.0..¢...r1..0...0... ..0.........0. ... ......0. cc . o ......c... ... ....c ... ... ... .. . .... _ . . . 4.. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . ...-.. ... ...... 00....1\.lv...uv..oo .50.. ....Koi: $£qu0LW$7 ... .... ..J. 0..[..I%W 4% 054 g”... . 4. '0 .s Lm._.k0,.v..v.l f :0._f.!.lv...dap?.\rfiw.o ..bkw. 3.1...0..oh~..140.mm?~"_.hflowu.)afl :0..3.0.3.U...r.1w;.€.¢ ...,o...0. if: 0.....Q ."¢L.u¥.r.”0.c§...t 1. r»: mag—5.4.0....ufi1205hinmn. ““hwyfiC Shh; 0..>&~HH._0... &w.;&fi§.u..hg mafia . fiy‘xafl .wwufl w? w ' IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII 3 12931 ——-—- w : — ‘25.?! rd" é» L It: 12' A R Y 4 z . . Michigan Staff- ‘ T ..' , ° Lumergrtv I 1”“ i . ’4 ' :r‘ ‘. ‘ -._‘ I g. .. -. 923i WWI . A .5?” JUN ”W' -- ' ya? 3 5f 1&3 I, ABSTRACT RELATIVE DEPRIVATION AND PARTICIPATION IN THE CIVIL RIGHTS novcnzur by Barbara N. Geschaender The civil rights movement of the 1960's became a mass movement lhich drea both black and shite participants with divergent visas and objec- tives. Much of the literature ehich has sought to explain black partic- ipation in this movement has utilized soae version of the relative depri- vation notion. This study analyzes Southern black student participation by testing hypotheses derived from different versions of relative depri- vation theory. Scores derived from Cantril's Self-Anchoring Striving Scale are uti- lized as the independent variables. Three patterns of relative depriva- tion using these scores are identified: aspirational deprivation, pro- gressive deprivation, and reference group deprivation. A typology of participation activities is also constructed to analyze differences by type of participation. Passive, Active and Coabative participation indi- ces are developed. Not all patterns of relative deprivation are associated aith partic- ipation. Aspirational deprivation (defined as perception of a gap betaeen achieveaant and ideal life situation) is associated eith partic- ipation ahen defined in group terns. Activists on all three indices par- ceivs blacks experiencing aspirational deprivation in the future. Uhen deprivation relative to the present is perceived, it produces participa- tion only in Coabative activities. Progressive deprivation (defined as Barbara N. Gescheender perception of substantial past progress but little or no future progress) is not associated aith any of the participation indices. Reference group deprivation (ehether defined as the gap betaeen level of achievement of self and blacks, self and ahites, or blacks and ahites) is not associated eith participation, but reference group success (seeing self doing better than blacks) is associated eith Passive and Conbetivs activities ahen defined relative to the present and is associated eith Conbative activi- ties ehen defined relative to the future. The findings squest that the analysis of participation in a ease novenent aust consider a variety of factors. One of these is the extent of participation. Factors producing early participation in a seell young eovement may be different free these producing participation ahen the aovenent becomes nature and takes on a sass aenbership. Constructing a typology of activities say help to clarify the analysis. The strongest ' relationship between participation and the various patterns of relative deprivation occurs with the Conbative index. Conbative index activities are those that could be teraed east ailitant by logical standards. They are engaged in by the feeest nueber of individuals but these are the nest active persons in terns of total nuaber of participations. RELATIVE DEPRIVATION AND PARTICIPATION IN THE CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT by Barbara N. Gescheender A THESIS Submitted to Michigan State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS Department of Sociology 1971 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I wish to express my gratitude to James A. Gsschaender for alloeing me to conduct an analysis of data that he had collected. I also eish to to express my indebtedness to Professor William A. Faunce for his time and efforts on my behalf and without whom this thesis mould never have been initiated. Finally, I eould like to thank Professors James B. McKee and Frederick Waisanen for serving on my thesis committee. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 1 RELATIVE DEPRIVATION 1 Progressive Deprivation 1 Reference Group Deprivation 2 METHODOLOGY 4 Independent Variables 4 Dependent Variables 5 Sample . 11 Development of Hypotheses 14 Status Scores 14 Change Scores 15 Comparison Scores 1? FINDINGS l7 Hypothesis IA: There eill be a positive association beteeen participation and personal status scores. 17 Hypothesis 18! There mill be a negative association beteeen participation and black status scores. 20 Hypothesis IIA: There will be a positive association betesen participation and perception of past progress. 21 Hypothesis III: There lill be a negative association beteeen participation and anticipated future progress. 21 Hypothesis 111A: There sill be a negative association batesen participation and comparison indicss (black minus self scores). 23 Hypothesis 1118: There Iill be a positive association bstesen participation and comparison indices (shite minus self scores). 26 iii TABLE OF CONTENTS (continued) Hypothesis IIIC: There mill be a positive association beteeen participation and comparison indices (shite minus black scores). 26 DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS 28 Summary 30 Characteristics of Participants 32 Conclusions 34 LIST OF REFERENCES 37 iv Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 9. 10. LIST OF TABLES Gamma Measures of Association Among Activities Trial Participation Indices Participation Rate and Mean Number Other Participations Gamma Measures of Inter-Index Associations Association Beteeen SASS Scores and Participation Status Scores by Mean Number of Participations Change Scores by lean Number of Participations Comparison of Black and Self SASS Scores by Nean Number of Participations Comparison of white and Self SASS Scores by lean Number of Participations Comparison of white and Black Status Scores by Nean Number of Participations 12 13 18 19 22 25 27 29 INTRODUCTION The civil rights movement became a mass movement in the mid-1950's and dominated much attention until the mid-1960's. It is a phenomenon of considerable sociological, as sell as human, interest. It presents teo major sociological problems: the explanation of the origins of the movement and the explanation of individual participation in it. It is likely that the former problem requires a structural anseer, ehile the latter requires a social psychological one. It is also probable that a different social psychological anseer is required for the explanation of shite and black participation. The present paper is only concerned eith the latter problem: ehat accounts for differences in degree and type of black participation in the civil rights movement. RELATIVE DEPRIVATION Curr (1970:24) defines the concept of relative deprivation as ”actors' perception of discrepancy beteeen their value expectations and their value capabilities.” Value expectations refer to the goods and conditions of life to ehich one feels rightfully entitled, and value capabilities refer to the goods and conditions of life that one feels capable of getting and keeping. This discrepancy beteeen expectations and capabilities may be produced in different eays. The aim of this paper is to identify several patterns that may have contributed to the development of the civil rights movement and to test their relative use- fulness in predicting differential participation. Pro ress v r v tion ”Progressive deprivetiofl” is one of several patterns of disequili- brium that may be present in societies (Curr, 1970.52-53). Long-run improvement in the value positions of individuals generates expectations 1 of continued improvement. Progressive deprivation results from the stabilization or decline of value capabilities after such a period of improvement. This pattern of disequilibrium is similar to Davies' J-Curve of Rising and Declining Satisfactions (1969:690). larphy and Iatson (1969) indicate that perceived blockage of legit- imate aspirations is an essential component in this development. They suggest that high aspirations are not sufficient to predict support for violence. ...the supporters of violence are those she have accepted the cultural definitions of success in the society, made some gains in achieving these goals, but perceive that the gap beteaen their aspirations and achievements can not be closed because of structural and institutional restrictions. The sense of frustration mhich results from the comparison beteaen shat one ments and has been invited to expect and mhat one currently enJo s leads to militancy and violence (lurphy and Iatson, l969:2 . Several other researchers cite hopes generated by society beyond the capacity of the society to meet them as an explanation of participation in the civil rights movement (see leier and Rudmick, 1968: lack, 1968: Vander Zanden, 1969). Berkomitz (1968) indicates that this gap beteaen aspirations and achievements can be created either in the manner suggested by Davies or may simply result from the fact that very rapid oasis-economic improve- ments may produce more hopes and expectations that can be fulfilled. ”Naps outstrips reality, even though conditions are rapidly improving fer the society as a mhole, and many of the people in the society are frustrated (Berkoeitz, 1968:45).” R v n The deprivation that derives from reference group comparisons focuses on the gap that exists beteaen shot one has and shat others 4" have. If the individual's reference group is perceived as being as deprived as he is, the individual is apt to be content eith his lot: if it is more successful, he may develop feelings of deprivation. This pattern of relative deprivation is not totally separable from the pro- gressive deprivation pattern. Perceived gains of reference groups, along eith sense of past improvement, may produce rising expectations (see Curr, 1970:Ch. 4). During the 1960's blocks have been assumed to evaluate their men and their group's position in relation to the more privileged shite seg- ments of society. Middle class blocks may see themselves better off relative to their son group but may feel that they lag behind their shite peers and feel relatively deprived eith respect to the latter coe- perison (see Searles and Iillisms, 1962). Iatthems and Prothro (1969) found that black college students perceiving better race relations in their home tomn than in the South, and those ranking the South lom in quality of race relations, more the most active protesters. Thus, activists felt relatively fortunate mhen comparing their lot to that ef other blacks in the South but less mall eff mhen using the broader standard of race relations in the larger morld. An alternate interpretation might suggest that blacks experiencing relatively good race relations in their home teen may develop high aspirations regarding race relations in the larger morld. The frustra- tion of these aspirations yields more discontent than mould have occurred mithout initially high aspirations. Thus, it may be the case that either a reference group or a progressive deprivation interpreta- tion may be utilized mith the same data. Alternately, it may be the case that both processes operate simultaneously. METHODOLOGY nde ntV rab es Cantril's Self-Anchoring Striving Scale (SASS) permits gathering data mhich may be used to test hypotheses involving either notion of relative deprivation. This instrument is designed to tap the unique reality morld of an individual to learn shot it has in common mith that of others and enables comparisons beteaen reality morlds ef different individuals, groups and societies. A person is asked to define an the basis of his son assump- tions, perceptions, goals and values the tee extremes or anchoring points of the spectrum on mhich some scale meas- urement is desired-for example, he may be asked to define the ”top” and ”bottom,” the “good" and “bad,“ the ”best” and “morst." This self-defined continuum is than used as our measuring device (Cantril, 1965:22). The top anchoring point represents the personal mishes and hopes that constitute his conception of the best possible life. At the ether and are the fears and frustrations that are part of the morst possible life he can imagine for himself. Then utilizing a nonverbal ladder device, symbolic of “the ladder of life,“ he is asked mhere he thinks he stands on the ladder today, eith the top being the best life ”to; m ggfined it, the bottom the morst life g; L13 11.2.9. defimg 1}, He is also asked mhere he thinks he stood in the past and mhere he thinks he mill stand in the future (Cantril, 1965:22). It is possible to rank collectivities as sell as individuals. Cantril asked respondents to place their country in terms of present, past and future standings en the ladder. Individual responses to the SASS (ladder rungs numbered 8 to lO) mill serve as the independent variables of this study. Individuals are asked to rank themselves, ahites as a group, and blacks as a group using the same definition of the best possible and morst possible life. These rankings are done for the present, five years in the pest, and five years in the future. Fourteen SASS scores are divided into three broad categories of status scores, change scores, and comparison scores. 5.9.912 _s_cg_r_g_s_ measure the distance betmeen the rung the individual/ group occupies on the SASS ladder and the top of the ladder as perceived at present and in the future. They measure the gap beteaen achievement and ideal life situation and mill be used to test Hypothesis I regarding the effect of deprivation relative to aspirations. These scores are utilized as four measures: personal present, personal future, black present and black future. 59229! M are constructed by comparing present eith past and future rankings. This provides an index of changes in the gap beteaen achievement and ideal life situation experienced in the past and antici- pated for the future. Change scores mill be used to test Hypothesis II regarding the effect of progressive deprivation. Change indices are constructed for personal past change, personal future change, black past change and black future change. Comparison‘gggggg,are constructed to measure the gap (or distance) beteaen rungs occupied on the SASS ladder by self and significant refer- ence groups or beteaen blacks and mhites. They mill be used to test Hypothesis III regarding the effect of reference group deprivation. Six indices are constructed: differences betmeen present rankings of blacks and self, mhites and self, blacks and mhites and differences in future rankings of blacks and self, mhites and self, blacks and mhites. nt V b s The dependent variables are made up from the folloming tmelve activities conducted by the civil rights movement: Honoring a boycott or a picket line. Financial contributions to civil rights group(s). membership in civil rights group(s). Token picketing (calling public attention to unsatisfactory poli- cies but not interfering eith the normal conduct of business). Mass picketing (picketing in such large numbers or in such a man- ner as to interfere eith the normal conduct of business). Hit-and-runs (attempts to gain service but leaving mhen refused). Sit-ins (attempts to gain service but not leaving mhen refused). Street demonstrations, protest marches, and parades. Lodging, or co-operating in the lodging of, court suits. Voter registration drives. Blocking the streets by sitting in them. Lying domn in front of vehicles, trucks, construction vehicles, etc. to interfere eith their normal activities. This sample of activities does not include the use of violence, as vio- lence m 3; see not characteristic of the civil rights movement of the early and middle 1968's. Various methods of scoring participation in the civil rights move- eent have been used. Some researchers have compared individuals mho indicated any protest participation and those she indicated none (see Drum and OM, 1968). Others have compared individuals we engaged in more militant and less militant activities (latthems and Prothro, 1966). Finally, researchers have compared participants engaged in one specific type activity (see Pinard gt 3],, 1969). F indinge more not almays con- sistent. Thus, this study mill utilize measures of both degree and type of involvement. 7 The teelve activities more used to develop four participation indices labeled Passive, Active, Combative and Total. A combination of logical and empirical considerations determined activity placement. Logical considerations provided the starting point and some guidelines and statistical measures determined final placement. The civil rights movement incorporated several sub-movements mhich have gravitated tomard different kinds of tactics (see lehr, 1968). It is also likely that there are differences among individuals aho engage in sideline activities and those she perform center stage. Trial com- binations of indices more developed based upon these assumptions. The Passive index initially included “spectator” kinds of activities such as honoring a picket line, making a financial contribution, or Joining a civil rights group. "Typical” nonviolent protest activities (token picketing, protest marches, hit-end-runs, court suits and voter regis- tration drives) mere initially incorporated into the Active index. The Combative index originally included the more gladitorial activities: mess picketing, sit-ins, blocking streets and impeding vehicles. The Total index is the total number of participations and thus combines the other three indices. Table 1 presents the matrix of associations among individual activ- ities. These Gammas provided the base reference points in draming up seven trial combinations of indices using variations upon the original Passive-Active-Combative classification system. Table 2 reports the Gsmmas associated eith these seven trial combinations. It is clear that the original combination (F) mas not the best empirical cluster of activ- ities. The best grand average Gamma is achieved by combination A. The average Commas for the Passive and Active indices (.599 and .699, Table l. Gamma Measures of Association Among Activities Item8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 .249 3 .429 .686 4 .616 .008 .491 5 .656 .034 .473 .750 6 .633 -.093 .367 .740 .902 7 .366 .298 .323 .400 -.025 .173 8 .587 .346 .462 .870 .685 .478 .258 9 .700 .691 .881 .848 .766 .648 .778 .824 10 .304 .557 .515 .408 -.059 .137 .448 .618 .398 11 .461 -.692 -.333 .762 .745 .536 .853 .356 .673 .271 12 .143 -.456 .007 .565 -.537 .238 .714 .619 .823 1.00 1.00 '1, Honor picket line: 2, Contributions: 3, Membership: 4, Token pick- sting: 5, less picketing: 6, Protest marches: 7, Hit-and-runs: 8, Sit- ins: 9, Court suits; 10, Voter registration drives: 11, Blocking streets: 12, Impeding vehicles. Table 2. Trial Participation Indices Inde Grang TQQBEAOEESED..1O9i£1flEEflaA23A2lE1_229_§2££!22229129_E2!!I£L.. 1196.. v 599 A p sive 2(.653) 3(.610), 10(.533) . .Agzive l(.577): 4(.750), 5(.012), 6(.707), 8(.650) .69; .725 Combative 7(.779), 9(.745), 11(.939), 12(.949) .05 B:Passive l(.336) 2(.567), 3(.599), 10(.490) .506 Active 4(.794): 5(.839), 6(.751), 8(.665) .762 .707 C:Passive 2(.653) 3(.610), 10(.533) .599 ‘Cti'. 1( e584): ‘( .684) g 5( e815) ’ 6( e766) e712 e682 D:Passive 2(.653) 3(.610) 10(.533) .599 Active l(.594): 4(.705): 5(.761), 6(.730), 7(.276) .613 .673 Combative 8(.747), 9(.796), 11(.727), 12(.940) .802 E:Passive l(.336), 2(.567), 3(.599), 10(.490) .506 Active 4(.722), 5(.ss7), 6(.843) .807 .665 Combative 7(.465), 8(.461), 9(.023), 11(.000), 12(.907) .707 F:Passive l(.346), 2(.510), 3(.597) .437 Active 4(.732), 6(.403), 7(.474), 9(.809), 10(.312) .546 .605 Combative 5(.684), 8(.648), 11(.849), 12(.885) .766 G:Paseive- l(.577), 2(.345), 3(.582), 4(.570), 6(.416), Active 10(.428) .486 Active- 5(.528), 7(.242), 8(.619), 9(.867), 11(.044), .570 Combative l2(.819) .653 .The numbers in parentheses are Gammas that report the association of the individual activity to the participation index in mhich it is included, eith the effect of that individual activity removed. For example, in combination A the Passive index consists of items 2, 3 and 10. The Gamma reported by activity 2 is the relation of activity 2 to the combination of activities 3 and 10 (Passive index minus activity 2). The numbers outside the parentheses refer to the individual activities: 1, Honor picket line: 2, Contributions: 3, membership: 4, Token pick- eting: 5, mass picketing: 6, Protest marches: 7, Hit-and-runs: 8, Sit- ins: 9, Court suits: 10, Voter registration drives: 11, Blocking streets: 12, Impeding vehicles. bComputed using only the individual activitieso-and their corresponding Gammas--inc1uded in the particular index. cComputed using the individual activitieso-and their corresponding Gammas--for all three indices. 10 respectively) indicate a moderate to high degree of interrelatedness of the included items, but they rank belom the average Comma of the Com- bative index (.853). In all the trial combinations the average index Gammas are higher than .480 and the decision as to mhich mas the best combination mas based solely on the best grand average Gamma. The particular grouping of items in combination A is not as logi- cally neat as originally anticipated but is compatible mith the ration- ale underlying a breakdomn of activities into a Passive-Active-Combetive classification. 0f the Passive index only activity 10 (participation in voter registration drives) is not on face characteristics a sideline activity. Fifty-four per cent of the sample reported participation in this activity, mhich is the second highest participation rate achieved by any activity. As suggested belom, this high participation rate implies a spectator kind of behavior. Voter registration drives, membership and financial contributions are activities that require minimal contact eith mhites. They may take place in a primarily black context and thus may differ in meaning to the participant from either Active or Combative activities. Honoring a picket line (originally placed in the Passive index) may involve an ele- ment of black-shite confrontation and thus may logically, ae mall as, empirically, belong in the Active index. Final placement beteaen Active and Combative indices mas made on empirical grounds. Homaver, eith the exception of sit-ins it does appear that activities included mithin the Active index have less of an element of direct combat eith mhites than do activities included mithin the Combative index. Tao further checks of logical validity mere made before finalizing the decision to use combination A. Rilbrath (1965:16-30) suggests that 11 a list of conventional political activities forms a hierarchy from behaviors most often to those least often performed. Participation in items on the hierarchy is also cumulative. Those mho engage in ”topmost” behaviors are likely to perform behaviors lover in rank, but those engag- ing in lom ranking behaviors are unlikely to participate in high ranking ones. This may be generalized to apply to unconventional behaviors. Table 3 presents the percentage participating in each activity and mean number of other participations reported. The indices of combination A form a perfect hierarchy. The percent- age participating in the activities of the Passive index are 72, 50 and 54, respectively. These are the three highest participation rates. Par- ticipation rates for the Active index are 43, 22, 23, 38 and 19 per cent, respectively. The Combative index provides the lamest participation rates (15, 9, 2 and l per cent, respectively). An examination of the last column in Table 3 reveals that all items included mithin the Com- bative index score a higher mean number of other participations than any of the items included mithin the Passive index. Tao activities (items 7 and 8) spoil a perfect rank order for the Active and Combative indices. Finally, the interrelationship of participation indices mas exam- ined and is reported in Table 4. The 10m to moderate inter-index Gammas suggest that the indices measure different, but related, participation dimensions. This provides support for the belief that the use of separ- ate indices mill yield information that could not be gained from a sim- ple analysis of total number of participations. Sam e The data more collected in the summer of 1964 by James A. Ceech- mender. A. 100 per cent sample of students in sociology classes at 12 Table 3. Participation Rate and Mean Number Other Participations Per Cent Mean Other Activity Participating Pa c at 1, Honor picket line 43 4.09 2, Contributions 72 3.04 3, lembership 50 3.86 4, Token picketing 22 5.30 5, Mass picketing 23 4.91 6, Protest marches 38 4.19 7, Hit-and-runs 15 4.55 8, Sit-ins 19 5.34 9, Court suite 9 6.71 10, Voter registration drives 54 3.55 11, Blocking streets 2 6.00 12‘ Imaedi=g vehicles 1 6.50 Total N I 149 Passive index: Activities 2, 3, 10 Active index: Activities 1, 4, 5, 6, 8 Combative index: Activities 7, 9, ll, 12 13 Table 4. Gamma Measures of Inter-Index Associations Passive index x Active index .298 Passive index x Combative index .386 Active index x Combative index .407 Passive index x Totala index .310 Active index x Totalb index .179 Combative index x Totalc index .435 'Active plus Combative indices. bpeeeive plus Combative indices. cPassive plus Active indices. 14 all-black Florida A A N University responded to a questionnaire elicit- ing their attitudes tomard, and participation in, the civil rights move- ment (NIl49). The Self-Anchoring Striving Scale use also administered eliciting rankings of self, blacks and mhites at three points in time. A student sample mas utilized because black college students more the most numerous and most visible supporters of the civil rights movement. Qggglogggnt of flyggtheses Hypotheses are developed separately for status, change and compari- son scores and are presented belom. Status Scores Several studies of the student civil rights movement have shomn participants to have generally higher oasis-economic backgrounds than nonparticipants (Orbell, 1967: Searles and Hilliams, 1962: Iatthems and Prothro, 1966:Ch. l4). Hshr (1968) reports that his sample of black col- lege students (94 per cent of shoe had participated in the movement in some may) largely came from the middle and upper class elements of the Southern black community and that they eere hopeful of their omn per- sonal future and of achieving higher social status mithin American soci- ety. Thus, it is to be expected that a small gap beteaen achievement and aspirations mill be associated eith activism. It does not folloe, homever, that higher levels of activism mill be found among those she perceive blacks as experiencing a small discrepancy gap relative to an ideal life situation. Orbell (1967) concludes that perception of group deprivation, but not individual deprivation, mas associated eith high levels of protest. ...there is a marked association beteaen protest and feelings about the general position of the shale Negro race: among students she recorded “high” on a measure of satisfaction 15 eith the present racial situation 28 per cent mere partici- pants: among those recording ”10m" 52 per cent more partici- pants (Orbell, 1967:55-56). For the purposes of Hypothesis 1 relative deprivation is operation- ally defined as the gap beteaen the respondent's ranking at present (or anticipated in the future) and his aspirations. SASS status scores as measures of relative deprivation are similarly used by Gurr (1970:64-65), Creeford and Naditch (1970:210) and Ocean .95. 31 (1968: 192). Hypotheses specifying relationships beteaen SASS scores and partic- ipation are presented belom. In the presentation of hypotheses and the discussion of findings the terms “status score" and “discrepancy gap" eill both be used. It must be kept in mind that these are inversely related. Persons eith a high status score have a small discrepancy gap, and persons mith a 10m status score have a large discrepancy gap. The hypotheses mill be tested utilizing Games to measure strength of rela- tionship beteaen SASS scores and participation Ifld‘sftBOD. of the sig- nificance of difference in mean number of participations mithin indices. Significance of Gamma mill be tested by a formula for‘; presented by Freeman (1965:170-72). Hypothesis IA: There mill be a positive association beteaen par- ticipation and personal status scores for both present and future. Hypothesis 18: There sill be a negative association beteaen par- ticipation and black status scores for both pres- ent and future. Change Scores The progressive deprivation hypothesis includes tmo elements: the ”rising expectations“ notion discussed by Berkomitz and "perception of blockage" discussed by Iurphy and Natson (see above). In the hypotheses that follom they mill be separately analyzed. Past improvements 16 stimulate the development of high aspirations for the future. Develop- ment of aspirations may outstrip actual rate of improvement and cause dissatisfaction. Thus, the rising expectations component of the progres- sive deprivation hypothesis should be revealed in perception of past progress. Cataldo and Kellstedt (1968:89-90) found that sense of per- sonal past progress (as measured by the SASS) mas positively related to propensity to Join in street demonstration and to riot if necessary to get public officials to correct political mrongs. SASS scores do not permit direct tests of all steps involved in this hypothesis. They do permit testing the relationship betmeen the and points: namely, that individuals mho sense greater personal (black) pest gain sill have higher levels of participation. The blocked aspirations component of the progressive deprivation hypothesis has its impact after the development of rising expectations and should reveal itself in pessimism regarding future progress. Discon- tent derives from comparing aspirations eith the expectation that they mill not be fulfilled. Von Eschen g; 91 (1969: 312-14) found the discrep- ancy betmeen aspirations and expectations to be related both to early joining and intensity of activity in a sit-in movement. Unfortunately, sample size prevented the control of level of status in analyzing perception of past and future change. Obviously, those respondents mho record past status as high cannot be expected to perceive either much past or future progress. In fact, only seven respondents record personal past status as high (ladder steps 8-10) and 10 respond- ents record black past status as high. Hypothesis IIA: There mill be a positive association betmeen par- ticipation and perception of past progress for both blacks and self. 17 Hypothesis 118: There mill be a negative association beteaen par- ticipation and anticipated future progress for both blacks and self. Comparison Scores Speculation about the relationship of black protest participation and reference group comparisons has been along the lines that protesters see themselves as better off than blacks and mores off then mhites (see Natthees and Prothro, 1966:424: and Searles and Williams, 1962:216). A logical extension of this reasoning predicts higher participation rates for individuals mho perceive mhites as better off than blacks. Hypothesis IIIA: There mill be a negative association beteaen par- ticipation and comparison indices (black minus self scores) for present and future. Hypothesis IIIB: There mill be a positive association beteaen par- ticipation and comparison indices (shite minus self scores) for present and future. Hypothesis IIIC: There mill be a positive association beteaen par- ticipation and comparison indices (shite minus black scores) for present and future. FINDINGS flyggthgsig IA: Iggge mill 9, a ggsitivg asggciation ggtmeen egrticigg- tign and personal status scoreg. There are four Gammas reporting the relationship beteaen personal present rankings and the indices of participation (see Table 5). No Gamma exceeds .100. A comparison of mean number of participations (see Table 6) indicates that those individuals mho perceive a large discrepancy gap have the highest levels of activity for three of the four indices. Homever, none of the differences betmeen means are statistically signif- icent. For personal future rankings none of the Cosmos exceed .200. A comparison of mean number of participations reveais that higher activity 18 Table 5. Association Betmeen SASS Scores and Participation Passive Active Combative Total SASS Score index Inggg Index [Layla Personal Present -.07a° -.058 .013 -.069 Personal Future -.l97 .113 -.018 .009 Black Present -.121 -.161 -.308 -.185 (1.68) (1.67) Black Future -.201 -.l95 -.497 -.257 (1.64) (1.69) (3.06) (2.40) Personal Past Change -.O34 -.023 .231 .026 81°Ck 9881'. Chang. -e105 -e088 .e370 -e128 Personal Future Change -.205 .053 -.112 -.064 (1.90) Black Future Change .061 -.041 -.092 -.010 Black Present-Personal Present -.181 -.117 -.315 -.l72 (1.80) (l.94) (1.99) Black Future-Personal Future .024 -.153 -.272 -.126 (1.79) White Present-Personal Present -.009 .000 -.204 -.026 White Future-Personal Future .092 .020 -.047 -.008 White Present-Black Present .081 .027 -.021 .060 Hhite_Future§81ack Future .101 .112 .162 .121 'Gamme Neasures of Association, computed on detailed breakdomn of actual number of participations:‘;pscores reported in parentheses mhen significant at .05 level or beyond. .ocoson no dosed no. as aceouanauue cage oeomoaen eemoueLmr .aem moceaemoeuo Hausa oeeeeho .aem sucoaeuueuo menses oeemehn .eceuuemqaee ace passesaucoo caesveo can xoceaenuauo momma eschews pm as an on an as names: m2 >a.u m2 «a.» no.s me.e m2 mz m2 onen nu.n so.n «snob no.~ nu." ma mu.o no.0 «o.o om.a m2 m2 oa.o nN.o mn.o asaaooeou mxuaam m2 mz m2 en.~ so.” an.” m: mz m2 os.a an.u no.H esauo¢ m2 mp.a m: mm.” on.“ ~0.H ma m2 mz om.~ as.“ mm.n e>ueeea m4 Mum Mum .43 N3 :4 mud mum mun Ida ..Gq ...Ad on coato scam ammo mm comma ovum auto 61 S S 3 cell Idols-HS: mz m<.n um.n m2 mz m2 mH.n em.» su.n Home» m2 mN.c no.0 m2 ma m2 bu.o m~.o nn.o asuaaneou “4mm m2 nm.a ma.a m: m2 m2 m~.~ mm.~ ca.u es«uo< m2 or.n pm.u m2 m2 m2 ma.~ n9.u no.“ esneemo We. Igloo to. 111.666 mum mule. mud Ia ....«Nq Ad jean o» as cu m a a ecoaueauuuuuem no names: ones so eeuoum asaaam .m sneak ‘71.?- »Vr A. 20 levels tend to be related to perception of a medium discrepancy gap (eith the exception of the Active index), but no difference is statis- tically significant. Neither personal present nor personal future is a useful predictor of activism. H thesis IB: There mi be a ne ative association be mean rtic - tign and black status scores, All four Commas reporting the relationship betmeen black present scores and activism are in the predicted direction (see Table 5): only the Combative exceeds .200 and omiy the Combative and Total indices are statistically significant. Eleven out of 12 differences beteaen means are in the predicted direction (see Table 6), but only one of the Com- bative comparisons is statistically significant. For black future rankings three of the four Gammas exceed .200. All four are in the predicted direction and all are statistically sig- nificant. The strongest measure of association is found eith the Com- bative index. Eleven out of 12 differences beteaen means are in the pre- dicted direction and four of these are statistically significant, of mhich tmo occur mith the Combative index. For the Active, Combative and Total indices the relationship tends to be linear. Black future scores, than, are found to be a relatively good predictor of civil rights activ- ism, mith the strongest relationship occurring eith the Combative index. Black present scores did predict Combative (and Total index) activities but no other. To summarize: There is no empirical support for Hypothesis IA. Hypothesis 18 must be divided into predictions dealing eith present and future rankings. It receives empirical support across all four indices mhen utilizing future rankings, but is supported only for the Combative (and Total index) mhen utilizing present rankings. tion and pprception of past progress, 0f the four Commas reporting the relationship beteaen perception of personal post change and participation only one exceeds .200, and it is not statistically significant (see Table 5). With the exception of the Passive index, those individuals eho perceive substantial pest progress tend to have the highest mean number of participations (see Table 7). Homever, the relationships are not linear and none of the differences beteaen means are statistically significant. An examination of black past change scores reveals only one Games that exceeds .200 and it is not statistically significant. These indi- viduals aho perceive moderate past progress have the highest mean number of participations on all four indices. For the Combative and Total indi- ces the differences in mean participations beteaen those she perceive moderate past progress and substantial past progress are statistically significant. Perception of substantial black past progress does not appear to contribute to higher levels of activism, but perception of lesser amounts of past progress may contribute to higher activity rates on the Combative and Total indices. Perception of personal past progress does not appear to be a good predictor of civil rights activism. and gnticippted future progress, For personal future change scores only the Passive index Gamma exceeds .200. It is both in the predicted direction and statistically significant (see Table 5). These individuals mho perceive substantial future progress have the lomest mean number of participations on all four indices (see Table 7). The relationship is linear only for the Passive index. In the other three instances those she anticipate moderate future 22 .eaeue assume some so same so omen evaaaouoca cos eeoo» aeosaucna .eaeve uaooau usoa no memo» so sumo eueauoduce cos eeoo» macaque"; .aaeae nausea as» no see so cues no .eaceoo oc .saqduoos ouascsoo eaanmuauce cos soon» eeoaaocue .aeou oeuueutosu a so am: eueoaocu eenoueLH oacaameoc: .nac case use» oenqeatosu a use couuoauqo oeuunoeua sou cu em eceee caesoeo eucemee name so» caos use» oeauaaueco a mans: .oaoxao as Human no. as acauueacoue ceoe oeunoaee senses: a .eaeae nested mucous on sees» mo swam asueumea cos eeoo» eeoonocno .aaeue nausea as» me are so omen asueuneo one soon» eeoaaucno .suunnooa ouascsoo no soceou oc asaeumea cos eeoo» eeooaucna en mm «c en co «m cease: m2 m2 m2 ec.n em.n na.n m: .mqu. m: an.« mc.n me.« mesa» m2 mz m: 36 2.6 36 m2 flaw. m2 8.6 on... ma... 333:3 mflqfl. ma «2 m: nm.~ on.” «m.m m2 mz m2 cm.m me.” «6.6 eemece m2 m2 ma cm.” we.“ cc.m m2 m2 m: cm.” mc.m cm.~ eeeeeea AMT. no 7mm7 mm cc Immuunnnunmumumz mz ma ce.n He.n em.n Hece» ...: m2 end 86 me... 333.6... add m2 m2 em.~ me.” ee.H eeacce m2 mz es.” «c.~ oc.m eemeeec m2 m2 mz m2 Imam. mum” mud. ndmon _nawu zfloq nwmm_ mum. .mud. .qu. namqu .quq. xecc a cameo ccaec ocaeu .ccm .cc: ceeeo .ccm .66: oz ecouueowuaomeo as noose: case so eeuoum eoceou .b edoeh 23 progress have the highest rates of participation. Tmo of the differences betmeen means (one each on the Passive and Active indices) are statisti- cally significant. The Cosmos reveal the absence of a relationship beteaen black future change scores and activity in the civil rights movement. None of the Gammas exceed .100. Persons aha perceive moderate future progress have the lomest mean number of participations on all four indices but none of the differences betmeen means are statistically significant. Future change scores relative to self may have some predictive utility for Pas- sive index activities. It may also be the case that perception of moder- ate future progress may stimulate participation in Active index protest. Future change scores relative to blocks do not appear to be good predic- tors of activism. To summarize: Hypothesis IIA receives no empirical support. Hom- ever, tmo significant findings emerge from the analysis of mean number of participations. Individuals mho see moderate amounts of black pest prog- ress are the most active participants on both the Combative and Total indices. The lack of linearity does not permit concluding that Hypoth- esis IIA is supported. Hypothesis 118 receives support only mhen eoneid- ering personal progress and the Passive index. There is one other sig- nificant finding. Persons mho anticipate moderate personal future prog- ress have the highest levels of participation on the Active index. . -:th' is ; Th.r* m g_ «n u, - n u_ - and co indices All four Gammaa that report the association beteaen black and per- sonal present indices and participation are in the predicted direction (see Table 5). Only one exceeds .200 but (eith the exception of the 24 Active index) three are statistically significant. Nhen the differ- ences betmeen means are examined (see Table 8), they reveal that (mith the exception of the Active index) those she see themselves ranking sub- stantially higher than blocks have the highest activity rates. These mho perceive no difference have the lomest activity rates on all four indices. One or more of the differences beteaen means are statistically signifi- cant on all four indices. ffi‘ when black and personal future rankings are considered, three of the 2 four Commas are in the predicted direction. Only one exceeds .200 and it i is statistically significant (Combative index). Comparison of mean num- ber of participations reveals that, eith the exception of the Passive L3? index, those individuals mho see their son future substantially higher than black future are the most active. Several of the differences beteaen means on the Combative and Total indices are statistically sig- nificant. There is no consistent relationship beteaen seeing no dif- ferences in status rankings and the lamest levels of participation. Perception of differences beteaen oneself and blocks may be useful in predicting activity in the civil rights movement. Nhen present rank- ings are considered, there is some indication that seeing oneself doing better than blacks contributes to the highest levels of activism: seeing blacks doing better contributes to intermediate levels: and seeing no difference contributes to the lamest levels of activism. This relation- ship holds less strongly for the Active index. The data linking percep- tions of black and personal future rankings and activism are not as strong as those found eith present rankings and the pattern of relation- ships mith participation tends to diverge. 25 .ocoxeo no ueeea mo. as acouumucmue ceos oeomoaeu aeuouenmr .exueao coo» meoouo eoeae mapped as» no see aosaeeeeo» xcan cos snoop eeosaucno .aucnxoea ensue» moo meson: ensue cases on ammo» oce .emcuxceu ucaoeea moo oxueno coco meoouo ensue nausea poses o» ammo» oo>aemseoo xcau cos soon» eeosuucne on we cm on cececz m2 m2 m2 cc.” mz m2 we.» so.» we.» ce.e Hench He.“ mz mz mc.n m2 ee.m om.c m~.c -.o no.6 eeneecceu cacao m2 m2 m2 m2 m2 m2 eu.m mn.m ~e.n mc.~ cease. m2 m2 m2 m2 m2 m2 on.“ em.” Hc.o ee.~ e>aeeec am. on cc cu cececz mz mz m2 an.~ mm.“ m: we.» cc.~ cc.n cc.e fleece m2 m2 m2 «m.m ma.~ m2 no.6 no.6 en.c oe.c eeaeecccu ounmmmmm m2 mz m2 mz co.~ m2 ce.~ no.” ec.n ce.m eecece nc.m m2 m2 cm.~ m2 «e.a ec.m nm.n ec.a c«.~ eeaeeec Imam. .«um .«um .mum. ”wow moo. nqu. ndmo. _:~Mq. nooq. unnummmuq. c» .c: .c.z 6.6: e..: .me .oos .osm teem idem .ocoauonauaomeo no meossz cues xo oeuoum mmcm seem ecu xuedm Lo coeauonsou .o eaooh When shite and personal present indices are considered, there is only one Gamma that exceeds .200 and it is not statistically significant (see Table 5). For three of the four indices (excepting the Passive index) those individuals mho perceive no difference in status rankings (including those she see themselves doing better) tend to have higher rates of participation than those she see mhites ranking higher. None of the differences beteaen means are statistically significant (see F Table.9). None of the Commas that report the association beteaen mhite and : g personal future indices and participation exceed .100. An examination of the differences beteaen means for the Active and Combative indices reveals a tendency for those she rank themselves higher than mhites to be more active and for those she see no difference to be the least active. Home over, those she see mhites doing better tend to be more active on the Passive and Total indices. None of the differences beteaen means for any of the indices are statistically significant. There appears to be no empirical relationship beteaen perceptions of either present or future mhits-self inequality and participation in the civil rights movement. H -othesis I _C Th re mil_ -e a --s ,ve —s~- ,at_-n betme n cart - and comrison ind ces None of the Commas that report the association beteaen mhite and black present indices and participation exceed .100 (see Table 5). An examination of the means for all four indices reveals that those she per- ceive mhites doing substantially better than blacks are the most active, but the relationships are not linear (except for the Passive index) and none of the differences beteaen means are statistically significant (see 1 27 .ocoxeo no He>aa mo. om ucmouaucmwa cans oevuooen oauouonmr .eesaeueeo» can» macaw: mason mapped can on e>aa eeouos xcou one eeoou eeooaucHo .eesseeeeou coon meson; oases mooted use; no eeeou condos xcen cos eeooo oeosnocno .ae>aeoseou coo» neomuo ensue mooted as» no eco menace xcom one soot» mononucuo .eeeace ces» cocoa; oesdeeeeov xcom cos snoop use some so» menace oca eesnemeeoa moon 0:! smog» mesonucue 'll |I|1 cm on on genes: m2 m2 mz cm.n an.n oe.n mesa» m2 m2 mz on.o H~.o ~n.o eencececu _mmmHmu m2 m2 mz ce.~ oe.a mm.n eeeucc m2 mz mz no.” cc.m ma.a eeeeeec ..nJ. mow. wad la 4% G u xecca e» .c: .c.z .6: .ca comm en «m an em ceccaz m2 mz m2 m2 mz m2 «e.» em.» an.n mc.n mesa» mz wz m2 mz m2 «2 o~.o mo.c mn.o mn.o eeaeecccu Hummmmm m2 m2 m2 m2 mz m2 cm.n ee.m on.a mm.~ e>ecc< m2 mz mz mz mz m2 cm.m oc.a ma.~ nc.q eceeeec ..era «um «um m mum mud N3 “3 New a xeccm e» «.6: «.6: m.cz e.o.z cam cc: com .c3 .c3 .c3 ecoauoaaouauoo so neoeaz coo: >o oeaoom mm