be the direct object. This slot may also be filled with a verb phrase in which the negative marker [92 appears with the verb. The subject slot is filled by a noun, noun phrase, or pronoun. Whenever the subject tagmeme is manifested, it occurs contiguous to the pr edic ate tagm em e. The slot of the direct object tagmeme may be filled by a pronoun, noun, noun phrase, or relater axis clause (see example #1 under section 1.2.8. 2). The filler of the direct object tagmeme has an optional marker on the phrase level which is 957% . The direct object slot may also have a zero filler if the object is contained within the predicate slot as a suffix to the verb filler. Whenever the object is contained within the filler of the predicate Slot, there can be no concurrent filler in the direct object Slot. An alternate description would be that we have a portmanteau tagmeme, a fusion of the predicate and the direct object tagmemes. -13- The direct object tagmeme typically occurs contiguous to the subject tagmem e, but it may also occur after either the locative or the indirect object tagmeme. That is, one or the other, never both of these tagmemes, can occur between the subject and the direct object tagmemes. There appears to be no semantic change resulting from this Shift in the tagmemic string. Nuclear Formula: +TrP: tr. vb., vb. ph. 1L8: pron. , noun, n. ph +0: noun, n. ph., rel-ax-cl. Examples: 1. P 0 (1:7) wayIr 7 eni 2/ and he saw me 2. P 0 (1:10) wa' quaflx hanneztr ?50-s&r 'Ql r?oso and I took the crown which upon his head wa'ec'adah ?3QS¢r 'DQl zr'o and the bracelet which upon his arm 3. P s o (1:11) Wat yiQ xzeq dawId vagdaw and be seized David his clothes 4. P 0 ( 3:31) qr'u vIgd eyk gm tear your clothes 5. P o (3:20) nyqu¢ ?5th-kal-ha' am and he gathered all the people -14- Peryheral Taggm em es In addition to these nuclear tagmemes, Clause Type I has the following peripheral tagmemes: an indirect object tagmeme (IO); a locative tagmeme (L); a time tagmeme (T); a modifier/manner tagmeme (M); a role tagmeme (R0). The Slot of the indirect object tagmeme is filled by relater axis phrases, the head slot of which is filled with a pronoun, a noun, or noun phrase. The relater slot of the phrases is filled with I- /Ith/'-Ql. The indirect object tagmeme may occur before the direct object tagmeme, or it may occur after the direct object tagmeme. The fillers of the slot in either position are the same. There is no semantic change brought about by this changing of position. Perhaps the rules of sequential occurrence for this particular tag- meme are not as fixed as others of the peripheral tagmemes. The locative tagmeme is manifested by relater axis phrases. The tagmemic Slot may also be filled by an adverb, §im_ The head slot of the relater axis phrases may be a noun or noun phrase; the relater Slot in these phrases may be filled with 3g,_l, '31, b: or LEE The locative tagmeme usually occurs after the direct object tagmeme and after the indirect object tagmeme. However, when the filler of the location slot is the adverb $12, the locative tagmeme may occur before the direct object tagmeme. The locative tagmeme does not have quite the freedom of occurrence which the indirect object tagm eme diSplayed. -15- The time tagmeme appears in the corpus only once in this clause type. The filler of this time slot is a relater axis phrase. The filler of the head slot in the phrase is a noun phrase, and the filler of the relater slot is 21° This filler is somewhat similar to one of the classes of fillers in the locative slot. However, the filler of the head slot in the relater axis phrase filling the time Slot does not appear in the head Slot of any of the relater axis phrases filling the locative slot. This tagmeme also occurs quite frequently in clause types which have yet to be discussed. The manner/modification tagmeme is so named since the slot most frequently functions as manner, relating the "how" of the predicted action. F1; some instances, however, the function of the slot is not clearly manner, but a related kind of predicate modification. The fillers of the slot are the same in most instances. This slot is filled by two classes of fillers: (l) a limited number of adverbs; (2) relater axis phrases, the head slot of which may be filled by a noun } or noun phrase, the relater slot of which may be filled with the \ relaters_b_-_-, E, orL. The role tagmeme is manifested by a role slot which is filled by relater axis phrases. The head slot of these phrases may be filled by a noun or noun phrase. The relater slot is filled by the relater 1;. In the examples which I have in this clause type, the head slot of the relater axis phrase is filled only by noun phrases. It should be noted that relater axis phrases which have_l; in _16- the relater slot, filled the Slot in two tagmemes, the indirect object tagmeme and the role tagmeme. This led the researcher to group these tagmemes as suSpicious pairs which might have proven to be allotagmas of the same tagmeme. But the distinctiveness of the varying functions plus several other differences which shall be discussed under distribution convinced the writer again to separate them . Expanded Formula: + TrP: tr.vb., vb. ph. i—S: pron. , noun, n. ph. + O: noun, no. ph. , rel-ax-cl. fIO: rel-ax-ph. (introduced by_l_-_ or_I£1_1_) i- L: rel-ax-ph. (introduced by 3g or '_aQ_l), noun (with Eb. suffix), limited list of adverbs + [5: as abov_ej i- T: rel-ax—ph. (introduced by b__-_) i- M: rel-ax-ph (introduced by_b_-_- or limited list of prepositions) fRO: rel- ax-ph (introduced by l- or k-) Abbreviated Formula: +TrP 1L8 +01LIO+L(-/-O)-[-_Ti-M1_’-RO I____/_.___T Examples: 1- P s o L (2:5) wayI‘SlOQx dawId min la ?kim ? i_l ?anse and he sent David messengers unto men yaves gil' ad Javesh-Gilead -17- P S O wayqonen dawId ?5 th h Qqqinah ha!)- z 20th and he lamented David the lamentation the this IO 'Ql sa?ul'w' 92,1 yhonathan bno (1:17) over Saul and over Jonathan his son P S 10 wayya'ts dawId I?9Qvner wla? nasim and he made David for Abner and for the men 0 ?Q-sgr ?Ito mIstEh (3:20) who with him a feast P IO 0 wayIkrthu ?Itka brith (3:21) and they will make with you a covenant P L 0 RO wae, nymsxu sam ? 5th dawId lme lek and they annointed there David as king 'ao-l beth yhuelah (2 :4) over house of Judah P S O L Wfinyélafix ? Wner mla ?kim ?u dawId and he sent Abner messengers unto David M tatxtaw (3:12) on his behalf 10. 11. 12. 13. ~18- TrP O L wm,yyl§12£-x mla ?kim ?fio-xabre ?aQ/vner (3:26) and he sent messengers after Abner TrP 0 R0 (5:3) waLnymsxu ? gth dawId lmélt-k '1Q.l yIsrael and they annointed David as king over Israel TrP 0 10 w atnyvnu b atyith 1d awId (5: 1 1) and they built a house for David TrP L O wanykem sam (1 (5:20) and he smote them there TrP S O T watnyrah dawId ? eth yahweh baayyom hzbhu (6:9) and he feared David the Lord 'n the day the that TrP O wai yyat 'abl ? 5th ?m-ron ha ? Elohim mIbeth and he brought the ark of God from the house L M 'oved 'édom 'ir dawId bsImsah (6:15) of Abed-edom to the City of David with gladness TrP O M wayvarek ?gth ha'am bSem yahweh and be blessed the people in the name of the Lord ¢va ?oth (6:18) of the forces -19- Co-occurrence: In terms of the co—occurrence of these tagmemes, it appears that in addition to the nuclear tagmemes which may or may not include the optional subject tagmeme, only two of the peripheral tagmemes can occur. The maximum number of tagmemes which may constitute a clause in this type is five. The minimum number is two, the \f‘ r. ‘1', predicate tagmeme, and the direct object tagmeme with a zero filler V D in its Slot. L)» A further restriction which should be cited is that the indirect object tagmeme and the locative tagmeme never occur in the same clause in examples of this clause typsé’his suggests complimentary distribution, but it does not seem best to combine these as allotagm as of one tagmeme for two reasons: (1) the function of the slots in the main is quite distinct; (2) the classes of relaters which fill the reSpective slots in the phrase level are different, with the exception of the common relator i_l, suggesting different classes of fillers. Nor does the indirect object tagmeme ever co-occur with the role tagmeme. Here again it might be possible to postulate compli- mentary distribution, eSpecially Since the two tagmemes have classes of fillers which are relater axis phrases possessing the common relater l_-. Despite this cogent evidence, these are not combined as one tagmeme with the reSpective allotagmas because the fillers of the head slot in the relater axis phrases of the two tagmemes yield different classes of fillers. The fillers of the head slot of relater -20- axis phrases filling the indirect object slot are restricted to personal nouns. This restriction does not apply to the fillers of the head slot in the relater axis phrases filling the role tagmemic slot. The role tagmeme also does not have the freedom of occurrence which is observed in the indirect object tagmeme. The indirect object tagmeme is also in complimentary distribution with the manner/modification tagmeme, but again function of the Slots and fillers of the slots militate against analyzing them as a single tagmeme. The manner/modification tagmeme and the role tagmeme are in complimentary distribution and the function of their slots is some- what suspect. However, the differences in their fillers offer strong evidence against joining them into one tagmeme. 1.2. 1. 1 Allotype of Clause Type I The abbreviated formula below indicates that this allotype differs from the clause type just discussed because of the addition of an interrogative tagmeme (Q). The corpus includes just two examples of this allotype and in both instances, the slot of the tagmeme is filled with the question word fl Formula: -/-Q: x +CT I Formula -21- Examples: 1. Q TrP 0 IO w‘?ek 'Lssa' fan my ?51 yo'av ?axika (2:22) and how I will Show my face to Joab your brother Q TrP O ?ek yadaLta ki meth sa?ul wahonathan how you know that he has died Saul and Jonathan bno (1:" 5) his son Although no examples occurred in the corpus to illustrate the principle, the interrogative tagmeme can have a zero filler if there is a question marker prefixed to the filler of the predicate slot. Again, as in the case of the direct object tagmeme, one could describe this as some kind of portmanteau phenomenon in which a fusion of the two tagmemes has occurred. The example listed below, though it did not occur in the corpus, has been included to illustrate this principle. Example: Q TrP S O (I haunv aQ-ber dawId ? .g_th- ?avaka ? he has honored David your father L b'enflyka (II Samuel 10:3) in your pres ence -22- 1.2.2. Clause Type 11 Nuclear Tagmemes The nucleus of Clause Type II--the declarative intransitive clause type--is composed of an obligatory predicate tagmeme and an optional subject tagmem e. There are two internal structural differences which distinguish this clause type from Clause Type I; both these differences are in the nucleus. The first difference is that the slot of the predicate tagm eme in Clause Type II is filled with an intransitive verb vis-a-vis the transitive verb filler of the predicate slot in Clause Type I. The second difference is the absence of a direct object tagmeme either in the nucleus or the periphery. The nuclear tagmemes of this clause type may or may not be contiguous. As pointed out in the previous paragraph, the predicate slot of this clause type is filled with an intransitive verb. Some of the fillers of this predicate slot overlap with some of the fillers of the predicate Slot in Clause Type I. The subject tagmeme, which is the cross reference to the predicate tagmeme, has the same fillers in its slot as the subject 8The first reaction to this phenomenon was that this small number of fillers might constitute some sub-type of Clause Type I. One could argue that the object slot was being filled from the context in which the clause occurred. This description was rejected since the researcher was aware that this was placing too much emphasis on translation. Therefore a clause which had fillers of its predicate Slot that were included in the filler class of clauses of Clause Type I, but had no overt manifestation of a direct object tagmeme in its string were included under Clause Type II. (See example #8.) -23- Slot in Clause Type 1. Nuclear Formula: 7‘ Intr P: intro vb. i S: pron. noun, n.ph. Examples: 1. Intr P watyyamuthu (1:4) and they have died 2. Intr P S wwyyav ?u ? amnSe yhudah (2:4) and they came the men of Judah P eripheral Tagm em es The peripheral tagmemes of this clause type are the same as those of Clause Type I. It is of interest to note that since this clause type has one less nuclear tagmeme than Clause Type I, the maximum number of tagmemes which can occur in a Clause Type 11 string is four, one less than the number which could occur in Clause Type I. It is evident that only two peripheral tagmemes can occur with the nucleus in any given clause. This iS true irreSpective of the number of nuclear tagmemes that might be present. There are several changes in the potential sequence of the tagmemic strings manifesting the clauses which should be noted. As indicated in the tagmemic formula below, three peripheral tagmemes can occur between the nuclear tagmemes. Of course, only one can occur there in any one string. Whenever these tagmemes occur -24.. internuclearly, they are manifested by a restricted number of fillers. The indirect object tagmeme can preceed the subject tagmeme only if the 10 slot is filled by the construction composed of the relater _1; plus a pronoun or personal noun filling the relater and head Slots reSpectively in the phrase level construction. The locative tagmeme can occur in the pre subject tagmeme position only if the locative Slot is filled with the adverb @111, or the relater TEL-plus pronoun. The one filler which occurred in the time slot in pre-subject tagmeme position was a noun phrase. The indirect object usually occurs after and contiguous to the subject tagmeme. The fillers of the slot in this position are relater axis phrases composed of 3L1 plus pronoun, and the relater}: plus noun phrases. The corpus includes one example in which the indirect object tagmeme follows the time tagmeme. This would mean that the indirect object tagmeme can occur in two positions if it occurs after the subject tagmeme in the tagmemic string. This will be discussed further under the rubric of co—occurrence restrictions. The locative tagmeme, when it occurs in post subject positions, is manifested by the remaining fillers of this -slot in Clause Type I that are not filling the slot in the internuclear position. The time tagmeme includes in its list of fillers, the filler of the one time slot which we had in Clause Type I. The fillers of this slot include two classes; relater axis phrases with b-/- Qd plus noun phrases filling the phrase level slots, and noun phrases without -25- relaters. The noun phrases filling the slot without relaters are the same as the noun phrases filling the head slot of the phrase level construction. A larger corpus would undoubtedly yield both classes of fillers for the time slot in Clause Type I. The manner/modification tagmeme is manifested by the same filler classes found in the slot in Clause Type I. In addition to these fillers, there are several examples in which clauses fill this Slot in this clause type. Clauses of Clause Type IV, which are yet to be discussed, appear in this Slot. The role tagmeme is manifested by the same class of fillers as we listed in Clause Type I. Expanded Formula: + IntrP: intr. vb. (3f 10: rel-ax-phlintroduced by LI) (1‘ L: adv. sham, rel-ax-ph /introduced by lily) (i- T: n.ph.) i- S: pron. , noun, n.ph. 1LIO: rel-ax-ph (introduced by 75/ or_l_:) f L: rel—ax-ph (introduced by b_-_, l_-, or adv. rel.) 1L T: n.ph. , rel-ax-ph. (introduced byi): or 3151) f M: rel-ax-ph (introduced by 2;) lim. no. of advs. , inf. constr. clauses i—RO: rel-ax-ph (introduced by 1;) Abbreviated Formula: $7 1‘ J) +IP (7510) (fLH-fT) its 11-10 i—L ’\ I + I 1LT 1LM_7_’-RO Examples: 1. IntrP w IL yyelLk and he went M ? at x Qreh a after her 2 . IntrP ‘N‘I-lyyaQ ' ”-1 and he went up 3 . IntrP watyyo ?mer and he said 4 . IntrP w an. yyelku 5. Intr P w 1- nyf Em and he looked 6 . IntrP wkyyeS LV and he remained -26- IO ?Itah with her H fl-d until L v sam there 10 ?elaw to him T kal hi). lelah and they walked all the night S ? aLvner Abner S dawId b¢iqlag David in Ziklag her husband b nyrim Bahurirn ? all x aL-rayw behind him halok uv akoh walking and crying (3:16) (1:3) S w 20. ?aQ-nasaw (2:29) and his men (2:20) T yamin snayIm (1:1) days two 7o 10. 11. 12. -27- IntrP ' S w Althi h Qmmllxamah qasah 'aILel m ?od and it was the battle severe until very T bmyyom hflhu ? (2:17) in the day the that IntrP S T M wayylsmam' dawId me ?92 xaLre ken (3:28) and he heard David afterwards thus IntrP S 10 w aLyyo ?m Lr yahweh ?elayw (2: 1) and he said the Lord unto him IntrP T wathi ?axiLre moth sa?ul (1:1) and it became after death of Saul IntrP T wayacumu 'ad > ha?arg_y 'al sa?ul w'al and they fasted until the evening for Saul and for 10 yhonathan bno w'al 'am yahweh Jonathan his son and for the people of the Lord w'al beth yIsra?el (1:12) and for the house of Israel IntrP L walyylfen ?axav-rayw (1:7) and he looked behind him -28- 13. IntrP M wall. nyplu yflxxdaw (2:16) and they fell together 14. IntrP IO 5 w Lyyo ?m tr 'mlehcm (2:5) and he said unto them 15. Intr P “ RO wmnyhyu 139. ? xgudah A ?exath (2:25) and they became as troop one Co-occurrence The co-occurrence restrictions are the same as those encountered in Clause Type I. When the peripheral tagmemes occur in post nuclear position, they usually occur in the sequential relationship to each other suggested by the formula. There is one example in which either the time tagmeme or the indirect object tagmeme violates the rules of co-occurrence sequence. This suggests that whenever two peripheral tagmemes co—occur they typically, but not obligatorily, occur in a certain order. 1.2.2. 1 Allotype of Clause Type II Like Clause Type 1, Clause Type II has an allotype which has an additional tagmeme, the interrogative tagmeme. The Slot of the interrogative tagm eme in this allotype is filled with two question words, ?ek and lamah. There was one example in the corpus in -29- which the interrogative marker occurred in the predicate Slot as a prefix to the verb filler. Formula: +Q 1‘ CT II Formula Examples: 1. Q IntrP L lamah ' 5 kekah ?nrcah (2:22) why ? I will strike to the ground 2 . Q IntrP ?ek lo ? yare ?tha lIslox yaelka to stretch your hand How ? not you were afraid M yahweh (1:14) lxao-xeth ? gth mSix of the Lord to destroy the annointed The following example illustrates the interrogative marker occurring as a prefix to the verb. Example: Q IntrP L d h1?e'al¢h ?al pl-IStim (5:19) ? I shall go up unto the Philistines 1.2.3. Clause Type III Nuclear Tagmemes There are only two examples in the corpus of this clause type, the transitive imperative clause type. It is composed of a -30- nucleus which consists of a predicate tagmeme whose Slot is filled by a transitive imperative form of the verb, and a direct object tagmeme whose fillers are of the same filler class as the filler classes of the direct object tagmeme in the other clause types (represented here as x). The imperative filler of the predicate slot plus the obligatory absence of the subject tagmeme provide the two differences from Clause Type I. Formula: + Tr Imp. P: tr. imp. vb form -/- Ozx Example: Tr Imp P O th'u vigdek em (3 :3 1) tear your clothes Peripheral Tagm em es The only peripheral tagmeme which appears in the examples of this clause type is the indirect object tagmeme. Its filler, being in pre-direct object tagmeme position, is one of the fillers found in this Slot in the other clause types. ' Expanded Formula: Tr Imp. P: tr. imp. vb form fIO: x +Ozx Example: TrImpP IO 0 wqu J lka ? 5th x alli¢atho ‘ i;i.‘.(2:21) and seize to you his armor _31_ 1.2.4 Clause Type IV Nuclear Tagm em es The nucleus of this clause type is composed of the predicate tagmeme. This tagmeme has its Slot filled by‘either an intransitive imperative verb form, or an intransitive verb phrase with the particle E2 which occurs only with the imperative form of the verb. The fillers of the predicate Slot, the absence of the nuclear direct object tagmeme, and the absence of the nuclear subject tagmeme, establish this as an emic clause type distinct from Clause Types II and III. Nuclear Formula: +Intr. Imp. P: intr. imp. vb. form Example: Intr Imp P 'aLleh (2:1) go uP Peripheral Tagm em es This clause type has three peripheral tagmemes, the indirect object tagmeme, the manner/modification tagmeme, and the locative tagmeme. The fillers of these respectively are the fillers which were employed as fillers of the corresponding Slots when they manifested these tagmemes in the other clause types. Expanded Formula: +Intr Imp P: intr. imp. vb. form, -"vb. ph. 1‘10: x i M:x _32_ i- L:x Examples: 1. Intr Imp P M thyu iIvne xflyIl (2:7) and be in the heart of strength 2. Intr Imp P M L sur lka me ? 311x ao-r i-y (2:22) turn by you from after me 3. Intr Imp P L pg Q} bo (1:15) fall upon him 4. Intr Imp P 10 h 12g tel na? 1i (1:4) tell, I pray to me 1.2.4. 1 An Allotype There is just one example of this clause allotype in the corpus. Its nucleus is composed of a predicate tagmeme whose slot is filled with an imperative form of the verb plus the particle 332' and what is here termed an imperative subject tagmeme (IS) whose slot is filled by a noun. The investigator is aware from his wider acquaintance with the language that this subject is optional. The subject tagmeme in this clause is in a different relationship to the predicate tagmeme than any other that has yet been encountered. It -33- is more a goal tagmeme than an actor tagmeme. The filler of the predicate Slot, the imperative form is a different form of the imperative which filled the Slot in the clause type of which this one is an allotype. The imperative form is, however, an etic variant which occurs if the imperative action is in the first or third person. Therefore there is only one difference which separates this clause type from the one discussed in 1.2.4. For this reason, it is concluded that Clause Type IV has two allotypes of the intransitive imperative clause type. Nuclear Formula: +Intr. Imp. P: intr. vb. ph. imp. form fIS: noun Examples: 1. Intr Imp P yaqumu (2:14) let them rise 2. Intr Imp P .- IS yaqumu na? han'arim (2:14) let them rise, I pray the young men Per31heral Tagm em es It could be argued that the absence of the peripheral tagmemes which occurred in the formula for the first clause type under 1. 2. 4 suggests another difference which would demand the establishment of another clause type. But it is felt that the reason for the lack of the peripheral tagm em es manifested in the other variant of the clause type -34- is simply due to lack of more examples of this clause type variant in the corpus. Listed below are two examples taken from a source outside the corpus which validate the reason given above. Examples: 1. Intr Imp P IS L "yazh i raqim bthok h‘ameayim (Gen. 1:6) let there be a firmament in the midst of the heavens 2. Intr.lmp P M yasuvu 1S - lvetho bSalom (ll Chron. let them return (each) man to his house in peace 18:16) 1.2. 5 Clause Type V The nucleus of this clause type is composed of an obligatory passive predicate tagmeme and an optional goal subject (GS) tagmeme. The fillers of the predicate slot are the passive form of the verb. The fillers of the goal subject slot are nouns, part of the same filler class which filled the subject Slot in other clause types. The passive filler in the predicate slot plus the goal subject slot provides two nuclear differences establishing this as an emic clause type. Nuclear Formula: -/- Pas P: passive vb form iGS: noun Examples: 1. Pas P nIsb atr he has been broken -35- 2. Pas P GS nIkrthu me-halLyyfleren (Jos. 4:7) they were cut the waters of the Jordan PeriJJheral Tagm em es The fillers manifesting the peripheral tagmemes present in this clause type--the indirect object tagmeme, the locative tagmeme, and the manner/modification tagmeme--are the same as in the other clause types discussed. EXpanded Formula: + Pas P: passive vb. form (1“ IO:x) fGS: nouns -_/_-IO:x f L:x i- M:x Examples: 1. Pas P GS w I‘Lyylggahtf ? at. vner w ? Guise yIsra ?el and he was beaten Abner and the men of Israel L ane 'abvde dawId (2:17) in the presence of the followers of David 2. Pas P 10 _ GS L watLyy atlatu ldawId banim bxevron (3:2) and they were born to David sons in Hebron 3. Pas P GS IO M nIfl'nthah 'alhao—vathka 11 me' anvath (1:26) It was pleasing your love to me than the love naSim of women '36- X}\)V “ff-71’1”: (":1 ‘1" \x’f/ 1. 2. 6 Clause T e VI . / yp / 03' f// \\ 1/ ,4,/ Nuclear T agm em es/ “ / ,5 I The nucleus of this clause type--the causative clause type-- consists of a predicate tagmeme and a direct object tagm eme. The predicate tagmeme is manifested by a causative form of the verb. The direct object tagmeme is manifested by a class of fillers which occurred in the direct object slot when the tagmeme was manifested in other clause types. The only clause type which would question our establishing this as an emic clause type is Clause Type 111. One nuclear difference between these two is the filler of the predicate slots in each. They also have different peripheral tagmem es which provides a second difference. Nuclear Formula: + Caus P: causative vb form + O:x Examples: (from expanded corpus) 1. Caus P O hlssamdak a ' (Deut. 28:51) he has caused you to perish 2. Caus P O hevi? ? th ha ?is he baused to come the man Peripheral Tagm em es The peripheral tagmeme of this clause type alluded to in the -37- section on nuclear tagmemes is the locative tagmeme. There are just two examples of this clause type which occurred in the corpus, and in both the locative tagmeme was manifested. The examples of this clause type which were included under the nuclear formula were inserted primarily to Show that this locative tagmeme was not obligatory in this clause type. Expanded Formula: -/- Caus P: causative vb. form —/ O:x 1‘- L:x Examples: 1. Caus P O L wa‘W-vl'em 0 ?al ? doni hennah (1:10) and I caused them unto my Lord here to come 2. Caus P O L w nyaslvu otho mIbor h ssIrah (3:26) and they caused to him from the well of Sirah return 1. 2. 7 Clause Type VII Nu clear Tagm em es The nucleus of this clause type--the reflexive clause type-- is composed of reflexive predicate tagmeme manifested by the predicate Slot filled by the reflexive verb form and a reflexive subject tagmeme (RS) whose Slot is filled by a noun. The reflexive filler of the predicate slot and the reflexive subject slot provide the two nuclear differences needed to establish this as an emic clause type. -38- Just one example of this clause type occurred in the corpus. The corpus was thus expanded to include several more examples of this clause type. Nuclear Formula: +Refl. P: reflexive vb. form i—RS: noun Examples: (from expanded corpus) 1. Refl. P ththgallah (Lev. 13:33) and he shall Shave himself 2. Refl. P RS wlyylthxarpes mzlgk yIsra? l (1 King 22:30) be caused himself to the King of Israel be disguised P eripheral Tagm em e The locative tagmeme is the peripheral tagmeme which was manifested in the one example in the corpus of this clause type. Expanded Formula: +Refl: P: reflexive vb form Z’ERS‘ noun 1- L:x Example: 3 Refl. P RS W myIthquw vne vInyam in and they gathered themselves the Sons of Benjamin L ?JanLre ? {vner (2:25) after Abner -39- 1. 2. 8 Clause Type VIII The clause type--the relater axis clause type--is composed of a relater tagmeme manifested by a limited number of relaters:_k_i, ?QQ-sgr, and_p_g_n_, and also an axis tagmeme which is filled by clauses from Clause Types I and 11. Perhaps other clause types can fill the axis slot, but no such examples occur in the corpus. The etic variants of this clause type are the varying clause types which occur in the axis Slot. In this instance as was pointed out, there are two etic variants. Although distribution is not employed as a criterion, it should be pointed out that this clause type occurs only in dependent slots on the sentence level. This clause type may also fill a Slot on the clause level. Formula: +RE: relaters +AX: clauses 1. 2. 8. 1 Axis -Clause Type I Filler Examples: 1. RE CT I emotheni ki 'aanzaflni hafissavac (1:19) kill me for it has seized me the anguish 2. RE CT I . ?w-str 'asithEm hw-davar hazzah (2:6) as you have done the thing the this -40- 1.2.8.2 Axis Clause Type II Filler Examples: 1. RE CT II ?ek yadail'ta ki meth sa?ul thonathan how you know that he has died Saul and Jonathan bno (195) his Son 2. RE CT II .pin tIsm xnah bnoth plIstim (1:20) lest they rejoice the daughters of the Philistines 3 . RE CT 11 w aLyyom gr ? Q s {r nas ha' am min and he said that he has fled the people from hm-mmleamah (1:4) the battle 1.2.9 Clause Type TX The establishment of this clause type is problematic. Somewhat similar to the relater axis clause, here there is a relater filling a slot on the phrase level with a Special form of the verb filling the head slot. The subsequent construction manifests the predicate tagmeme. Included in the nucleus along with the predicate tagmeme is an optional subject tagmeme. The function of the subject slot is somewhat different from any that has yet occurred. The tagmeme is defined as subject-as item (It-S). The filler of the subject slot does not differ from fillers in other subject slots. -41- Nuclear Formula: + Part. P: b -/- participle form + IS: noun Examples: 1. PartP bvo'aQ ka (3:13) in your coming (when you come) 2. Part P It -S bIhyoth hflmmllxamah ben beth sa?ul in being the battle between the house of Saul (there was) uven beth dawId ' (3:6) and between the house of David P eripher a1 Tagm em e The locative tagmeme was also manifested in this clause type. As indicated in the formula below, the filler was a filler which occurred in the Slot in other clause types. Expanded Formula: +Part P: b- +participle form 1‘ It-S: noun 1‘ L:x Example: IPartI’ L bmalku 'fll yIsra ?el (5:4) in his ruling over Israel (when he ruled) This clause type resembles Clause Type VIII in that it occurs in dependent slots on the sentence level or in a slot on the clause -42- level. This clause type appears to be a time clause of some sort. 1.2. 10 Clause Type X Nuclear Tagmeme It is also debatable whether or not this is a clause type. The predicate tagmeme like the predicate tagmeme in Clause Type IX is manifested by a filler which is a syntagmeme composed of the relater l_-_ plus the infinitive construct form of the verb. The predicate tagmeme is transitive and thus the object tagmeme is obligatory and, therefore, nuclear. The fillers of this tagmemic Slot do not differ from the fillers in other clause types. This clause type differs emically from Clause Type IX because of the fillers of the predicate slot and the direct object tagmeme. Of course, there is the possibility that this clause type is a Special subtype of the relater axis clause. But the relater axis relationship occurs at a lower level. This clause type can occur in clause level Slots. One was discovered in which this clause type occurred in the head slot of a relater axis clause. This clause type can also fill Slots on the sentence level, dependent slotS'. These clauses generally fill a purpose slot on the sentence level. Nuclear Formula: -/- Tr Inf P: l- -/- tr. inf. construct + O:x Exarnple: _43- TrInf P O . . . Ilroth ?{ th panay (3:13) When you come to see my face Peripheral Tagm emes This clause type includes the locative and indirect object as peripheral tagmem es. These tagmemes are manifested by the same fillers as found in the other clause types. Expanded Formula: -/- TrInf P: l- -/- inf. construct 1L IO:x + O:x 1L L:x Examples: 1. Tr Inf P O L 1h 1' a. vir thQm lak ah mIbeth to cause to cross over the kingdom from the house sa?ul (3:10) of Saul 2. TrInf P IO 0 lhasev 'e/ayka 95th kal yIsra?el (3:12)_ to bring to you all of Israel 1.2.11 Clause Type XI Nucle ar Tagm eme This clause type differs from Clause Type X in that the predicate tagmeme’ which is the only nuclear tagmeme’has an intran- sitive filler of its Slot. Another difference is the absence of the direct object tagmeme. It is also emically distinct from the other _44_ clause types which have been discussed. Nuclear Formula: +Intr. Inf. P: l- + intr. inf. construct Example: Intr Inf P . . . . . . lasur (2:23) and he refused to turn Peripheral Tagmemes The clause type has the indirect object, the locative, the manner/modification tagmemes as peripheral tagmemes. The reSpective slots and fillers manifesting these tagmemes do not differ from the slots and fillers manifesting these tagmemes in other clause types. Expanded Formula: +Intr Inf. P: l- +Intr. inf. construct form 1L IO:x szx 1‘ M:x Examples: 1. Intr Inf P 10 M . . . . ldxber ?Ito ban-s’ui (3:27) he took him aside to Speak with him quietly ‘ 2 . Intr Inf P L . . . . lasur me? x rayw (2:21) and he refused to turn from after him -45- 1. 3 Minor Clause Types It has been concluded that there are two emic types of minor clauses. This decision was made tentatively since it has not been fully determined what actually manifests the predicate in these minor clause types. 1.3. 1 Minor Clause Type I Nuclear Tagm em es The nucleus of this clause type is the predicate tagmeme--an equative predicate tagmeme. The filler of this predicate slot is two word or phrase level constructions or a combination of word and phrase level constructions exhibiting a stative or equative relationship to each other. Listed below are two examples of this filler, which can in themselves manifest this clause type, which Shall be designated an equative clause type. Nuclear Formula: -/- EP: two constructions in equ ative relationship Examples: 1. EP ban 'aQrba'im Sanah i‘S-boSEth ben sa?u1 (2:10) son of forty years Ish-bosheth son Saul 2. EP usman rlcpay vlth 'nyyah (3:7) and her name RiSpah daughter of Airyah -46- Peripheral Tagm em es The decision that the examples above were fillers of the predicate slot was made on the basis of one clause in which it would certainly appear that two such constructions in this equative relation- ship filled the predicate Slot, manifesting the predicate tagmeme along with the manner /modification and time tagmemes. Expanded Formula: + EP: two constructions in equ. rel. i- M:x _-/_- T:x Example: EP M naqi ?anoki umaUnlakti me'Im yahweh innocent I and my kingdom from with the Lord T M ' flfi 'olam mIdme ?anner ben ner (3:28) forever from the blood Abner son of Ner This manner tagmeme is manifested as a discontinuous tagmeme. 1.3.2 Minor Clause Type H Nuclear Tagm em e The predicate slot of this clause type is filled with two word level or phrase level syntagmemes, or a combination of the two which are in a positional relationship to each other or else the positional relationship is asserted. Nuclear Formula: -47- +Pos. P: two constructions in positional i.e. locative relationship Examples: 1. P08 P damyka 'xu ro 2% aka (1:16) your blood upon your head 2. P08 P yadi 'Immak (3:12) my hand with you Peripheral Tagmemes No examples occur in the corpus of this predicate appearing with other tagmemes as was the case with Clause Type I. The investigator is not sure that a more exhaustive corpus would yield this kind of predicate tagmeme occuring in a string with other clause level tagmemes all together manifesting this kind of "assertive- positional clause type." 1.3.2.1 An: Allotype A formula for this allotype is not included since it is not certain whether it is an allotype of Clause Type II, or the same kind of clause which appeared in the examples given above in the type just discussed, or whether some phenomenon is occuring which would separate this clause type as a separate clause type. Listed below is the single example that occurs in the corpus. -48- Example: 1 . P08 P wxaQrbo b¢aLr re'oh (2:16_) and his sword in the Side of his opponent In all the other examples of minor clause types, it seems that some covert copula was the "glue" which related the constructions filling the predicate slot. But in this example, a very dynamic kind of action is asserted which requires more than an implied copula. From the context, one is aware of motion "into" not simply the state of the sword being inside the opponent. It would seem that someone forgot to include a verb filler which would yield a major clause type. This clause has been listed as an allotype in Clause Type II since the only difference is that a more dynamic kind of relation exists between the constructions filling the predicate slot. SECTION II - TRANSFORMED CLAUSES 2.0 The clauses which were discussed in Section I, both the major and minor clause types, had a common feature--the predicate tagmeme occurred initially in the tagmemic string. 1 These clauses are the kernel clauses in the language. In addition to these kernel clauses, there occur in the corpus "emphasis clauses" which result from the transformation of tagmemes which usually occur after the predicate tagmeme to pre-predicate tagmeme position. Whenever this transformation of tagmemes occurs, the slots of the tagmemes acquire the additional function of emphasis. The tagmemes which can occur in this transformed position are the other nuclear tagmemes and all the peripheral tagmemes except the role tagmeme. Only two tagmemes can occur in this transformed position in any clause. There are emic distinctions of these emphasis clauses in relation to each other as they are transformations of different clause typeS--the structural differences still applying. "Major 1The interrogative tagmeme occurred initially in the interrogative allotype in Major Clause Types I and II. Since the interrogative tagmeme occurs only before the predicate tagmeme, and since no other structural changes or changes in order occur, these interrogative allotypes Shall not be considered transformations. -49- -50- Types 1, II, IV,V and VI of the major clause types have transformations which occur in their tagmemic strings resulting in emphasis clause types. These emphasis clauses are not emically distinct from the kernel clauses of'which they are transformations, but rather etic variants. The investigator's first decision was that these emphasis clause types were emically distinct from the kernel clauses of which they were transbrmations. An attempt was made to construct, for example, the emphasis direct object tagmeme (E0) and the emphasis subject tagmeme (ES) of Emphasis Clause Type I with the direct object tagmeme (O) and the subject tagmeme (S) of Clause Type II. The investigator finally concluded that these tagmemes did not contrast. The only difference between the respective tagmemes is the added function of emphasis to the tagmemic slot. 2. 1 Emphasis Clause Type I Emphasis Clause Type I results from the transformation of tagmemes in Major Clause Type I--the transitive declarative clause type. Below are five examples of this emphasis clause type which occur in the corpus. Examples: 1. ES ww-vner ban ner SQI cava? ? lser and Abner Son of Ner captain of the forces which _51- TrP 0 (2:8) lsa?u1 lath ? Lth IS bo‘S tth b Ln sa?u1 to Saul he took Ishbosheth son of Saul 2 . ES TrP IO 0 ? ILni 'dkroth ?Itka brith (3:13 I I will make with you a covenant 3. ET TrP S ‘ IO w'fltah yt'ts yahweh ?Immaktm and now he will Show the Lord with you O xtscd wag? (math (2:6) kindness and truth 4. EO—fQ TrP S meh* hayah hadavar (1:4) what? it has become the thing 5. EO ES TrP IO davar ?Exa-el ?anoki so ?el Me ?Itka (3:13) thing one I ask of you On the basis of the five examples in the corpus, the following occurrence restrictions can be cited: (1) two tagmemes can transfer Simultaneously to emphasis position only if they are both nuclear; (2) nuclear tagmemes can transfer individually to emphasis positions; and (3) the time tagmeme is the only peripheral tagmeme which can transfer to emphasis position. -52- In example number four, the emphasis object tagmeme has a concurrent interrogative function because of the Special filler 3252' This special filler causes a fusion of the emphasis direct object tagmeme and the interrogative tagmeme. 2.2 Emphasis Clause Type H Emphasis Clause Type H results from the transformation of tagmemes in Major Clause Type II-—the intransitive declarative clause type. Below are seven examples of this emphasis clause type which occur in the corpus. Examples: 1. ES P M wxgrgv sa?ul l?o thasuv riqam (1222) and the sword of Saul not it returned empty 2. ES P R whu? hayah kImvaEser b'eynay (4:10) and he he became as one bearing tidings in my presence 3. ES EL ‘ P yhonathan '11 bamoth (,yka xalal (1:2 5) Jonathan upon your high places he is slain 4. Q ET P S (I *h ulan tax to ?kOLl xcrev (2:26) ?for ever it will devour sword 5. ET P anah* ? e '5 16h (2:1) where ? I Shall do up -53- 6. EL mldxm xazlalim mexelev gIborim from blood of the slain from fat of the mighty S P EL (discontinuous tagm eme) qgseth yhonathan l?o hasog 'axor (1:22) sword of Jonathan not it turned back 7. Q EM P S (I *hakmoth naval yamuth ?ayner (3:33) ? as the death of a fool he has died Abner . The occurrence restrictions of the emphasis tagmemes are as follows: (1) two tagmemes can occur in emphasis position only if one of the tagmemes is nuclear; (2) the emphasis locative tagmeme is the only peripheral tagmeme which can be manifested along with the nuclear emphasis subject tagmeme; (3) the role tagmeme and the indirect object tagmeme do not transform to emphasis position. In example number five, the emphasis locative tagmeme has a concurrent interrogative function because of the Special filler gal}. This Special filler causes a fusion of the locative and interrogative tagmemes. Examples number four and seven are transformations of the interrogative allotypes of Clause Type II. In these two examples, we have an interrogative particle prefix to the fillers manifesting the time and manner/modification tagmemes reSpectively. The interrogative tagmeme is manifested by zero. These two exarnples -54- help to clarify the point made earlier that the interrogative tagmeme is the first in the tagmemic string whenever it is manifested. In contrast with the fusion which occurs in the tagmemes in example number five, the emphasis locative tagmeme manifested in examples four and seven is not fused with the interrogative. The investigator's decision not to fuse the tagmemes is based on the fact that the fusion of the tagmemes in the fifth example is a result of a fusion below the morpheme level. 2. 3 Emphasis Clause Type HI Emphasis Clause Type HI results from the transformation of tagmemes in Major Clause Type IV-—the intransitive imperative clause type. There occurs just one example of this emphasis clause type in the corpus. Example: EIO P EIO 'JU sa ?ul bk nyhah hammllbisk gm 8 ani for Saul weep the one who put on you scarlet 'Im 'aLdanim (1:24) with other delights 2.4 Emphasis Clause Type IV Emphasis Clause Type IV results from the transformation of tagmemes in Major Clause Type V--the passive clause type. There is just one example of this emphasis clause type in the corpus. Example: -55- ES P 10 L ?elth yuldu idawId bx Lvron (3:5) these they were born to David in Hebron 2. 5 Emphasis Clause Type V Emphasis Clause Type V results from the transformation of tagmemes in Major Clause Type VI--the causative clause type. There occurs just one example of this emphasis clause type in the corpus. Example: EO EIO P wsalal rav ?Immam hebl'u (3:22) and Spoil much with them they caused to come No occurrence restrictions were listed for Emphasis Clause Types III, IV, V, due to the fact that there was but one example of each in the corpus. An attempt was made to expand the corpus to include more examples of these emphasis clause types, but the search proved to be in vain. SECTION HI - RESIDUAL TAGlVlElVEES 3.0 Introduction An analysis of the clause level tagmemes which constituted the varying clause types was given along with the listing of the clause types. Not included in the presentation were two tagmas which were included in the list of clause level tagma in the preliminary analysis. These were the vocative tagma and the direct quotation tagma. The vocative tagma was listed as a possible separate tagmeme in the clause level. The direct quotation tagma was listed as suSpect with the direct object tagm a. It will be helpful to discuss briefly each tagma in order to explain why they do not appear in the clause level tagmemic inventory. 3. 1 The Vocative Tagma It was previously hypothesized that the vocative tagma was a tagmeme on the clause level. The filler of this vocative Slot was for the most part hInneh, "behold". It was also contended that the filler E5, "how", a filler which was found filling the interrogative slot could also fill this vocative Slot functioning in the tagmemic string in a kind of exclamatory manner. A noun or noun phrase could also fill this tagmemic Slot. Listed below are several clauses containing this vocative -55- -57- tagmeme. Examples: 1. Voc / thnneh hare kgv uvl' 7Qle - hmparasim and behold chariots and those upon the horses hIelbiqUhu (1:6) they pursued him 2. Voc ? ek n aflu gIbo rim bthok how they have fallen the mighty from the midst of hammllxamah (1:25) the battle 3. Voc hare vngilbo' ?au til w?Ql mountains in Gilboa not let be dew and not mamar 'ilektm (1:21) let it rain upon you Further consideration of this tagmeme led to the conclusion that this tagmeme was functioning on a higher level than the clause level since the vocative slot appeared to have some additional function of clause introduction which suggested a function at a higher level than within the tagmemic string composing the clause which it precedes. Though this conclusion must be regarded as tentative, it seems safest at this point pending further investigation. 3. 2. Direct Quotation Tagma -58- The direct quotation tagma first of all seemed to be a Special kind of the direct object tagmeme which occurred as the content of the verb "say. " It was finally concluded, however, that this tagmeme was being manifested on a higher level than the clause level. Listed below are several examples of direct quotation which will be used to explain why the investigator places the direct quotation tagmeme on a higher level. Examples: 1. ‘ Dir. Quot wnyyom er ?elayw ‘ mInx neh yIsra?el and he said unto him "from the camp of Israel nImlatti (1:3) I have escaped. 2. Dir. Quot. w nyom er ?elayw dawId m eh hayah and he said unto him David "what it has become hldavar (1:4) the situation" It was argued that if the direct quotation tagmeme, which in each instance included a clause in its slot, were manifested on the clause level there should be some marker or relater, relating these clauses to another clause or imbedding the clauses within other clauses. But if such a relater were to occur, then there would no longer have direct quotation, but an indirect quotation. Listed below is an illustration of such. -59- Example: RE (1:4) w nyomgr ? {sgr nas ha'am mln haUnmilxamah and he said that he fled the people from the battle In the above illustration a relater axis clause fills the clause level tagmemic slot of the direct object tagmeme. This clearly is distinct from the direct quotation tagmeme. APPENDIX - BIBLIOGRAPHY BOOKS Greenberg, Joseph H. , The Langliehges of Africa, Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press, 1963. Harowitz, Edward, How the Hebrew Language Grew, New York: Jewish Education Committee Press, 1960. Kautzsch, E., ed. Gensenius' Hebrew Grammar, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1910. Longacre, Robert E. , Grammar Discovery Procedures, The Hague: Mouton and Co. , 1964. Pickett, Velma B. , The Grammatical Hierarchy of Isthmus Zapotec, (Language Dissertation No. 56), Baltimore: Waverly Press, 1960. Weingreen, Jacob, A Practical Grammar for Classical Hebrew, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1959. ARTICLE Gleason, Henry A. , Jr. "Some Contributions of Linguistics to Biblical Studies, ” The Hartford Quarterly, Vol. IV, No. 1 (Fall, 1963), 47-56. -60- .1 . .1 . . .. ,. ”Ill”. (lira. is” hi .1 . . l . .111. la HimmI‘ur 4'. . w v n , . D... .11 . . . {Ila if L.lv...ll..l.¢.-o . .. $- 1 -Jllllrl .ll. 11(. inn-well .. .N.. . I .l .F‘..Hp\ll\. I 1. .‘IIL. MICHIGAN STATE UNIV. LIBRARIE llll lelllllljlllllglllllllll Hllljlllllllll lllll