ECONOMEC RELATiONSHEPS EN THE GEL OF PEPPERMINT AND 01L OF SPEARMlNT {NDUSTRIESA Thesis for fine Degrees of M. S. MlcmGAN STATE UNIVERSITY Gail L. Cramer 1964- m M IIIIIIIIIII muWIWmIummxMini/"filimfifilflfiiififi/u '" 3 1293 10703 7743 LIBRARY Michigan State University MSU LIBRARIES ‘ \r RETURNING MATERIALS: Place in book drop to remove this checkout from your record. FINES will be charged if book is returned after the date stamped below. L LE r", 015:3: A o: o;- L— .‘.L ITI 3“ ~_‘. M~ :1“) acmmouxc RJLETIQHJAEES 13 TXS 013.. C? FEW EfrainT emu (3322... C? 339 :2;~..me11~rr I 3: oz: is"? H3 15 h?! flail L. Grams! hfl AEETYKUY C? A Tflflfiifi aubmittafl to Michigan fitatm University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the denree of NA3?ER C? $CIE$CE Department of agricultural aconomtcs 1964 $.33 ST 9.13 C T “GI-‘3' RmfiTICE‘JEHiIFE IS TE'EZ'S OIL *Liillér ARI) OIL CF SEI’EQ'flt-‘SIJT 115305 by Gail L. Cramer Paw statistics are comgiled on mint oil production. distribution. or consumption. neither the basic functiune nor the structure of the inauatry have been described or analyzed. For that reauon. the probleu lies in duscriuing the economic relationships in the industry to provide vital knowledge to improve managerial decision making at all stages in the profluction and marketing proceasea. The specific objectives of this research were to explore the shifts in production centers. ta determine foreign production anu international trade. to fletermine futtign and domestic utilization and to examine the martet structure and various indications of market perfcrmance. Basic data need to determine the factors influencing the shift. in production cream ware obtained tram previuus pruduction coat Ituéiea in the tiduast and “out Coast prua auction contort. Other Catt on foreign profiuction. utilization and market structure were obtained from iufiuutry buyer: and the foreign service. 1 Gail 1. Crane: 2 The rcuults cf the production studies proved tau prcfitabiiity of mint oil graduation in the Faciiic North- west. The steady decline at the industry in the Bifiwent has been partly caused by varticilium wilt and buyer pricing practicem. Due to tho rigid climatic ccnditicns needed to profiuco quality mint oil. the United States profiucua about 80 percent of the world'a supply of peppermint oil and the majority of cpearmint oil. Other countries that produco mint oil are dispersed through Europe. The United States ozpcrtod abcut 51 percent of the United States production of pcppernint oil and 4D porcent of the arearmint crap in 1962. The largest itccrter is the United Kinqdom followed‘by other countries locateu in Butane. The mint oil industry in the United étctes in can- poaed of about 1.230 producers. 4 buyers and 6 majcr useru. While a competitive structure dominateu the profiucer level a bilateral ciigcpoly exists at the uholeeaic marketing stages. Although more research is neefiefi to determine the conduct and pertcrmance of the industry. price difiercntiaia do prevail that are greater than regicnal transcortation and quality differences. Tho major buyer in thu industry handles so percent of thc v.5. production uhilc thc rcmaining three buyers hanfilo an estimated 30. 15 and 5 percent. Gail L. Grant: 3 A statistical model was tormulatcd to éotcrninc the énmona and supply'o: poppcrmint and apenrmint oil. The model contains four stochastic equations that are solved atmultaneoualy using a two stage least squares estimation procefiuro. It was discovered that the price-quantity relation- ship. in both demand equations were obscured by unknown . quantities of ntoct ot the buyer and use: levoln and the oligopsoniatic naturo of the incuatry. with this inherent weakness, the domanfi for copper- mint oil was inelastic and the dcnanfl for spearmint oil was slightly elastic (computed at the mean voluoa of othor variables). Both the supply equations for pepycrmint uni accur— mint oil were inelastic. but the oign on the peppermint equation was negative indicating an identification problem. Altornativc formulations of the dcmcnc equationn using two other octimaticn procedures provoo loss fruitful can violated the basic ascumptionr suggested by an cligop- scnistic industry. ECQxGMIC RELfiTIOH$fiIEs In Tag 011. 0? Pmrrzmznr mm OIL 0;? 5?an 1h“: 1:73.2szg'12425 by Gail L. Cramer A T213513 Submittad to Michigan atata University in partial fulfillment of the reqniranenta for the degree of M:\..3TER CF SCIENCE Department of Agricultural Economics 1964 x t -. ‘4‘ 5y¢cial recognition is Gus Br. Lester V. fianfiatrcfimifi in: his eumfirvigian and gutdmnca flaring the ceuraa a? thlfi abggw. alma, no my fallow qrafiunee stuéenta much credit £5 L15 flax all tha hvlpful augggatlana anfi encourags?mnt. The author 13 grateful to Dr. Lawrence &. flags: aafi th: hfifartflflflt Q: figricuiturfil fisonomics for filfimnclal 8" £33 azanca and acilzties rravifiafl fat thia atufiy. In afflitiofi. sincnte agpreciatien and gratitude 13 OEfiffififiQQ to w? wife, "ctilyw, far proof ranéing, typing. m3 cailactinq Sflfle cf the 3531: data. Sier canstznt unfigr» atmqiifig an} encncragavawt has greatly ewbanamfl the fiufil a VIA 3-: a." r 1....”— - t. mm: (:22 «32212222215 c2132 72:2 2.2.; 1. IKETMDUmIrQQ Q...OOOUIOOOOOOOOOOOOOIOO00.90.... 1 THE Frablem $ett1nq 0.0.0.0....OOQDODOOO... 3 Thfl'DhJOCtSVQS Oto0.0.00000IQOOOOOOOOOOOiid ‘ Aaproach t0 the Study coo-ooo¢¢qooutooooooo g Dafinitiaflfl ocooooooovoou000.000.05.03‘00-0 ” 11. ”2'53 arr-2T mummy 12: 12122 UNITED 221.1333 ........ 7 Cultural Raquirementa ooooaoooocoooooooouoo 7 Histary Of flint Culture 00.0.00000000900000 9 Mint 011 Frafiuction in Michigan ...........11 31303933 ac.oooooocoiuooocnooooooaocoon... 14 Current Research on Verticillum Wilt ..... 15 D33? Flowing OOOOOOOOOIUOOOOO000.090.. ‘2 $011 fiumiqation ore-cocooouooooooooooc 17 Disses; Resistant Varieties .......... 13 0:11un Charactexifitics Of Mint oogqooogggg 2') Types of Peppermint and fipearmint Oil .... 23 Pep-pemzints Acreage, Yiald and PTQQUCtiofl 00.00.00...0.00.00.00.0000009 25 Spearmint: Acreaga. Yield and Fr°dUCt1°n someone...«cocoa-00.000toooto 3 Fraiicticm Equations for Prefixwtion ...... ‘2 III. WORL3 ?RGBUCTICH, TRADE, A30 fiOVEMEfiT 0? PLFPLR'ilfi’F £533.) Oi’31424:1?‘:rr OIL .g............. ‘33 United fitntee Experts of Papnennint Oil .. 43 Unitofl fitatea Exncrts 0f Spearnint 011 o.. 47 Annlvfiis Of Exfiortfi ctpcotoooouooocoooooot 53 Imports 0: Pepnarminb 011 inta the United Stataa 0.009....oooououoooaoooooo 53 IV. afifiL’3IS 0? MIHT GIL PRSDUCTICH CQéTi 9000.000 53 Implications of High 21323 Coat .......... 39 v. 2222.2 222‘? Swamp. .2123. 2‘- aicr-m :2 51223212252}, .22: 22 2302213251213 2.22 0 2022322222 ma-zumxwrm-a . . . . . . . . . . . e4 Consumptian of Fepparmint Oil in Domeatic and Foreign Karketa ........... 71 fipecial World War 11 Canditiona .......... 74 Fticefl oooooooooooooooooocoo-090.900..coo. 75 131 C‘s-HQTER Page: V’I. DEE’EA 3D MID SUP?LY Us? 9%:ng 01L ‘j............... 83 Th“ Statistical EOdOI coo-0.000000000000000 85 Th“ Economic H0631 ounce-ocuooo-coooooovaoo $7 EStmatfl Domand EQUfltionfi .0.l........ 33 Estimated SUFFIY Equaticns acocoootooo. 91 Alternative Fonnulationa of amand Equations COUOOInOOooobotOO¢QIIOOO00.0.00 93 yirst Alternativo~fiodal coo-ooooouootoo 93 Second alternative fiodal oo..bbobbvvnao 95 #91:. SUI-fi‘tfim Aé‘ia) 03:353LU3IGT‘IS .g....gfi.........¢bg‘.. 93 REFEHDIX otoosoooooo¢¢¢o¢ooonooou0000009000.coon-00.00010” BIBLIOGRfiEHY 000.000cocoa-000000..oocuooaoooocoooooogo 137 1v m ‘ ‘ ‘w? it; (,9 n; 6*“ ~15 :1! N t.) in) :1) 14 MN H 5-1 PH .-' 74' +4 w" 1'.) 5;. I!“ 1...! .151 In.) ‘Q 53 33 i) U"! 9) 53 Ad .‘ 1' “J L 3 .fi'I‘ Ci}? T351. 5.; '5; «:cs m31ta of orlnx tests at tur“" tnivar91ty.... Latte"? 5551;115:3639 11"“..701‘913 cooouoonouooococoa-coo... Runqa cf rricfis n5 h¢nnrrn1~t Q11 in t% Unité-k 3'11”? 5'15"“ coco-ouo-OQOoacoo-0.0.0.0090 £33: at mint ptm‘mcticu, -idwest ragicr, mflinv n, 1H63 ...aooo-oo-0-01-0""""”" Coat of wine ”ro«uvti“n, uniW-ulfl “P“ -o m...’3h1fl 1:051. 133$ ooooooooto..¢oooo0.00.000. :wct cf mint rtniuctian u9;£ arson gauntv C2939“. 1953 l0....00....OOIOCIOOOCOIOO.... Italian ut1111at193 cf nnbrfirfiint Oil in 1154..o Ltilization of Unttefi Stataa pepperntnt 011. 1Q47 ...o...o...o'cocoaoon009.000.00.000... Rantrictimns on uaa cf perfierntmt 011 ..o..-o... “nflthlv V%P19%*19 firicag cf rfifina"*i“? 011 ..... 1:63P“ 21171.1nt 8"‘1’9fi’fl3 bY £¥t3t"5. 1".) 5:“ ”-1.433 0.00.0.0» ram-tr {fit 5101‘!) .c‘l'? :5" fitdti’hfl’, 1?. '3" {7:409:13 000.co- rrnnwr 1n? *r9”nfltifin by state... 1??S~1?53 o... Eehzmrnint prnfiuctian by fitfit@1,10?fi~1993 .... hywenttc nu“T1V of fifipfiernint oil. I”??-1933 .. Earmarvtnt far 011, cemm3tc191 star, United htfitfifi. 1929*1953 oooooonoconoooocoooaaooo .~.§_ €33!""1"3t acrewna 79)? states, 19331.1":55‘33 .0000... araarmint 3c233"¢ bV stnuan. 1933‘1933 0-°."-° syearnint nroflw~tien P? fit-tG-o 19’51033 --"' fiawarwint Prfi-“uc’ififi bV states, 15:‘*1 n. so... wamfigtic nub-1v as snfiarmi.nt 011. It'Hv-vl"a ~ .e. inauxmlnt fmr 011 cmwmer-c 131 (tar, lfififi—130?.. flfiitei atmtes evr.¢ rtw afid 1w$9rts cf mint 01163; 1323-11.... oooOooo-ooooOooooo.0.00000 initqfi atates axfimrtfi 0E pmhyeraint EV Cfi‘tifiMt, 1.9‘17-15‘3‘32 000.coo00000000000000 fifiltefi Jtatas eynmrtfl af spaarnint by ”fltifim?t. 1’147’13112 .oooooooOoooooooaOoco impulmtion characterifitica 9f ths Unitefi Stataa an of July 1 (in numbers), 1941-19332 ICOIOOOO‘OOOOOQIGOCOOGOCOOOOICCC finite} htatea Imnnrta a! parpfirwint 011 b? C-‘Qllfitm. 1')‘;;"lq’;‘2 OOOOOOOOOCOODOOOIOOO0.0 c.~nsg gaturnn per acra Ear fiifit 011 fig ntate, 1947*13é? goooooooooo0.0.00.0000600 ..-.3 *4 -‘)1_,~$ " riw-W ax) 3...; wk wwwwwww wwww:w -.., q A."- H wyydédfuimgd ‘1‘ Lb) O" P" . {-4 ‘3 .a‘; FIQGRE LIST OF FIGURES United States acreage of pargermlnt by region. 193$1953 0.0.ooogoouooa¢oooauou¢ooou United states yield of papéi ermint 011 90: acre b? Stags. 1935‘63 ooocuooooocoooootsooofi United States praductian of peppermint oil by region. 1935‘53 out...nvooooouooco-OOooooo United States acreag. of Ipaarmint 011 hy ”tag“: 1935*53 00.0.0.0.oono¢o¢otcooavo¢o¢ooo United Statue yield of apenrmint 011 per acra by atatco 1935’53 ctooooooowoooooooooooo United statan pmoductxon of speazmint 011 by state@. 1935*53 0.0.0.0000-00000.00.000.00 United 5tates exports of peppetmint ctl by cantinant, 1947-62 .0000...oiOOG¢OOOOOOOQOOOC United Statue exnorto at spearmint 011 by * cantinent. 1947‘52 one.oooooooooooooalooooooo Profit maximization in two mutn ucHELwaaoa mo mmmmaom mmumum umpwco "a onsmwm mama» . om mm on m: 0: mm. _ 4 . _ _ . _ 1 ooo.m amuse“: . a ooo.oa xx //,\\ // I . n ooo.ma 1 ooo.oa / x) a 25.3 uwvz ’ , \ , ‘ ,, 1 ooo,om ,\ , nag»: mmummma .wumum ma 090m Lma Hmo unwepoaaoa mo vamfix mmumHm wouwcb "m mpswwh mama» 0.0 mm on L3 9. mm q d _ d 1 _ \I-III \\|) \V \ \s/ \\ /II \III .\ \\ It s I \\ / s al|\ I us (\\ /I\ '(Ivaoa\ . \ I \ /‘ \ ok I/ s \ \\l s 3/ \ x/ \\ cmma ca , s I /.g cm \/ \ /\ 4 \ / J. . 2) .xx‘ \. 1, wand c \ /..v W\:\\ panacea“: acuwcwnmm: /// \ OH on on 0: on on on whom hon .mnq 29 611.12.: 3 fertiltaer in needed.to maintain normal growth. but as yet 3011 scientutu know that a certain want 0: littla is known about tho oxact application to get Optimum results. It 1. Known. unwaver. that thn tertilizad zlalda do get the butter yield-- In recast you“. field: at Washington pcppcmtnt ranged betvton 60 and 87 pounds per ICIO. but fluctuated «1:3er depending on the at“ and specific growing conditions. Yield. ot=orogon pltnts havo ranged hctwncn 39 and 71 pounfls 90: act. zinc. 1953 and thu trend 1: upward. Becausa actongo has remained relatively stablo and there havo boon increase- in yield. on tha What Chant, Unitad Staten production has incroaned 252 parcnnt txom.1947. (Soc figurl 3.;3390 30.) Froduction in tho that has grown trmmdoualy «in. Midwest mint on. production but been alouly dulntahtng. Spearmint: Acreage. 11:16, and Production Spearmint 1.: produced commercially in Michigan, Indiana, and Washington. _.._ .‘h A A _ WV—vv— ‘— v_ v. 123111.. um. “Poppcmtnt and Spearmint Frmctlmfl Eggfi'm 3g nganz, Vol. 14. No. 4: 2f30~2€35. Octobab-Decorn‘oer. 9.0%). 13mth. J.!'. 'quross Retort to: Peppermint Research for Year: 1949-1952.‘ Michigan State University, Unpublished. undatofi. mmsmmma .:0mmoa >n Hmo ucwspmaawa mo camuozwoaa mmumum vapwcb "m «gamma mama» om mm on m: 0: mm _ _ _ d _ umm? H‘ IIIMWLF\IIII\IIJ/ .\II / \\\\ 2 I It (.2 xx \ z \ \ l /< x / Hm03 com ooo.a oom.~ ooo.~ oomqu .mAH mo mvcmmnonh 31 Botcre fibrld War II. all spenrmint was grown in the Midwest. but now Scotirh spenrmint in cultivatcd extensively in Washington. particularly in the Yakima Valley. Since 1935. total ncrcagc o: spearnint has fluctu- ated mcrc than peppermint acrongc. There were 14,300 acrcs harvested in 1947 compared witn 21.100 acres in 1962. A big drop in acreage cum. between 1962 and 1963 when United States acreage declined 42.2 percent to 12.203 acres. This was due to declining prices received by growers which. in turn. resulted from largc invcntorics existing since 1960. As shown by figure 4. page 32. acreage of cpoarmint has varied greatly in all thrcc producing states. The Mid- wcat accounted for all 22.200 acres or spearmint in 1943, but in 1963. because of it: introduction in Washington. the Midwest cupportod only 6,200 acres or a little over 50 pnrcent of the total Ipcarmint acreage. Yield per acre of apenrmint 011 is also much lower in the Midwest thanon the west Ccact. Since 1952. the yield per acre in the Midwcct ranged between 24 and 40 pounds per acre. similar to peppermint yields. fipenrmint yields in Washingtcn have ranged between 70 and 100 pounds per acre. much above peppermint yields. (See figure 5, page 33.) Lower averagc peppermint yields in the older area along the Columbia River caused the ditzerence in Wachington's average yields per acre of peppermint and cpearmint oils. Because of the high yields per acrc in Washington, washington growers produced 72.6 percent of the United mmnmmmfl .muMum mp Hwo ucMEpmoam mo owmopom monoum nouwc: u: opswwm manor ow mm on m: 0: mm All . . _ d d _ o J ooo a n ooo.: ooo.w l n ooo.m 1 ooo.ca I ooo.«a moummma .oumum >9 whom pom Ago ow mm on .323: \\\l ‘91 \s 1/ .. III \s I; s /I l \\ II N I! III ..I/ \ In .. I3IOI.II .... co! to... ss [(5 (/1 N58,: . < . 1a 3 - couwcanmm3 u¢mEpmoam mo oaomh moumum 9mm» m: goods: 03 um opowmu mm ca 06 on o 0: cm mmummma .woumum an HMO ucMEpmoom mo cofiuosooaa moumum voumc: no onswwu two» on mm on m: o: mm . _ d. _ _ . x . .:.2- -::..a $.25 ., \ ........... .,/. ...... II;\ a: [14’ \ 3“. \II. N. m. “gnu / a. .x.:.. m 1 wa\‘ xx x. \ com \\\II\ /o.. \ 1 co: \ . / \ w 1 com / \ . , \ 1 com , \ m : coo.” « . . .mnd mo 4 mocmmsonk 35 Estates supply of apoaraint oil in 93:63. This percentage has remained relatively constant in the laat 3 to 4 years. (sea figure 6. page 34.) annual: variety yielda more pounds per acre than the native varioty. Morning to a survey in 19:50. 93 parcmt of! tho spamint grow in the: Yakima Valley in or. Sectish variety)“ mm to tho low yiold per acre of native oil. a praniun tron $. so to $1.00 per pound in paid for this variety at the i'nm level. Roughly 30 parcont of Indiana's acreage is native spearmint and in Midhigan. unproximateiy as percant is {festive oil. The reason for the greater amunt of natives oil prcci‘ucod in the Midwest area in that it in more wilt disc-am reactant than either pomarmint or Smtish constraint. Profiiction Equations for P-rofluction One of tho many uses of historical data it that of predicting tho future. Many producers probably almarly ago a tedmiquo based on historical data to estimate. production. Tho buyers of mint all must also have a technique to deter- mina anticipatad production. Using a statiatical procnduro called. “multinle ragrossion.“ relevant economic variables can be taken into account to predict future prmluction. In interpreting the tonal” o: the equations which follow. one must remember mat W Igfiamthar. 32;”: "The Spammint Gil Industry in wanhington State.“ Enrizrtan: ”a” '93-“. (“i l FEM-6rd Hovmber 1951. __.__- A. A A A; 4 _—— A M 36 the! results are only as talcum“: as flue modal. If the fitmcture at than inductry changes in the future, the" «ammo-ms can be very misleading. This is came-151157 tma when trend variables are included in eatimatinq martian“ In aquatim 1. $9 parcmt of the annual variatior's 13‘: Unitas 51:3th proawction o! wpmrmint ail is explained by dumqaa in trend. annual acreage, and the three year wing avaraqo of wmmint 011 (am pricofi. The values obtained from a multiplo rear-onion mflysin spyliod to the annual dicta tram 19‘? t6 1963 militate that an increase of one act. or peppermint in the; “United atnten will raault in 57.7 pounds march-a in tutti profhactim holding other var-ism“ cmctant. for a 1964 prefitiction. the estimated was of ail may be attained by inrertinq tho number 13 for X21 tho outimatod acreage. as praparod by the Statistical Reporting servica, mama" far 3-13: and tho threw year Ming average: of. the 0.3. average! fame price a: x‘. Thu three ycar moving average price to be awed in the 1954 prediction in calculatod with the 1965.4 grit-o as the last in the ratios of the throat years. Sinca theme figures are not availu‘olc until late in the year the contract price muid b9 and u a close approximatien. 33.1- tzmuvgh this manure or farm price may not be precise. it is we indicaticm of the amount of future production. Then tho multiplicrtion. addition. and ashtraction, as indicated baa-law, aha-nit: betperfomeé. Eguation is 2:1 I 35.67 + 57.09% 0 .0577x3 «- 134.3513 («.043) (3.43) (4.59) (~1.£67}' 'numbarr in parentheses arc t-Valuen where: 21 I United States productian or peppcrmint oil in thauaanda of pounds X2 3 Trend 194? C 1.1943 I 2. etc. x3 ~.acroaga of peppermint in thm United Statca x ‘ nth“: year moving average or the tunnel Unitad Stato- turn price (ass prcdiction ya: u the in: nu in the moving average) 2 a .85: Multiply by 100. ta abtain the gar» R cuntuqo a: total variation in proauction‘ explainad by the equation vagrant of freedom ' l3 Etandard arm: of the eatimato I 164. 55 all variablcs are statirtically uigniticant at the 95% leval using thn two tailed t-toat, cxccpt the three year moving average of tho-farm price at pepyermint oil. The trend variable is very important in this equation and takes into account the movanont at the: gamma» mint industry to the west Court, where wilt dinaaso is mat prevalent. what. there urn batter grbwing renditions. and where now todhnology both in distillation and cultural practicaa exiat. 38 fiinco carryover atoCKs are not published. the an. o: a thraa year moving average tarm prlca 1: an attempt to average out their influence on prices. This equation 13 for tha Unitefi Gtatel profluction as a whole. Many variablca'cannat ba:maazured and are 'afisumed to b. random. Profiuctxon equations cauld bu net up for a stat. or a qrawvr, but again it would ha 133: accuwata than for the antiro industry due to varying dogreaa at wilt fiisoaao. climatic conditlanc, and othe: varidblau excludai £13m thin simplitioa medal. The equation for citimating production of spearmint has a high correlatian coczficient,‘§2 u .9&. hithough the sign botwoon production and average farm price of spearmint is negative. the price variable 19 statistically significant only at the 50% significant level using the two tail t-taat 'with 13 degrees at freedom. zquation 2: XS I 335.45 + 23,523 + .053K6 ~ 34.66K 2 1 (-1.13) (4.96) (10.15) (-.32)* *tha numbers in patentheaaa are t values What's X5 - Unitad States profiuctian of spear- mint 011 in thnusanfis of pounds X I Trend 1947 H 1.1949 c 2, etc. x5 - Acraage of apearmint in the Unitafi States x, a Threw year moving average at the annual United atates farm price of 39 speamint oil. (use pxaflicticm year as the last year in the moving average) E2 u .92: Multiply by 100, to obtain tho per- cantargo of total variation in pmciucticm «explained by this equation. Degrees of from I 13 Standard arm: at the estimate I 83.33 The high coefficient, of determination does not i'rgply that tho variables ”plain the supply at npaaxmint nor am: it imply the significance or! structural coefficients. the high R: does, however. indicate that the past ptddictive value a: the equation in good. Chapter III World Profiuction. trade, and Movement of Rappormint and spearmint Gil .Littlc information has been publishefi on the warld prahcticn oi! peppamint and in. in known about speamint. ivailabla rezorancau aro«out at data. although coma inter- matiun was gathered tram private carrcaponéencc with dealers in mint 011. 5.3. Todd,Gompany outimatod that tho 1962 United status mint oil crap was between 63 and 80 percent or thm world production. including Heath; gzggggiglor'carnmint. They baliave the tiqurc ta bu closer to 50 percent than 65 percent. Cornmint, a turn used in the United states for .ggggggig, has a high menthol content. tnida of tha unitad state: it it indiacrimataly called pe?permint. tut it is an oil with very different Ilavar characteristics. Accoraing at foreign atrvico dispatcham tram agri~ cultural attaches, tho lateat Sigures available on foreign praéuctian of pepgcrmint oil arm as foliouazls lsbompilad by flatter, L.h., Chamicul and Rubber mivisimn, United States bepartment of Commerce. Foreign Servical Dispatches. 196%. 40 41 1939 - U.S.5.R. II 330,630 pounds 1341 - Argentina I 4,234 pounaa 1944 - Canada a 4,003 pounds 1941 - Bulgaria 8 29,933 pounds 1953 - France and Ectncco - 77,175 pounds 1951 onltaly'o between 22,630 and 45,360 pounds 1954 - 5pa1n I 2,263 pounds Those figurta, today, can be vary'mtslsafiinq. Racent carrespcndanca with Erneat Guenther inflicated that aulgartan peppermint 011 production runa‘batwcan.130 anfi 153 tans a year.16 Their production in 1963 was about 240,039 pcunés. The tataiqn nervico reportefl a protuction of 29,933 pounds. This show: over a 330 percent tncréaso in prcfiqctinm over a span at twentydtvo years. EDI. infatmation is Known about proiucinq arena. Accorétng to past record: in tho *u 4- . 4-?“ "m‘ If! . pcppcrmint has been planted at ono'timo or ancthar in many countricn 1n the worlfl. mecauso of the cultural requiranunto a! the crop, pogpoxmint in significant amounts in only grown 1n certaln part: of Europa tucluding Italy. again. Ukraine. Hungary, Bulgaria. England. France. Austria. and Rumanta and in tho United atates. ether countriel pin- fincinq peppoxmint oil arc Infiia. Morscco. Australia. Argentina, and Canada. M M m “A A. A _‘._._.. A “- ww w —— —-— V—w “.v ————————- 1Gauent‘her, Ernest. Personal Correspondence. 1954. 42 The only exyortero of pepgarmint oil of any real importanco in international traéo are the United statue, Italy. Morocco. and in past years. Russia. Russia in tacent yearn ban had 1itt1. cactus 011 becauna a: poor c209. and a large amend to: tho oil. within their cmmtty. other countxiao éo export Imall amounts, but they are flat cam- petitorl in the world untkat. Export. ariqinatinq tron Italy and monocco combinefl afiountnn to about 10.8 percent of thc‘vnitafi Statan oxpctta in 1931. Table 2. United Kingdom Imports (In fioundo). W Country'ot Origin 1959 1960 1061 France 91.955 66.693 37,653 Italy 40,503 35,965 44,313 United States 230.253 303.021 304.152 othaw foreign countries 7.146 15.210 20.349 Tbta1 419.862 417.839 406,954 A i A...‘ AA. - _...___ __ A.“ A A. A w ‘7‘ *— ~— “—._.— Sourcoa “The Traao a: the united Kingdom.‘ Custom. and Excite Department. Londan, England. fictional Correspcndance, 1964. when. import figures. can also be misleading bacause ggpaggga in flareign figures. Also, much W W is adulteratea outaiae mach cornmint is counted an Earth the United atates. Gil: or. adultarated with various oils such an carnmint, but in th. United Stats: this practice is fcrbidéan by law. 43 Italian peppcrmint oil obtaias a premium price in tha United Kingdam market because-it is of better quality than the Kennwicfic Oil that in ”(poi-tea tram the United atatcr. Table 3. Range of Pricaa of Pepgarmint 011 in the United Kingaom (Shilling. per pound). Gauntry'ot criqin 1939 1960 1981 waited statol 24-34 31-36 29u39 Italy 42.6-&3 48.93 ~60~65 Morocco 33-‘4 38-42 fiG—tz 2" 3h spearmint oil in producod in many turnpoan countries. Germany. Italy. Yuqcsiavia. and Japan and Russia grew area mint. but the majcr areas of prcéuction are the United Etatea and China. The United states is the only exporter of a circatlo amcunt of spearmint oil. China in part years has exportaé oil ta England.'but in 1953 to 1960. Shipwcmto beefing erratic and cannon altogsther in 1950.17 Unitcd 5tat¢s Exports of Peppermint In 1962. the United atatoa axyortad.50.7 percent of ita total porpernint 011 crop to 53 countries. There’aay M ##h mm A. _. —__.. 11011:. Elizabeth and Pope. R. “The Market for Fag-agar- mint. Arvanais. anfi fipearmint 6113 and Menthol.“ ngfigg:; {‘73 9“"9' 1952. M9“ 3347. 44 am more than 53 countries using United States pmducod pram:- mmt on. however, nines the United “mam re—ermrtl we!» of the 011 1r imports. statistics on ra-axports are not available. 011 at powermlnt continues to be popular and the foreign damana tor ch. flavor is grcwtnq rapidly. .wc .cosmtry outatde the United mates. however, 13 reported as being salt-sufficime 1n the production of peppermint oil. In 1936. tho mired Staten exported 386,900 pounfia of pwmint 011 @1113! clubllahad . record. Tho Unitafl king-than. the larger: mama. took: 59 percent. of the organs. rive mutt-1.; demanding 33 parent of. these experts were Germany, Canada. Australia. Netharlmds, and France.13 Comparing United states exports in 1935 to Omar-ta in mm. suggests that the composition of importing countries has changad only slightly. In 1962, the largest consumer was again the United Kingdom which purcmaaad 27.2 pare-mt. of the export. £611.0de by France, West Germany, Hanan. Japan. tuna-marinas. Canada, and Australia. fiaxico and Japan have graatly increased imports and: the flavor u gaining popularity in the African countries. (.3349 figure 7, pang. 45.) Figure 7 show: the United Rama magmatic at peppermint on awamarizod by continanta. ‘ with the increasing maul. arity of the pmammt flavor, United Stator amt-to increased 265 99:69:31: betwwn . H. {May 1937. - us - no-5:ma .uconfiucoo 5a 900» am am om mm m hm mm momfiog Hmnucmo m HMO ucwenmaama mo mupoaxw mouwum vmumca "b opswwm ooa co: com com mowhme< ooo.~ .mnd mo mvcmmsoza 46 1947 and 1962. I! this export trend continues. \mic‘n mrt fiaalara beliava it will. acreage of mint will expand in tho naar future. This in porribl. in both Washington and (tr-agar; no there arc thousand: of irrigatofl acres of land that 19 free at wilt diaaaae on uhidh to orpand production. Thara acres are now'plantod to other earn raw craps. The tun major txporting companies in the United states are I.P. Callicona and acne. Inc. or Chehalia, Washington and tho A.H. Todd Company o£.Kalamazoc. Michigan. Thara campanioa have attire. and representatives in all major importing cauntricn. These raptorantativoo find carhmmars and get a 2 to 5 percent cummirnion on aaior. Ewen exmrt the oil directly to the customer. Most of: the mint ail is arportod tram now‘York. since tho tin. advant- age is apparmtly worth tho aspen” in shipping the oil in ' méensod tom rerun tho muted autos item the Pacific Earthwest. Both the Port 0: Sushi. and the port of Portland are urea. but my time. it tax" m or three m. longer ta get to tho importing cauntry fine to the smaller volume of atrwr 9006: shippad from theso ports. Fiat oil is normally shipped 9.0.3. at tho port of flayarture. Foreign price: of mint ail inclufle-pricoeof ths drum, freight. and clearing the shipment which normally carts about 10 cents per pound. 47 United States Exports of Spearmint Oil Spearmint use is relatively new compared to pepperv mint. World demand for spearmfin: oil was aloe in daveloying. ht ptmeant, howevat. exports of spearmint oil are grawinq rapidly. In 1962. the United States exported 445,800 pounca compared with 59,690 pounds in 1947. A small amount of other mint all (probably 3‘; may be included in the reported spearmint all exports. The year 1962 «as tho largest year for spcarmint ex~ porta. '(sec figure 8. pago 43} The United 5tates shipgad 154,183 pounds to the United Kingdom: 33,139 pounds to France: 30,059 pounds to Canada: and 27,448 pounéa to Neaico. Thit can be computed to 1941 exports when the waited Kingdom puzdhasod 5,225 pounds, Franco 2.131 pounis, flurtralia 9.107 pounaa, Canada 23,835 pounds. and Maxie? 5.3%? pounds. A. aha can see, tastas and profetances hava changed radically in Euroyo with the intro£uction at spear- mint flavored chewing gum and toothpaste. In 1953, cxporto or spearmint oil amounted to 53.6 percent of the United atatea crap compared with 39.7 per- cent of the cr0p in 1962. glthouqh tha percentage of the crap asported in 1962 is smaller in percentage terms than that exported in 1953, in abnolute terms, exports inczansed 172,900 pounds from 1953 to 1962. wou53ma .ucocmpcoo ua Hwo unmenmwam mo muuoaxo muumum gunman "a «human am am om mm mm hm mm \ mm two» :m mm am An momnmc cmmnwgmo m 3295 Amnucoo m mowaue< .m on a: muwtoe< m: ‘5: .z \, can com com 00: .mna mo mvammsoca Y ‘ u 2." .. p. cénaLyE‘Llfi {if aififi'rtS icanawzc unwary 13 an 11,-rta.t toal la ;:1;?l“~ ha evfflzts of Lint all. Sinaa t”? QULlltiat of :Lfigvrwimfi Lil eaifit. cam mainly tar mewfi ic cfinsuflgt lan ans? the C?‘Ca 6L: furLign canaimptimn (with an excnjtimn LLLng in tha CLnfiy iniuaaxy). buyerg can practica price fiincriminfiticn ta 1%. trcaLL thai: natal revenuL. This 13 yagsl‘la Le; nufie the tLL warkLts can LL sayfiratLL. The Lamanfi for petrerLint ail on tha LLLLLLLC warnqt 1a byyfitheaimafl to be very inelasLlc, far reathL to be fin» Q i... :5“! L? .L2 in the newt chaytar, .nd the dawané far “702.9 t3 3: flflffl elastic 5&3 to the rzrics CF”LCiOu §fi0fi$ a: farcififi Li the a“. va asP‘Yfiifi holfis. Qfifl Lani} Lxract LLL {L12 *Mng twlatinnthp to LLLLLI 1 ' n L {fiaraign warket) 1:- L‘- —-- —... —-—-._ _.F 1 I i l D (Lamaztic ‘ Larket} n 2 l S V . _ - M21 342 Jifure a; frofllt mLxLLlratimn in two markLt.a. SJ fha figure in madc.by sugarimposing the damand in the exact: maruat on the demand in the domast1c~matkot utter tarntnq the demand curve for exports by 130 degrees. Total quantity of mint all available for sale auxin; tha marketing year 13 as». A: price 0?. tbs quantity taken in tho damectia'markcfi 1::005 and tho quant1ty taken in the foreign markat in 8%: leaving a surplus at mint 011 amounting tn $102. It'tha'buycra discriminated. which they do with Keanew1CK peppermint all. chu‘buyor could 3.11 can on tha Meant: market at a prtco of or and can {:19 m the amt: market at a pricotof 3319 thatoby clearing tho market uni imflraasing total ruvanues. The prico~0P and LP to set by 1 equalizing the marginal revenue ln‘both markets. This éiacrimination will work as long an tha price in tho capOtt market 18 not lcwgz than the domostic prica by an Lacuna sufficient to cover tranaportation charges an& import duties of 253 on 90053 imported back into the UnitLd LtLtoa. Another condition 19 that the price alazttcity of dLand in tho export market must be more tlaatic. This 13 LLLL ono would oxpect with eevaral ceuntxign telling on the Import. of Perpermint 011 int: the Unitea states Imports of peppermint 011 into the Snited Ltntea have haen small. In 1948, importa were 150 pounfla most of it being imparted from the Suited Kingdom. imports in 13%: 31 tatalod 901 pouan, most of 1: originating in Austria. Since there 13 a 25 percent duty on imports. few cssantial all! are importefl. Sumo of the imports are shipped to mint 011 dealers for analysis. but most firms use United Ltates 011. as shown in figure 10. page 52. import: from firgentina from 1957—1959 ranged batweon 11.023 and 794 pounfle. “15$. This 011 was Ranthg aggggytg and not Mentha a: bomb evar, this must not havu boon labeled correctly when imported into the waited Statan.19 1*- A lgwodd, w.A. Poraonal Corrospondenca, Jun. 1954. llil ‘1‘ \ KI U! In-I‘,-l~b ~m-m:oa .muaoaeH Ago pamepoaaoa moumuw auufica ”ca «Lama» .30» m: o mm Am mm hm mm 1 ooo.« t ooo.: ooo.o “l - sqz- l ooo.o .1 ooo.oa .mna a“ huwucmao 4/ L——— / cum-T 3. A II Analysis 0! Min: 011 ?rofiuction COLts Hant investment in mint oil production include giant and oquigmsnt. The capital needefl to purchase the necessary distilling plant. trucks, tractors, tanks, and atth equiymant to: a modern. efficient huniaass can among: to $20,936 to $30,030 in Southwestern Lambington, fiepenfiing 20 This cost can be xefiucad it on the size of Operation. second hand equipment in purchasefi. In tho Midwest where many growers are leaving the inaustry, parts of Lia- tiileries can be purchased at great savings. However, new equipment ta modernize a typical stationary two-tub still in indiana at 1952 price: cost. from $5, $03 to 36. 5-33.21 Praduction studies show costs vary greatly butwean farms in the same area and between tapas in the western and Lifiwestern regions. halker, A.L. hawunvwirt fil :rc’xrtijj,1*_:g 2:13 -~ ' q ~ Ofl, Hashing ton “utate n :xicuituxal maperi;ant Station Lircuiar 253, ~.ay 1954 paga 11. zlfirean, Ralph J. rift fa ~13}, Agricultural Research Service, U.3.D.A. in cmoperation with iuriue iWniv raity agricuiturai Experiment Ltation, Lgriculture Infoxmaticn Bulletin No. 212, page 23. 53 54 Labor accounts for the largeat cost. This in espacially so for weeding which represents the largest pntticn of thn labor needefl to assure good quality mint. The following production cost atufiins give mane infiication of prcduction costs and returns to anLgeant in both regions. Table 4. Cost 0! flint Froéuction Liawest Region. indigna, 1963. W Cost per act. M A Lahar and Pachinaxy $ 90 to $193 Lani nnfl Improvements 25 to 3) fiertilizar 33 to 4D Ltolonn or plants 15 to 23 Chemicals 10 to 12 Mitcellaneoua Overhead 6 to 13 Tctal cont per acre first year $176 to $212 Minus ctolona or plants 15 to 20 Total cost for succeeding yearn Slél to $192 Bourcna ‘Groon. Reign J. Ping Eggmgng, Op. cit. A similar stufiy in 1951 owtimated Inéiana costs per acre betwean $175 and $225 incluainq tha cost of lana, atalone. fertilizers. pasticides. lLbor. and equigment costs taquirod to plant. cultivate, weefl, harveat. and Lifitill the crap.22 A... A _._A‘__.___4_ LL“ —- w w 211333“. Ralph J. Facific Earthwont Region Table 5. Cost of Mint Productlan Columbia Easln. flashington, 1955. W lot yr. 2nd to 5th yr. Lana preparations Flow 3 4.09 3 ~0- Dilc and harraw 1.90 ~0- Ditching 6.00 .9- Fertiliaerc N~163 poundn 30.00 33.00 application 4.33 4.00 5:001:81 50.00 '0‘ Fighting: 1 2. 53 .0- Irrigation: Labor 6.25 6.25 water and electricity 7.21 7.21 Cultivation 18.00 24.90 Heed Contro1 20.00 25.00 Insect and direct. control -O- 4.73 Harvesting cont. 51.00 63.09 Lam? ”.00 ”.00 Tatni Coot por Acre $239.96 $199.16 source. waderal econorativc Extension Servico. Pullman. ‘Waahinqton. *Eatimatad at $600 per acre. capitalized at 5 percent. Average total coat per acre in the 9gcific Lorthwast it between $224 and $240 per acre for first year mint and betwaen 1133 and $199 for 2 to 5 yLLr mint: as camparod with $175 and $225 for raw'mint in tha.miaweat and betweLn $1G1 and $182 for meadow mint 2 to 5 years old. La an example of returns to Operators for peppermint oil. the average yiald for the filéweat for the period 1357 K Q3 0" Table 6. Cost of Mxnt Production Jeffaraon County, Oregan. 1959*. W 1.: yr. 2?“: to 5th yr. Land Preparation: Flow, Digc. fiarrow S 6.45 s ~0- Fertilizer: 5-130 pounds 23.00 23.00 apglication 2.90 2.90 Roots 25.00 -0- rlanting 12.53 «0- Irrigation: Lube: 20.50 23.53 hats: and olectrictty 5.00 .5.00 Cultivation 6.23 9.83 Hend.Conttol 23.00 23.00 Earvaating Costs 63.89 63.00 Lanéfi* 33.03 33.00 Total Cost per $cro $223.65 $183.33 *- w ‘— Sourceu Fodaral Cooperative Extension Service, Jofteraon County. Oregon. ' Chats based on cultom rates. *‘astimatod at $EGO per acre, capitalized at 5 percent. to 1961 was 32 gaund: par next and the average price per pound was $6.20 over the name periofi. Hultiplying yielfi tlmas the prtca be: pauad gave a gross return to Hiflwnat qrawera of $193.40. kith yraduction coats betwean $161 anfi 3112. this loaves a return to the Operator of betwefln $5.43 énfl $37.40 per acre. - I Making similar afilculationa for “eat Coafit peppernmnt grnwero with an avet3ge yield of 69 pounds per acre and an average price of $3.87 per pound, the average grass return per acre in $257.03. Since profluctien costs average betwefin 3133.33 and $199.16. the average net return per acre was 57 {ran $57.$7 to $33.73. A 1953 study suggested that greater: must have tram. $50 to $75 net return for managemnt ta make peppermint £55331“? e sauna venture.23 In the long run unzier perfect mpetltlon. no emcee: profits exiet. therefore this return is far manegmmt. and risk and uncertalnty. The net ret- 2m 1: much larger on the Wear. Coast thus emlemlng . in part. the reason for the rapid (acre-ace ln acreage in the Pacific Horthwet and the slow decline 1:: acreage in the gal-West. another can.“ or the elm: decline in acreage in the Kismet he: been the high filled to variable cent- 1n mint oil production. ' The fixed assets in mint productlcn have a low salvage value which keeps growers in the lnd—‘mstry at saenlngly ungmfitable levels. another lazfiication of returns to growers in show hy figure ll. page .53. Green returns per acre have been larger on the Went Gout than they have been ln the Midwest. but the gap 1‘. cloelnq. The larger yield per acre on the ”2:“?th coast he: been the primary reason for the larger grams returns per acre than in the maven. In the Mimolt. speermlnt oil net return. are least per acre than pemmlnt net returns. Thu 1.: due to lower yleme and a lower price per pound. FroMctlon costs, __’A_ AA _A “‘4 W __ ———— ——._v w w—v —. 23i3reen. nalrh. flint rs.» xv. was, Agrlcmlture Intomztlcn fiullatln 2:0. 212, Agrtlmltlral Razadrch service. 8.5.0.19... page 2.20.1964. mmnhzma .mumum ma HMO newspoaaom 509m whom non manspmn mmOpo "Au «tawwh hum» mm .3 mm 3 mm an an m: h: _ _ _ _ . _ . _ quJ o \\\./I" \l' \\/I II- OOH / .||I\\ \ .. - / \\\ I I..|\ / II‘ I/ \\- /..sa|. . \I. \\ // ./ \\ \ ~\/ I / cmmwnomz \\\\\ \\ // » s \\ I / aaal‘\‘\ ‘ \ I \/ s / \ \ \ . / . . \ \\ \..u\/. t \ \ \ ...... / /I \ \\\/ K I I. CON mgflm l\\\ H. . ) \ \ s. / /\ \ .hsoo/ .alu- . u \ . . _\ . ./ 5ch M3 .. . \n/ .. . \\| .. . I; .2. I. \\ / x. N‘. J? \ .. x/ \.I . .t x / .x. a .s. \\ z x . \ a x \x a x / 555533... .V / ,. .\ / \ . .. \ x . / l . \I / ooo .\V I... .. ’ \s I; / / ’1 . \ g I. \s 9 I1 .// \ /\ . /.- \ .. .. x / com cl nio‘lvl . 0 ~ . I 0000 dam/upoI\\ /\\ \ - - ,. x / / . .. / .. o9. mpmaaov 59 hcwavcr. or. similar to production casts of peppermint ex- ccyt that disease free rootstock is nat necessary. Spearmint oil production in Washington shame an average gross return per acre of $317.13 calculating the stat way as for peppermint. Using the production cost figures for tho West Coant at between $193.30 and $199.16, this gives a not return of $117.97 to $133.83 per acre. This return t9 management caplainr the large increases in spearmint in Washington since 1952. Although there returns seem large at tho grosant. figure 12. page 60. shows that gross rcturno per acre have bean moving downward mine. the plantings in Washingtcn ware first established. The profitability of mint in the Midwest ihplica that cnly tho'mcra citicient producer. will remain in the induotry whilc the “averaqc‘ producer in farcod to find alternative craps. At prcccnt. the buycrr are using price incentives to keep part at the Midwest oil in user blunts. nut. thcy arc slowly being forced to usc more Oregon oil. There is little doubt that users will be forced to um. 31- moat all Western oil if present prices and production costs cantinuc and present yield rclationshipr hcld. Implications at High Fixed Costs Why dc Midwest growers remain in mint production even though they are not making a profitable rcturn on their mmubzma .oumuu zn HMO ucmsnmoam eonm atom non «cannon nmonu "ma opsmwm gnu» mm do am pm mm mm Hm m: a: d 4 _ — A _ fl _ fi 0 cmwmcowm l ooa acumvcH ) Illl \ , I can couwawcmmw \ z z I z 5/ . ./ \\ xx x/ 1 con \ ,\ x \\ .z/ // \ III III\ II/ I / I z x I. oo: / / \\ / \\. /\ npmaaou Ll fivfift”fint? Tc 33333: this cuccticn, . cc c: in ace ecmnmnic H thccry. n analyzing the quc3ticn, thcrc i3 3 333d to aqwic 33113 up a bacxgrcund of the influctry. An manticnec ccforc. the infiuctry .3. hcmvy £3333 cents in flictillinq cfiuigficnt. this 33313333 13 a $1333 53393 33 the-33211331 value rrciuct is greatar ttan thc 332.1313 pri 3, but 1 war that: t‘: :n a. cc';-113 itims c2213. 'gi‘Yaz-rcb- frrrc, thc grcw3r Reece his fiictillcry unit. In the 333th run, a prcfiuccr must 0333: his avwzage 33513313 c33t3 cr outmcfm scatt cost or 3:03 prcfiucticn. ‘0 logic behinfl this 3331:3333: is that tha (3:33:33 but"? 3: c0333 whethgr ha 3:333:33 mint ct nct. :n the lang run 3 rrcixccr 333t ccv3r hath fiXufl anfl variable cc3t3. Iu’ ~ £ 3373 flaw variah.c c3333 t3 cavar 333 thci r 13 .vcctrcnt 13 a {£333 csact. 33 an 3333913 cf £313 situation, the follcwiwr JCS Will illufi tf9¥3 thc preclcc 33133 333331 cast curvnc 33:53 333 caul3 cer-nct t3 33133 in a '“ctit vc c33-. .Vi-~..":::a.r:3 171'. 93:12:43 1? Jug": \‘ct‘ifi"' =16! L3 5.3391"? C5313?! A. ét-L‘i?:‘t’.s‘3c var}, fig: cart; :3“ i163. it. it" I. ”1.1, it 3:, f 1 rr' «a 52 In 3333 cnc. thc firm is in equilibrium at price f1. {ng3 Mg egg-Emit it? “In the fihfirt run, the: price cam cc}? '1 ‘wfl . £311 a 3hcrt flictsncc tn P 333 that is the lcwac cricc the 2 4 ‘- $133 will tamwomp HMO pCMEpoaamm mo wowua 59mm Hmsccm mwumum kumc: “ma whammh amo» mm on 3 _ . m.” om — A _ 4 l N ...\.uupl..l.../ \\ \\’ll.l..o .....\\ I. N \V\ I'I‘YA‘I\ » ... ... .a. m ... x. N. I n .... ... ,. k ‘ or .. ... . q... .... .b. . Mb s o. .. .\ o .. o .. ~ ~- .. o o . ‘ g .. . o. .. . M. \. ... .... \/ .. ... .. ...s r N o. \ oo- .. on. .5. N \ / .0 o. on N . 3 us. coo . o n. ’\ ll .. \ ... N" .. . .. \ .. x ‘ couwcmnmmx ....... . comoho ..I. II... >./ \V\ /, \ I, / .\ /....... ...\.. \\r \x > / _ \ , ( /..... l \ 528.3: ll .3: 92. \ mandaov 253:; III I I \ cmmwnowz - .luolul as "D a agavfiidwaet to encourage exp&naion at acraago in ordar to obtain enough 011 ta keep the ass: blenfia fairly conaiat‘ amt. Accorfiing ta one buyer, the inconaiatancy in the iaaz’nimrtan price menu}: in 19%). was due to tho attempt ta «sq-mud acreage in Oregon by Mléing the: prica relativaly high. Central Washington growers that. «50 not. contract their oil aaaumed that a price of $1.09 less per paund than Oregan prifiea wculd b. paid as had baen dons in past years. ?hey incraaaed acreago'by 2.200 acrea no buyers offered them an ewen lower price than the cuatemary prica airfarenttal uauld hare £ndicatafi. agennminh’otl prices have fluctuated more widely than have yaygetmint prices. mowavar, again chm price at the two variatiea a: apaarnint 011 are averugad bogethex in the annual average stat. ptico received by tarmars. The price at 5:2arm1nt oil 13 normally'balaw that at pegpermint 011. Mt, that put- movements of? both oils seam to ma 31m31~ tmnamufily in the lama direction (except for the patina wince 1957). Spearmint prices in H1Chigan and In iana almost 6019* cifla «very year with Michigan prices. in recent yaara. kalau Infliana price”. (As shown in yigure 17. paga 61} An mamtionafl hefare, buyers Bay that fiattva variaty‘tringa a premzum from 3.50 to $1.00 per paund over Scutiah 011. hidhigan profiuces mudh more Native variety than Indiana, moommma .mpmspmm mp cm>wwomg HMO u:«Epmoam mo mmompm Epmm Hmsccm mmumum cmuwc: "5H mpswwm 900» cm mm on m: 0: mm ‘ _ . _ 1‘ A _ u\olo--.II ‘\ s ‘ .. « Gopmfigmwz N‘s , m I n . % a:..xzm ‘ a.” Q I 3 ... .o w .l m QDH .HOQ ”QMHHOQ 1111:. “um-92m 31:19:19 221292911713 3w 13.299129 :39 1112: 291192.31. £13.19 e":.:.".‘- 29.1.9 ml}. 11:19? 1:91:11 911 19.999932151129219 1391:1119 3.3.9 99119 129.9- 5.13.12}. 312.211.9999, 911 911 {2'1999 1:3 .‘ 11"....19 9.92:3 3:11....21999 3.19179 93.919299} 9 911.321: 9:919:13 1:39:19 91999 1332:, 1:91:19 99:23.“- Vt: I E: :5 9*: 911 3:11:99 1.21 31993.19 99919139 9991;199:121 to {’3 9212. 1199 919.99 I: 9.9 £3.29: (1212912919193. 1319-11192 9 19 13357.2. ’52‘3 99219121 25,911.13 9919 of 1199 19191: {1.1199 1991:1911 9131999119: 1:" 911 19:91:11. M siubiqm. 31m gm, «11,99 13.23.721.75) 9:12.39 (Eiffel-999191 '3. 1:13er prices 299911291". 1172; 9119mm 19 15992119233999 192.1. 1119 “1.2"?- 1221-22—1- 1:: #99911: 119919 19 {3192:191' than 992191;? (21:29:99999 992:! 1.199939119129199 c3199. T1119 2511199 (Eifi‘m'mtial may than 11::9131 391‘ 19.9319 the 21911199. structure in 1:119 191.991}. 1.1999 3:22.199 1112919991915 9:) not 199199129 9 111915-9219 99.1929: 3911: 99 99199319 at 91979191119111.2921 1‘9: 1293919. 911.211 929 992.1: 9:." .9 9.17.911: 91’ 319 “19-11;..11‘ 113.2 9:." :19 1:12;.1111231 19 "w'ars. Pmfiuctism mat at 123.1129 (91199129.: 1:?) 1.9192991! 1:99 91:991999 a ”9.2.-..111'9 9:31:19 1991:9191! to 11119 3941114: 139393199912, 19 9:25.99 91’ the 191! 1131999 292191993: 3.2.5; Chapter VI Banana and fiumly at 33m: $11 355333 far pamemtnt on and await-333131: on an very 1:1~-::3t3:‘3. Consargumtly, by tha ouch' 3331mm am flamring 37:33:33. they should mum: Mira?! narshadl'a four princigslen 9.333333133313131 the alarmed elasticity of: demand. Marshall” rriqg‘glaa state that the aerivad Genand :0: an] factor Ofl gtxszfmctim will he more inelastic, (1) the mu easantlal the 13:33:32.:32, (2) the more 131314333331: the (2:33.333 carve 1563: the final yrs-73:13:23. (3) tha smaller the fractim of! the tam}. (333% that. met! 13113.23 film factor and (4) the more inelastic €33.33: 33.391313? mmo at the Other {5333933113.355 In the anaemia We: there in no immrtsnt wfimtitma 13:33: quality mint 011 at a relevant range of mama: 53:13:33. 7.134333 are not}: synthetic pagtgmmint and swarmint one 3323. ‘1‘“ 11:0ch n9 practical importance 236363531335 of! (331331.: 132- ”-3313: (1333113337. The poor quality a: sxmthettc mint oil 33:33:23,333 it 13:31:03 3313319 £33: 3.130 in flamring chewing: 3:33 or 3".) t5?» 3’35 337‘ 123:;9. \ __. A... 1: 1:5 ,flzhrghall. *klfraj. .' {9153?913'362 .(WfirhfiwtanQ. E ”With 33‘. 3531:1033. the Familiar: mzyaww, :ew 3.33:3... 3.343, 333-3533 3 ant»: 34.43:. L1. 3‘: "9:333, 33.33., personal cotteamndmce. 13:34. €33 8'4 1" {v} .31; 3* and Rantlwl are sutwtitutoa 130: 9:33:33?- 33233313 3233-22 c211. to 0:332:33 «5:333:63» cut-.5133 the Lnited 33:33:35. 3‘3335 (333:: be: oimarvad during peg-10.33 of high prices, such 39 633193; 1.1133 33303333: 30:13.! Mr (mm tho-ugh price mntmls waist-53:3). 53:. 5....“ $5.3m was wiultawtad mm than 931‘»- emirates. Paint on regvresmta a vary meal}. partian a}! the 3:33:33 03: they final prafluct. 0:33 {wand oz pafipgmmt on will flaw: 1:39 pmmcis o: chewing gum 23:339. 439 pmmc‘i'a of ME» 53-39 or about 853 to 15:30 mums 0: {121133733 erg-mtg. To «31v. an 1:19;: of the amount of pemmint on. 1.3233351, 6336 pound of oi). will. flavor 103 pwnés of gen bane am? this 3-3113. pmflzuca 15,030 sticks 0: gm: of tho regular size. 333331310129. one suck a! waving gum commas appmxmatmy Lixty~313 mnlmnt‘r‘m of: a pound of 011.37 Ema-a the £33m 5333,08 cf peppemint on 1.5 333.03 per mmfi, tha £33m valzm as: the flavoring agent in 3 1:21:33: at gun: 1s .04 manta. 'I'ho supply of many of the ingrmments at both chafing £33.33 and tmthrgaate 13 expect-.343 to he malwtic Magnum m": 33:53 :33th or the mgmdlmta. Take for «gamma. chm-31:25; gas: which in may 3339 of the fallmzmg five 3351:: ms: 33:1th :3 firm-31M gum ham, sugar, com 93" p, mftwers 333.133 a flavar» £33.53 .13 agent. 37 . ilutmn, 32., 2:. Jane: 35:! 3‘3. Lianne. ”no of {331‘ 3.31 mm .. .051th at .331: 53:31:11: 32.23: Battle.“ 3333:1331: from ”13'" '5‘3. amt fgafi'i‘f ~3Vf‘1'J‘H'rMF‘w-‘wmt :tnttgn (svmfiflr‘y '3.‘11?‘:‘11 4'4'3‘ «a. 3393:! 13*30‘. 9:31:36 23). Air! :31.£:: V. 85 flaming gum base is a blend of. china, which is a twp-1:531 latex pm: tfippad tram mare]. species of: tram: £93133 primarily in Central America, and res-in obtained by tapping pin. trees. (2116 would cw“: the supply of. mm Em iazgrmiimt ta be very inaantie in the short run. The ear-m was: In true of the othar “grammes. ' amen marshal). 'l principiaa mm In: mint oil. mm mm hypothoaiao that that «Mama {at ail u a water of; pvmiuction is quit. inelastic and not. include than £219 mama to: the final product. The nan election reports em application of! statisticmi pmcmhraa to the mic and Why rolatimmupa in the mint. ail indumry. Most published research is of a flmmcgiptivo natum. 551th larger map-morn and imprmed mama-uric techniquaa, it. in am tangible to apply uémmme atmtiatical pmmres. The fitmtistidal Morita]. The autieticai mm mutating tau: “manual: «mau- tmn that are waived simultaneously using an stage 19am magmas. This programme is mad rather then orriinagy least squares manna it: it believed that the qrmntity of mpg/term mix}: and mmmiufi oil and pticas of! pemamint and W mm min are Mandi-aw aimuuanmuzsly. Wing tm stage l»”**t teammates, the carreiation or mammoun variables anfi tE-m timismsz’bmca tam are consifleared producing batter: gtmmturai maffici ants. 36 :3 the first stage of two-stage loaat aquarea analytls em aaaiongmm varia‘ét-ales that will bu Use-sail as lmlrrganrfimzh variables in the second.stage arc astimatod an a function of all the proéetermlned variables in the system by applying offlimary loam: squares, Then. these estimatofl valuea of the airlcvgaqcns variablaa from tho firm: any. can plugged haw: 1.22m: tbs original aqmtlma which an that solved by crib nary lease aqdares as the uoonnd stage. Asmnptioaa a: two-stage 1m: squares include ataxia infiapandenco, finite and canatant varianco and idanti£i¢a~ tion wfilch implies eatlmatas of structural coatiiciants that arc aaymptmticly efficient, Ana cansiatent.33 Thlm :rmcadwra also assumes that the moflel is cprrectly specifiimfi was that the vaxlahlms arc maaaured withnut ozrcr. Public controls on pepparmlnt oil ended Angumt 22, lama. The marketing cyatam foz'mint.ell una‘baCK to normal ”by 19537. 3:331: mmpanias that Ma! govarmemt tantra-ct. {at that: products during the war were profiucing for the figmestic market again by 1947. Since all mint all proéucta 1“rt;af‘r.:.:cp-rz hpforo the war were. an the market-.1? 1947, this: insuraa a rathar homagenoua set a: factors Operating during am pmimfl classes: £43: analyais, 1M7 ts: 1952. The: major Gamma in the its-chatty tram 1947 to 19132 have hem pmfiuct __—_ ._ A .4 h ‘— _ ——- w—v ,____, v...— V *‘w— v—Vv‘ O . 1 , , ..- vs :r-emtgsaz'acheifl, L“. “Rummamtlnns Raqaraing “meme-t»- anéaa anfl Fingerties o: Eatimatcrs“, Claaa mates, Aqtlfiultnrnl Eacznemlca 3:231. 353322193? 1954, mlchigmt State: Univmxmlty. 37 imwatlmn and tho waver-nan: of mint. ptmuctian to the waist In any statistical analyais same of tha variahlaa arm cmmgan at the discretion of tha investigator. There ara mm’mx variables anyone would inclufia and minor varlnmlea anymna would excludo‘hut that. a:- many variables that ara infiatezminata. Tha largest problem oonfrnnted was in chnmm~ iflfi significant demand and supply dhlttera. Eho'moat relevant fiamanfl and supply ahlftars are praaanted below in tha ecmmvmlc moflel. €hs Economic fioflel § 3 Y * asxlt # B4X3t 9 3533” O 31‘ Y2: ' ho: ‘ “1Y1: ’ CZYAt * c3x5t ’ C4xen ‘ c537: ’ a V 6 A03 0 D1Y4t § D Y 4 931 0 D X + d 3t 2 2t '¢t ’ D4X2t 5 3t 3: Y4t ’ “94 ’ 2123: ’ £§Y2t ’ 33x5: ’ 34x9: ’ E5x1: * “at Elmira: 39 Y - engaganaua variables X - inaepandent variahlas 11 a averaqa annual {arm price at pmppmmmint oil in dollars 96: pound Y2 - annual production at pmpparmlnt oil in thausanfl’ of pounao .._ . ‘ ___. A _ A._ A A..— w— w w w v 7 ———- _—v w w gr “3‘ All atatiatlcnl fiata uses are preaantafl in the appanfiix. Bfi la a avcragc annual farm pricc of mpmcrminfi oil in dollarc For pound a annual production or cpaarmint oil in taonacndo ‘ of pounds X1 0 annual exports of pcppcrmint oil from tho Halted States in thousands oi poaada K2}: population at the United analog betmccn the coca 15-34 53’ I diaposoble imcoma per capita 3% lbw I . annual exports of spearmint oil from the Unitcfi diatom in thousands of pounds tread 1947 u l: 1943 a 29 etc. 3 .: ea in I u annual mercago of peppermint (accented in actor} X? t indca.of prices received by farmers to: truck crops (lleulQl4‘n 100) a annual acrccgo of spearmint (maarurad in acrmm) U a random disturbance term. Ectimatcd Demand Equations , A A 7 I ~13.15 ~.OOO41Y «.3334?! «.oszfixl +.coo54xz ~.G313x 2 4 (.0012) (.0019) (.0317) (.00039) (.aazl) (values in paranchaseo.ur¢ standard carats of rcgrmon eion cocflficianen) £2 4:: . .57 ctandard error of the catimcto (fiy.x) - .7fil m *7— —— —-_ . '— —-— v.7. ‘JCalculotcd fmam actual data using 9 and § . Raw ramming the above equation deflating the daZa by tfie Consumer Price Index did not affect the statistical significance of the variables. It did, however, increase the correlation coefficient slightly. 89 22222n~22t22n test: 1 inconclusive Y ' 33 31 2 . 330421 - .2022??? 3 .022242‘ 3 .2333322 + . 221223 3 (.2016) (.0215) (.210) (.02251) (.2222) (values in parentheses arm standard 222225 of £93222- aion coefficients) 53.2 a 1.94 imi’in-watean tests no serial correlation The cannamic mafia! was specified such th2t the t2r2 32222 of peppermint and spearwint oil is a function of tha eztinatad quantities of peppermint and apeermint oil p22» fiwnafl. ayports, papulatinn characteristics and personal dis- 3532;222:213 lame pet cap-11:22. In thq payperwint oil price equation, all variablw2 2:2 statistically insignificant at the 13 percent level 22m 2232 eypmrts et'pewpermint oil and annulation charactaxiv.lv 2. T d1”” Ewe nurbinaaatxan test is a weaned to te2t wautnar cr 222 the uneXplained reaidzals tram an ecuation. fitt22 by 1:22 22 8:22:23, are corre1.ated with euccaeeiee values. 1212 whamamama is called serial mortalation or eatencorrnlatimn. 222 t22t atatistic is as follows: N i: ta: (d - 63*L)2 a . . ,.l g! L3: 2 . £91 22323 are availafla to daternine the aweuat 2E 222121 22222» atlan in Joan :‘reidr.n and Richard J. koota, “33LV*3§.L;LL at“). ':,.»..7 n «'er than #1 ‘nhro €2.1qsq‘zhflznsta t‘f'l...n(—I flung. ak‘;¥.t,.g.glx$lz ‘ Unw- w) «\bCowb- M’h— m‘v l 2 4;.. no x.- L":. 514, (its) 1.2 4m, iéeviafiéi {121's} 15:557. 90 £133, the negative sign on incamo was not axpactad. nuggagt- in; that pappermint 011 is an inferior good. HQHHWQI, tha vaziabls 11! analytically insignificant uninq the halo-«ennui! t-tagt with 19 aegreen of freaanm at the 10 parcant aignifii- canca level. Again, in the cpeaxmint.oil prica equation, -'antity 0E fi-Wyérflifit am: apoamint 011 art: insightficant 1n «sunshin- if} variatiana 1n the p31C$»ot apearmlnt 011. Exvmrtn ofl 33"4‘8T‘91ht oil and henna are also insignificant. The 317;"? a: tfie caefsicient of exports would not b: expected to he prm‘ttivc not would arm QM a ngqatlvo sign on Wzlnticm ctr-2. ”2. star: at 1 ca . Emmi: the-cry ntate-s that that‘s should be an warez-1m malmtdonship hetwm price and quantity. In tha mint (nil. imawthr the price and quantity of mint. 0119 are Murat-3&1? rad ‘Frted but the coefficients ax. insignificant. Dug to cthor uamoasurablo variablea fludh as stacxy, pr: .,:aes and! quantities of flavoring agents and the 91 worm.- night, naturo Of tha industry, tho price-quantity relatiefl~ 132331;: is dint-teamed. “in bath prim «nations that the! quantity of the mt‘mr ‘3 g '- '3 I? $2.3. egzlains mate of the variation in that mint. 011's far": price, according to the partial catmlation azefflciwts. Evan thangh tha oils ara conglamamta. one would act exwect this: talatirmzzhxp to exist. 39m inelastic czwmné 12m: perm-enmity: oi}. wag hy;mtheai:afi. 11:33.52: elaaticity mzmtad at the maan values! of the 9.1 It 9- 42 . vamix=...1¢aa was ~.63. mm twins} this belief. *tho point. mumicity 2': gimme: tar egreamznt on was mi away alarmist. “ll . :43. '3‘; at ifi‘trfl 3:229:21 y {M ti m; a: A A Q 1 U 31. 35 02:3. 4ftif 4.41-4.33? ‘45. 553: #00176}: " 70.} 34 fl": 1 4 'z 6 7 (3.7.72) (.335) (15.92 (.5311) (2.5?) Nahum 1n gmrmtfaemas are stamfiarsfi ermxa of taxi; £635 a 3.2721 mm“: at is“: 1 mat 5?.) Y2 .‘-:: II 123.7 Y“! fistinat-iatmm tar-st: at: 53:32:13.). mxzalatim * . .45 Q . -. ,. . (23.72) (.393) ‘3fi‘331 (aflfia‘i) (1.3? (vaiuas in paranthaaas arm Ezanflard arrxrs 7: ragre&mioa GOQEf1C1$flt6) E2 n U. .93 ,L." Q 5 .. .. .33": 7.1 1 :Mr‘bindz-zéatmn mast: m aerial mmalamm ram :3 @131 a, the mag-$313 azucfitinna are; Manama-3112' wag-31 rmra r4131 3.13?:::c.3.e tvm the when}. wsatians. Wm?) 01’ 5:13 2.1132211“? can 2% attrl‘matm} b3 the: inclufiiean m: acmazm __4‘ u A ——‘-r-~ "Vfi w V WW W 4‘.” z .4:th fiamnfi ulagticlty mm calmxlntm] am 'T’allems w m ‘ ‘3"- L51 92 2.1.23 22 pres‘te-ter‘finad was-211221219. 323121.13 is 3113321351313 hemuaa e13... 11.221.11.123 must “1:21:11 glam? 9-111 prior to year of 1232113213221: an 23 havxamtm acreage 9.5 usage-211.121.2113: mm). t2: plantafi 22:21:32,123» 1‘ Lari-3111222.: use-.13 tn 3211-1151:: the variations in the «1111.221123- 11.23213-3 of geffiernint and 93711321331111.1321: 2:211 31131131332321.3211: inclmie castrated farm prices, acreage namestefi, trend and 1112:1623 21.1.3? alternative crept-2. These variables are all highly 51.13212313311- 2212: 3.121 the 3221311112133 at Wharfin: on wwtiona (21121 25:11; 122131.121: ‘35 3:23.11: reset of tha variance: in tha quantity 01: p.121: ; 03.1121 3- t 65.1 yrafiucmfi. .2113 3111211231: 0: 02131321232113.1123 61111332222331 ‘3 g2arcc122.t of." 3:112:11 11.111113111111331 1n the: mantity m? apmmine c1). 31: 02:63:12, 1:21-- E12213: 1.2331: 12112321126 was nae: a at: 3.1231 variafle in $112.13 ofizatmm. $1.3.- m, cm: :mzld nah 6211131191231: the 22212212221212: sign beam!) czazztity 2:2 11221323221511.1212: and the paces of truck 6212:1313. lmahher atatiatically £113 nificani: talatiom-..in 1:3 {$3.253 3112112323.:1910 9.3.2311 hatwean the qmmtity off figment-11.11233: oil 31mm...“ am“: the 51:1“ cf 63122332111123.2123: 011. Tim pom: alasticity of: 61.231111. : :3 012‘ 33121227231122.1212: 011 1.1.1! .2423 (1.1212121311623332: at: that mean value: of the vans-1.2233132: 2:21.122! 12:22:: 2.11:“...1122. elasticityo 3tha 8311;131:111 cf 9.13;: Want is 15139213. 2.12.3113 .2333. hath 91231112311133 67-31." 2222221221222 am 1222112122322“: 2231‘ .mh 322a e:::.-'2-r.:1ctad with any parannial 1:333:29 crap when 2212.12.13.11 33.23. 2.122;: yam-:23 ta 31911.31 mum's 13:33 (ti-muse. 93 Mtarnativa Eonml atlana of Demand! eqmtimns z‘m altamauvo -:.>9da13 mo flcmlatai befsm ctmaing {ma model pmsmtaefi in this wag-mar. Tm: first. altemztiva nm'nl was also a aingltanmus ”James: mm}. nmiyin-y tur- 52:35:33 15am; amazes to both pews-rut and mpmmmt. on smamtely. and that meow? alternative mitts). was a $132519 cwsjgzfitmn mace}. unit-1g ordinary Isaac arguarea. first Alternative Racial ‘Ms magi-e1. contained two stochastic aquatiaau that «may who: by twamqo lama: mamas procaine maxing tit-m maxim: data. (Baa-19:52). The $3.223 aamyuona and magnum; are awesear; in this méflal that. :ppliefl to tha pravimw (5'1”: tan mu 9 equatmn swag]. . Y1 u a + 31?? a» 2:111:1 o- Bzxz + U i-hwmfl‘g Y1 a annual svamgc United mates ; -¥..zwminh on prim: teem?“ by growers (in final-s}. excluding the {state of Wanhlmton. '2”: I Mastic tum-:1}; or! pappemmh on. in cmaanfis e3 was. 3:1 :- annual average tam price at eggemint ail in dullAth 4 a. “truly the dcmmd aquaticn 1:: g:«rea3.~@nta-:1 as this: 1:: was: 03.22.533.923 that. ans impmvmemt. 94 15:2 8 Enited 3t§t°33 r;{:rgt’)afi1 (5113:.333131a iflCflfie I‘M (PM-item in (Tamara. "I'm firefighter-«Maia variahlesa in (am ayatm at oqmtima ivy-23.12.2222 farm price or! smamint on. dimamhla inc-mm per mayfita, trend and actwgo cf: rnflw‘rminh. The remxlta c933 the; (?:’fi.“:€?.~!1:§ agixauon for pwgmmim'. on are prep-amtem Ewlom Y1 . s.$4 o 6.¢2?2 + .24ex1 - 11.9532 (11.32) (.23) (10.01) (VfiIUQfl 1n parenthesen are mtanfiara errata or regres~ Gian coefiiicienta) 2 3y.a I .79 $511 mefficimm are insignificant at: the 27) pigment significance: level using the twtauefi t-tast- with 12 (Emmag of treecfm. ' anotha: Mating-awning Eaatuxa of the! e'rg‘zmtian 19 .329 ..mitive relatima‘mp behave-m thva {am grim: of! p-cgspemint 03.1 and the cymntity cf.” gwg.w:xfirint on. This transition 18 an exceptian to the ”law of. flannel” and (30:23 am: reflect. 1:33 tatkmality of manufactutfira. althaugh thm trend @5133ch 5.33 3:an31}! very L’rzgtortant. £130. he nagativa mam betwean £53m price of peg-gab mint 611 am: manna per cagflta 13 an: 6399011315. The follawing amen-fl mama-on for Spearmint: an Wt: tantalum unfim the sane: aammptmna as am flan-«mm: errmticm far rmwmht n11. es 0"” ’ 1‘ E... Y a a “1‘2 + 32x1 + 13%: O U Y1 n annual average finiteé fitatas farm price of apearw mint 9L1 1a dallara. H} Y - anmestia supply a: «paarmznt 011 la thansan¢3 a pauaéa. xi 3 annual average farm prtao at peppermint oil in Gallarn per pouné. mxcluflimg the fitata o: wafih$ngtong a2:~ Unitad 3tatea personal disposable incama par cagita. Th3 gradetermineé variablaa 1“ the aystam 9: equatlcwa 9?; {arm prlcorct papyetfilnt 011. aiagoaahla.1namme per c::ita. trend and acreage of apearmint. The regulza of tha flammné equation ara preaantad below: T n 3.02 v 11.@932 0 .aale - .0593: (11.32) (.32) (all) 1 (valuen 1n parenthases are atanflarfl errors a: racrasaian coefftctants) “2 *1 - . 32 3?“, I .933 Cnly the ista prtcurez pappermint oil in statistically nigaificant at the 20-percanl lavel uazng tbs tuoweatlod e» teat with 12 éagreea of freadam. $130, mats the negativa talatianahip c: lacuna and price. 93 T33 mare czar-.913“ singultmeaua micsl was @3133: 6:32: this alternative wigs]. “wean“ of battmr atractuml ca» 35131313333 1:: maria-lamina supply and 333133. 1111 {our aim-rattan 2110331 333131313 more of tha writ-tum m pram-stun 333 £33 pricaeof papparnint 011, hut floaa not 33313in 33$} «:52? the variation in the price a: 3333:3121: on. ”can”: Altamativa 30:31 T313 seem-{2 altarnative maize}. in a single oqzzauon amt-331 33.13:; era-.1213?! 1033: 5.131323. as an mum-ration p-mcemre. in QrGinary least equates analyain the assumptiana inclufia 83x13}. 11153351331233“, may one maawmoua Gag-131333: variable 3:14: fin-1:3 and cmstant variance much mamas the agt-gplicaa Warez-1 of the é-«tarkw W—mxm.44 The 2115;311:011 ’i‘hmrsn smtm timi'. Granary least squares gives v.13 heat. 11333:. unbiazzafi, 331131333222. ”that” of 30th the esttmataa and than beta mam martian. This emncxaic 30433.1 miarmr-rmants tha hgqyothasia that. £313 price 02 mint 011 and the quantity of mint oil proé’vzarfi-E “'33 (lemming-:1 simultzmmualy. The «ax-31:13:31; 1333!: «squares catirwtian pm-emfiuro used (an bath e-rmu33d cxclusivnly in the manufacturing of chawinq gum and tacthresta. The second 13.xonnewiCR Oil which is used in candy and in the export market due to the high manthofuran centent of the oil. This high menccuran ccntant given the cil an aramatic character with unstable flavcr Charactcr- ictics. Spearmint oil in at two varieties. The first in thc acctiah variety and the cacond is nativo varisty. The flavor characteristics differ markedly. Scotish oil is milé, while active oil in strongar. This stronger oil is ncciad to give 'punch' to chewing gum. Both varieties are blemjed when uaod. There are 1,230 growars, four buyers, and six majcr ficrestic users in the industry. The two major buyers hava receiving staticns in all producing areas. They do research in varicms areas to test for land suitable for mint profluc- ticn and to encourage farmers to prcduca oil. Buyers cantract 130 ch» 011 tram growers on orders tram major usara. thus acting as a brokeraqo firm. aouovor. both buyers and apart stccr Gil. fiaers stack more than a year's rupply'ot oil to hcfige against high prices. Buyer: also steak oil ta sail ta minmr urgrs throughout the marketing year. The Unitad States is also the major exporter of parrcr~ mint oil. In 1962, tho United acute: exported 53.7 percant of the tstal crap to 53 countries. United Staten emportc have incrocscd 265 percent between 1947 and 1962. Other exccrtaro are Italy and France. Europe is the largest importer of United fitnten mint. In 1982. the United Kingdom imgortod the largest percentage of tho Unitad atatos' exports (27.2K) failawnd by France. %ect Germany. hexico. Japan. Netherlands, Canaan. and Australia. ?ho United fitates also prcducea tho majority of the worlé'a npearmint oil. Exports amounted to 59,633 pounfis in 1947 and 446,030 pounds in 1962. fiajor importing countries are the Halted Kingdom. France. Canada, and Mexico. Spear- mint flavor is relatively new in most countries, but is gaining much pOpularity in EurOpe. The major domeatic movement 0: min: after the oil is callected by the buyer: in a. follows: (1) 43 percent is prcceased into chewing gum. (2) 28 percent is exported, (3) la parcunt is manufactured in toothpaste, and (4) 8 perccnt is used by canéy manufacturers and by Haw Yorx wholesalers. 1:131 Hint production competes with other hanvily intencivc tYPGQ of Agriculture. The major reason {or the shifts in the mint oil influstry to the Pacific ficrthwcst has been the wilt flineano which lowers yielda to»make mint oil produc« inn unprofitable at currcnt priest in the Micwast. In recent years, average net returns per acre to peppennint granars have been betuean $6.40 anj $37.4n in the Kifiwcat and betwcan $67.87 and $33.73 in the Pacific.north- wcvt for menflow penpermint. Average net returns to spat:- mint gmcwcrc in the Facitic northwest have bean botwann £111.90 and $133.83 per acre, while average net rnturna pt: acrc in tho Eiawaot have bean even lower than these for cctparmint. Producing mint oil in more or less a long run situa— ticn because of the tQChnical knowlecgo. the large invcttc want. and the chill neofiad to produce quality oil. In tha fiiduest. many growers remain in tte inéuctry at low returns because of tired aaaotl. which have a low opportunity coat. Thereforo. thc large investment in oguipment acts no a btrrier tc entry and axit or gnaweru. The demand for peppermint oil is inelastic. whilo the (cmnnd for spcnrmint oil in slightly elastic. Tho cupgiy of both peppermint and spanrmint oil is inelastic. Horn rentarch is needed to determine thn relationships at othcr flavor. a: camplemants and/or mubetitutes. Because of thc stccta held by buyers ant uncrn an? tha cligapgcnistic naturt of the incustry. prica aquations are 102 not rwltable for preflictivo purposes. Hawever, after farn prices of pogpermint and agoarmlnt were carrected by ache: grgéeterminad variables, they were statistically significant but ona sign was negative in the suprly equations. The tuture of the inaustry 1n the yidweat as well an an the Egg: Coast will be fietermined by the followxng th1nga: 1. Eaeearch to control wilt disease er to eliminate the wilt filaaaeo. 2. Mennd in tho exmrt markets. 3. Fricinq practices of majaz‘buyera. It is expectofi that the United atatoa consumption of min: 011 per capita will remain relatively stable due to mint'a limited usea However, haw uses aro‘baing diacnvexafl. Kora raaearch is needed to datarmlne the conduct and gatinrflflnce of the industry. It is known that price diffar- entiala axis: that do not reflect a patina: market. also imperfect knowledge on production, carryover stocks. anfi market Itructure of tew‘buyers and few sellats tn the whale* sale marketing stages distingu1sh this industry from the classical economists' competitive norm. ainca the majcrtty of the mint 011 19 producofl 1n the Yacific fiarthwaat. effective prica bargaining could he established through existing institut10n5. $he Cragan assemtial 011 Grower League has control of much at the mint at). armrly through their 160 members in bath waahin‘gton amt? Gtegan. 103 as shown in the prico analysis chagter, an. damand fcr pcgpernint oil is inelastic. Although thochmcnd for spear- mint it alightly Olaatic. the author squsrts that thc i=1- rignificant rograsaion coefficicntr are not relianln. Escauao the demand for mint oil is inelastic and the ccct of mint all is a small portion of thc total cost. and with few. it any. substitutes. price bargaining has a potcn- tial. for example. it a bargaining association cauld cantrcl thc eggply of oil. they could double the farm price of oil tram $6.30 a pound to $12.00 a pound and only increase the pricc cf mint oil in a atidk of gum tram .04 ccntc to .33 (re-Wits. cu altarnativo to a grower. organization might ha a grcwcr»buyar bargaining organization. This would prcbatly ha a stronger organization to bargain with final acorn. 1! tbs buyer: were unwilling to cccpcrato. however. ‘ciiating institutional arrangcments exist tc bypass them. in association could purchase its own facilities far rc- fiictillcticn and diatribution. All mcjcr uscra at prcccnt have mint oil purdhasing staffs and caport agents hnvc their vown private businoasca. $0 if buyers cid not want to partl- cipato in such bargaining activitica. preacnt cutlets caull ca established without much expense. also thclfildwast pnoflucing states could poaaibly farm an ccccciaticn or belong to an industry wifio asaociaticn. fin infiuctry wide association in more desirable than a regionu cl organization. An inéuctry wide acccciction cauld 104 regulate supply as that nonmembers would act incroaao prc~ caction as price: increase. Also. since one regicn'a pcppcrmint and spearmint oil is I pcrfoct aubstitate £0: cc. other region's mint all one would expect the price elastic- ity t3 be greater £01 a region than far the infiuctry as a Whale. for a bargaining association to be a ruccasa it muat meat the following raquircmonta: l. The negatiatcd price must be realistic with aupply and damand for mint oil. 2. Tha organization must be fortified with econcmic literature. 3. All officer. and growers must understand bargain- lag and how to evaluate pacplo. 4. It mart havo a competent manager that Gunmanfia respect of users and must bola the grcwcrr tc- gather. 5. The manager must be able to speak far a significant volume of product. ncrgaining associations can be of valuc to some agricultural crags. but the failure rate is hig‘. However. prica bargain- icg coca offer a way to combat the bilatercl OligOpOlY in the wholesale warkctinq stages. In combating an cliqcpmcny, bargaining associaticna are not exempt from restraint of tradc aha other monocolcifl practicca undcr the ahernan antitruct Act or the Clayton cat. 105 Another nitarnativo grave: aascci&tinn may ta a fflifi‘fll marketing-orfiar. These oréars prmvida a legal frame- wmzn in whiCh to Operatu with quernmant regulation to ena able “orderly'marketing'. ’ In concluding thin atufly. the author boys: that this infarmatioa will provide. to both praducars, buyers and aware. mara knowledgc‘of the current situation that exigta in tha mint ail infiustry and methnda at analyaio that may be agylicabla t9 managerial flacision making. 19? T9910 11. rappermint Acroago‘by Staten 1935’1963. gurus Year “:5 nhington Oregon Caiifornit Far 9-531: 199: 423 1.533 353 2.273 199 - 613 2.103 35) 3.993 1997 799 2.090 350 3.950 1939 923 2,300 345 3.490 1939 950 2.503 559 4,919 1943 1.290 2,300 579 4,573 1941 1,800 3.139 750 5.993 1942 2,700 3.600 779 7,395 1943 3,590 3.800 690 7,993 1944 3.990 6.000 1.120 11.020 1943 4.400 9,009 530 13.933 1941 4.790 11.090 -— 15,999 1949 5.200 12.690 ... 17.499 1993 5.730 14.693 -- 19,799 1951 7.190 14,030 -~ 21.199 1992 7.590 15,090 -- 22.5 1953 7.550 13,553 -- 21,5- "5 1954 7.390 11,500 -~ 19 9’? 1955 11,900 13,093 ... 94: C93 936 11.030 14,090 ... 25.5“) 1997 12,393 14,933 -~ 29,M 3 1953 12.800 14.690 ... 73.9*“ 1999 13.399 15,609 -- 29. 9 9 1993 13,830 14,390 -- 29,193 1991 16.090 15.390 ... 31.99? 1952 13.790 16.500 -- 30,?99 1963 14,700 16,993 ... 31.93‘ Scares: 39:32»th - Free"! 9921993: cm?” Ema“? 308:3. atatistical éayfirting 393V1990 “0505-“. 193%): O 1 2. 103 Peppermint Aoroagc by Stagol 1935-1963. 10t5l 9001' 1061500 Michigan :51 sea/nun Ohio 59m 0001: 1555 11.550 22.355 -- 55 34.555 1537 5.450 25.955 ... 755 35.555 1553 7.555 15.955 ... 55: 57.755 1595 8.200 15.555 -~ 245 25.5:5 155 5.755 17.555 -~ 55 2 .25: 1941 12.230 13.933 -.~ 143 2’. q4’} 13342 17. $30 17. 47:0 «- 1353} 35.935? 1543 1 5.555 1 3. 555 «- 125 25.555 1555 15.435 14.555 -— 155 55.5.: 1555 15.555 15. 555 -~ 255 33.205 1555 15.555 14.505 -~ ... 32.053 1545 14.955 15.055 155 ... 24.5 1555 15.755 5.555 555 -— 25.5 1555 14.555 15.55» 1.350 -- 25.555 155: u. 350 15.055 1.055 - 23.155 1552 5.155 9.055 2.555 -- 25.155 1955 9.555 6.055 3.5x) -- 19.555 1557 11.555 5.555 3.955 -~ 21.055 1933 7.103 4.509 4.293 -~ 15.999 195? 4.630 2.000 4.333 ¢~* 10. W“ 1551 5.555 1.555 4.555 -- 12.5.. 1552 4.555 1.755 4.355 -- 15.; 5 1553 4.505 1.550 4.555 ... 15.055 95:25:00: "t""“‘““::": «- f 555:: 5' ”Ln-t Crop Romrting Lizard. atatiacical £090“an service. 0.5. JR.» 139 T3910 13. Feppermint Froducticn by Statas 1935-1963 (In 'i‘imuaand {warms} A .. u- .9 a. 999 flashington Oregon CalifornLa §ar test 1993 19 60 18 97 i‘ifi 35 63 19 141 1337 24 84 13 129 1999 29 33 17 129 1999 45 195 24 174 1993 53 199 29 193 1391 83 133 29 35 1992 .119 162 31 312 1393 194 133 25 332 1399 1?’ 333 29 499 1943 23.6 229 24 593 1993 2-16 396 19 613 194? 221 550 - 759 1393 2:46 56 7 - 831 1949 265 609 .. 344 1’3 '59) 3’. 2 (3 57 «- 9 ('3 3 1991 433 532 .. 1015 1392 513 729 - 1293 1953 427 $26 .. 959 1994 511 505 - 993 1993 704 -699 - 1393 199% 947 826 .. 1933 1"}??? 910 7'34 .. .1694 1393 1114 1037 - 2134 1939 994 lofil - 1925 1993 1035 815 .. 1853 1991 1294 994 - 2223 1992 932 990 ._ 1393 1993 9.35 924 - 1999 1 . , Crap Remorting Lodrd. dt-ItIGtibu-d-l 45-9 -a-Ol‘ting 53W1C3' h.J.U.-.L. 113 WI {9.1 31' 3‘ W t? W 23316 14. ragnacazut Production by atatea 1 (In thousanas Panama) .‘..-’ -,‘ Tsar Infiiana michlgan Wisconain hie Rid keafi 193- 344 836 -~ 13 11%; I??3 213 627 -~ 13 85% 1337 172 537 -~ 20 773 I??? 168 669 -.- 8 3&5 '33} 213 510 -.. B 731 1?4fl 231 493 ... 3 73¢ .?41 366 334 an. 4 722 l?&2 E? 522 ... 6 11:3 1?£3 2¥5 234 ... 4 5P4 1554.4 394 T3 m 4 77?"; 1?&5 $04 330 -.. 9 $42 lfififi #53 2K6 ... -« 73$ 3&4? $74 270 -.. - $44 12¢; 518 220 4 .. 7fifi 1?¢4 513 233 20 - 751 1953 377 220 43 .. 62~ 1251 3E2 293 61 .. 623 1&5: 273 297 70 - 5&3 1?53 243 155 74 .. 4?? lflfifi 242 122 z a. 44? '3fl3 233 129 123 .. $45 333 452 132 131 .. 635 1&5 3&1 128 160 n. 6&3 1?Efi 135 84 155 .. 41% 19:3 167 65 1&5 «a 42% lfifl) 1&1 $3 172 - 353 13$} 232 $1 1&9 .. 4%? 1%52 182 51 135 .. 4E? lfiéa 152 53 15% - :gs “rs-t1 Cmp Remrun 3 1'!" péTirg'L J “service. vo'u-“o-J’o‘l 111 55515 15. Dnme5ti¢ 5533 1y of Fewrerwiwt 511 1323~1953 MJW‘WW' ~ 90901-3. 430 5:50;}. 50.595516 $3.51". $55: Frnduct!an Exports Lass Emmett: 5u5ply 5555rta l.”’3‘:} lbvfi. 1??? iv: :5 * 55$ a :19 1.009 1755. (3.3": 3.1.3.. Ligation 1555 965 221 221 747 55.5 3351 552 232 233 75: 73¢5 1551 625 225 233 450 55.5 1533 445 2:4 252 155 55.5 1553 642 235 235 457 55.5 3. a» 5 5 m 2 35 2 35 6:: .32 2:35-13 1555 1,355 337 355 1.551 71.7 1575 1,557 354 335 653 55.2 1557 1,512 345 355 654 :5.5 1555 95% 354 355 551 45.3 154'; 974 255 315 72 32.5 155 945 164 25 775 31.5 1552 1,435 134 191 1 251 13.3 1553 525 255 225 625 57.2 1555 1,155 244 55 551 35.5 lfiéfi 1.410 234 316 1,125 55.4 1’1’ 1,344 325 370 1:513 ??.5 1547 1,€13 435 447 1.155 57.7 1755 1.545 229 225 1. 3;5 15,5 15‘5 1,512 595 539 1:5l5 57,2 15TW 1,535 554 504 1.132 55.5 3’7? i 1.575 353 m 1.257: art-.4 7?? 1.753 232 232 1,555 15.3 1"% 1. 4?5 492 492 933 5505 1 W3 1,5r’d 674 574 37 55.1 “53 ' 1,935 575 573 1.35.3 $5.4 ‘*’ 2.355 757 757 1,511 53.5 10 J7 2.353 827 535 1, 535 55.5 1‘." “5, 2...?15 7:?" 7!}? 1:735 31.3 1955 2.472 951 952 1.521 35.5 15”“ 2 233 1.504 1.504 1.22? 55.1 19r1 2,670 1,031 1,032 1,655 37.5 1535 2.353 1.155 1.155 1,155 55.7 1553 2,277 smrcm Crap Ramttinq 505:3. Matiattcal awning 56W1QQ, U.$.D.fl. afid 0.3. flarattmw‘it cf Oemmexca. personal corraspanawnce. T335}1 8 1 6. Ferpfirmint for 011. Commflrctal Crop united fltatem 192fi~19é3 Eiald ' per acre “ L"~* ’Wflmmmmmm Pruuuctlcu rr;c par 1,999 1». a , .. ‘Aq' hatvoct .. v. if“: it '-i w 3‘ Yalua lbs. 1&3. fiwllers $1,000. lmrfi 55,530 11 gas 3.11 3.3:4 1?“? 5:,22; 13 992 1’9; 1.??? 3921 44.323 14 623 1.20 733 1%?" 31.5%: 14 449 1.42 {9a ‘23 1C) ‘4." rail? .,.- ~ 3.3.) f . A. I.[-~ ’ pl 5‘. ’ p "i a. wind; ni T U1 HHHWHHMHWHMHMWMMWHHHNWHN‘Lr ‘fiwq ‘-‘ cAn.; . .... .. . ._ ~33 ‘9‘ ‘ J ’La'i‘ 5-9.“ fish -a~’ ‘1 p g 3 i" fi (,3? it?! u"! ‘J! 1.3-? {,2 QWWQ 1— 13$: 13$? 19e3 ..._. 33,229 33,3§D 43.750 ~11. , 333 37,253 34,643 31.350 642 920 1' 3955153 1.067 1,012 1.064 995 1.73 2.43 1.79 1.we 2.03 2.01 2.39 1,152 2. 2‘1 13‘ 2,321 2.;;; 35.360 31 974 2.22 2.35% 31.890 29 940 3.44 3.2?w 42,103 34 1,435 4.85 b,?fi$ 37,010 22 52% 5.93 4.9%: 41.5%a 29 1.195 6.85 8.13 4&,230 33 1.413 5.57 8,2?é 4&,090 29 1.344 6.36 a $4 47.700 34 1.615 6.9& 11.? 3 42.703 37 1.5? 6.23 9, 3 45.530 4€,1Q0 4d,?30 42,333 37 . 5-00 4 3. 5‘30 46,300 én,7co 42.739 41.3mm 39,3ao 4 3. 33:: 41,003 41 , 533-9 rsaarcm V fl“: -..' btatifiii w5 35 37 42 33 44 51 49 £3 63 1.612 1.636 1.633 1.733 1.425 1.451 1.923 2. 353 2.363 2.575 2.472 2,233 2.573‘ 2.277 4.72 5.31 6.52 5.?5 4.37 5.32 '.33 5.23 4.13 4.G2 3.49 4. 5:) 5.34 4.75 'h—‘é ¥§9§h Ffigvag, Crop Reworting Emfixfi, “$1 fie?§rtinfi éfirViceg Vflfihififitflfi. 2.fi. 113 W '3333 Li.&»- _ . azdington Calif 3:313 Tm“»l “Mu-nu - ~ ‘ A W w w _ -“m A“ $1. 33‘ '1 n «Hf ~'-" '7?" " Kiwi ::: 333 233 ~ -.... 3.3" M $331 a3 Efia .. t. .11? m nu ~; 5 .J , - 4:- "- {[11 E. .1- 432, all" ‘ :J ‘H'J' .... 150 151 ’.- '; '1‘", ’1 m I '9 7" -'.: ~ .‘Ht 1 - -- «- 1. ’5 2 u. ' m m 3.5.1:- A: I ' w m I .I II XFV‘ ... .- ., can. a... ’1} " :21 "7‘ - = «- ... . .31. 4 3;? m .fi‘f lQZE 1,453 *3 n ~~’ a. U0 1... 2 *1. 3:3 - ., .140 1.3: 2 333 “OO ._ ..'. ' * 2 up «1 1&3 *- ‘2-33 '.JJ 1 '7; 9 I ?‘“ . "I J .1. - . f .3. m ”1" .. 1» -1 11.13 m ‘3 "u" j I“, r'4 '9 ‘51:»; 1;. ..,- 'J ,3..- .J:-1,,J m a." ' ‘7 ' '1' :4 5 .3953 lu'x * )3 ' _ '1 . .3 .3 m 9 I? P“ i' 1 :3" ’} 1?: . JJ 1» — .- 45:” .. a" "‘ “-i 1 ". u" 4% 1'1 2.11333”. : ‘.., ._,- t, j .1. I” m 1“. "am” 1:13 3.31) ?'””D ' .. . m €3.an 3331333 \ggagwh i3 - .ga" figragfi Cram Reporting 1333:, ”Latifiulvdl A¢*wiiifi3 33:3133. U. . o a $3631 8 1 3. Spearmint ficmaega by {states 1935-1963. _.“3th .. 5’99: 121919119 V1 d—aigan b 9 3 999W. 1999 2.999 799 3.299 1999 9.999 1.993 3.299 1997 2.499 1.999 4,999 1999 1.999 1.99! 3.979 9999 1.999 2.199 3.999 1999 2.999 2.299 4.993 1992 5.599 2.99~ 9.199 1999 5.999 2.099 1,999 1999 7,599 2,599 19,99Q9 1997 9.. 9. 59 4. 599 14, :9.) 13‘3“” ‘J 15.‘-1? 7.93,)” 22.2”?) 1999 .12.999 9.599 19.999 199 9.199 5.299 14,399 1991 9,999 4.799 11.599 1992 9,499 5.999 14,399 1993 19.499 7.999 19.293 1994 19,799 9,799 19,999 1999 9.799 5.099 11.799 1997 5.600 4.999 19.199 999 4,999 4,999 9.999 1999 4,999 4,999 9.999 1999 6,999 4.999 11.799 1991 9.339 4,799 13.99:: 19?:2 6 333 4. 530 11.133 9911mm -» F 92.3”, (21:09 Resetting 399929, ut£t18t1€u1 0W9n‘t111 “Owice' Ugfa.U.H-. 115 TfiWIQ 1Q. Spearmint firodnctlcn‘by Statfia 1335*1153 (Thouaanaa of Paunfia) A; A A -:W4WW u A A Aflrfi # __fia£al m' 35:: haauington Galitern1a Fm: hes: 1afi3 -*~ 12 13 I??? -« 10 13 1337 ~«- 19 19 1.12 3:3 m 1 3 1 3 13?? -.u 10 19 13:3 ... 12 12 13%: -~ 4 4 1%:2 -~ 5 5 lfiaa ~- 2 2 1?43 -¢ - - xaaa -~ - - 1?¢3 .‘. *- ‘* 13;? man on nu léfij *flfl a. a. 1?:9 ... - ~¢ 1:33 -¢ ~* " 1'? fl m an no 1153 32 .. 32 1‘33 141 .. 141 1*53 :1. - 219 1%55 225 ** 325 1223 279 - 279 1:5? 272 - 2’3 ?33 337 ~- 337 1?53 534 - 5&4 17¢? 141 - 741 1?T1 1,176 .- 1,17a 13:2 773 - 773 1353 513 - $13 . __ . A— .“ _._.‘¢ “fl‘ W w "" ' figugcgg Zemgtgilgg -mfitggh “figafifi. Crag Eargrting Bflfiffl. atatistical Ragorting service. 6.3.w.h. 116 frames. 2?}. fipmmint Promotion by states 1935-1963 (’i’hmwmis of Foam-Ea) , 4-,; , ‘fé «- 3.; Yaar Infitana Richtqan fitd has: 1935 53 33 91 lfifia 20 a 66 1%37 55 42 97 I“? 33 3'3 47 77 .9?) 43 61 104 1343 69 62 131 1341 175 72 247 1942 248 104 352 1?43 174 79 253 1944 151 70 221 1945 219 77 295 1945 225 _82 301 1947 323 153 31 12¢3 $32 230 812 1949 372 195 537 1950 232 177 $59 1931 231 141 371 1932 294 165 459 1953 £16 242 633 $34 ‘07 252 639 1?55 211 157 369 1955 255 140 395 1357 168 122 290 1%fi3 103 96 204 1959 173 147 320 lags 239 134 369 1351 299 113 412 1%52 231 122 353 1%63 122 73 192 A A ... ._‘_ . __ w w — sources zmm‘jggg n ‘szngjgmgg. Crap Hamming 1:29-12:13}, gtatietical fiagorting :ervice, U.$.fl.A. 117 Twila 21. Llamas“: 31:93:13 0! Spamtn: 311 1935-1963. U. a. $4.22 3.195i2fi — mn'wzt-WQAG he's-{taxi £4 iii-l3 Y@&t Prnduction 1.980 fiufifily E at Pra~ 1 .6»: 3 lbs. 1:13.25/5- 3f 1 .0539 lbs. {Eucticm 1995 103 25 73 24.3 1?73 75 31 45 43.8 lfit? 197 29 73 27.1 :933 99 30 60 33.3 1933 114 33 76 33 3 ifiéfi 143 33 119 23.1 lfiél 251 42 239 16.7 13%2 357 23 334 6.4 1343 255 27 223 10.& fléfi 221 37 134 16.7 1945 295 19 276 6.4 l§éfi 307 56 251 18.2 1967 431 50 421 12.5 fififl 312 78 734 9.6 1%69 567 93 474 18.4 195$ £59 98 3E1 21.4 13$ 373 100 272 26.9 1952 491 145 345 29.5 1&5: 799 167 632 20.9 1?:- 869 101 673 22.9 $23 533 19 39% 33.2 %35 655 220 445 33.1 lfii? 55 214 348 33.1 1?:3 511 274 237 53.6 l¥33 £24 254 570 30.8 lwna 1.110 407 7G3 36.7 affifi 1.123 446 6&3 3%.? 323 7§2 L— ‘ _A _4_. A .n_ ___A #u.‘ __ . “w ____ w m w 7.. V ~— w gal Emma. 11 any. in unmet: category.- y (L'thet mm: 011a. gourca: Crop Reporting $erv1ca. fitatiatical Refiorfiififi Saxvtcfi. U.3.U.A. &nd v.3. Semartmmmt of Cannerca. pexsnnal acrteflpOflfiflflce. 113 $331. 23. fipeaxwint.for'011. Commercial Crap 1933~19G3 United Statms Jimlé Eruguctxan' Exicw ya: 3333 $332 Acrea £3: per acre 1.030 13. V3133 harv33t lbs. 133. fiallatg 1,333 $ W v m w. W w _. ) 3 I ‘ ,. 13‘ ‘34..- "1'. 3 I 3”. . . f I ‘ .35 s77 \ ’ ‘0 wwwuuwfiimfimMPQfia \ cg“ pm 3;: sir; '2afiww3 ' . V "* z. - '30. .A ‘l ‘ ‘ L fi' ‘.- ~-‘ ‘ ‘w . . . . 1..) L. r q. wawwwrvmwwwwwras 5 ‘1‘.‘§i“f."r .‘~ 1.‘ .s. 3 m f 3.543 23 3.433 22 4.233 23 3.333 24 4.14:) 2:13 4,733 so 7.150 35 8.253 42 8.230 31 7.433 30 3.303 33 19,033 31 14, 330 34 22.2fi0 37 13,903 33 14.300 32 11. 5"”) 32 19,fi§fl) 41 21.530 40 14,3QO 41 14. 730 45 12.333 44 14,703 3 23,53z 64 21.100 53 12.339 53 M ‘.._ A L __. W w w .v W Scares! ‘Zgfigfifiglga - F133 33:3169, atatiatica_ 193 76 197 93 114 143 251 357 255 221 295 397 431 512 567 459 372 491 799 369 593 665 562 511 824 1.113 1.533 1.123 732 1.39 1.51 1.69 1.52 1.53 1.77 2.22 2. 33 3.34 3.50 3.50 5.51 5.57 4.31 3.20 3.69 5.$3 6.33 5.43 3.85 4.22 4.95 3.49 3.93 4. 3 4.03 3.73 2.33 3.07 A. 134 1?? 171‘ 1?4 1?3 233 535 1.99% $2? 773 1.Q3. 1.122 r-"flr‘ag-ét. Crommaparting _ .- 3390rt1ng bervica. U.3.J.3. 119 T327 33. {’5 2 3. Lgited 3t&tem Exports and Imyorta 0! Mint 0119 1929-196? ‘ r . ~ ‘ *5 .. 3” '" - . ' 1 o .9 #339313 X322- ; - e:- {35‘li Ctk‘fir. if g ‘1: ’ I“ u . W31,“ ~:.' ‘I ‘j" Itfiqgga 3 ..-. a ..v ‘..,... -WWI" 1.330 1.300 1.93: 1.033 1.3rgg 1.333 Sounds dollars Eoundn aollats Paunds umllats 1 3‘2) 221 795 .4 2 fi-sot £?m*m migmrmtaly $93} 233 730 .6 3 ' “ “ 1331 233 433 1.8 3 3 ' “ 1933 2&2 455 7.6 5 19.2 25 1733 235 557 .1 .5 25.3 33 1334 233 £79 .05 .5 33.1 37 }%'$ 338 E65 .5 4 25.4 44 19%; 335 £74 1.9 S 30.9 $3 3337 349 895 1.0 7 23.4 5% £339 372 870 5.5 12 33.3 57 Ifi'w 3E5 994 51.5 31 37.1 75 1333 316 $37 57.1 110 32.9 72 3991 237 930 12392 231 41.8 1? - 139% 2?5 997 25.1 90 27.4 “1 133% 223 2.318 36.2 153 37.2 114 2313 316 2.497 32.2 3% 19.2 3 173-13 37-3 2.739 43.5 41 56.4 231 135? 447 3.539 11.5 30 53.6 437 1343 22? 1.735 .2 6 77.7 311 1339 539 3.721 5.1 39' 93.1 43” 1333 504 3.057 C- O- 97.9 331 1339 399 2.303 19.7 35 99.6 533 1333 232 2.042 .1 1 145.0 1. 2:? 2993 492 2.791 .1 2 197.9 1.199 1354 674 4.023 .05 1 133.5 337 1355 579 3.365 .1 2 197.0 1.333 1993 79; 3.943 19.3 31 274.0 1.292 1933 952 4.011 1.2 6 254.0 1.333 1333 1.004 4.540 .1 2 ‘37.0 3.351 13321.186 5.703 1.0 ¢ 445.0 1.314 w L! Lag-exams. 1: any, in banks: category. $.Dopartmant o! Camnerce. paramnal entresparéqwce. 123 Mutants“? m" man u wK.F..U a~.. m mew.- mar.m~ m;o.n vwv.u :mm.n nc.n~ M‘m. flufiun: N rah.mn mne.mm Vum.ww ncf.mn war.>M myn.: rhr~wu mauveum v wmm.m mwm.v nflm.c gwm.wa www.mfl mwu.m moa.v mfim. Maw wh~.cvm www.mvfl mmm.rm www.wvr voh.hww er.mm pm.¢mm wpn~wu «w nh..~m mmp.wfi mnw.nq mrm.wm pm,.hw vmc.mn flm ‘wn (Ughmm tusna ., vcn.o nnH.c nmo.w mw.m wmn.m mv§.h Mem.wm fl:¢nnfium; .m ucv.a orN.H “QH. “vauwna Magus u a. r mwfifi mmrw Mmfifl nunfi ¢wdw «qrfi baa” unamwuaou “gag _ r... Hawaii}: fichtflflfigfiflnflflfinflghmfifll- -.:..u._9....:,...‘..H! .g omamwibvoa uc$caucov ma uaafiuwguwa mo auuouxu mmumua amuqzn .vm wasnh 121 ou.l«w:« «.000. .03.: «£000.. 0303.... 000 03008...” «u gonna 0003...... «0335.310 m .ouunom IIIV r F [I If? Illa, I I [it t 11“ ‘ 4" 41 1“." II «$634 «$.30; 0363; $2"; 20......» «3.20 3mg...» 45.2. . an: 1:: is: In: an: tun. is: ooa«» , .. hams: nonhuman n... .3 $2.60 «2.33 «00.3 «3.3 «2.6... «35.... «at: 03.3 «mm .3 «3.2. 35.3 mmme 31$ $3.0m 3530 mmm.««« mmm.n«« vmw.nm umn.¢m obo.nv o«v.mb m«m.m. ««.0 «3...»... 3min. 03.3... $0.30 03.53 $0.900 2.0.03 00.800 «82.. «3.2 30...... 3.0.3. «2.3 3......“ $04,...“ 033...... 5an as...” ...,mom 03.0 30$." «.8... $0.3 $0.0 caflfiud $0..” 3...; R..." «.3 8.1... a...” «E; 332...". «flung... 8,... m3 Sufi”... «3.1: 34.3 mm; .3 20.00 «9...... 333... fine» 11 1 I .ummmaifmfiwliw mm? 1 4 33 m2; Sofii 90$”: 0cmcwucow .3306,“ a: «00.732 assuacou by 05.30%!“ uo 5.4093. 8&5..." «50g .3 0.30.“. flint 0118 in V'. .0 "»r b. h“! .. L,.‘"u: ' antinent 1347~1G52 (anfi M b ‘Y '6. I. Stearrint Jakarta of fit-#5: 21$}?! 35). \ {)0 u n: .. t , 4 . __:.I J fi.~M-wm—“- m7 N La": ‘ .1 1951 I r} A!" an ‘7 " 104 w w! entinent C 0% 30.74 I"? (T! u .1 F ‘I 1'“. -r" A -”~ 9 M u “Ha vi.h Central “neris f". 5“" '.- Pr) «#0 '4‘ ‘.~ L!"- #6“; 2.3V? 2,115 at- x". .~ 1“" [a ‘. .‘Zv .- . f'Er fium ‘ (V. 1.20 1 f"; ‘t "1 m ' .- 2,275 if“? {- ‘. 251; "'9. i .. flaw "‘ ‘ . 12 cw m if» (‘7 72 ‘52,” f \3 (s “m“ a” 5"” ‘ft1£~ ls" P‘s (“‘4 as”! {"4 2 a .7 4 '.I 17 a“! "7.1 (3* I U a ‘— .mmwmc«0¢« Manywa 123 5.30%.?“va 0.30.30 and adamagu no Shana 0090»... 003$... .rfllm. .0800...“ 0.0.mv. mn~.qmm 00m.»cv «mm.vmm ve«.vnm www.m«m «...w«w .0000 1:: ta: :3: :1: can use cc: ammHW «an?» nmauucfiou c.m.m« mum.m m«a.m mmm.« mmm.m mom.~ 20m.» wuwuuw :2... 2.... I... 2...... 1...... I... I... 01...... w...»« mmm.wm mne.hm n0v.«m mm«.0n hmh.hm «mm.0u afiammua ~mm.nw m««.mm «00.0m m««.«v «00.00 www.ma 0m«.m« a... «.0.q«~ mmh.pw« www.mwn mm«.m~« m«m.««« u««.o«« m0m.«m« sauna. «mm.mm nmm.«a on«.m~ who.n« m«v.m« ««w.n« m0... 00.0050 sauna am« on «m1 0. 6mm uni 0mm anamauuau vm«.« 00m 00« own us: new ans. auwwuaa_«¢uucmu «mm.~n mmv.ov mmv.«v nww.mm www.me «mm.0« nm~.u« muuuwga 50000 1 1 -3...." 33 «.03 m3." mm« 33;. $35}- «83.5“... ‘11 1 4“ If [ll I I!" F ‘rl " . I II , 1‘ I." 14‘ I144! . ‘l 4‘] l4 I‘lli‘u! “ .. . . 400.36% .3 3.0003 0.30 as”. #336 05v www.mihve... 0605.0an 2» ucghmmam no naugnm «0&3... «6.55... .2..." «and.» 1273 $4314 26. Fafiulaaton Characteristica of the finitgfi Etatas its 0: Jul)?" 1 (in “4:33.3431’5’7}, 19-47-49- ‘33. m -. -. - a 4--.... __ 4 --..- 44“.»: .~-.. 4:3 u, a xm.r 15-19 7a - 34 24 - 76 an a 34 ..L.!z 174? 14.712 11.4.4 11,754 11,443 44 472 3444 14,717 11,345 11,444 11,144 44,443 1744 14,454 '1.154 11,.42 11.471 44 44? 14:44 14,411 21,442 12,242 11,411 44,444 1421 14,443 1',942 12,122 11,444 44,454 1444 14,441 13,544 12,031 11,494 44,414 43%? 14,479 10,240 11,442 12.44 44,445 ;444 10,946 10,033 11.734 13-271 $41314 4444 11,244 14,141 11,454 12,351 4,441 1447 11,454 10.157 11.244 12.241 4...:?1 21'}??- 12. 3535 10.3% 11,077 12.133 63.7 :"i? if?" f? 1.2.924 10.5,}? 153.379 ‘- 11.311 43'?” 4’ 3n?“"* 13‘147 10.727 17-93;“. .4 11.9},31 dJJf; “55 47:1 13, 724 11.144 14, 740 11,714 47,342 1 -2 14,425 11.54: 14,732 11,549 _;,;54 4- ;"1.;urr-ze stat-.46 an 01 51.54211 1. flangfi' ‘EQZEE;F12‘ 1&62 ””"*rt7r"JESLJQ: ZSTICLKiZa fiarioa £~23 43. 243. v.3. Dc; art:n=ant of L"“7”?C aureau 02 Census. 25 1 uo Nuunmmb Mt- «banana 43$ awamauonuoz 455 unacco man 4448 23344 N oucmum n: 2 on 34.4.34 «535 3 44 43 mm. on an. $92 02.3 $1." «2 «3 HS. 4448 m cannon 53.: 8.4.4 34 33534 444 aauunsa a man caaflfi man man 3. 3 3 33.1.. :2? aavfidm n 44465044444 m a 3 4.3 mm nfl mm mm m: 3m 3 me 2 444454 465% 33 ~44." SS 444“ 3.3 443 84» $2 443 443 $3 331 1 H 14353 MHHHHHHEERflHflE.”fifififilfltKJ‘ ;?. 4.41 . 4 <; :13414 4 s, r::i ,::J_ :4 2.44 ‘__ . “Mmiog 9‘10.“ W» 1 Cu humu4444w enmmazmwmd :uuafinu %# Haw unufihmmhfim VG muufimfiw mmumam W§wwflm Jun @mflmh 128 omufluAEUaumt uo acmEuucmw) awauui flmudm} .5UMahm1 @5595... 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' ~ ‘1 0:13:15. .‘. «17—1 .- 3? , (1477!; ...:érfrfiaritsjzfitul :.~ 1" ~.. - 11.. 2'11.» 1 .c. .' ‘- fi . . . a.@ univ era. 1.’. f“; " , . ‘. 2r. 2... _. '3 1g ‘1 '2 '3 0| 'K . .- 22L 1. w. ‘ =12 wilmiun, ». n. a .nualfi- imr unYlP-.2 fi‘u‘g-q .'fi-ll 3m Fr.”'~i»f 7:1..“7t Lg, "5,‘. ”.5- 5c "‘ A ‘ 71’? ’7' ~01. (’73; 997:5”. ‘6 at; C {43-17% 12:33.1? t \- O . a. . 7, p... 3?“! 1* .J-‘J ‘3. fl.r :41, '1 I'.V“” ‘5)" 1 a ’4 «72.9 In: Eugen-au- mun-noon! wvfiflv- "Q 2‘. 1-2 .,.. . t 1: o- -: . a ~ . .. A ~ " .9 -- h2£11LIO . If. ‘ ; Sfi.’*T’C.'.’EP wt. 12' g -39.. 2.13;; 1‘37, ' . 8m. ' 33M..- 3. .573 ' .137. F 1: '1 7 ‘ 7’ G.‘ 4 . -. I. "At ' .'J ’9 v "I '..u '9. .'. t 7 Lo 2 o 4.2;... 3:...2 w, O “57" ’1 ' 1:51:12" ‘ *-'- ‘r 23‘. -3.. " '.,....I..‘.'.i.........r.. 75.2.... a". m .'.? ’.‘11 ra: ‘73:. fat-:1 L :3 9 p": '7 L‘A- F": "‘37?!" "Li—i ' ‘7' f 1 1,. ' i 7 5;. L157} 4 2 3 .1 7 7 1,-3.2. '3” VV «: ‘ z " 9 ’ ' 1 7 Hg. 21 4” 3r 5. .'..-.it. 11-: l .23? car; ‘41:?!- ” In Lam a! .2111 _..-. J ' 7.71.31”? 17711. ';:". in», ‘. ‘f. #7:?! §‘ 'l‘th.gr3 i ‘T?:t“-.fiPf1 17.7::_’ 717"“. {7‘ 3:7.f7.'?:..4 5' “v o 7. ‘ p . ~ I 7' 5' ’: #:1‘1'31‘: 32.34. HriCilb #- 1.}. .‘.,1. :"‘_ _nri. 79.. L -Jt...t 1.3“: Cl.l::7.: 3 Q. ”A ‘q l'h. ‘0. ??7. + {,7 I 357:? 1 3 (3’. .1113, *. .. “IEWEQPTifit anfl Tresrwint $rm aw? qq , I. I . ‘ .w .- 7' :- —~. J -. . ' 0" _.~..:+-rr1r3t a “ C: If”! .fimw 5:: W .m , €221. 172, 1:5. 7.: a .2... p n n r on,” m ’mrmnaM-mw- 1'“ r“ 4;. 7 1|-in . a," {TM}: 7 (3...:‘0W93C u”: '7 :;r' l ‘ u'7‘~j. 7’ .' .- ' 2. .'.. P. "I ‘1 v \ c if 7" ' I "a » " “ V '7 .4 l“ "l ' - 7‘ 7.1.2.23. 7. o I SCQf-fi? .m :3 r2. tne ‘.-1t...i".".-"3-'-:1 "2.,-ft. :..:.-.-?.:.r:2~ 3‘ fl 2‘ ' ’2 . fl = 6- A a " £22.9rfince, Lerflae niwezazty, 1. .7-1“u "3 .9 ,‘k .7' ‘ ‘ ‘> 1" P , .-l .‘. . \ I1 “.‘.... ‘ .Q; ._ '10-; .4 rt .~\ '\ .a- 7: r o 7‘ ' -’irh. ax C42‘.E\. a». 10;- 17".:7 1 9.9.31.7: ‘37; l . i_‘. 7.1. "Amfi; ,muw: N 'r - '.’ v .u , ‘v‘ ‘ a" i |. r m 7‘. » ' I ‘ " 0' ' ' j I . .f £7.17"? ’3' ‘ ..»:r‘.}.:_. t~;7{&C:’.Lt.-;IP ;:‘.'£31I‘« "la-V.) x g l . -‘~ 1 ‘ -.. .‘ ,.. . ,. .» I; ' I 7 :' ' 17“} .7 7 4- I. 5‘ 7&3 0 ~ I ‘ 7 ”I; 3. t! I. ‘3, ‘2. ‘ . 7'1... - ....fl . » I -‘.. ,. May 1957. green. Ralph J. ”A Review of Research an U1nt Wilt at Patéuo University Utom 1943-1353.“ unUatafl. Cteen. Ralph 3. "Dean Plowing an a control for flint Uilt“. Parana University, Undatofl. UtUUn. Ralph J. 6 - ~ U. agriculturc Infar”:attcn Bulletin n0. 212. mashington. U.C.. "Uh ruaty 19U3. Utaan, Ualph J. Talk at Michigan State Univarsity 1963, ”Uummary 01 Mint 3130586. - 1933" .uanther. Ernest. ”The Parrermint C11 Infixatry 1n GrarUn and hashingtcn Statoo', « F- I ; Una U; . ' 3393 u, catcher 1961. pages 032-U43. UUUnthUr, Ernest. “The Uwoarmint 011 Inlustry in UaUhingtan Utate , “ghrnr' 324* “UMNUI ”3.1 ”tile E4Uvamber lBUl. pagan U95 anu U4U. UUrnUX. C.U. Cajtrm‘ WV'U3§§f+.fit U e**q~:, crerggn “Wt1633tir 1 Enrarlment Utation Uulletin 547, reoruary 1355. Oregon State Untvaraity, Corvallis. Oregon. Unfihea. a.D. Inrr~vewentl 1n thU Uiolfl “inttllfitifin U: “r. ;. ure; an UUETUUIEUIUL -errz U2t UtUczan Uulletin 525, August 1952, Greg {in UtUte University, Corvallis, Uregon. Uutono, R.. Janos, U.L., and manna, 5.3. “Use or 33E in tha Conttml of the Mint Flea UUUtIU“, Rewrint tram Uichljan Eyrerinnnt ztatton UUUrtUrly UnliUtin. Val. 29. 4o. 4. pagaa *“3—29$. 4Uy 19U7. Rabi, U.U., Hall. C.U.. UhUyazfl, L.U., Jarrin, U.U. “"Afi Investiqfitlon 0. some Eactara Ufifiecting tha U13- tillatlon of anpcrmint 011”. Retrintea fr:m*thU “_ .U 11et*. of the michigan AJIiU .zltUrznl zrvarinUnt Uta ion, Uicnifian UtU ta Inivarfittj, Taft 2Un31n2.U1ch1gUn, val. 353. Us . 4. pUUUs 5% -£??, Hay 1955. O 41"» 2 ‘4' 3".“ irUUUUt. Henry. U1ch1~an n An IaportaUt :UUuch of Ur-a ‘4 Wyatblflla Irmuavta . 3" 1235‘ " ’. . 3'” .rfir-‘n Riff 1. 9% mm: A 23:353. 2101U7-193,1U13. “Bulifl*@fl.saflte£ a thwalz, auugzuydx tharuwent, Eennsylvania state University. Lamding, J.E. Raga: in: Geography R01, availabie uman taquest at western Raaarva Library, Clevelanfl, Chic. Laughltn. Winston M. ”A Rtuxiy ofi the physical anzi Chamical Etanertias of iicntqan PR1; :permint €11“. Rgprint Eran .84. ' .e L at the Richig an hxwezrncnt Rtatton, Richigafi Ctata L'nivaraity, flash Lanainfi. Richtgan. J01. 42. R0. 4. pagwa 7J7~793. Ray IQQE. LERRRI. banter. liflflhhzfi 3 $4.; - {n V’Aflnflgg 1*”g. {ullzan 13")ng harmingum tuhLRKAQ 0i; HMJXACmtdial Rater-mg, zspular Bulletin 199. Lugaa. R.R. 'Fartilizer Recnmmanthions on thanic $9115“. erinth tram Rgttjr Cr ara with_f13nt Rang «- . Ragazifie of tha :RsariEafi'aatRRh InRtERRtR. Janu;ry 13,19R2. Lucaa. R.E. Talk on Rint 011 Productian. Richlqan Rtha university. 1953. Ranflaradheid, L.v. Class netaa. Agricultural Ecansmics 921. Richigan Rtato Univeraity, Spring 1954. .2 Rra‘aafisll, Mind. ~ V . .. . N ”.. . Eighth fifiiticn, The Rc“‘11an uammanj, Raw flora. 19é3. :::1 am, Ray. 3? R}; , - ~ . ._ ,a 1950. -16nljflfl Rgt c ' T ‘Vperimbnt Rtfitian aulletin 221. Orr, Elizabeth and 1090. R. “Th9 Rarket for refinarwint. Arvanois, and agearmint G115 and Renthal“ Tgawicwg aw“. 3'1"":3251952. 9. 355-47. fimlinter, William. Mint Ristillation. Summary of a tR1< given ie»ruaxy 1953 Richignn Rtato ”Riversity. Rt. John. Jub. anfi Rattan. VoK"F6PP9r“1nt C11 ‘ £913? 1’“ of R~atur1ty an.d Curing of Ferverfiint ..ay to zie3d n1 Ccmnosttlon of C11“. .RRSIEnt fram‘figgtg ”133’ I ‘3 32!": ~'..' V01: 3. 3530. 12' {3:333 ivBJ. Rec-fiber 1955. Tnfifi, uinahip A. Tha Rifit Infi'figry,1fi thfi “‘*¢J figattct rater presentei in Japan in lLai. uvRiJRJJR MEJZ'I raqiflJaet. 133 TGIROW. Paul. "Praducttcn or 2u311t? Farrer2int 211“. [122: 2:2292t22 ta mamners of Gregon 222222121 211 22m2212 L633“. in 1363. 22122:, 2.L. 43: g “L f 21122121_1~ «1:5? 222. “V” ‘33:”: '1‘} ‘.“- 6-3... 9&4. "WSII‘IS JLDSI AMI ‘.‘cw‘bttdl '5 e? 6‘1“”fit atatien Circular 253: Jay 1954, 15 $2322. Currant rapuletion Rnpcrts. K-anulatinn 22t122.tes. 22:125 2-25. its. 225, 2.2. Bepartment of C22: 22rca, 22r22u of Census. ”facts Abcut Chewing Gum anfl the 2m. Wrigley Jr. Company", available upon raqueat. 2222121 thenaicn 22rvice, Cost Data for Peppermint Frafiuc~ tion in Calumbia aasin. 2252122202 222 Jeffersan County, 02mm. “22222? 2.222. ;. Keanesday, Jan. 5, 1224. 22: 2202 0:22: 20. 21 aa 2232222. 1.2. 221119025 and Son, Inc.. Eaaantial 011, flotanical 2‘232. Information pamphlet available at their office in Lloy2 22112122. Seattle 1. waahingtan. (:022n 222222121 211 Grawnra Loag2o Pracaefiings, 22 .d - 11:22, Annual Meetings, 19 1.1923. Corxallis, Crasnn. 2222222.- 224 £22222‘21 2 2 1919-1923, Diana 29222, '33—22 22192211 22:322. Lmnfian. Englanfi. (ft-fins? 529.5,? gffz'm'lxin figr:1nmm.3i-a '1. _f -w-sg:it(n P“: t2-223. auu.nol 1947-1332. {fang II 12.3! _‘;tat§3u Immvti ‘2"! (“mnmd-‘tt- A21!" WV‘Jt Ev A]: “(ti 2.2 In! £3-11}, annuai 13w7~l§22. ROOM USE 0E3” HICHIGQN STQTE UNIV. LIBRRRIES llilllllllllilll HIIUWIIIIiIH "HI ll|i|||i||l||1i|Wlll| 31293107037743