511‘ iai Iu'to an... flu um..." “nun . Ira: «u. an.» s a... 5k“ 83. '01... . nun. I15:- 111 ‘1141: :5 3 i: LIBRARY Michigan State ‘ University ABSTRACT PROYBEMS OF CECRDIEATIGN AND TRAINIHG IN WEST PAKISTAN AGRICULTURAL EXTEESION SERVICES BY SAEED AHMAD M.Sc.,(Agri)(Pb) In West Pakistan the agriculture sector achieved an annual growth rate of four percent during the Second Plan period (1960-65) mainly through increa- sed suonly of irrigation water and fertilizer use. The extension service, though quantitatively improved, but did not play a major role in this development; The main objective of this study was to analyse the problems being faced by the extension service and to explore the type of extension service suitable for a traditional phase in the deveIOpment of agriculture. The study firstly reviewed the steps relating to administrative procedures, organizational set up personal policies and training facilities that were taken by the Government since Independence in 1947. It also discussed the methods adopted to strengthen the Agricultural Extension Service in order to V accelerate the rate of development in agriculture. (ii) The historical review of the Agricultural Ext- ension Service helped in indentifying the problems as stated below: (1) activities yielding low returns such as arranging supplies, preparing schedule of work of plant protection and establishment of model farms mostly on farms of influential rural lea— ders and large land-owners; (ii) lack of coordination and supervision, amongst the extension service, agriculture - research, Agricultural University and within the extension service; (111) to flow of information; (17) little emphasis on formers training proe gramme; (v) lack of coordinated annual and crOp sea9_u_ son programme and (vi) transport facilities and tenure of extension personnel at one place. On the basis of the detailed discussion of the difficulties and problems faced by the extension ser- vice the improvement which were sugsested to make it (111) more effective are as follows: (1) reduction in activities currently haying low returns i.e. transfer of major plant pro- tection operations to private sector and pro- curement transport and distribution of plant protection material to Agricultural Develop— ment Cor‘mration; I (ii), test demonstration on farmers fields in each villag e be Undertaken jointly by the. District Chief, Subject hatter Specialists, Research Worker, Agricultural Assistant and Field Assistant; (iii) improvement in the flow of technical in- formation by sugresting changes in respect of (a) administrative structure so as to strengthen the relationship between education, extension, and research (b) preparation of annual and crop season activity plans with close coop— eration of the agencies like rese rch, coop- eretive, Agriculturenggfiggfggygn, Information service, Agricultural Machinery Organization, Agricultural University, Irrigation, Agricul- (iV) tural Development Bank, etc, (0) increases in the number of Subject Hatter Specialists depending on the requirements of the are“; (d) physical proximity of national building agencies, i.o. national build- ing deoartments and agencies may have their Regional Sub—Regional and low level Offices close to each other and near the other public dealing offices such as, Revenue Office, Post Offices, etc; (iv) improving the qualitv of the extension per- sonal through provision of facilties for higher level of education, incre see in pay scales, ser- vice status and modifications in the promotions procedures; (v) improvement in educati1n functions of the extension service through training of rural leaders, possibilities of adopting the Comilla approach and by establishing training centres for young progress- ive farmers. PROBLEMS OF COORDINATION AND TRAINING IN WEST PAKISTAN AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION SERVICES BY SAEED AHMAD M.Sc.,(Agri)(Pb) A THESIS Submitted to Michigan Stete University in partial fulfillment of the require- ments for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURAL ECUNOWICS 1971 "1‘1 1?? ‘fi—Tr“!(‘ nCICI C {ILL/Uni -41. .. o The roserrch work pr ese ted in this ma anus- cript was accomplished under the supervision and guidance of Dr. iobert D. Stevens, Associate Prof1s'1r of Agricultural Economics. I take this Opportunity to express my deepest sence of grat~ itude and thankfulnese to him. I am also highly” thankful to Drs. Subbian Kenna ppan, Allan‘5 A. Schmid and N. John Ferr 3, members of thesis Committee for their ve luaole survestions and encouragement in aocomrl‘s1ttthis research work. The writer is highly indebted to Mr. K. Shafi Niaz, S.V., T.Pk., Chief, Anriculture & Food Section, Planning Comrission, Government of Pakistan for his valuable sugeestions and encouragement through out his stay at the corpus of Michican Stzte University. I am thankful to my colleagues working in the Agri- culture and Food Section, Planning Commission, Govern— ment of Pakistan for their help in providing me the necessary ma terial for undertaking t? is research work. My thanks are also to Mr. flinhajuddin Khan and Mr. S. Hazret Pasha, ;~aduate students at the campus. CHAPTER I. 'II. III. TABLE OF COHTENTS INTRODUCTION Area selected for study BACKGROUND DATA ON WEST PAKISTAN Historical background Physical condition Population Important cultural character- istics Agricultural background data 1. Land use 20%30113 3. Rainfall 4. Irrigation 5. land holdings 6. Crop seasons 7. uropsproduced 1 8. CTOP yields THE C nRDRT ORGANIZATION ARD PROBLEMS FACING THE EXTENSION SERVICE . A- Organizational history Bo Administrative organization and personnel policies 0- Training policies 1. College level Ea Diploma Course ” b Four-year Degree Course 2. Institute of Teacher Train- ing and Short Courses, Lyallpur 3. Pro-service training D— Problems currently faced 1. Problems relating to acti— vities yielding low returns Ea; Plant Protection b Jodel farms 30 3O 41 45 46 46 46 48 49 52 . 53 53 54 "IVA" V. 2. 3. 4. 5. -6. Problems relating to coordina— tion and supervision (8) Lack of coordination within the Extension Service (b) Lack of co rdination between Extension and Research Services (c) Lack of coordination between Extension and Agricultural University Problems connected with flow of information Little emphasis on farmer train- ing programme ‘ " Lack of coordinatéd annual and crop season programs Other general problems THE ROLE OF AIRICULTURAL EXTENSION IN THE AGRICULT A-The T URAL DEVELOPMENT PROCESS hree Phases of Agricultural Devel- Khment I. Traditional Agriculture 2. Tr ansitional agriculture 3. The modernized agriculture B-‘Qrpanizational issues in the Transitional fPhase I. Local Leadership and Control 2. Multipuroose versus single purpose unit; 30 CO C—ggrain ntact with Sources of information ing of Extension Personnel CHANGES REQUIRED TO IMPROVE THE meronmrcs OF EXTEH A— Intro B~ Summa requi SION FUNCTIONS duction ry of problems and functions red to be performed by the Extension Service 1. Problems 2. Functions 0- Important Extension Functions and Policies requi 1. Re ring change duction in activities currently having low returns i (h ; Najor Plant Protection Operations iarkoting and storage 55 55 56 57 58 6O 61 61 2. Improved test demonstrations on , farmers' field 79 3. Improvement in the flow of technical information 80 (1; Administrative changes 81 (ii Improved Annual and cr0p season activity plans 84 (iii) Increase in number of sub- ject matter specialists 85 (iv) Physical proxmity of techni- cal personnel in operating areas 86 (v) Improved flow of information back to Researchers 8? 4. Changes to improve the quality of Extension personnel 87 (i)nEducation and Training 88 (ii) Pay, promotions and posting 91 5. Improvement in educational function of the Extension Service 93 (i rmraining rural leaders 93 (ii Comilla approach 94 (iii Examples from Agricultural Development Corporation and Salinity Control and Reclama- tion Project Areas 96 VI SUUPfiRY AND CONCLUSIONS 98 1. Reduction in low return activities 99 2. Improved Test demonstrations 99 3. Improvement in the flow of techni- cal information 100 4. Changes to improve the quality of Extension personnel muwmh 102 "“* 5. Improvment in education function of the Extension Service 102 BIBLIOGRAPHY 104 Table l. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.; 8. 9. 10. 11. LIST OF TABLES Land Utilization,rWest Pakistan Irrigated Area in West Pakistan, by sources Number of Farms, Farm cultivated Area and Area Cwltivated per Farm classi- fied by Tenure and by Regions. Number and Cultivated Area of Farms classified by size. Farms classfied by number of Fragments, and by size. Area and Production of Major Crops Yields per acre of Major Crop in various Countries (pounds per acre) Inputs use during 1959-60 to 1964—65, West Pakistan Consumption of Fertilizers per acre in various countries. Number of Staff positions in the Agri- cultural Extension Services, West Pakistan, 1965 Number of Villages, Farms and Area Culti- vated per Extension Worker,_west Pakistan 1965. Pay Scale of Officials in Agricultural Extension Services, Department of Agricultur! ‘ ' Page 16 18 21 23 25 26 27 29 43 45 r) . «Ax 4’ Figure l. 2. 3. LIST OF FIGURES Page West Pakistan Administration Units, the Agriculture Extension Organiza— tion of West Pakistan, 1966 8 Location of the Institutions pro- viding training for the Agricul- ture Extension Service, West Pakistan 1966. '"'”'_ 51(a) Existing and proposed linkage system for the Agricultural Extension Ser- vice 83 Appendix A LIST OF APPENDICES Monthly Mean Maximum and Minimum Temperature at selected centres, West Pakistan. Administrative set up of the Govern- ment of West Pakistan. Organizational set up of the Depart- ment of Agriculture. Organizational set up of the Agri- cultural Extension Services.~ Faculties, Divisions Institutions and Departments of the West Pakis— tan Agricultural University, Lyallpur. Functions of the Directorates of Aariculure Extension Service and Agriculture Rese rch and Superin- tending Engineering. Organizational set up of West Pakistan Agricultural Development Corporation Agricultural Extension Organization in the Tribal Areas of West Pakistan United States Extension Service Sys- tem. Page 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 . J \ a 1 1 ..A p “ . v. a 1. 4‘. . r . . J . r , .. t . 4a» 2 c . .1 , Y. r . a. CRAFT}; I INTRODUCTIle The cormon view shared by the majority of economists concerned with economic development is that for balanced 8L6 trogre sive economic development it is essential that agricultural productivitv be increased. This viewnoint is particularly affilinble to West Pakistan Where agriculture including horticulture, animal husbandry, forestry and fisheries contributed more than fortv-five percent of the gross product of West Pakistan in the ye“r 1363-64 . Aeri- culture is the main source of livelihood of more thtn three-fourths of the nohulation. The anriculturrl sector must meet the food requirements of a rauidlv grovinr pop- ulation and must supply raw materials for the industrial sector. It-also must SUtply agricultural products for exrort to ewrn the foreign exchanne re uired for inverting caoital needed for industrial and anricultural development. Furthermore, the level of incore of the rural ponulation will in turn determine the rate of firefith of the industrial sector because it trovides a major K rket f~r the manufact- ured nrodicts as development uroceeds. 1/ The Anriculturol Extension Service used here in this study _. will refer to Extension Service for crop hushandrv onlv. 2 . The agriculture is largely a subsistence activity with foodgrains occupying nearly seventy percent of the area under major crops in 1964-65. During this period about $144 million were spent to import food and food products. The growth rate in agriculture sector is both East and West Pakistan during the Second Plan period (1960-65) was about 3.5 percent per annum, which gives less than one percent annual rate of growth per capita against an annual population growth rate of 2.7 percent. This shows that there is a great need for accelerating the rate of growth in agriculture in order to raise the level of liv- ing of the people more rapidly. Agricultural education, research and extension are three basic services that are usually provided by the Gov- ernment for the development of agriculture. In West Pakis- tan these three services are mostly the responsibility of t the government. West Pakistan Agricultural Extension Ser- vice, part of the British established system, has under- gone many reorganizations and changes suggested from time to tire to improve its effectiveness during the past nin— eteen years (1947-66). As a result significant improvement has been achieved especially in quantitative terms. In 1960 each extension worker was covering 15,000 farmers while in 1965 he has to cover only about 1,600 farms. This is similar to the average coverage (l,OOO-2,000 farms) 3 of an extension worker in the United States. During the Second Plan period (1960-65), West Pakistan achieved an increase in agricultural production of about four P§f4 : ’. cent a year. Thismwas mainly due to investment in twO'”" agricultural inputs — more irrigation water and more fertilizer. The Extension Service, inspite of its quan- titative improvements,rdid not play a major role in this development. Thin viewpoint is further supported by a“; study made by Dr. Svinth. He says that “Some progress- ive land owners told me they never see the Field Assis- tant assigned to their area. Other teld me that Field Assistant is not trained well enough. Some Field Assist- ants themselves toldme that they had only infrequent contact with the Agricultural Assistant working immediat- ely above them and were not receiving a steady flow of new information to answer farmer's question”. (353p 30). This statement indicates some main problems of the _ Extension Service. These are: (a) Lack of coordination with-in the Extension , Organization; (b)Lack of coordination among Extension, Edu- cation and Research Organizations; (6) Inadequate and incomplete flow at information: (d) Inadequately trained extension personnel; (0) Lack of team approach in action. The rate of growth in agriculture can be increased through better allocation and Coordinated userOthhe avail- able resources i.e. skilled manpower, technolOgy, mater- ial, lands etc. of the area. Furthermore, their appli- cation can be made more effective by importing new tech- nolOgy and material frwm agriculturally advanced nations_ of the world. As stated in the previous pregraph the skilled m npower, one of the limited resources in the developing economy, employed in the three agricultural services i.e. extension, education and research is not being properly utilised i in the development of agri- culture. The present study will focus on an analysis of the problems being faced by the extension service ard will explore the type of extension service needed for the transitional phase in the development of agriculture. In the light of this investigation recomrendations will be made for improving the working of the extension service by means of better allocation of trained workers, so that it may play more effective role in accelerating the rate of agriculture growth. The role of extension service has become of much greater import- ance in view of the recent introduction of high yielding dwarf Mexican Wheat and IRRI ( varieties obtained from International Rice Research Institute, Phillipines ) rice varieties, which require for obtaining meximum yield the application of package inputs including good seed bed preparation, sowing of right quantity of seed at proper time, at proper depth, timely irrigation, early harvesting and the proper storing of seed. Ares selected for Study The reason for selecting West Pakistan as the area of study is the author's familiarity with the area and about the work of the agriculture extension organization. CHAPTER II Baokground Date on West Pakistaizs This Chapter will review the historical events relating to the emergence of Pakist-n as an indepei- dent and free nation. This will be followed bv‘a description of the geO‘grrphicsl and physical fes- tures of Province of West Pakistan, its pepulition, social char ct ristics of rur'l people and the economic and general conditions of agriculture. The chapter will end with a brief summary. Historical Background: The history of Pakistvn dates back to 2500 to 1500 B.C. when the Indus Valley W’s the centre of the civilization as is indicated by the excavations‘of Harabpa - District Sahiwal (Hontgomcry) and of Mohenjodaro - District Larktna and Kot Diji District Khairpur, West Pakistan. The Muslim rule was estab— lished by MuharradJBin Qasim in 712 A.D. T‘is wrs followed by Mahmud Gazni's successful military expeditions of the 10th century. As a result of these expeditions, Lahore - now the Provincial Cap- ital, became the centres of Muslim learning and culture. Later on towards the end of the 1?th Cen- tury, Shahabuddin Ghauri's generals extended the ares of the Muslim rule to Bengal and during the 13th cen- tury, Dehli Sultanate was estrblished. Lastly, the 7 Moshel Emnerors further extended the boundaries of the emoire. During Aurenwzeh's (1658-1707) time the whole of the sub-continent of India was under Puslim Rule. The British who came as treders during the begininn of the 17th Century, aredually went on -ll extending their influence and at last with the sup— rescion of the Indeoendence Movement of 1857-1858, thev suaeeded in establishing their power. Under British rule, towards the close of the 19th century a joint movement of Hindus and Muslims under the benner of the Netionel Indian Congress was started. Later on the Muslims discovered thst the Conpress was essentially a Hindu Urgenizetion end they were afraid that the Muslims would lose their idantity as a sedrete nation. Therefore, in 1906 .l The Muslim League was formed. After years of struggle and negotiations and with the mutucl agreement of the Indian National Congress end the Muslim Leegue, the British Government announced on June 3, 1947, the partitioning of Indian sub-continent between the 1m”. Hindus and the Muslims and thus finally Pekist n end Bherat (Indie) emerged as two seosrete free nations on August 14, 1947. Pakistfn consists of two wings, West Pekist n and East Pakistan, divided from each other by about cm: Danna/DISTRICT coo: OWIMTICT IO 72 fINTmMEflY In ALNAOAR ‘73 MULTAN u 2 WMLM 74 mzarraaonnu :3 nauuwumuau Io ennuun34nmsnu 20 W on mun 2n um 02 «mean AGEfiCY :2 can mu. KHAN 03 noun? :3 non» umum I4 menu mucv 24 scum mm as mum: Accucv u: no numomu 3n Inca or Ixmmwuaaeumn 32 moslwno so Kaunas 33 Uflflflfll so 'naowanu 34 ‘nunnumnn 9t camem 36 THATTA 92 LmALN no 93 warn-Pm u KALAT 94 so: 42 uouman 95 10K! 43 usxaau I00 60 IOI June 5| aumeaaao no: :xnuumn :2 KW 00: mmmu 53 LARKANA 104 sanoooun 54 quuumau no a 55 luuwn an CNIIELUHJI 60 ll! aunar on cuauunuLA ll3 .tcmun 62 smile In; nnmquxu 63 ocumumhn 120 54 suwnar uzn Khan»! 70 :22 LNNELA 45 7: ttnaawnanoum A 15 (I Q: ~ A R A Flgure 1, West Pakistan Government Administra+ion Units. *he Agriculture Extension Organization of West ”ekistan, I966. 1,503 miles of Indian land and 2,509 miles of sea. Physical Consitions: West Pakistan is bounded on the North by the Himalayan meuntains. (Fig.1) A narrow strip of Afs niston separates West Pakistan from Russainw~ territory. The Chinese territory is on the North and the Best, while on the Western side lies Afghan- isten. {The southwestern part of West Pakistan usS‘ a common border with Iran. 0n the East, West Pak- istan is bounded by Bharat (India), the Arabian Sea lies to the South of the Province. As regards global location, West Pakistan lies between 240Nend 37ON latitude and between ElQEanc 75.50E10ngitude. The major part of West Pakistan lies away from the sea and to the north and west there are high mountain regions. The climate, on the whole, 13‘“' arid and extreme. There are four well defined sea- sons, but autumn and spring are of excentionallv. short duration. The summeis are hot, and winter cold and rainfall are generally low. The rainfall as a whole decreases from the Himalayas towards the south. The rainfall varies from four inches a year in the south to forty inches in the north. The sumner season lasts from April to September and win- ter season is from October to March. The temperature i0 during the summer in the shade may go up to 12OOF. and may not fall below 9OOF., during the night. During the winter maximum temperature on calm and clearer days may touch 750., but falls almest “ta—£reezing almost to freezing points after mid- night. (Appendix - A) Population: The population of West Pakistan,aaccordina to the 1961 census, was 42.28 milliOn persons, giving an averane density of 138 persons per souare mile for the whole province. The distribution of total pop—«‘6 m ulation of West Pakistan is not even; it ranges from 2 persons per square mile in Kherrn and Chagai Districts of Quetta and Kalat divisions to 1,506 persons per square mile in Karachi District, which in- cludes Karachi City. The rate of population growth as estimated between the 1951 census and the 1961 census is 2.7 percent per annum. According to the 1961 census about 33.23 million persons or 77.5 percent of the West-Pakistan population lives in rur"l areas, while in 1951 census the corr- esponding figures were 27.81 million persons or 82.3 percent. The urban population was 22.5 percent in 1961 against 17.7 percent of the 1951 census. Thus over the last ten years (1951-1961) there has been a major trend towards urbanization. 11 The total civilian labour force, which includes persxns twelve years and above, is about 32 percent of the total population in the 1961 census; the remaining 68 percent are dependents. It is esti~ mated that of the total civilian labout'force about 59 percent or 19 percent of the total population are agricultuiist; the rest of the civilian labor force,” 13 percent of total pooulation are non-anriculturists. Only 13 percent of the total population of West Pakistan is literate; the majority of these belong to the urban population. According to the census of 1961, about 97 percent of the peeple of the Province of West Pakistan are Muslims. The chief minorities are Christians, 1 and Caste-Hinudsz. In West Budhists, Scheduled castes Pakistan the-people of the plains east of the Indus-m are mainly Indo-Aryans, and the people of the western side of the Indus are an admilture of Turks and Tran-~ irna. Important Cultural Cherateristics. ' The-study of social characteristcs will provide an 1&2; According to the law of Manno, the whole Hindu» community is divided into four main castes. These are Brahman, Khushetri,Waishnu and Shudras. The first three constitute cast-Hindus and fourth one-aaroup of sub- castes of minial are scheduled castes. This Manoo's classification has been followed in 1961 Pooulation Census of Pakistan. There is, however, no legal bar on scheduled castes to follow any profession in Pakistan. 12 _insights about the family system relating to its working in performing daily jobs and in decision—making about the problem faced by the family or its members. West Pakistan is primarily an agricultural region; over three-fourth of its people live in villages close to the lands they cultivate. Apart from farmers and agricultural labourers, the village communities also include small numbers of such craftsmen as carpenters, blacksmiths, weavers, shoemakers, etc., who provide local skilled services. Because of poor means of comm-Mm”- unications usually each village was of necessity largely self-sufficient in all essential gopds and services. However, a change towards greater market orientation is being made in rural areas because of developmental acti- vities, especially those of the rural works programm under _ the Basic Democracies System and those initiated because .1 ._.14 of the present regime's interest i‘ in rural development. The villages are usually large, the houses, whidh are generally close to each other, are built from mud- bricks. Rural settlement assume compact shape and large size primarily for reasons of security. The most important institution in rural societies is the extended family system. As long as the head of the family is alive all the sons cultivate jointly under the comrand of the father. On his death the property ._ r~_-——. -13 owned by the family is distributed among all the family members in accordance with the Islamic Laws of Inherit- ance. This is one of the main cause of small “nd frag- mented holdings in West Pakistan. Becuase of children have no management control during the lifetime of the father, they do not develOp initiattive and organizing ability. "-mww By working together and living together, obeying a common authority, it is not surprising that the mem- bers of a farm family even think alike and have a com- mon view-point op many matters. Individuality and ink- iative of young people tend to be stifled and needed " “ changes are difficult to achieve. One of the main characteristics of rural people is that they are generally suspicious of all strangers for in their experience outsiders have usually exaloited country people. Government representatives have freoun— ntly come only to collect taxes and are, therefore, Tim” often looked upon as strangers. It appears to the rural people that private buyers from outside have cheated them by paying too little for the meagre produce they had to sell. As stated earlier the majority of the farming commounity are illiterate and.kn23 only what they can see or hear. They have little contact with the out- side world. They are using primitive generations old- methods of farming and, inter alia agriculture is not v...’. o. '3't'r, o . .4 l4 practiced as a commxréial enterprise. A second important characteristic that can be noted is fear of ridicule. A farmer may be convinced that the new method would increase his yield; still he fears to~.. employ it because should it fgil, he will subject hib£¥¢n self to the ridicule of his neighbours fdr having depar— ted from traditional ways. Because the villagers are usually strongly family oriented, any decision to break with tradition and employ a new method must usually be a family rather than an individual decision. One of the most recent and important institutional; developments in the rural areas, through the efforts of the present regime, is the introduction of Basic Demo- cracies System. This system is of socio-political-cum- economic in nature. This system aims at making of better use of rural leadership, group them together and ' involve them in the management of the affairs of the State, including the day-to-day administration of the local administrative set up in order to create confi- dence, sense of participation of belongingness to the state. This system consists of four tiers, i.e. the Union Council, Tehsil Council, District Council and the Divi- sional Council. Of these, the Union Council and the 15 District Council have the executing functions, while~ the other two are the coordinating agencies. The Union Council is the lowest tier and is, on an aver— age, for five villaaes. Usually it is composed of ten elected members. One of the ten is subsequently elected as the Chairman of the Council. Under the system smaller constituencies representing 1,030 - lZOO people hav: been created so that at the time rf~Wf-~ election everybody knows the qualities of the person he is voting for. In the other three councils fifty percent or more of the members are elected, while the balance are the official members. The chairman of th, District Council is the Deputy Commissioner, the district head of civil administration, the vice-chair- man is elected by the members. The District Chief of Agricultural Extension is one of the Official members of the District Council. Each department submits its schemes concerning to the improvement and for further development of the area to the District Council for ap'ro— val and the council also reviews periodically the per- formance of the on-going schemes. Agricultural Background Data 1. Land Use The total area of West Pakistan is 198.67 million acres (Table 1). Analysis of the present pattern of 16 .chHo Hm tuba anpwpumnpob. so.» waxwonmb ...... 11‘ “Epwwpo: mahomv {It 11 H .mmmegn .0moeemsummvoenca Hone 4 nmnwomw u H ocwne.o. muooconwos Homaooow. Room. on. ooIHom 27 . . I Q Table 8 : Inputs Use During 1959-60 to 1964-65, West Pakistan - -- ertilizer Hmoroved Plant Protection._.__ _. I - P - K {iced di s- .Curative 1‘ Preventive ribution‘ easures 1>Measures Lei“ "-thousand'tons - — thousand acres - 1959-60 19.4 27 1,350 2,322 1960-61 31.4 84 (b) 1,242 2,573 1961-62 37.5 54 935 1.81531“ 1962-63'm6“‘*4o.2 7 1,530 1.875 1963-64 68.7 28 2,700 2,000 1964-65 87.2 31 3,228 2,100 (a) Area sown with treated seed against seed and soil borne diseases. ‘ (b) Includes a sizeable quantity of sound seed distributed for resowino in addition to the distribution of improved seed. Source: Government of Pakistan, Planning Commission, "Evaluation of the Second Five Year Plan, 1960-65", May 1966, pp. 53—55. Sumre, Pakistan emerged as an independent and free nation as a result_of the partition of Indian sub-continent on August, 14 1947. West Pakistan is one of th the pro- vinces of Pakistan and lies between 240N and 370N lati- tude and between 610E and 75.50E longitude. The climate is arid and extreme with quite low and uncertain annual precipita+ion. The two main seasons are the Winter from October to March and the Summer from April to September, which correspond to the two crop seasons the Rabi and the Kharif. 29 Table 9 : Consumption of Fertilizers per acre in various Countries (Pounds per acre) (Yountrfes QNitrogren (N) E’hosphoricTPXPEtsssi’cLU Belgium 155 123 170 Denmark 55 40 60 France 34 12 42 Italy 23 23 34 Sweden 39 14 28 United Kingdom 70 56 52 U.S.S.R. 7 5 6 Canada 3 5 2 Mexico 7 2 0.3 United States 21 15 13 Brazil g” 3 4 _4 China-Taiwan 140 37 36 India 3 1 0.3 Japan 107 77 88 Pakistan 3 0.3 0.1 Turkey 23 18 0.6 United Arab Republic 81 17 0.4 World 9 8 7 Source : F.A.O., "Production Yearbook", 1965,pn 299-307 '28 According to 1961 Census, the population of the r._ Province is about forty-three million, giving an ’ « ._.,.. majority of the ponuletion is Nuslim. more than three- fourths of the peeple live in villages close to the piece of land they till. People are mostly family oriented. The literacy percentepe is only 13 percent. The eldest male being the head of the unit and almost all the decision-making powers relating to family met- ters rest with him. The Bosic Democracy System, socio;u political-cum—economic in character, hes been intro- duced by the present regime for tapping the available potential 100 1 leadership and to prepare rural people to manage and shorlder the affairs of the State. Agriculture is the main occupaticn of the people. The soils are mostly alluvium in character. Agriculture production is subsistence in nature, with food crops occupying more than fifty percent of the cultivated area. Agriculture is a business of smell fragmented operational units. The rainfall is scanty and uncertain. The canals are the main sures of irrigation. Crops yield are very low, and n n-ferm input use is a recent devel- cement. CHAPTER III THE CURRENT ORGANIZATION AND PROBLEMS FACILG THE EXTENSION SERVICE This chapter will contain a brief description of the historical development of the Extension Organ- ization in-West Pakistan and will also review the o.. policies concerning the training and administrative aspects of the organization. This will be followed by a discussion of the problems currently faced by the Extension Service. A. Organizational History The Agricultural Extension Service in West Pakistan dates back to the British period in India. The period thereafter is followed by a period of continous changes in the organization with the pur— ose of making the Extension Service more efficient and bzneficiel to the farmers and the nation. At the time of Independence in 1947, the West— ern Wing of the country was composed of the followins Muslim mafiority areas : (a) North West Frontier Province (N.w.F.P.); (b) Sind including Karachi Federal area 3 (c) the Western part of the Province of Punjab; (d)the centrally administered areas of Baluchistan State Unions; (e) three Princely ruled States of Bahawelpur adjoining 31 the punjab, Lasbella and Khairpur adjoining Sind and (f) also the Tribal Areas of the Frontier Region. I- The Agricultural Extension Service inherited was a part of the British Indian Extension Service. The” majority of the staff of the then Directorate of Agriculture representing Extension, Research and Teaching were non-muslims. After Independence all government servants were given the option of serv- ing either Pakistan or India. By and large all Mus- lims decided to serve in these areas and all non- muslims, except the local Christian population, to move to India. This created a serious gap and res- ulted in shortages of the well-trained and Qualified staff. The_agricultural administration, researchcand raining as_we11 a; teaching mostly had been centered in all India institutions, almost all of which had their headquarters in what is India today. Hany Profesrnrs, teachers, research and extension workers deserted the colleges, directorates and research ins- titutes in the geographical area of West Pakistan. In order to maintain and operate these institutions and departments, higher posts h.d to be filled by rapid promotions which made the organization at the lower levels ineffective. Furthermore, most of the techni- cal libraries were in India. The only well eouipned 32 library in Pakistan was at the Punjab Agricultural College, Lyallpur. Unfortunately most of it was destroyed by fire at the time of Independence. Each Province - Sird, Punjab, North West Frontier Province and the Baluchistan States Union, and also many of the States on the eve of Independ- ence, had their own separete Directorate of Agri- culture with Extension, Education and Research branches. There were only two agricultural coll- eges in 1947, one at Lyallpur (Punjab) and thewnwu other at Tandojam (Sindf with some additional agri- cultural teaching facilities at Islamia College, Peshawar'IN.W.F.P.) “‘" In order to bring the v rious administrative organizations of these areas into some uniform pattern, to provide better coordination with a view to accelerating the rate of development and also for economic reasons, these administzative areas were merged into one unit - the Province of West Pakis- tan 7 in_9ctober, 1955. The Directorates of Agrié culture of these areas were integerated and placed under the administrative and supervisory control of the Director of Agriculture, West Pakistan, with headouarters at Lahore. The Directorate was organi- zed into Teaching, Extension, Research, Plant Pro- 33 tection, Aaricultural Engineering Services, etc. The Extension Service was still responsible, as Under the previous set up, for arranging the suoilies of fertilioer, improved seed, implements and for transporting, storing and then finally distributing these inputs through the departmentally anoointed agents, to farmers. In addition to these respon- sibilities, the service was also assigned to advise and assist the farmers in the adoption of new and imoroved farming techniques. The Agricultural Teaching was mostly confined to the three Colleges at Lyellpur, Peshawar and Tandojam. In addition to the degree courses, some of these colleges, especially Lyallnur, offered short pre-service training courses for the lowest level of workers, the Field Assistants in the Extension Service. The plant protection activities were performed by the Provincial as well as Central Plant Protect- ion oraanizations. The Central organizations was responsible for the suonly of chemicals, plant protection equipment and also assisting in large scale spraying operation. The function of aerial spraying, locust control, inter-national commitment and pesticide research were also the functions of 34 this organization. The provincial plant protect- ion set upwas under the administrative cnntrol of the Director of Agriculture, West Pakistan. However, the lower field staff of this wing was an addition to the extension service at the local level. These were, however, administered by Deputy Director, Plant Pro- tection from the Provincial Directorate. The Agricultural Engineering branch was added to the Directorate during the early fifties to Operate tractors and bull-dozers for cultivation and land cleaning, to sink tube-wells and to popularise improved implements; In order to make this unit more effective the existing fleet of Government - operated tractors was strengthened and seven agri— cultural workshops were set up for the operation, maintenance and repair of machinery, the training of mechanics and the operators and for allied res~ earch during the First Plan period, 1955—60. More agricultural machinery wasrrocured during the Second Plan, 1960-65, andt these seven 35 workshOps were reorganised and strengthened further. Six new sub-shops were established to cOpe with the contin-us expansion of the program. One of the main causes of the low rate of devel- Opment in agriculture during this early period (1947~55) was the shortage of well qualified staff and trained personnel. Political instability was--m, also an important factor. According to the First Plan of December, 1957, "there is a dearth of trained men in agriculture and the provincial governments are unable to find men to fill all the sanctioned posts in their establishments. Some of the colleges are not able to attract all the pupils they are intended to accormodate. The relatively low salaries, the minor status of the department, the lack of satis- faction which comes from a sense of achievement and brightening prospects in other fields as a result of expansion and development are some of the im ortent factors which detract from the attraction of work in Agricultural Deprtments" (133p 214). The plan sugg- ested that the inadequacy of technical staff should be remedied as far as possible by appropriate emergen- cy measures. This situation continued throughout the First Plan. 36 The Second Plan document stated in 1960: "Failure to achieve the major targets of the First Plan was due to several causes not the least important being the personnel policy in the government agricultural ser- vices thet militated against attracting and retaining a corps of talented techinicians. By and large, the govern- ment machinery for implementing a strong development effort in agriculture was not suited to the times, nor . to the scale of the problems; sound princi les of admin- istrstion were not consistently observed in the agri— cultural sector during the First Plan pert 10d" -1955-60 (14: P 128) Considering and analysing all these factors, the present government of Pakistan appointed in July, 1969 the Food and Agriculture Comniseion. One of the terms of reference of the Commirsion was: "to rec mmend-any improvement in agricultural education and researchiand, above all, in the methods and organ- izationefor transmitting the knowledge of better agri- cultural practices to the cultivators through the agri- cultural extension services, Village Agricultural Indus- .trialp Dev lopment (Village AID) Organization, etc". 11' 2 . mas Cemrission submitted its report in November, 1960." The"reoort states that ; "Almost universally in our tours in the country farmers complained that they neVer saw the agricultural-extension st;ff or when they saw them had no great confidence in their ability to be of much service”.\(ll:P 155). The Commission was also of the View that the Field Assistant, the lovvest man in the tier\of extension, has on an average to cover one hundred thousand acres. This, again, means that firstly there was a shortage of staff and secondly, they were not suitably trained as theyumre 37 unable to win the confidence of the farmers. Accord- ing to the analysis of the Food and Agriculture Comm- ission, the possible causes of this situation were- [that 3 ”government fertilizers supplies are forwarded to these godowns on Gonsignment and the agents are reouired—to pay at regular intervals for the quantities that they sell. Often a long interval goes by without payment for the sums due are useful to the merchant as capital for other transactions. Somebody then had to dun the mer- chant to pay, to check his stock, to see that he ought to pay and to watch that he does not adulterate or sell short weight bags. Nobody is provided for these supply line jobs and the responsibility for stores and stocks falls on the front line extension staff. In these circumstances, stores checking can be a very great burden and when, in addition, large numbers of reports and returns have to be sent in monthly to head- quarters, every excuse is provided for turning the field Job into a desk Job” (11: p 23Q (a) (a) The author-worked as an Agriculture Extension Agent from 1958—1961 in the Department of Agriculture, Karachi Federal AreaarIn addition to the adv1sory job the func- tions assigned included duties like arranging supplies of seed and fertilizer their sale to farmers, keeping of stocks, and for maintaining of accounts. This was because during that time there were no departmentally appointed agentsa~These non advisory functions normally consumed much of the time of the extension worker. In order to be relieved of these duties, the author, assigned this job to one of his staff members. One day when the author wa:”away ."from the office on an advisory job. The fellow responsible for the sale of fertilizer actually sold four bags of fertilizer, but issued receipt for two bags. One of the other staff members became suspicious and expressed the same to the author on return. On enquiring from the pur- chaser the next day this was found to be true.”SUCh happ- enings often‘kept the extension worker busy in functions like checking the stocks and maintaining accounts. Thus under these circumstances the worker could not perform the advisory job properly. 38 On the two parallel organizations for Plant Pro- tection and Extension the Commission states that 8 ”in eaZhldistrict a Senior Plant Protection Assistant has under him a Plant Protection Assistant in every Tehsil, each with 4 or 5 Field Assistants, so that in toto they exceed the agricultural extension staff. But instead of coming under the control of the dis~ trict agricultural chief and through him the remain- der of the front line staff, they take orders direct from an Assistant Plant Protection Officer posted at divisional headquarters, who is controlled by the Deputy Director of Plant Protection at Dahore. if the staff were merged, more men would be available for extension and all could be trained in Plant Protection” (11: P 39) In 1961 the government took action on this and both these services were integrated into one organization. Another develOpment of major importance took place in 1961. On the recommendations of the Food and Agriculture Commission, the Government establis- hed the West Pakistan Agricultural Development Corp- oration an autonomous body under the Secretary of Agriculture. One of the functions assigned to this organization is the development of agriculture through timely and increased supplies of inputs and technical information} In order to achieve these objectives the corporation was asked to establish two wings, the Supply Wing and the Field Wing. The Sup 1y Wing was made responsible for the production or procure- ment, transportation and distribution of improved seed, 39 fertilizer, improved implements and other supplies needed by the farmers throughout West Pakistan. The Field Wing was given the job of overall develop— ment of specified areas — "Project Areas" to be declared by the Government through an ordinance on the recommendation of the Corporation. The Commission was of the view that by transfering the functions of supplies of inputs to the Corpe_. oration the present Departmental Extension Service would be freed from the duties of receiving, checking, distributing and accounting for fert- ilizer and other supplies, and would be able to fully devote themselves to their main work of extenSion in the field. I m In July 1962, the government took another step towards improving the operational efficiency of the Agricultural Department. At this time three agricultural regions: i.e. Southern, Centralum and Northern: were created. Thus, accordingly,"” the Directdrate of Agriculture, West Pakistan," was reorganised to suit the new situation. The the Director of Agriculture, West Pakistan, was redeignated and appointed as Agricultural Adviser 40 to the Secretary of Agriculture. In each region a Director for Agricultural Research and another for Agricultural Extension were appointed. The Agricul- tural Engineering and Teaching InstitutiOns were "ruflhu also placed under the administrative control of the Director of Agricultural Extensions The Extension Service for the Tribal Areas re— mained under the administrative control of the Secretary, Home Department, with the provision that the Director of Agricultural Extension, Northern Region (Peshawar)‘will provide the necessary tech- nical assistancemwhenever needed. On the recommendation of Revell's Report (33p 32), another autonomous body, the land and Water Development Board, was created in June 1963, to deal with the problem faced by farmers in water logged areas. The additional Chief Secretary, (Planning and Development Department) was made chairman of this Board. Then in 1964 under this Board a project organization was established for SCARP-I (Salinity Control and Reclamation Project, Number - l ) to provide assistance to the farmers in improving the agricultural conditions in the. area. Recently the Government created a new De?" “Mar‘. ._-. -.- Lr'rlllllll 41- partment of Land and Water Development, within the Provincial Secretariat, to which the Board has to report its;pr0gress. The Chairman of the Board T~ is the Secretary and the Governor himself is in— '”‘“ charge of this new Department. whoa-“invest Pakistan today four different 1 Governmental er Semi-Governmental agencies are operating in the field of Agricultural Extension. These are : 1. Agriculture Department Extension Service for settled Districts; 2. Agricultural Development Corporation which is carrying out extension functions in newly colonised Project Areas. It also has responsibilities for the supply of inputs throughout West Pakistan. 3. The Land and Water Development Board responsible for providing extension facilities in Salanity Control and Re- clamation Project areas; 4. Home Department which supervises the Ex- tension Service in Tribal Areas. kw The chalts showing the organization set up of each and their relationship with higher Provincial Administrative Units are given as appendices (B - H) to this study. B. Administrative Organization and Personnel Policies: For"Agribultural purposes the Provinces of West Pakistan has‘heen divided into three Regions - 42 Southern, Central and Northern. In each region the Extension Service is headed by the Director of Agri— culture (Table 10). Under him at the Divisional level are the Deputy Directors of Agriculture gener- ally with a team of eight specialists. At the Dis- trict Level are the Assistant Directors each with a iteam Of three specialists to assist and supervise the work of the Agricultural Assistants, normally three to four per Tehsil. Each Apricultural Assis- tant - in turn has to provide technical guidance-w—« and assistance to about six Field Assistants, the key sub-personnel field worker, one in each Union Council. The Agricultural Development Corporation and the SCARP Extension Services have drawn their ex- tension workers from the mother service, the Agri- cultural Dep rtment and have a generally similar pattern of organization. The one major difference in organization is that each Project Area under the Corporation involves opening up of new lands and colonization, under the direction of a Project Director. Therefore, extension work in the A.D.C., is focused on new lands and newly settled farmers. The SCARP Extension Service has about double the j . extension workers per million cultivated acres. new F .14.. ~m~d§fl It” ‘15 .3 .n .33 Joan->2. .2333 .camumxan a... n. so on. .H 93 . o u :23 m5 . . . a . meson E was . r no r Be not . e 432. 2.3 was me H mm ”as e e w . . a m . .a.u< Hogans mam com ea v e n, _,a , W . neenq mmon.«nu< cos.» moo.e «we ems. ow mm «a a eu.jwmmmnninmmmn quandau- a... ove.H one emu «v «a we e m 2.“ SH 8 u e 3 a a .28 .pon .23 coo.a nos «ea we we «a n H «coupe-eon .Hnm< asonvsow Ho«.m omm.a one . wS we «a n a . new con ea e m u w a . aaoe4 am.H Apes“ Hue Haze“. passes nausea seaweeds ueeqv Hudson ounce can: scan as no» as have. no anoipnaqcn inns -e«.q< speee< mousse“ zoonan unease seen use. \aeaugm Huang 322 .23. .625 £323 .33 3.33.53 acafl .napufixom aogu ...o«>nom coaunoaua Hausuaseagu< .n» a“ oaoapanom macaw no non-ea I. .‘u it! . . .II .1. ‘ II»: vOJII t- . . In . O .. 01.4 . . Ii 7 C , . . . f .. a s .. w i . \ o Io ! A O , u I ‘1 . r .. \ .. A . . . r, I .l‘ v I . I! I pl {VII'I |vn .I Y. I r0 .I .uiuf. I 7. p . a i . r i I u , r ; u I . v . . O i .I . | u QC'J I i o . i . . p . . p. x. ll . 4 I .I... n. u .. . |.v n . . . c . 1.. .lnti. t. . It . . A . . v a. -) r . . p . . .u . tl..‘| 44 The Field Assistant of the Department of Agricul- ture on an averaae has to cover nearly twelve villages or 1,600 agricultural forms or on ever- (a- age basis nearly 14 thousand acres 6f cultivated land (Table 11) . Table 11 Number of villages, Farms and Area cultiva- ted per Extension Worker, West Pakistan, 1965. :Northern Central Southern West Region Region Region Pakistan Numberig? Villares , 12 12 15 p 12_ Number of Unions 1 1 0.7 1 Number of Agri.Farms 2,290 1,500 1.070 1,600 Geographical _ Area (acres) 49,300 26,800 151,700 66,000 Cultivated Area (acres) 10,170 13,000 16,800 13,800 Net Sown Area (acres) 9,350 10,470 10,100 11,100 Regarding promotional procedures to higher posts, heavy weight is given to the length of service in the organization. The annual pay increases are fixed in 'amount and are granted normally on the recommendation of the imrediage higher official in the organization. The monthly pay scales for the various posts of the Organization are given in Table 12. 45 Table "' l 20 Pay scale of Officials in Agricultural Extension Sirvice, Department of Agriculture. ..Pay per month Name of Post- §tarting . Annual *Higher ' Pay Increment Limit Director ' Rs.l600' 50 ' ' 1700 .Deputy Director Rs. 750 . 75 1500 ' ‘ " ' ' and Technical Pay Rs.l65/¥ Assistant Director' Rs. 350 35 925 Agri. Aesistant Rs. 275 15‘ -vm~500 Field Assistant Rs. 125 6 .-:-215 {Una rupee/Rs is equivalent to:near1y 21 cents U.S}} C. Training Policies A brief review of the educational system - inst- iitutions and the study coursestoffered by these organ— izations — relating to agriculture will assist in gaining an insight into the academic qualifications of the personnel employed by the Agriculture Department. This will enable us to know more about the skills and capabilities with which they are equipped. The effi— cient performance of the job greatly depends upon the quality and the level of education of working force. The personnel serving the existing Agricultural Extension service have two levels of education. The College level and the non-graduate level in which workers have only had some pre-service training in Agriculture. The first category includes 792 Officials ranging from Agricultural Assistant to the Head of 46 the Organization and the latter category represents_ 3,ooo field level workers - the Field Assistants. l. _ggllege Level! The Collegellevel education for an extension worker starts after High School Graduation, i.e. after Matriculation. Under this category, depend- ing uponmthe duration of time, two types of study _ courses are followed, the two-year diploma course and four-year degree flourse (B.Sc). (a) "Diploma Course This was a two-year course, which used to be offered before Independence. Upon completion of the c area a diploma (L-Ag) was awarded to the trainess. They were usually employed as Category'B' Agricul- tural Assistants. Among the present personnel of the Department of Agriculture, only a few may be of this level of education. The First Plan (1955460) recommended re-establishment of a two-year course- in the three Agricultural Colleges as one of the measures to meet the shortage of trained personnel for the Research, Extension and Teaching Services (132p.277l. Apparently no action was taken to this effect by the colleges or tha Government. (b) Four—year Degree Course The majority of the personnel above Field ’0 1A 47 Assistant now serving in Extension, Research and Teaching Services have at least B.Sc. Degree in Agriculture. This four-year program remained in operation upto 1962 in the three colleges, Tando- Jam, Peshawar and Lyallpur (Fig 2,p52). The regular four-year Degree Course was composed of two levels as under: Subjects offered under Four-year Degree Course 5 " "" Period Subjects“ First Year Agriculture (Soil formation, Classfications etc) Botany Physics,Algebra & Trigonome— try, Land Surveying,Chemistry and English. Second Year Agriculture (Irrigation) Chem- istry Botany, Zoology & Eng- lish Qualif ing examination in Carpentry Third Year 1) Mejoring in Agriculture (Dairy Science) Botany Botany as major subject, Chem- istry as minor. ii) Majoring in .Agriculture (Dairy Science) Chem— Chemistry & istry or Entomology as major, Entomology Botany as minor (Qualifying exam- ination in Veterinary Sc) Fourth Year iT’Aajoring in Agricultural (Crop Science), Horticulture Botany or Horticulture or Chem- Botany and istry as major Entomology as Chemistry minor & Agricultural Economics. ii) For Major- Agricultural (Crop Science), Ento- ing in mology as major, Chemistry as minor Entomology and Agri. Econ. (Qualifying Exam. in Agricultural Engineering) 48 The training period was extended after 1961 to five years in accordance with the recommendations of the Commission on National Education. The Agricultural College, Lyallpur was converted into West Pakistan Agricultural University in November, 1961. A different pattern of courses is being offered to the trainees at the university. The University has by now established :(a) five agriéulture faculties - (1) Agricultural Science, (ii) Agri- cultural Engineering and TechnolOgy, (iii) Animal Husbandry, (iv) Veterinary Science and (v) Agri- cultural Economics and Rural Sociology; (b) a Division of Basic Sciences and Arts; (0) a Direct— orate of Advanced Studies and Resesrch and (d) an Institute of Teachers Training, Extension and Short Courses. 2. Institute of Teacher Training Extension and. ggortlaourses,_1yallpur. This Institute has the Department of (i) Tea- cher Training; (ii) Agricultural Extension and (iii) Short Courses. The Institute is responsible for training all the students of the University in Agricultural Extension Work, and is also offer- ing facilities for N.Sc. Studies in this branch. An additional function is to develop good relations 49 with the forty Teaching and Research Departments of the University in order to make available to the farming community the results of research from each specialised field. It also assists in dev- eloping better liasion with the farming community so as to relate the work at the University to the needs of the neOple. The first batch of students graduating under this new pattern of training were available for appointment in 1966. From this review of the training policies followed in the past we note that the Department of Agriculture Extension now has a great majority of personnel without proper training in Extension techniques. 3. Ere-service Training, A one year course W”S offered to the field level workers i.e. Eakaddams, who are now designated as field assistantsfi This course was offered in local language. The trainees selected for the course were required to know how to read and write. The require- ments were raised and only high school graduates (Matriculates) were selected for the course. The llpTéi'erenés S given to rural youths over the urban 5O oriented ones. On sucessful completion of the course the trainees were awarded a certificate in agriculture. In the begining this course was offered at the Agricultural College. The subjects were Botany, Zoology, EntomOIOgy, Chemistry, Agriculture (Crop husbandry, dairy, etc.) and Economics. The training had heavy emphasis on theory and was supplemented with laboratory and some field work in agriculture. ‘ On the recommendations of the Food and Agriculture Commission, The Government in 1961 decided to abolish the Village Agricultural and Industrial Develonment Organization (Village AID). This program was initially launched in 1953, with a view to raise the productive capacity and income of the villagers through better methods of ferming and the expansion of cottage indus- tries, to multiply social and community services, to create a spirit of self-help initiative, democracy, leadership and cooperation in the villeees and to en- courage social activities including recreation for men and woman. This organization had its own Training Institutes for field level workers.~ These Institutes were at Peshanr, Quetta and Rahimyar Khan. When the Villare AID organization was terminated, these Instit- 51 Utes were transfered to the Agricultural Department for use as pre—service training of the Field Assist— ants. Presently the Agriculture Department hes five Institutes. These locatedrat Peshawar for Northern Region; at Rahimyer Khan and Sergodha for Central Region and at Quetta and Sakarzand for the Southern Region (Fig 2). Each of these Institute;s has an attache d fe rm for practiua 1 work. These Institutesm are under the administrativehontrol of the respect- ive Regional Directors of Agricultural Extension.‘ The faculty of each Institute is inadequate and some of the staff members have no experience in extension work, others have only one to three yes 8 service exocrience in the ex xtension field. The inadequacy of staff members, in other words, means ltrgo cl: see of the trainees and thus less emohasis on practical field work. Dr. C. A. Svinth described the training methods as, Each of the Institute he.s an attache d farm for practical field traini*s, but some recent graduates, with whom I te lked in the extension as rvice, observed that their lessons in the Institutes had not been closely gears ed to the actual work they w.uld ne asked to perform after théy entered Government service". (35 : I349) In order to improve he situation the Government 5 fl“) 1 deit. d ..c.m.m. . .~.\..U.\. . V», 2 39:6 N. roomioa 0* 16 3335.33"... .Y.\. 2.03230 43326 $01 .26 ./.\.m\...ad..,mun..am.\ «I O I _ Z > 319.33. mx+o:m.o: mowioo. 0.“)...wmc...‘ w . zom+ tmxmmga. .oom. .aw..o..w.....:.. i.....l \.\.I.I.II / .53.... . . 0 3333.03. 005.31 .‘lo's... ¢ . , \.\ Eimmgm. : 103': :3. . \. o.m+lo+m. >mozomom : llllll 4 Eb. .. . ’ . K‘s» nor.m+m3 omo_+m_ . . Vbxtn?awflo. . 305307.: Immaocmlowm O IN. a saw/.3... . 9.3.3030. : .0 alas rm? 3. _ o o O _ Io ‘ . . >mloc_+c1m_ c1319.? . G s wmnwmu 9m» . an; o ......{\..\. 310533. 00. .83 Amy D k a .mawoww . _./,ewp.o.&.\. 1.! I 0 O O \‘ .. . twelvowfom H1935 a w new > x 5.. ._ new? .I 4 co\.o L \ n \ LIA): k 0 O Moron: m Amv . 4 .‘otnw. L198.“ xx»... .. I. .OWMQ aunt‘s , ‘ I \ o’o‘ll'll Wmaavim” .‘v \. .flnNyov L7..-“ . H I1. $..IH|I.. - o n... ' III N _ w mg) .. w -0- iwmtheflv. 4 O O n... ‘ OVWI.%L .. «WI. \mu emaiuliw a. . . mU'. . . «fl: . 4. "Jamil. .m. .f. q . 1 .l.' I. EMU». . .I..Ol..l: Wanna... . w-.. .. f 1,. s ‘1‘. . V . o 9 . a. o .. A «H. rah . mitt? . A. . Ill». . w _ .. _ o\ .U|.~ .. #39 9.x . .‘ 4 i a rib ._ \ A, ._ .3... .Oyfl‘ z ..¢o 33 i” “.3305 I ll; \‘llJ moiflu...“ .93 g 0 , d. 0 Bo m8 3:3 «.8 I .i .3m1umaxuwa _ .. ._ _ _ . . .. L \n MN Kb m N \8 ..(. m m \n wand». v \o ILoro'c'o'o b .1 I: 5254 has recently decided to expand the duration of the course to two years and also to provide some new buildings at some of the Institutes, especially Sargodha, which is presently using the buildings of a derelict cavalry station. Some of the institutes have begun to use an ”internship system", to amend Saturdays as an apprentice in the field with a more experienced extension officer. The Commission on National Education has summed up this situation as : "The present stetus of the colleges is an inheritance from the past with the function of training high grcde technicians for a specific government position. We are convinced that agricultural education in Pakistan cannot achieve its fulls stature under the present system of control by a government department, whose officers are not educators and are already heavily burdened with administrative matters, and where the colleges are divorced from the atmosphere of scholarship and research which should character- ize all higher education”. (12 :op.84) D. Problems Currently Faced .lchnder this heading discussion of current Problems facing the extension orgtnization in performing the various functions will be taken up. These can be governed under the following categories: (1) Problems pertaining to sctivities 'iclding low returns; (2) Problems relating to coordination and super- vision: (3) Problems connected with flow of information. 53 (4) Little emphasis on farmer training program; (5) Lack of coordinated annual and crop season program; (6) Other general problems 1. Problems relating to activities yielding low returns. This category includes the preblems faced in carrying out the plant protection activities and in establishing model farms. (a) Plant Protection A major function being performed by the Extension Service is the carrying out of plant;?TO~ tection measures, which are free to the farmers. It consumes more than half of the total time of the Field Assistants, in arranging supplies, pre- paring the schedule of work, talking to farmers about their problems and results of plant protect- ion. The coverage of area by these measures, according to the Planning Commissiin's estimate, is only about fifteen percent of the total culti- vated area of the province. Dr. Sendivil, Plant Protection Advisor to the Provincial Governrent, observed that this is a very high cost for a service with such a low coverage. He also added that 2 "an efficient slant protection prngramne depends upon a continous flow of information regarding pest population to ensure that the proper type of 54 . - - chemical is applied in the proper dosage at the proper time. In Pakistan crops are apprently treated at predetermined intervals without any recourse to such information," (28 : p.7) Accoring to another survey conducted by Hunting Technical Serives Limited and others about three fourths of the farmers do not aptly pesticidesi for lack of availability of the service(22:p.30). The other shortcomings of the program are that the chemicals are not handled properly and storage? facilities are tnadecuate. Stores often lie in the open air exposed to light, high temp- erature and humidity. The pesticides are trans- ported to the field for application by the Fiéld Assistant on bicycles, without taking necessary precautionary measures like using gas masks, using of antidotes, etc. (b) Model Farms One of the methods used in West Pakistan for transmitting information about new techniques 0 to . o l§f¢3t up model farms. These ferns are supposed to be established on progressive formers land. The Extension Service provides assistance to these farm demonstrators in SD lying 811 the 55 improved farming techniques. Other formers of the area are encouraged to visit these forms to observe the effect of using new and improved techniques versus old ones in increasing prod- uction. In the past these farms had been limi- ted in number and were mostly on farms of influ- ential rural leaders and larger land owners. According to Dr. Svinth; "a very large amount of time of both the Field Assistant and the Agricul- tural Assistant is going into one orffiodel farms". He further stated that: "no successful extens-on system in the world has concentrated its efforts so heavily on so few farms" (35:p.21) {\3 0 Problems Relrting_to Coordination and Supervision. (a) Lac§_of Coordination within the Ertensioni§3rvi€e. Functions like plant protection mea- sures, setting up of model farms, holding of agri- cultural shows and exhibitions, contacting fermers, etc., are mostly performed by the Field Assistants who constitute nearly eighty percent of the total extension force. In performi g ttese functions Very little help is available from the Agricultural Assistant, the next higher officer to him, who has 56 to supervise about six Field Assistants. At the next higher level, the District Anricul- ture Officer has to guide about thirteen agricultural _assist nts and has to look after the day to day office .-routine work. Because of the heavy adiministrative; “ requirements in some cases it has'nt been possible for the District Officer to tour his area. Dr. Svinth renorts: "I found EADA's (Extra Assistant Director of Agri- culture - the District Agricultural Officer), who had not visited all their Agricultural Assistants for Bev~ eral months. I found Field Assistants who had not wor- ked jointly with their Agricultural Assistants for six months. These may be exceptional cases" (35:p.22). This indicates the lack of coordination and weak super— vision in performing the extension activities and also lack of te?m approach. (b) Lack of Coordination between Extension and Essearch'fiervice. The team of subject matter specialists at the district level which incluges a man from Horticulture, Plant Protection and Marketing seems to be inadequate in view of the key position of the District Staff in the agriculture deve10pment process especially in the initiation and preparation of DevelOpment Programme. In performing these activities 57 the Extension Service is not receiving the necessary and required technical support from the SpeCialists. The possible cause being that they may not be in close touch with the research service. Dr. Waddle, Adiisor, Cotton Improvement Programme, says that : "While much lip service is given to cooperation, there actually seems to be very little. For exam- ple, one botanist stated that the Director of Extension had not been on the Rose rch Station this year. Furthermore, that no extension efforts were made to encourage farmers to view the results of the station's experimental work". (36: p.10) This indicates that there is lack of cooperation between the Extension and Reseirch Services. In laying out the demonstration plots on far- mers' and very little assistance is being provided by research workers. Two goals would be achieved through more participation by research workers, first the plots would present a better scientific demonstrati‘n and second research workers would be- come be ter informed about farmers’ problems. (0) Lack of Coordination between Extension and the Agricultural University. The West Pakistan Agricultural University, Lyallpur, which is responsible for both teaching and the research in natural and social sciences, is under the Department of Education. There seems to be little coordination between Department of Agri- 58 culture and the University as;st ted by Dr. Svinth: S "The strained relations connected with the 1962 sep- aration of Lyellpur University from the Agriculture Department, are rapidly dis-appearing, and it is now possible for the two organizations to share staff and fecilit es, and work out joint progresses to a much greater degree than in the recent past". (35:P.46) The lack of coordination is further supported by the absence of representation of the Department of Agri— culture on any of the executing bodies of the Univer- sity. The Academic Council and the Committee for Advanced Studies and Resevrch resoohsible for pro- viding a sistznce to the Board_of Syndicate of the University in policy matters relating to education and research have no representation from either the Extension or the Research Services of the Deprrtment except the Secretary, Agriculture, who is a member of the S'nficate (37: Appendix P.2) While the Corm- ission on Eational Education recommended that : "the new Universities should include representatives of the Department of Agriculture, Animal Husbandry, of Forestry in their various academic and executive bodies. Indeed, the Directors of these departments should be cx-oftioo m shore of the governing councils of these uniVersities" (l2:p.84) 3. Problers C nneotad with Flow of Information For efficient performance of extension functions continuous flow of incormstion in two directions, 59 flow of information from research vorkers to fermers and from farmers to researchers, is very essential. The flow of technical knowledge is very spcrfEiic. The information available crrently through the Agricultural Information Service, though it contains useful aster- ial, is in some cases out of date and in others incom- plete. The possible cause of the incomplete infor- mation seems to be a lack of coordination among the various disciplines of the Directorste of Resefirch. The Annu’l Technical Report on Accelersted Whest Improvement Programme, 1365-55, describes thst "Within each Institute there is need to organize an inter~discipl1nrry rcsevrch group, comnr'sing the geneticist, egrenomist, entomolsgist, patholonist, enricultural chemist and whatever other skills are aveilsble including engineers an“ irrigation spec- ialists. Much less nrogrcss has been achieved in 1965-66 along this line, since each section of an Institute hss bien by tradition an independent operation- and it is difficult to pool the skills" (313 PO43 I Such isolation cannot produce effective plcnt breeding, since the object of plant breeding is to incorportte in fine plsnt the adj‘stmcn s to soil, water, disease, insects, etc., that the Connercial grower requires. Furthermore, the results of the isolsted on Government ferns or 3.: rese rch are mostly toste at tie sub-stations of the Research Institutes. 60 They are usually not verified under farmers' fiel conditions. Dr. Mendivil while describing the present plant protection research says: "Although Pakistan has some well trained theo— w 'reticel entomologiets, there is a great need' for more people trained in the application of reseereh results under field cnnditions for solving the problems faced by fermers”(28:p.12) Dre. Nervez 81d Borlaug state that : "In 1965-66 the three Agricultural Research Inc» titutes in West Pakistan for the first time hsdu , ten to twelve semi-commercial wheat nlcts for"”' each region on private farms" (?3:p.33) This is us of the causes whv information that is 0 available to lxtension Service is inadequate and incomplete. There is 9130 week backward flow of infor- mation from Extension to Research Survice because of infrequent contacts between the two org niza- 4. Little Erphesis on Ferrer Training Prefirem . c It seems ;hst the farmers tr lfllflg prosr'ns have geinsd little attention from the Deprtmext of C!) O 1:55 (I) 0 H3 Apriculturel Extension. Farmer training i 3 . - . l .‘ °, , .' '1 . to {whet W33. of SIJT'BfidlrLPI new .L-QBHS among; a '9'! farming conrurity. A recent survey done by 2.3.0. 1465 points cut that sohetes for farmer Siminars are 61 spre ng rapidly in meny countries and have proved hiifglly succc;3sfu.l (35: p. 63). These trained ermers will be unpaid extension workers st the villege level. 5. lgckc cf Cocr nated annual end crop season propr m. The programmes now generally followed by the Extension Service lack seeidinstion of supporting and complementary input supplying agencies like he Agriculture 1 Developzzrt Co1ror _tion - respon- sihle for seed, in roved implements crd fertilizer sun lies, the Azriculturel Develorment Bank - ful- filling the credit needs of fermers, the Rural Cooperative Supply Corporation en“p1yicg fertilizer and offering short-term credits for agricultural developmzrt, the Aari-cultural Machinery Organiza- tion resoonsible for lend de elopmvznt and providing tubewell boring fsci lities , the irrigjtion end the Revenue Deprtments end the Water and Porer Ezrelfi opment Authority fvr the supply of pcver for agri— cultural purposés and 1storm“ on on water resources detr J- Mp git. 6 o O :5‘ :1 '3 ewerel prohlevs bu..-- - -. .- «v <-‘---...'_—a’n---- - m 1 ~ >~-- - These “r‘oleme inc ludc lack of trensport fsci— lities, especially for the Field Assistant, lack of office and residential accommodation, no promotional 52 Opportunities to Field Assistants and generally lav service status relative to other Departments. Another problemyconcerns the tenure of exten;fl- sion personnel in one place. A survey conducted; ie 1364 in Best Pakistan and as quoted by Mr. Wilson in his "Technical Report on Agriculture", states that the average tenure of the Union Agricul- tural Officers was about four and a half months and'that of the Thane Agricultural Officer was about five months. Tre pcsition might be better in West Pakistan, but still the usual p licv of trenzfarrixg personnel after two or three veers needs careful re—sppraisel. The avernre tenure ”*2 of extension workers in the United Stetes er exam— ple Viries deuending ubon the nature of the job assigned. The average stay for Home Economics worker is two to three veers; 4-H workers four to five years; Resourée DevelOpment agent seven to eight years and for Agricultural Extension spent -over ten years. CHAPTER?! IV THE ROLE OF AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION 1N1 THE AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT "ROCESS Theories about the agricultural development process may help shed light on and focus the role of the agri- _cu1tural extension service in the development process. In this chapter a phase theory of agricultural devel— opment is reviewed briefly. From the review certain implications about the productive role of Agricultural Extension are drawn. Dr. mellor has divided the phase theory of agri- cultural development into three phases. These phases are x (a) traditional agriculture, (b) transitional agriculture or low capital technology, and (c) moder- nised agriculture or high capital technology. The main characteristics or each of these phases are given below. The Three Phases of Agriculturel Development (1) Traditional Agriculture The traditional agriculture is characterised by stegnant technology. Generations old methods of form- ;7 This Chapter mostly based on Dr.i36hn W. Heller's The Economics of Agricultural Development", 1966 Cornell University Press, pp. 223-360 64 ing are follwed. Expansion in production occurs pri— marily through the application or more labour, but otten with declining income and productivity per unit. Its main feature is that agricultural produce tion incre see to meet the increased demand for agri- cultural products due to population growth. (2) Transitional Agriculture The transitional phase of agriculture has baen characterized by low capital intensity in technology. The other main features of this phase are as follows: Agriculture still has a large share in the National Income. Demand for agricultural products is- increasing rapidly because of higher'rates of popul- ation growth and the income effect. Capital is scares because it is required for industrial deve10pment .2 where it gives a high rate of return. Agricultural units are generally of small size because of popula— tion pressure. The introduction of labour saving machinery is not generally economical as labour supply is abundant and wage rates are low. The use of selec- ted agriculture inputs, in package form, can increase greatly agricultural production through increasing {the efficiency of the agricultural production process.” The adaption of these technological changes however 65 usually requires changes in institutions i.e. credit facilities, marketing, research, the extension ser— vice, etc. This phase of development is dyn mic so it reouires constant evolution and application of technology to provide at a continuing rate of increase in production. (3) _The Modernised Agriculture This phase of development is characterised by a technology with a large capital component. The focus in this phase includes the continuous appli- cation of labor-saving innovations and facilities for producing, distribution and servicing, so that a cnntinuing rate of increase in labour productivity is possible. The peculiar conditions of agriculture in.mostfl of the developing countries in transitional phase is that many of the inputs required for increasing _production are present in large quantities relative ’ to other complementary resources.x"‘7‘"‘h e abundant; resources are being used in such large quantities that they lead to low marginal nroductivities. This category of resources includes labor, land and traditional capital. The latter two are nor— mally thought of as scarce, but according to this 66 analysis they are relatively abundrnt. The scarce resources are of five main types. These are x (l) institutions to provide maximum incentives including the changes in the land tenure system; (2) research to develop improved production pos- sibilities; (3) production faciltities for physical-inuuts of new and improved forms; (4) institutions to supply agricultural inputs and to service agriculturtl production: and finally (5) education to help farmers make choices. The greater use of the abundant resources gives Very low marginal returns. However; the increased use of scarce resources results in a substantial increase in production. Therefore; in any area the first step should be to determine which resnurces arevabun; dent and are being underutilised due to scarcity of- complementary resources. The second step is to find a combination of resources yielding higher returns subject to the physical; cultural and economic factors of the area. Few general recommendations made on the basis of average conditions can be of economic use in different areas because these usually do not repre- sent the best combination. This analysis emphasizes 67 the need for institutions which would be able to make the analysis and provide the necessary infor; mation to the farming communities. In this anal- ysis an effective Extension Service is pointed out H as a scarce resources with potentially very high marginal returns. There are three main roles and objectives which the Extension Service has to perform in the- develonment of agriculture: There are : (a) cnnvin— cing the farmers about the profitability of using off-farm inputs and services in raising farm pro- ductivity especially during the early stages of agricultural development; (b) Disseminating tested research results to firmers and bringing back far- mers' problem to researchers for solution. In order to perform these functions efficiently ext- ension agents must fully understand the technology they are going to recommend, which implies contin— uous training of extension workers; (c) Training farmers in making profitable decisions in the selection of technological innovation depending upon the conditions of their farms. B. Crganizational Issues in the Transitional Phase. Mellor while considering the organizational structure of the extension education, he raises three major issues in organizing the service. ——- 7.6 3 These issues relate to local leadership and control and ’contact with sources of information and multipurpose \ versus single purpose programs. (1) Local Leadership and Control Due to variability in the quality of agricultural resources and the economic and institutional enviorn— ment, Mellor focuses on the importance of leadership and dnntrol in an Extension Organization. The cent- ‘ ralised form of organization is not likely to serve hum.-.- efficiently due to its lack of knowledge of local pro- blems and conditions. Thus the operations of the ext— ension service usually need to be modified according" to area of emphasis, the level of training of agents, etc., which suit the local conditions and the local patterns. One approach to assure better adaptation to local conditions is to have a local com ittee of farmers, either elected demoractically or appointed by the government. The committee may become an advhsory body to the head of the extension orqanization. In same cases it may even control hiring and paying of the Staff. In any situation the type of relation between the advisory committee and the extension organization will of course, be determiied by the culture of the ‘v—‘flxla 69 society, by the existing government structure and by the nature of the extension organization. This system seems to be suitable for communi-x ties which have well organised groups or associations, have high general educational level and depend upon the nature of political structure, i.e. democracy etc. At present in West Pakistan the farmers have no well organized association or group. The lit- eracy is onlv 16.3 percent cf the total population representing five years and above, with rural liter- acy of only 10.9 percent. Therefore, this type of structure may not favourably suit the existing con- ditions in West Pakistan of this time. However, the participation of local leadership under Basic Demo- cracy System, in the development programs of the “I area is being encouraged and appreciated at all the four tiers of the system. Over a period of time as the local leaders gain more experience in the imple- mentation of development programs and in the organ- izational matters, it may be possible to adopt a set up of this type on regional basis suited to local conditions in West Pakistan. (2) Multipurpose versus single purpose units. Dynamic and progressive agriculture in the tran- sitional phase demands wide variety of services, mer- 7O keting of produce, storage, servicing, repairing, advisory services, etc. Hany of which are comple— mentary in the production process. Under some cir4 cumstances effective coordination of all services may be accomplished by having the Extension Ser- vice take the place of many different institutions. In this way all the various Operating szrviczs are under the control of one administrative unit. Such an organization may be in a better position to supply both the technology and credit, which are often complementary. In such an organization credit is supplied with assurance that the technology is there. The new technology is assured that credit will accompanying it. Fuller use of the trained manpower may thus occur. However, conflicts of ob- jectives, and operation in such an organization may result in less efficiencies, because of multifari- ous nature of tie activities to be performed by a single agency. Another difficulty will bc.thet the farmers may be hesitantpto deal with an organization, which is working as an advisory agencies and at the same time performing the functions concerning with collection of outstanding dues and amount due as interest. This type of arrangerent also raises the 71 danger to perform extenSicn worker may not have time to perform extension functions being overburdened with a 'variety cf other functions. (3) Contact with sources offllnformation. A fundamental function of Extension Service is to provide a flow of technical knowledge to farmers. To do so the Extension Service must have close contact ‘with research. The ideal situation for both Extension. and Resezrch Services is to be located in the same place. One extreme, under this type of arrangement is that Extension and Research be placed under the some administrative control at a Research Station located in.the same area as was the case in Japan before World War II (26 :p 359). The other extreme is for both ser- vices to be entirely separate. This is often the case in developing countries. In some countries such as the United States, universities provide both the service of Extension and Research. A brief description of the or- ganization set up of the United States is given in the a pcndix 1. For better analysis of these alternatives organisa- tional arrangements it is appropriate to review briefly the steps in research that need to be carried out before a new technology is recommended 72 to farmers. This will help in delineating the fun- tions which must be performed by the research and extension services, and help us better understand how to coordinate their roles. This review will also help us understand that it is not only research _ in the agricultural sciences which is required but also that reserrch in the biological, behavioral and in the economic fields is equally important to the Extension Service. The natural scientists through their joint efforts are responsible for evaolving new techno— logy for the progressive develonment of aariculture. Econonists have to study the financial feasibility of the adoption of new technology and the work in behavioral sciences will assist the extension wor—I ker in formulating the appropriate extension pol- ~ iCies for rapid spreading of the technolob,. There are three major steps in reseirch. These are (a) the determining of the rese rch needs. This requires that the researcher his close contact with farmers “nd they have full knowledge of their pro- blems; (b) the second step is concerned with carry- ing out the research, which includes : (l) the basic research, i.e. develOpment of priciples end concept 73 which have high transferability. International cooperation may be useful in this stage. (2) development research is the application of basic research in solving problems; (3) the adap- tive research in concerned with testing of tech- nology under local conditions, and lastly,1 (4) the test demonstration means testing of technolOgy under private farm conditions. This last function of test demonstration is usually left to the Extension Service, but is actually the joint activity of both the services. (c) The Third and tte last step is recom- mending research results to the farmers on the basis of economic analySis, and the availability of complementary inputs, the marketing structure and the farming conditions of the area. C. Training of Extension Personnel Efficiency in the Extension Service demands that extension workers possess through knowledge of the new innovations because they have to con- vince farmers of their superiority over those already in practice. This implies that extension personnel must have complete knowledge of aariculé tural production, knowledge of current firming 74 practices, of new technologies, of su porting sci- ences which are necess ry to understand innovations; for diagonosing failures end for adapting innova- tion to variable conditions. Besides this techévm' nical knowledge, the extension personnel may also need traiting in how efficiently to communicate the knowledge, also understadning and knowledge of the structure of the society, its customs and beliefs for efficient performance of the assigned functions. CHAPTER V CHANGES REQUIRED TO IMPROVE THE ERFORNANsE OF EXTEESIVN FUNCTIONS A: Introduction When reviews Agriculturalnextension in the pars- pective of the phase theory of agricultural develop- ment, it has '* a small role in the traditional phase. This phase is characterized by stagnant technology. The role of the Extension Service becomes very important, ;.however, with the advent of the transitional phase, which requires the continuous application of new tech— nology to farming to sustain the momentum of an agricul- tural revolution. This implies that the Extension Ser- vice must be retained in new and dynamic technology .mfor_rendering better advice to farmers. The material in this chapter will include the summary of the problems faced and the necessary func— tions required to be performed by the Extension Service brought out in Chapter III and IV. This will be followed by a discussion of major functions requiring —”change to improve the efficienty of the Extension Ber; w, vice in West Pakistan. B: Summary of Problems and Functions Required to be performed by the Extension Service. (1) Problems The existing service has encountered with problems 76 like arranging for plant protection material, its transportation, storage, the preparation of the schedule of work, supervision of actual spraying operations, low and ineffective coverage of area and the laying out of model farms livited in num~ bers on influentitol and large farmers' land. Other problems include lack of coordination within w“ the servicetend among Extension, Research and Educa- tional Institutions, which have complementary rela— tionships in accelerating the rate of developrent. The Field Assistant usually performs most of the extension functions single handed with little tech~ nical support either from his superiors or from the subject matter specialists and the research work— ers. This shows that in addition to poor coordination there is also a lack of team approach in rendering”~ the assigned advisory functions. There also seems to be a lack of coordination between extension and education as there is found to be no representation of the Department on any of the bodies«0f the Agri. University, which may he due to strained relations between the two on account of the 1962 separation. Furthermore the flow of information from the Res- earch to the Extension Service is sporadic, inadequate 77 and in certain cases incomplete. This is because of the isolated research efforts by various disciplines even at the some Rese rch Institute and also bec use the research results are usually not verified under farmers‘s field conditions. Thus the rese rchers are not well acquainted with farmer's practic:l problems. The flow of information from Extension to Research Service is also week because of infrequent contact between the two services. 2. Functions The phase theory of agricultural development describes Extension Service as one of the five scarce resources needed in raising form productivity in the transition"l phase. The Extension Service has been assigned three primery roles in the development pro~ cess, which “re complementary to other resources. The role assigned are : (a) convincing farmers to purchase off—f rm inputs for use on farm (b) two- way job between rese rch and farmers in the disse- mination of new TechnolOgy and (0) training far- mers and enabling them to make their own decisions about the package use of inouts. For performing these functions extension workers must be retrained in the new technology and should have close contact 78 with sources of information i.e. research, edu- cation and other complementary input supplying agencies. C. Important Extension Functions and Policies Requirirp Change. The extension functions and policies needing” Change are classified into five main categories and these are :- 1. Reduction in activities currently having low returns. (1) Major Plant Protection Operations The plant protection measures, consuming more than half of the total time of 3,000 Field Assis- tants, and which are not even being performed effectively. The one possible alternative is tot. hand over this activity to the private sector; Because the useful introductory purposeihed been served by the Extension Service and farmers have started taking interest, as they haveggained some ‘- experience. This will relieve the Field Assis~h: tants, constituting eighty percent of the staff strength, to devote themselves fully to extension responsibilities. This transfer has also been suneested by Dr. Mendivil, Plant Protection Adviser. 79 He says : "There exists ted y a favourable atmosphere for hand—m ling the plant protection service over to the private___ sector. Technicians, economists and agricultural auth rities concerned seem largely to agree on this objective. I sincerely believe that this is the only practical alternative"(28:p.15) This transfer has also been recommended in the Third Plan (1965-70) (15:p.406) (ii) Yerketing and Storage The procurement, transport, storage and distribution of plant protection materials may be assigned to the Agricultural Development Corporation, which already has these responsibilities in respect to fertilizer, seed, improved implements and mach- inery. With this arrangement it will still be poss- ihle for the Department to have some control on check~ ing of quality and of acquiring the required quanti- ties of material and equipment in dealing with emer— gencies like locust invasions, etc. This will keep the Extension Service away from all these commercial activities and thus it will be in a better position to perform the advdsory job. 2. Emiroved Test Demonstrations on Farmer’s Fields Establishing a limited number of model forms at 80 _ ..-. _. some influential farmers' land according to Dr. Svinth may not be fully utilizing the scarce resources i.e. the Extension Service. In order to make full use or this resource; it is-sugaested that thezmodel farms me: he established in each village. In this way it would be possible to disseminate new techno- logy amongst a larger number of farmers. For succ- essful denorstration, the team approach is also essential. Therefore, the laying of ghese farms may be unde“teken jointly by theJDistrict Chief, Subject Matter Specialists, Research Workers, Agri- cultural Assistants and the Field Assistants. Other fermers may be invited to see the standing crop and discuss its production methods and results with the Eltensicn Staff and Research Officials. Holdings of "Harvest Days" may also be announced at -the time of laying out of these farms. Cash prizes and certificates may be awarded to farmers producing highest yield per acre at all levels for encourge- ments. 3. Imnrovement in the Flow of Technical Informa- tion. The flow of technical information can be imp— 81 roved by strenthening the linkage with sources of information. The sources are Research Service, Educational Institutions, Agricultural Informa- tion Service, and other agencies dealing with supply of inputs. The sugrestions for improvement will be doalth with under the following sub-headings: (i) AdminiStrative Changes _H”. In order tO‘strengthen relations between Research, Extension and Education Services, the one possible measure may be that the Adviser to the Secret ry of Agriculture be given the responsibili- ties of coordinating the activities of Research, Extension and Training Intitutions, with adminis- trative control reminging with Regional Heads. To assist the Agriculture Adviser, two senior officers - one from Research and the other from Extension, may ~-~ be appointedn.in his office at the Provincial Head- quarters. It will relieve some of the administrative burden of the Adviser. To improve relati ns with the University, the Agricultural Adviser may represent the Department on the Board of Syndicate or the Academic Council and the; two of his (Advisnr) Assistants represent 82 the Department 0% other bodies like thepCommittee for Advanced Studies and for research of the University. This will help in preparing coordi— noted reserrch and educational policies and plans and also in preparation of innservice training and short courses programmes according to the reqa uirements of the Extension and Research Services This arrangement will also provide better infor- mation to the Extension Service about thetresults “I'” of reserroh, not only of natural sciences but also of economic and social research conducted both by' the Resefirch Institutes and the University respect- ively. l ' The coordination Within the Extension Services may be improved by reducing the administrative;afldmuuv- Office-work of the District Chief by providing him. with an Assistant for thejpurpose. This arrange—“ ment will enable the District Chief to provide better guidance and supervision to the subordinate staff. The figure of page 83 shows that there exists fairly strong enough relationship among the extension service, farmers and the Basic Democracy system ' Fig i Inxut supanino a encies-. L 83 Existing_nnd Proposed Linkage System for the Agricultural Extension Servzces. _.—.-u—Technica1 Information' and Educatioh - - - wl.‘ . ATIVES 5' 1 \ / Research-- -..- _-Teaching - ° (Natural rgnstitutes \ Sciences) ’/./" “i \ ,/ ., ' Agri.\\ Agri- . College ‘Univer- I pity a .-' FARMERS References: Strong Linkage ifixisting relationship Weak Linkage ‘ "o’o‘o‘o‘o’o‘o Lir.kalze 11.98de V L .- A.D.C. Agricultural Development Supplier of seed, Corporations fertilizers,egri. machinery on ren- tal b88180 __--- _ A.D.B. Agricultural Develonmettg Credit needs, acricul- tural machinery on credit basis. A.I.S. Agricultural Information Service. A.E.S. Agricultural Extension Service B.D. Basic Democracies. 84 and also between information service, rese rch fw mare and the Basic Denlocracy System.; The relation, ship between inputs supplying agencies and the sources of technical information and the extension service are either week or almost non-existing; This later linkage 8 etc is a mus t to attain and to mair— tain the procressive rate of development in agricul- ture and tius need improvement. (ii) Improved Annual and Cron Season Activity . “Km .8: -AI- :11 ‘1") . The Extension Service presently prepares its nnu“l cron season “lin 3. These are mostly prepared at the Regional level and targets are fixed and annu 1 review of the progrfmae is also done. It is sug “st d hat While preparing these plans Regional Heads of other concerned agencies i.e. Research, Cooperative, Intonation Service, Agricultural Devehopment Corpora- tion, Aoricul tural Universi ty, A~r1cultur l hocnin: y Org niz ation, Aoricultural Development“ Bank, Irriootion, acic Democrats, etc., may also be invited, so that a coordinated regional plan keeping in view the targets set in Nation 1 Plans mav be prepare d and followed by each. These agreed pregrammes then may be ex pl aimed and circulated amongst the staff members of these depa r- 85 tments and e .orts be directed to achieve the goals set in these plans. Periodic reviews of these programmes m"y also be undertaken to ensure better nezfcI“*nce. 'i5(iii) Increase in nurber of Subject matter 0? Specialises. - For better supervision in extension work the number of subject matter specialists may be increa— sed, esnecially at the District Level according to the needs of the ares. They may be on the extension staff er on the Reseerch Steff, but the essential. , factor is that they must have close contact with research and participete in certain phases of resea- rch to keep abreast of their profression. The other sugrestion is that they should regularly visit field workers on the spot and render them necess- arv as.: istence in solvi.ng the problems. They ere also resfionsible for preparing suitsble and renui~ red literature in their respective fields for use by the extensicn workers. (iv) thsicsl Proximity of~Technicel Personnel 1n.Chrr“t11"?.Areeo. Under this heading it is sugsested that if possible, the natiinal building departments and 86 agencies especially Agriculture, Agricultural Develéf” cpment Bank, Agricultural Development Corporation, Irrigation, Agricultural Machinery Organization, Water and Power Department Authority, etc., may have their regional, and sub—regional and lowalevel offices close to each other and near the public dealing Offices like courts, post offices so that the farmers do not have to run frvm Office to Office for acquiring necessary . information needed in the transitional phase of the ‘ development process. This will facilitate the oper— ation of the Extension Service on account of the close proximity of other agencies dealing with the development. Facilities like transport, residential and Office accommodations and place for holding meetings may also be provided to the Extension Service. These facilities will improve the efficiency of the Extension Workers. This is being done under the Comilla Approach as the Th na Training Centre is a collection of physical facilities ( offices, classrooms, quarters, bank, workshOp, etc. )., where the Thana level officers of . the National ~ Building Departments and semda'autono-m mous agencies liVe and work. This arrangement pro- 87 vides for a continuing Contact between the officers and the leaders from tPe villages. This system mékes good use of the officers time as they, through tPis indirect way of working through the village leaders :3 extension agents in the villages, can apnraach a greater number of people. (V) Improved Flow of Information back to resegrphers. In order to improve the flowback of informa- tion to researchers it is suggested that rese-rch specialists may be invited to attend annual and Crop season Meetings of the Extension Service by utilising their help in laying out of demonstration plots, by arranging discussions with farmers and by testing of research results on farmers' land. In this way the research workers will be able to better understand_the practical field problems of the farmers and this in turn may help in shifting the present theoretical trend of research toward the applied side. 4. Changgs to Improve the nuality of Extension w- , _ -1 if"? V‘S’ll’l “.31.. The discussion under this needing will focus 0’) on the training of extensicnal per onnel, possibi- lities of improving the level of edudation, increase 88 in pay, service status and promotional procedures. (1) Education and Training The efficient operation of the Extension Sor- vice depends upon the quality of traininng of the personnel. As discussed earlier, the majority of the gradufite strff got their training in one of tie three colleges—Tandojam, Peshawar and Lyallpur (now the AIII‘iCUltural University). Mostly they were " trained in the natural sciences while majoring in agriculture, with little practical field training and non-training in Agricultural Extension, Communi- cation end Social Sciences. However, the West Pakis- tan Agricultural University has now started courses in Extension Education and Methodology, Rural Socio- logy and Communication, thus better trained graduates will now be available to the Extension Service. It is suggested that the Agricultural Colleges may also start offering courses in these subjects, with great—_ er emphasis on the practical side, if such subjects are not being offered by them. In this way better equipped graduates will be availahle to the Extension Service. The Field Assistants have after Matriculation one—year pre-service training in agriculture, with 89 little practical field work. The government has recently dedidod to extend this period to two years at all the five Tr ining Institutes with greater enjhsris on field work. It is further sugges‘ed that tte f culties of these Institutes may also be strengthened bath in quality and size. The faculty may include Harbors tra red in Extension Method». , ology, Farm Yanogement, Irrigation Specialists, Machinery men, etc., in addition to other staff trained in the natural an social sciences. The Extension Service to be fully effective needs periodical refresher courses and in—service trriring to eouip personnel with new developments and skills. It can be achieved by various ways. Some of ‘hese are : Cne alternative is on~the—spot training 'of field workers by supervisors or subject matter specialists. The other alternativei. s to hold group meetings such rs a conference, a workshop - an educational technioue waich‘involves group part- icipation in the cons deration of problems and the determinwtion of suitable solutions, or a seminar for one day or even for one or more weeks. Such group meetings should be held as frequently as 90 can be adopted by the service. The third alternative suiting the existing conditions of the Extension Service is retrain- ing of the whole force through in—service train- ing programs. This can be possible through two steps : First, the efficient and hard—working staff members at all levels may be encouraged in improving their education, by granting them study leave.- It may be that some of these, due to fin- ancial or other reasons, could not pursue their studies further. 80 this sort of concession will serve as an incentive to capable and efficient workers to prove their worth by acquiring higher education. Second, Field Assistants who hed one year training and other staff members who had been trained~ in any of the three colleges, may be sent in batches of lay twenty persons or so to t‘e Agricultural University. This is because the University hos facilities for short training cour- ses, instead of waiting for the establishment of 91 Department'svnwn In—service Training Institutes at the three Research Institutes. The Department Inst— itutes may be established denending upon the avail- ability of funds and technical manpower ne dad to men these Institutes. In addition this arrangement may assist in cementing the relationship between University and the Department. The Services of reseerch specialists of Reseorch Institutes may be utilised by inviting them to give special lectures. The trained personnel of each region may be renost- ed in group say in one union or Tehsil so that hey can utilize what they had learned during the training. (ii) Pay, Promotions and Posting The cases of promotion and pay increose may not be wholly decided on seniority basis as is the usual procedure, but due consideration may be given to sincerety and devotion to hard work. On promotion, if possible, one may be allowed to work in the some area, in the sane project, so that one can pursue one's pl as further. Under the existing conditions the Field Assis- tants have no chance of getting promotion, as there is no post to which they can be promoted. In order 92 to provide an incentive to efficient Field Assist- ants, possibilities of crertion of a new post may be given due consider“tion. The upgrading of the status of posts in Extension and bringing them up at p=r to other departmental posts of equal level seems to be ano- ther mersure to improve the situation. Another factor though of administration, which has its bearing on the efficiency of the Extens on Service, concerns the tenure of stay at one place. As stated earlier, the average tenure of stay is generally short (may be in montis) on account of too frequent transfers, whereas the average tenure of stay of an agricultural sgent in the United States is well over ten years. The usual policy of transfering after ev ry two or three years or so needs a realistic consideration. This time period seems to be necessary for an ext-- ension worker to acquaint himself with local condd itions and with the peOple of the area. Further— more it may not be possible even to judge fairly well the achievement of a worker during this per— iod, especially of long range development work and thus too quick transfers may slow down the tempo 0f 93 development, which needs continuous and constant per- suation of progressive dévelopment. 5. Improvements in Education Function of the Ext- ension Service. (1) Training Rural Leaders Rural leads 8 are one of the most potent vehicles for the communication of new information, knowledge and skills to the fellow neighbouring farmers. These should, therefore, be a regular pro— gram of training rural leaders. Their training may include both general information, knowledge concern- ing the important matters and training in special- ised subjects, This may also include visits to sucessful projects and programs. While selecting farmers for t‘e training, age factor may be kept in View;and'as far as possible farmers of tVe same age group should be selected for the training. The training camps should be near the resi- dences of the trainees, most preferably at the Union headquarters as tiey would not like to travel long distances and le ving their homes for a long period. Onethe same ground the duration of the course may also be as short as possible and a few subjects be included it one time. These meetings may be arranged 94 during such time that it may not come in conflict with lthe time schedule of the formers. Follow-up of the trainees is equally important. Thus after the leafuuuw derS'hsve gone’through the training, they must be provided with help and guidance whenever they need and finally their contribution to the projects he aw”_ evaluated periodically. This would also make possible an evaluation of the effectiveness of the training prOgram. (ii) The Comilla Approach The Comilla appraoch considers the village as an orgfinic unit for economic planning and develOpment. The mein emphasis of the whole approach is to train rural leaders as extension agents in the village and tius to dispense with the departmental repreSenta- tive at the villaoe level. Some of the basic princi- ples of the appreach are:1 a, A group appraoch through village group is ssential. b. Creation of a multiplier effect in the agricul- tural extension work using organizers, model formers, etc., as extension agents in the ' ‘ village. I.“The‘Mymensin§h,The Comilla, and’The Indian Package Program Appraoch in Agricultural Extension" by Oddvsr Aresvik may, 1964 - "Unprhlished Paper'u C. d. f. h. i. 3. k. 19 95 Easily continuous and massive training of the selected "extension agents” from the villages. Weakly village meetings, whereby the things‘" taught to the village extension agents will be transmitted to fellow village formers. Tr ining and develog‘ment centre at Thane level is a must. The villas must be reorg nised socially and‘“““ econonicallv 3‘nd the responsibility for local development be rested with the villagers them- selves. . Local authority is imperative. The Thane tr inn ing and Development Centre must.operate autono~ ously. The (government) officers become teachers, trainers and salesmen to spread the technique cf progress among villagers. Each villane must select its own leaders .The paid village level workers can be dispensed Vlitho Village network of primary cooperatives supp- orted by a strong nucleus for.promoting various activities and should become centres of social pOWGI‘ 0 Development of physical infra-structure, i.e. roads, drainage, irrigation, etc., through the Thanh and Union Councils under Rural Works Program be taken up. Thane Council, the coordi n)ting an eioy oi the various departments' Programme for rural “' development. Applicability of these priciples under West Pa kistan conditiyns may be irmve tigated while working out th thl training programs for rural leaders. 7---. —-—~., .§.. 96 (iii) Examples from Agricultural Development Corp- oration [gDCffiand’Salinity ContrOI'antheclafi mation Project ISOARP) Areas. The Corporation (A.D.C.) has established five of the ten Training Centres for the training of young farmers, mostly farmer's sons, who have three to six years of schooling. The duration of the course is one yeir with emphasis on practical field training. Each centre for this purpose has 100 acres farm, In this way the corporation is working on a— long range pelicy of creating trained future farmer community in the area under its command. The SCARP's service has the advantage of the team appraoch as at the begi ing of each seasnn eit- ension workers are trained in extension techniques-and‘o work plans are prepared. The instructional material prepared by the Research and Information Service is discussed in staff meetings and also distributed a amongst the farmers for their guidance. After the training the team consisting of district agriculturaldm officer, Agricultural Assistant and the Field Assis— tant work jointly in the field in laying out of demonstration plots. The SCARP Service is concentratinr all its 97 efforts on five crops - wheat, rice, sugarcane, cotton and maize. The involvement of Basic Democrats in the developmental activities, by seeking their help in selecting demonstration farmers, forming voluntary crOp committees, in helping extension service in their work in introducing improved techniques are the other specail features of the service. The demonstrators are then requested to train ten other farmers in using new methods of farming next season. By following this policy the SCARP Service has been able to almost double the yield per acre of wheat as stated by Dr. Svinth in his report. (35: p 27) CHPATER VI SUPH‘RY AND CONCLUSIONS Since Indendence in 1947 various steps have been taken to strengthen the Agricultural Extension Ser— vice in order to accelerate the rate of development in agriculture. Total Staff was increased from 1,727 workers in 1959-60 to over 3,800 personnel in 1965. Several changes were made in the organ- ization of the Service. These include the estab— lishment of three Regional Directorates instead of the former single Directorate to cater to the needs of the different parts of the frovince. Extension work along with staff was transferred in some specified areas to the Agricultural Development Corporation and to a new body, the Land and Water_ Development Board, in order to deal with the speci- fic problems of the areas. Some of the commercial activities - procurement, supply, storage and dis- tribution of inputs have been handed over to A.D.C. The analysis of the Second Plan (1960-65) per— formanves, carried out by the Planning Commission stated that the Anricultural Extension Service played only a small role in increasing agricultural production. The major share of the increase was 99 assigned to fertilizer and irrigation. This study analyzed the working of the existing Agricultural Extension Service, including the educa- tion and training of the personnel employed in the Service. Ways and means to improve the effective- ness of the Extension Service have been suggested in this study. The problems anolysed and the measures suggested for each are summarised below 3 1. Reduction in Low Return Activities The activities included in this category are : a) plant protection operations, which are consuming more than half of the time of eighty percent of the staff and are generally not heing performed effecti- vely; and b) procurement, transportation and storage of plant protection material. Among the measures suggested are transfering of plant protection operations i.e. supply, distribution, spraying etc., to farmer and the handing over of commercial activities relating to acquiring of plant protection material especially from other countries to the Agricultural Development Corporation and yh'” orhthe private sector. 2. Improved Test Demonstration Under the existing circumstances the Extension 100 Service is heavily concentrating its efforts on a feW'model forms which according to Dr. Svinth no Extension Service in the world can afford. In order to disseminate knowledge among larger number of farmers, it is advisable to established I large number of model farms, possible in every village. This will assist in better utilization of the scarce resources, i.e. the Extension Ser— vice. It is further suggested that the Extension Service should hold ”Harvest Days" and award cash prizes and certificates to the best producers for encouragement. 3. ‘lmprovement in the Flow df Technical Informa- tion. The Extension Service is a two way channel bet- ween the farmers and the Research Service. Some obstacles were found like the lack of coordination_,. (a) within the Extension Service, (b) between Ext- ension, Research and Educational Institutions and (c) with other supporting and complementary agencies dealing in the supply of inputs. The possible measures for improving the situa- tion are (a) Agriculture Adviser, with the help of lOl his two assistants, may be assigned the job of door? dination of activities of Research, Extension and Training Institute; (b) Agricultural University may have Extension Service representative on its various bodies - Board of Syndicate, Academic Coun— oil etc.: (o) the provision of an additional hand to District Agricultural Chief tc'defil with admin- istrative and office work; and (d) Agricultural Colleges and University may invite specialists from R:se*rch and other Teaching Institutes for special lectures and seminars. The same procedure may be followed by the two colleges. Other posdhle mess res are preparing joint coordinated annual programs. The laying out of demonstration plots jointly by Research and Extension Officers and increasing the number of subject matter specialists at the District level. Nation building~w Department and agencies should have their regional and other sub—regional offices close to each other . Extension personnel do need more facilities like transport, office and residential accommodation and places for holding meetings. These will assist in increasing the efficiency of the Service. 102 4. Changes to Improve the Quality of Extension”' Personnel. The difficulties encountered are - inadequately trained staff, lack of inservice training facilities_ relatively low statue of posts in the Agricultural Department, short tenure of stay in one loCation, lack of promotional onportunities for Field Assité ant and promotion mostly on seniority. The measures suggested are the starting of_“ courses in Extension Education and Methodology,-“. Communicatidn and other Social Sciences; more ‘ emphasis on practical field work; improving both the quzlity and size of the faculty of Training Institute for sub-professional field workers; starting inuservice training courses for all ranks by utilizing services of the Department of Short Courses of the Agricultural University; grant- ing study leave for acquiring higher education; up grading of the status of posts in Agriculture Department: and the creation of a new suitable post for meritorious Field Assistants thereby avoiding too quick transfer of extension workers. 5. Improvement in the Educational Functions of the Extension Service. Rural leaders have been proved the quickest 103 and most rapid me he of spreading new technolop,. Under the existing circumstances, this fect.hes.-L not gotten thz full attention of the Service. In order to utilize these leaders it is recom- mended thnt progressive and poineer farmers from each village be selected. These demonstrators then should be trained in the new technology by holding short duration simple courses ne*r their homes. This approach has proved successful under the Comilla approach in East Pakistan, and also in SCARP are a and in arses under the command of the Agricultursl Development Corporation. l. 2. 3. 5. 6. 7. 9. 10. 11. B1? 104 LIOGRAPHY l Ahmed, Kazi. S. fikht r, s.#. Elkenton, Charles, and Aziz Sayeed Fay, Ivan G. Fersuson, Ben H Chang, C.W. Laidlan, Alex- ander, F. Yang, W.Y. A_Geonranhy of Pekist n, Oxford 7-1“. ‘Il ,- “ c ,ff- Lniversity‘PrCLs, £21rT_1,l)co ET"U‘T Pakistfn United Ltd. 1365 o r‘f“ of .Agriculture in Pakistan, Pakistan Anriculture’fiescurces and Prospects,1966} ‘WM M llWD‘ }— ension in Aericul— ishing ‘House, Notes on BX rte ture, Ising« New York, 1962, ‘\ U.S./AID. Pakistan Technical Re nort ANricrlture Extension l.ymenein; 5h District, East P'i."lF"t1Il, July, «953. Food and Agricultural Org nization of the United Nations, Production Yearbook, 1965. _Inorefsixa Ford Production throurh Education Research and ?"tensi1n, 1962, 11996! fr.;r hunger campaign, Basic Study No. 9 Tr°ining and Extension in the Cooperative Tovmyeut, 1963 AFri- culture Developmer tTPaper No 0.74, FoQoOo, Home. Farm Development in Japan, 1963 wricu tureTIwe elopmcnt Paper, Lo. 74., F.A.O. Rome. .0 Government of Pakistan, Linistry of Agriculture, Agriculture in Pakistan, 1959. Government of Pakistan, Ministry of Food and Agriculture, fieport of the pfocd and Agriculture Commfssion,'60. 105 H ‘ 12. Government of Pakistan, Ministry ‘bf Education, Renort of the Comm- ission on Nati nal Education,1969 13. Government of Pakistan, National Planning Board. The First Five Year Plan, 1965/60, 1967 14. Government of Pakistan, Planning Commission, The Second Five Year Plan, 1960-65, 1960. 15. Government of Pakistan, Planning Commission, The Third Five Year 16. Government of Pakistan, Planning Commission, Agriculture and Food Section, Handbook of AFricultural" StPtiStiCS, 1961. 17. Government of Pakistan, Planning Commission, Evaluation of the ”.1 Second Five Year Pian11955-55. I966. 18. Government of Pakistan, Department of Films and Publications, Basic Democracies Functions and Achieve- mentn,1966 19. Government of Pakistan, Ministry of Food and Agriculture, The Commission- er, Pakistan Agricultural Census, Preliminiry Report, Apricultural Census WestPakistanj.196l 20. Government of West Pakistan, Plann- ing and Development, Deptt Bureau of Statistics, Ststistical Handbook of WestnPakistan, 1965; 21. Government of Pakistan, Agricultural Department,_Agriculture and Rural life in Mymensinsh. 22. Hunting Technical Services Limited, Prosramme for the Develonment of Agriculture in West Pakistan, May 1966. 106 23. Kelsey, Lincoln 'gpoperative Extension Work, '“ David and Chiles Third Edition,l963, Constock Hearne Cannon Publishing Associates, Cornell. 24. Krishan, Ram Agricultural Demonstration and 'Ektension Communication;fiAsis Publishing House, LofidOn, 1965. 25. Leegans, J. India's Experience with Train- Paul ing in Extension Education for Community Development, Compara- tive Extension Publication.Num- bar 5, New Ybrk State College of Aggiculture at Cornell University, 19 l 26. Mellor, John W. The Economics of A§§icultural fievelo ent Corne niversity W 27. Masher, A.T. Varieties of Extension Education and‘Community‘fieVElopment,»Comp- arative Ektentioanublication Number 2, New York State College of Agriculture at Cornell Uni- versity, 1958. 28. Mendivil, Plant Protection: Recommendations Francisco “?br irproving the oftectiveness Paeohico oflPlanthrotection‘Reseerch and Field 1 olicatfon in West Pakistan, Report Eo.5, Accelerated CfOp Improvement Reports, Planning Depart- ment, West Pakistan, October, 1960. 29. Narvaez,lgnacio Progress Report Accelerated Wheat and Borlaug, ‘Ifiirovement in West Pakistan, ahd Norman E. the Revolution in Agriculture, 'Wgst'Pakistan Plannihg“fiepartment, 30. Odon, W.H. Recommendations for an Accelerated *30war Improvement Pro amme in West PaEistan1 West Psfiistan Plan- nIfigfifiepartment, October, 1966 o . ' - 5 .7 - a .. _ - . r _ Q A o u: - . , . . . . 7 w ' " . .. .. . . _ ‘ 1 7 - i - - M. V \ .- - a. . . . _ I A A , I ' F ‘ ‘~"-"‘-‘ —‘ h~l w _. ' v. f“ N “u—n o—a‘ r-)‘au...-co.-- — "wag-4"... . r , » ,7 . , m ‘ ‘ ‘1 . ‘ r.\ V o - V .3 i _ V , . 4|- : » -~ ' o .. - _ . ' H l ' ' .4 3' 'e In . fl ‘ V - - . - -4 - o... — - ‘4.— x ' . I ~ . --‘-- ._.4 -Ac‘-vl- ..,- l. n — , I r r ' ' *f' . t '- ‘ < 4 p; '1‘..- u," - . ~ -.... h u v ‘ _ I . . p —~-, ‘ .- «n n .. . i - , . - .,h, - _.—. s v - - 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. — .. 36. Waddle William M 37- 38. 39. 107 Qureshi, S.A. Schikele Rainer. SVinth,Cvo Wilson,John.R ‘Annual Technical ReportL Accel- erated Wheat Improvement Pro- gram e West Pakistan 1965-66, August, 1966 Report of a Working Party of Euro- pean Experts, A-ricultural Extenv sion Services in the U.§.A., PEE- lished by the:Urganization for European Economic Cooperation, Paris, 1951 Pakistan Academy for Rural Devel- opment, Comilla, The Comilla Rural Administration Experiment Risto and Annual Report IQ§E§§§ _.§§ Evaluation of e ur Pu 11c Works Programme,ffiast Pakistan, .53 Alarm Management Research for Plan- ningAgriculturaitfievelmeent, Agricultural Development Council, New York, 1966. Strengthenin ricultural Ext— ension in Wes s an . so a s an anning spar ment Aug'USt , 1966 e Recommendations for an Accelera- ted Cotton‘Improvement Programme in WesthPakistan, WestPakistan, Planning Department,0ctober,1966 West Pakistan Agricultural Univera sity, Lyallpur, Fourth Year,l965 Technical Report Agriculture, USAID Pakistan, May, 196! Some Important Concepts of the Process of Expanding Agricultural Production considered in light of Recent PakiStan Experience, ( M. s. Thesis - 1965 ) APPENDIX - 41 Monthly Mean Maximum and Minimum Temperature at Selected Centre, West Pakistan, (Farenheit) - .a— .. v,.‘. ... . _,.. “.4. .. ‘-w—‘ 5., a“. m - -.---v-.m.-- l PeShawar if mureee ‘ Rawalpindi l Lahore l muitan a Quetta ’1 Hyderabad “i'UZE?i§fif"1;‘ Max Hin Eax‘“ WEE—Fax » . f ‘ 2 .- _ .-- , _ -, 5 _‘ . 108 [in Max Min” ~- Jan. 68.0 40.4 45.2 30.7 62.3 37.9 68.0 40.1 568.0 42.0 50.2 27.6 75.8 50.6 75.5 57.4 Feb. 66.2 44.0 46.7 81.1 65.2 41.7 72.1 44.5 72.8 46.8 58.6 30.8 81.2 54.5 76.9 61.0 March 74.8 52.4 51.6 87.8 75.1 50.4 82.6 58.2 88.9 57.2 68.6 88.8 92.5 63.8- 81.8 68.1 April 85.2 60.5 65.8 46.9 86.2 59.3 94.5 63.2 95.8 67.5 74.0 45.8 101.8 71.9 85.4 74.2 May 97.0 70.4 75.1 55.6 97.7 68.7 103.7 72.2 104.8 77.4 83.8 51.9 107.0 78.2 88.6 79.0 June 105.0 77.2 80.7 60.5 103.5 75.9 105.9 79.0 106.6 84.8 91.6 58.7 104.5 82.0 90.4 82.3 July 102.5 80.2 76.2 58.9 97.8 77.1 99.6 80.1 102.4 85.5 94.0 65.0 99.8 81.4 88.5 81.1 Aug. 98.2 78.9 78.2 57.4 93.7 75.5 97.0 78.7 98.9 82.9 92.2 61.6 95.8 79.2 85.8 78.5 Sept. 95.0 71.8 72.3 54.8 98.4 69.3 97.3 73.1 98.7 77.7.86.2 49.7 97.3 76.4 85.6 76.7 Oct. 87.8 60.5 67.6 49.8 88.6 57.0 94.0 59.8 94.4 63.7 75.7 38.9 97.8 70.2 87.8 73.7 Nov. 76.8 48.9 59.5 41.0 77.7 44.4 82.9 47.3 82.9 50.9 65.4 62.1 88.8 58.8 85.2 66.9 Ded. 66.7 40.9 50.7 84.9 66.8 37.8 72.8 40.6 73.7 43.4 55.5 28.5 78.6 ‘52.6 78.7 160.1 Annual 85 0 60 5 64 0 46 6 84 0 57 9 89 2' 61 0 90 165 0 73'8 44 1 93 4 68.3‘”84.1 " 71.6 Mean . . . . . . . . . . . . . Source : A Geography of Pakistan, By Kazi S. Ahmed, pp. 186-193. E. . thug”- _ o . I. O u y 1 . t: ’I .6 .l v . . U y. \. C I) a I ‘ | II.- . I" I ' .l . ’ 1 . C l\ . — . 4 f. . 5 ‘2” O A O i . ) 0 7.. r . \ I . O . e l .. I. O s O . I I U i O .1 O O a . n l O U .. I ‘ ’1 \l . . I ~ 0 O > .) . u; ' . I I . I, . . 0 e- . I i .u 1‘ . p . . r . u 4 e . . . _ o 1 v a .s .M l O .5. . C C . 1. . ‘ IS. Elf . . 1 . a ll‘ II I | Kill! 1 I‘l A 8" a O .. 1'- a I . n I i I 1 O . O o . _ a . . O c O . a ..I/ D J . . C . O o . . ‘ 8 r . . I . o . . I _ . O . c t. . O i o a l i O . o . c n . I .I. O a . . I . , o . e V , . e 4, u .. e o u. , a - . c n. .. e 5 .l . .. i .1 I r .. \ .11... i i . . 109 APPENDIX - B Administrative set up 0fithe Government of West Pakistan GOEERNUR West Pakistan Chief Secretary .5. Addit ional Chief Secretary (Admn) 080' Academy for Rural Development Peshawar 3.. Land a; wet er Development 3083?, Land and Water DeveIOpment Board 0 O O O ‘_M Secretaries ; 3 3 ' z : ’ : u _: ; :op : : ~: : z: z : Research Training cf Agrl- Food Education (Q - Home Revenue Irri- : z: : : Administra- rculture (Food (West Pak. : (Agri. Credit gation : z: : : tors. Procu- Agri.Uni.) : Exten- Supply : :: : : rement : sion Tri~ in Finance:: : : & Ra- (Supply of hal emer— :: : : tioning) Fertilizer Areas) gencies Health: : : seed, credit) : z : Industries : 3 Local Self-Govt. : and Basic Democracies : ’Additional Chief Secretary (Planning and DevelOpment) 0 Planning and Development Organization égri. Extension Service. water.Management {— a vl. . *‘4 .—.1 O. .5 3" 110 APPENDIX - C Organizational set up of the Department of Agriculture f;011 SECRETARY .— Agri. Advisor, : , ; Fish- 3 Deputy f : ; ; Agri. Joint Animal Forestry eries : Director '. 3 Director Agricultural “ Secretary HquandPy (AdViSOF : Plant Director 3 8011 Development. (Three Regions)(Advisor Forestry) Bureau of Protect- Soil Con- : Fertility CorporatiOn 1- Southern Animal 5 regions Agri. In- ion servation ‘ Region Husbandry) l.Peshawar formation (Locust .. 3 , ‘(Hyderabad) (5 PBgions) 2.Lahore Service control D}re°”?r 2. CEHtPEl 1. Peshawar 8.Bahawal— (W.Pak in settled 9: Agr1.. F195 ion 2 . Lahore pur basis) areas) . Engineeruig (Lahore) 3. Bahawalpur4.Hyderabad for 611 Headquarter 3. Northern 4. Hyderabad 5.Quetta organ- (Central Region 5. Quetta 88155 ization Region) (Peshawar) Kalat under Secy. Lyellpur. Agriculture * To Give technical advice to the Secretary. .l h... u '1' My Q I V»- III H 8,.» >~¢I mm- ...y R: I r 1'1 x O . u— C I . V 9 Q I o _ . . . ,. I . n A .\ O ‘ § . . I1 ., cf 1 . ‘ Q 1 ‘ 4 . . s 4 s .u 4 . a . . 4 _ 1 . ab . l I i . C . C . | n . .‘ ., . . u 4 , .. .. .4 1 . . . . . e y y x C 4 . I. . u 4 . I. 4 . fl . L . , - I - a o . Q 1 . . . w . O .4 f O . 4 \ P I I e x l ' » A v 1 J .I e , a O ’ . I. . o e o I V a l A V A I .I 1‘ v .I . ' .l. I 10" lei. -. {I 1!. v ..|II.\ t :8" P. .In I5. 0. '0 -_-—_._-.__.. 111 APPENDIX - D organizational set up of the Agriculture Department Extension Service Southern 3 3 Region Central Re ' . 1 6,66 ‘ , ‘3103 - Northern Region : Qtiieiigi (swore) (Peshawar) Train- 3 DlI‘eCtOI‘ 3 Director ."- . ins Ins- .,. . , :Divi i nal i , : -'t' g : T :_ titutes DlV 1810(131 . {1 S O TI‘B nlng Ina 1.111%8 2 . 4.: H _ for. Headquarters Tralnllgg Iast- Headquarters for Field Assists. DivisionalRQr.3 7 Field Hyderabad ituie IAori t 4 (Pre~Service): Peshaiar. . .. Khairjur F16 d 38 8'8, Lahore "é‘ Rawal~indi ASEiSt- Quetté (Dre—service): Multan 1' Peshawar 3.1;. 231811 ?§r:‘ Kalat 1. Sargodha' Sargouha "'33; . Se rvice) Karachi 2. Rahimyar- Bahawalpur 3 Deputy Director‘gi- with a c : Khan. team of 24 specialists l.SKarand rev 4 Deputy Directors 2. Quetta Direit r with a team of 32 District Headquarters 16 with aotgam SPEClallSES (excluding agencies) 4“ of 82 spec- ialist Dist. qus.20 actors with a team of 44 Specialists Tonsil qus.59 174 agri.Astts. O 0 Union Councils 502 Village 9865 795 Field Asstts. (12 villas e per fi€1d AS Ste) or (more than one Field Asstt. per union). .1 n...- A; “A; a— J DiStte HQ?! 15 15 Asstt."£irectcrs with a team of 53 specialists. Tehsil HQr. 58 242 Agri.‘Asstts. Union Councils 1750 Villages 19,509 1629 Field Asstts. (12 villages per Field Assistant or. (less than one Field Asstt. per union). 10 Asstt. Directors with a team of 30 specialists ‘ Tehsi1 Headquarters 30 106 Agri. Assistants Union Councils 699 Yillv. ages 7415 584 Field Assistants (13 village per w . ' - Assis etant or less than one Field Assistant per union) . ‘ . . . , '1 m. . V r. . . - Jun": ‘:-""Iv "mum-Lin»- "t. -' f ‘, . .- ‘ .‘ . . .. ,1) ‘2‘3’. .fl ._ 3;. I' _ .. um: ”In. '- .,. 1 . .. :.' . ‘ . _. ' - 1. as». "was :M.1¢~"r+~9~!~1.~3-u ._ ‘4“. ..v.-.}:--....4 . «31,, t w ‘ ., .. .~ . t; :‘- ' ‘1 ' ~ ’4 ,- ,- - n . . _. o <. v. .-4 .. ,‘ 2 p . 4 - . . .,._ J," Fr .- -_. ... .. -. ,1 . ._-.- ..\ ., . . . ‘ ‘ .‘A . . ~ _ fl" , .1 , -. . .. . . . ,“1 7’ - -. . ‘ ;,7.“Eg§‘iv - I illii ‘Il‘l .l OI ’ \A s a .. I .0 . . L . a? . . . t I ‘ I k . .. . C , 'I r . v . 1 O . I . a .2 . . u , t . «w . .- .. . | . . ‘ 1 r i . , ~ I I. III. 1"..i -I | .0 . I O . . . x ’I‘ v 0 . 1 . U . w . 4 a - 3 . , I _ ’ O . . - 4 l . A M . o . 1 v . 7 e. a _ ‘ ‘ \ l . u . 14 ~ . . an ‘0 -a - O 112 APPENDIX - E Faculties, Divisions, Institutions and Departments of the west Pakistan Agricultural University, Lyellpur : " ~ - , , 5 ~. , 4. . o 0 faculties Biv.of Direc- %:::;::te of : “"-~w«»~ , , , Basic tgrete Training . _ . ' ‘ ' Sc ence 0 Agriculture 3 Veter- Agri.Eco. : _ . Extension . $3:§::dr inery and Rural Agri. Eng. an? Arts égzggggd and short Departments ' . y Science Sociology & Techno- fi;£{f of ard Courses of ‘ a z z 10' ° ‘ ' : 1.3011 Depgrtments Depart- Departments 6% ETBafffii- “Research 1.1 3.“ on“ Science 3.: n ments of of Deptt. of ?'ZOO 0&y_9§ptt. of Daptt. of 2‘ plant 1.3nlnglin : : : d.§§{eo& 1.Advan- 1 Teacher Breeding Lgfig 1&5 1.Livestock l.Agri.Econ. l.Besic Eng- £0100 ' ced _ .Training &.Ceuetics 1,; *4 Management 2.?erm.Mana— incering Dy Studies 2, 1 ul- q 5:" fl \ -I‘.“, " , be” ‘3 : 4'98 9 1).“ 1111.1 - 'ement 2 IPI‘i at 10114 0 Chem" . o‘Agr c . g. AongC“g - - a.hutr1tlon H's“ n X _ g ' n ', . 5 istry 2.Research «tural£x@M"* . HOP 1.101.111,th (4 .- -7 1 ~ 1. . husoancl‘y 3. Agrl- M31“ & Drainage 5 the 3 Short 5. Entomology J” §“$f*tlon 8. Livestock keting 3. Farm Macho 'Matic- , . fecurseg 6. Plant Pro~ be‘i' Farms 4. Rural - inery and fiesta: . '7 tection Cell 4. Anatomy Sociology Power 6 503181“ E. University 5. Clinical 5. Socio-Eco. 4. Food Tech~ .Sciences Ferns Medicine Research nology. 'and 8. Plant Pathology & Surgery Project 5. Fibre Tech- Hunani-i 9. Forestry and 6. Pathology nology. ties Range Manage- 7. §icrobio~ ment. ogy. 8, Parasit- ology 9 . Physilogy 8c Pharmacology I-ufh F d.” Fl ~‘lll‘llll ‘0 ‘-—A~——‘ . 113 bmeZUHN I M manodponm 0% ans uueooaoe ow >mewocwacsmw mkaoomwon mum >muuocwacemw C. O. wmmmmsov who 0% mcvmupnnmsawnm nmewocwficemw mbmnbaouwnm « « « monanmd: mmmwoa nonadmw mom. and: Umm9.aum. O. O. Q. .0 C O. O. Q. .0 C. Unemoaou bmfiu. . mm“- women: rkmwwucn Amman Hobo: RHODG ”at. sun: m.oe.mw u ‘4 Q i 1“! bpemowou >mu».mxeanu m»ob.hmzouo ommso memos: pose no manoemvmav mach mkamhmcmav . bwuoowou ghw 0x0..- swoon: AamOQOQmB mambfihoU soak canon «muwocm mocawobm mm: Honoa«.mowa. ovoawmaukf «mmoamuwmm. moeawocwncsm ono.veoacouu Ho: moo scour cannowcmm mme «o >.u.n. man an». maneuoo Moo annexes mcuofiunn amsawsm smuw.mbm. embaouma Awwmcmnovt moo mauvwk on bus». BmoUHSme no woulnnm Hos om4. OH. Hmsav o ecvauwwomnuos. « Uweooaou on swap. wkwozmwon.mka. wdmummudwoo assent Hum wpmwa bmmwmal gas was 3.9509... «Hos mmwavawmmoaa Hboauon 0% ocean: spawn wsoswoamo ow wmuawnm do are wmuamem « Zoomroda mompob Suav moan. ma. Q. .. .0... CC Q. O. O. O. Q. O. « mcvoupsaoou gym bun». mvmwnmoewcm womsmsmu Amman waned: Foam mm Won mkaoumdmav _ anoonou bmup.mmmmmcou Hmubma.ammao Hanoawonm we won mwamomumav O. O. Upuooeou 5”» 0%."- coupon. wmmsmsmu ”mesa mason «Hobo mm won mwnosmcmav 114 bovmbawx u o oumwbpumauobmw mouse on some wnwwmamb bmuuocweceow codewouaonn nonwoumapob nummuama « momuosow b»uoo«oMm « QQ .Q .C Q. « a . wuowa swam . baswbwmaumdwmdp. « Kruponu on on Know. a two a man Humps: « m méonmmm wsm . wmopwu m pewom A won « lawman.» scum. « Boost « onwoo « w mHmo « umvmuds « Ham Hoot“ dewom « a r \ wuomooa UHnom >Hon . « .wmmmmmo 115 owuooaou V >ozHN>HHoz Hz amehb bmwbm ow £mma w>HHMH>z moon: 93. mos; bogging rsmoww Q bvvobawxlm weapons" nossummponou euwumw shone « uovsaw uwuoouoe >mu». Asapanw >Hommv >mnu. bovaw.v‘mcouwwmmeWIlll m.o. womsmiou on saw». v Havana mHmo. " womUmsmu v « wwobn woos v a bmmumaona cuuoonoum noouuob v 050 wow can: nmosok owwwama v « monawocwscnov finesse who Savanna bmobouom owwpoou v nscuuma banana Amoumowunmuv the». fish: V £3.35an .5on «loans-3 Macon v z. suspense: Aswbmv m. tmuwswuamb Azwenb usury um « mu >mu». >omumnmuwm « 1 cm mumps bumpmfioanm wwomUmtmuv Appendix-1 116 United States Extension Service System The Extension system in each State is a depart- ment of the College of Agriculture, which is organ- iged end directed by the college end is free of Federal Control except for the provision that csreéh.“— ful plans for the expenditure of the money'must be drawn up by a=8t§te Committee'in consultation with experts from the Extension Division of the U.S. Department of Agriculture and be Jointly eporoved. This provision for cnnsultaticn rnd sprrovsl by the Extension Division of the Federal Department of A6"iculture is a good condition. The Federal Department of Agriculture hires experts with broad experience and training who are femilisr with the special problems of each State and they also have broad understanding of national extension problems. Their sympathetic 3nd sincere advice is welcomed by the States. The Lend—grant College of Agriculture is each State v on an average - directs the work of the Ex- perimental Ststion, carries on all teaching in the field of agriculture and the training of agricultural teachers and extension agents and finally directs the Extension Service in the State. Each state Extension Service is by law — the Smith-Lever Act, 1914 - a part of the land-grant college, of Agri- culture. Ths President of a Lend-Grant College, who is appointed by the Board of Regents, is responisble to his Board of Regents and to the U.S. Department of Agriculture for the conduct of extension work. The appropriation to the Colleges are provided through the State L gislsture and by the Federal Department of Africulture. In every State there is a State Director of Extension who is responsible for the.gonersl conduct of extension work in the ' State.’ The State Director may be either responsible to the Deon of Anriculture or the President of the College depending on the organizational pattern adopted by the Land-grant College. The State Director of Extension is assisted by District Supervisors, who” are responsible for the coordination of the work of all county agents within the area. He frequently attends rural meetings, assists in the initiation of. new activities, participates in the in-service train- 118 ing of the county workers and tries to maintain gend relationships with the field workers and other agents. All States have a staff of subject matter spec- ialists, whdzfu ctions ere to keep field workers in touch with the latest technical developments, to assist them with special problefis, to aid in pro~ gram development and to carry back the unsolved problems of the farmers to the State research wor- here. The specialists is the link between the I rese rch station, the field agent and the former. Thus he himself is neither a research worker doing work in the laboratory nor an extension field work- er. His work also includes the preiaration of popul r bulletins, the in—SBTViCQ training of the field staff and the provision of advice and assis- tance to the State extension editor on the prepare- tion of news releases and visual aids. He has not administrative or suoirvisory resnonsihilities. He is resnonsihle to the Director of Extension for his work, but relies upon his respective subject matter department of the land-grant Colleges for 119 for his technical information and frequently is housed in the department. Each state has also an in creation service unit to provide visual aids, radionand press releases, etc. Some States also have a special advi- sory committee at the State level to cooper to with the State extension service in its planning of programs. Most of the States, however, have a State Council of home demonstration clubs comprising representatives from the various county home demonstration councils, which acts as an advisory body for extension work in home economics. The pattern of country organization for extension service differs considerablly depending upon the avail- ability of funds, area of the county and administrative .structure. Usually there is a county agricultural Office under the direction of the county agricultural agent and the st ff includes a c rnty agent, a home demonstration agent and in some cases additional personnel in agricul- ture, home economics or 4-H club WDTk. Hany of the countries have an adiiscry or planning comrittee, which has representatives of the leading organized farms groups of 120 county dealing with commnaities, i.e. dairy products, fruit, cattle, cotton, etc., fieneral farm organizations, natural and rural social groups, etc., depending upon the conditions of the cornty. The Committee is responsible to allow the discussion and adoption of the county extension program, to ensure that local problems are included, to recommend the budget to the preper authorities and to approve the apoointment of personnel. But seldom interfere in the allocation of funds. It may be menti nod here that the extension service in the United States represents all the bran- ches of agriculture, i.e. crop husbandry, dairy, poultry, forestry, etc. Whereas the anricultural extension service discussed for West Pakistan refers only for crop husbandry. ICHIGRN STRTE UNIV. LIBRRRIES 93106690