A STUDY OF THE EFFECT OF GRAZING UPON CHANGES IN VEGETATION ON A WATERSHED IN THE SOUTHERN APPALACHIAN MOUNTAINS Thais Io: fho 009m of M S. MICHIGAN STATE COLLEGE JenyCl‘Nflfimns I954 THEE?!“ um. WMWIWWH L _ f 3 1293 ¥1o7i2e 53 This is to certify that the thesis entitled A Study of the Effect of Grazing Upon Changes in Vegetation on a Watershed in ' the Southern Appalachian Mountains presented by Jerry G. Williams has been accepted towards fulfillment of the requirements for M. S , degree in m /7 Major professor Date _Ma.y_28_._195_’-k__ 0-169 A STUDY OF THE EFFECT OF GRAZING UPON CHANGES IN VEGETATION ON A WATERSHED IN THE SOUTHERN APPALACHIAN MOUNTAINS By Jerry G. Will 3 A THESIS Submitted to the School of Graduate Studies of Michigan State College of Agriculture and Applied Science in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE Department of Forestry \ 1954 THESIS AC KIIOWLE ITGE MEN T S All of the vegetal data used herein was taken from the records of the Coweeta Hydrologic Laboratory near Franklin, North Carolina. The laboratory is a branch of the Southeastern Forest Experiment Station, Forest Service, United States Department of Agriculture. with which the writer was associated during the summer of 1953. The author wishes to express his sincere appreciation to Dr. Terrill D. Stevens, Head of the Department of Forestry, for his constructive criticism, continuous inspiration, encouragement, and assistance in matters pertaining to this study. Special acknowledgement is made to Edward A. Johnson. Technician- in-Charge of the Coweeta Hydrologic Laboratory, for his guidance and help with many phases of the work. Indebtedness is expressed to Mr. A. E. Redford and Mr. E. D. Marshall. who identified the vegetation and made the vegetation survey in 1940, and also to Miss Dorothy Crandall, who identified the vegetation and made the vegetation survey in 1952. The author expresses thanks to Dr. Robert E. Dils. who offered many helpful suggestions in reviewing the manuscript. 331298 TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS PURPOSE AND SCOPE . . . . . . EAST WORK . . . . . . . THE COWEETA HYDBOIOGIC LABORATORI . . THE WATERSHED HO. 7 . . Location . . . . . ..... . . . . . . . Size and Shape . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Topography . . . . . . . . . . . . . Channel Characteristics . . . . . . . . . Geology and Soils . . . . . . . . . . . . Phenology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Vegetation ..... . . . . . . . . . . Land.Use History . . . . . . .‘. . . . . . METHODS OF PROCEDURE . . . . . . . . . . . . Design of Experiment . . Method of Tallying Vegetation . . Method of.Analysis. . . . . . . . . . . assume cave-Hardwood Forest Type . . . . . Oak-Hickory Forest Type . . . . . Yellow Pine—Hardwood Forest Type . SUMMARI AND CONCDUSIONS . . . ...... Cave-Hardwood Forest Type . Oak—Hickory Forest Type . . . Yellow Pine-Hardwood Forest Type . . . . . DI SCUSSION O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O 0 0 LITERATURE CITED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . APPENDIX.................. PURPOSE AND SCOPE At one time livestock grazing on forest land produced the princi- pal source of cash income in the mountains adjacent to the Coweeta Hydrologic Laboratory. Widespread annual burning was practiced to reduce density of forest cover and to favor development of grass and sprouts. The establishment of stock laws. elimination of fires, and decreased economic returns have reduced open ranging in mountain hard- wood forests. Today, however, cattle grazing on small farm woodlands without consideration of carrying capacity or seasonal forage condi- tion is still very common. V Current practice on the average mountain farm in the Southern Appalachians is to fence the woodland in with pasture. Because many so-called farm units in the Southern Appalachians consist of as little as 10 to 75 acres. of which probably not more than 5 to 20 acres are suitable for agriculture, the tendency in many sections is to graze the fenced woodlands. The aggregate area of grazed wood- land is not nearly as great as in the days of open range but it is still large. occupying 23 percent1 of the land area in the Southern Appalachian Mountains. Because these grazed woodlands are screened by forest canOpies, the effects upon soil. water,and vegetal conditions developed by grazing and trampling may not be noticed by the casual observer. 11950 Agri. Census for Mountain Counties in Ga.. Tenn., and H. C. However, if anyone enters these grazed woods he will see examples where grazing and trampling has produced serious erosion and reduced capacity of the vegetation on the forest floor to control storm water. Since farm woodlands comprise so much of the farm land in the Southern Appalachian mountain region, the wise management of these tracts is of vital importance to regional timber economy, regional water resources. as well as to the individual farm owner. Increased interest is being shown in the feasibility of using mountain timber- lands for pasture purposes. There is, however. no definite information as to whether grazing in the forest is an economical practice in this particular region when both cattle and forest are considered. Numerous studies have been made on grazing and its effect upon vegetation; however, to the writer's knowledge there has been no report in which a forested watershed was standardized for a 6-year .period, the vegetation recorded, then grazed for 11 years. and the vegetation recorded again from which direct comparisons can be made. To evaluate the effect of this practice upon changes in species and plant numbers. an average of 6 cattle were grazed on this watershed h months during each year. starting in 1941 and ending in 1952. For this study it was necessary to over-trample and over-graze the watershed in a manner comparable to the typical use of other farm woodlands in the locality. The purpose of this thesis is to describe the changes in plant numbers. species numbers, and weighted average height that have taken place on an experimental watershed under controlled conditions of seasonal grazing by cattle within a hardwood forest typical of the Southern Appalachian Mountains. If the effect of grazing upon these changes in vegetation can adequately be shown for this area. it should serve as a guide to the land-use questions throughout the Southern Appalachian Mountain Region. PAST WORK Numerous investigations designed to study the changes in vegeta- tion brought about as a result of woodland grazing have been made. However, only a small portion of the existing literature relates directly to the present study. Only selected representative projects that have a direct bearing on the present study will be cited. The highest grazing efficiency consists in producing the largest amount of forage from a pasture or range each year. Experiments have shown that the removal of the herbage several times each growing season, especiale if the first harvest is made a short time after the beginning of growth in spring. seriously weakens the plants and immediately decreases their forage production. Vigorous plants that have not been weakened by overgrazing produce a large yield of forage and a viable seed crop which matures fairly early. Plants seriously weakened by overgrazing produce but little forage and usually fail to deveIOp any seed. Grazing a pasture to its maximum capacity year after year invariably results in a sharp decline in its carrying capacity. The degree of overgrazing is shown by two types of indicators-- those due primarily to the fact that they are not eaten and those that invade because of disturbance. The more palatable species are eaten down, thus rendering the uneaten ones more conspicuous. This quickly throws the advantage in competition to the side of the latter. The grazed species are correspondingly handicapped in all these respects by the increase of less palatable species and the more palatable species are further weakened by trampling as stock wanders about in search of food. If grazing is sufficiently severe. even the most unpalatable species may disappear unless they are woody. wholly un- palatable, or protected by spines. The predominance of annual weeds and short-lived unpalatable perennials indicates severe overgrazing and characterizes pastures in advanced stages of depletion. Early indicators of range deterior- ation are a decrease in abundance of the more valuable species and an increase in the less valuable ones. Other signs of overgrazing, especially in a forest. consist of damage to tree reproduction. remnants of dead shoots of palatable woody plants. and everywhere in general, erosion, roots of vegetation exposed by trampling, bare soil. and deeply cut trails where formerly the cover of vegetation was intact (Weaver and Clements. 1938). Day and Dedel (1932) found in the Corn Belt section of Indiana that under heavy grazing only the most unpalatable species of trees can survive through the reproduction period, only weed species are present in the understory of the most heavily grazed stands. Even under light intensities of grazing (less than one animal unit for every 10 acres of woodland) the more succulent and valuable species. such as yellowpoplar. white ash. sugar maple. basswood. and slippery elm are browsed and yellowpoplar is often consumed and eliminated from the woodland. The effect of grazing on tree reproduction was one of the studies made on the Pinney-Purdue woodlots in northern Indiana. DenUyl (19h5) found that direct injury consisted principally of browsing, trampling, pulling seedlings out of the soil and actually riding_down. and fre- quent uprooting of saplings up to three inches in diameter and lb feet in height. Woodland grazing under the three intensities studies results in early utilization of grass and other herbaceous forage and considerable browsing of tree foliage. This is followed by close cropping of the less palatable plant growth and complete defoliation of all tree repro- duction that can be reached or ridden down. It is clearly indicated that continuous grazing under the intensities studied consistently lowers the forage productivity of the farmwoods both in its palata- bility and nutritive value. These changes take place not only through the selective effect of grazing but also through a deterioration in the productivity capacity of the site. DenUyl and Day (1934),also working on the Pinney-Purdue woodlot. found that with six acres allowed per animal unit, woodland grazing without supplementary feeding results in serious deterioration of the animals. Another study carried out on the Pinney-Purdue woodlot by DenUyl. et al (1938) shows that destruction of underbrush and repro— duction by grazing has a pronounced effect upon the environment. The increased sunlight reaching the ground floor and the greater wind action have partially destroyed the protective humus and leaf litter and permitted the soil to dry out more readily. As a result, condi- tions favorable for germination establishment of tree seedlings have disappeared. Weeds, less exacting in their requirements, take over the ground cover. Lutz (1930) studied the effect of grazing upon vegetation in a hemlock-beech stand in northern Pennsylvania. He grouped individuals of each tree species in the following size classes: Size Height Clasg in Feet 1 0 to 1.0 2 1.1 to 2.5 3 2.6 to 6.0 h 6.1 to 15.0 5 15.1 to 25.0 Trees above 25 feet in height were not recorded since they were not believed to be as subject to the grazing influence as the younger trees; forest growth above 25 feet in height appeared to be essentially the same on both grazed and ungrazed areas. Lutz found that the composition en the ungrazed and grazed areas is practically the same so far as the number of species is concerned. In the five classes of trees studies, there were 12 species on the ungrazed area and 15 on the grazed area. In dealing with individuals he found that compared with the ungrazed area, the number of individuals for his main three tree species-~hemlock. red maple, and beech--that size 1 showed a large increase on the grazed area. In size classes 2, 3, 4, and 5, however, there was a marked reduction in the number of individuals on the grazed area. The total number of shrubby and herbaceous species was much greater on the grazed than on the ungrazed area. A number of species appeared exclusively on the grazed and others appeared exclusively on the ungrazed area. A similar study by Diller (1937) in northern Indiana brings out the same relationship as did the study by Lutz. Heavy grazing tends to bring about a much greater vegetation layer up to one foot in height with the amounts between one to 25 feet in height being very sparse or absent. A survey of forage cover in ungrazed. transition stage, and Open park stage was also made by Diller (1937), who found certain "indicator“ plants of these various conditions. Field observations indicate that most of the livestock in the.Central States avoid all plants of the mint family. arum family, the vervains, night-shades. the mustard family for the most part. may—apple. common mullen, moth mullen, milkweeds. dog bane, cinquefoil. bracken fern. the borage family. most of the parsley family. all species of dog fennel. thistles. sour dock, and most sedges. The forage cover is decidedly inferior in the transition stage since the few palatable species hare been removed and the crown canOpy provides sufficient‘shade to prohibit the establish. ment of a uniform and dense cover of bluegrass. The woodland may remain in this unproductive stage for 10 to 20 years. The ground cover in the open-park stage contains a higher proportion of blue- grass and fewer weeds but is not good pasture because of a certain amount of shading (crown density 50 percent or more) and is certainly not good woodland. Dils (1953) working on Watershed No. 3 at the Coweeta Hydrologic Laboratory found that by clearcutting the forest cover and applying different land-use practices to the watershed, a marked change in vegetation was produced. On the grazed area. the most marked changes were those in vegetation density and in species composition of shrubby and herbaceous cover. The vegetation density was lowered and changes in species composition were marked by the appearance of such more or less noxious or unpalatable species as mullen, yarrow, Canada thistle. smartweed, nettle. and purslane--all frequently associated with land abuse. The forest tree seedlings and sprouts observed in 1951 consisted of about the same species which were represented on the area prior to clearcutting and grazing. Invading species included green ash, hawk thorns, black walnut. and butternut. A study made in the pomi pine forest type of North Carolina indicates that palatable shrubs and vines were affected more than any other forage group by heavy utilization. Unpalatable shrubs were not appreciably influenced by grazing. The final density of unpalatable species was essentially the same on grazed and ungrazed plots (Shepherd, Dillars. and Lucas, 1951). woodland pasture differs from that grown in the open in both) quantity and quality. This is shown from the studies of Welton and Morris (1928). They found 32 percent more forbs in pastured woodland in Ohio than in adjacent open pasture. The woodland pasture was found to be 22 percent less nutritious than open pasture and there was more than two and one-half times as much green weight of food produced in open pastures than in woodlands. 10 Costello and Turner (1941), in their grazing studies in the West, found that in mountainous areas concentrations of shrubby species some- times are induced by grazing and result in densities greater than the original cover. A larger number of grasses and forbs was generally characteristic of ungrazed vegetation. Little difference, however, was evident between the number of browse species on grazed and un- grazed areas. In treating forage value changes, it was found that the per- centage of the total density contributed by various classes of vegetation, grouped according to palatability, was not strikingly different between protected and grazed ranges. A small increase in the density of both high.and low palatability plants was apparent on grazed areas. This statement, in regard to plants of high palatability, is at variance with the usual contention that most palatable species on a grazed range are generally the first to decrease in vigor and abundance and that the low value plants usually increase as the better forage species disappear. Steinbrenner (1951) found in southern Wisconsin that indigenous forest species on the grazed areas were partially replaced by invading pioneer vegetation. Biswell and Foster (19h6) studying the poisonous plants of North Carolina list 10 of the 50 or 60 species that appear to be responsible for most of the cattle losses. Of the 10 species listed, 8 are found) throughout the mountain areas of North Carolina. 11 An ecological study by Dambach (l9hh) of grazed and ungrazed wood- land in northeastern Ohio indicates that,following 10 years of freedom from grazing, the ungrazed woodland has more than twice as many wood- land plants as the grazed area. The greatest difference between the two areas, however, is that the plants in the ungrazed tract are more numerous and vigorous and.are annually increasing, whereas in the grazed area they are sparse and stunted. Johnson (1952) studying Watershed No. 7 at Coweeta found that the trampling action on the soil by cattle in search of food apparently affected the diameter growth of dominant forest trees. At the end of the ninth grazing season. growth measurements were taken on the fenced and unfenced plots. Iellowpoplar of the 3- to 9-inch diameter class showed 50 percent less diameter growth for the outside five rings, hickory showed 30 percent, and red maple 27 percent less. Kaufman (1950) studying grazing in the North Carolina Piedmont uplands found that cattle will use a large volume of tree browse when forced to do so by a shortage of other forage. In heavily grazed pastures there was a definite over-use of the forage each season. Yellowpoplar, blackgum, and ash were the tree species most desired by cattle with 85 percent or more of the available forage usually removed. In areas frequently used by cattle, yellowpoplar and ash one to two inches in diameter at breast height were often bent over and "walked— down" so that the leaves could be browsed. All tree species were used to a greater or lesser extent throughout the season with a pronounced increase after grasses, weeds, and other forage became short. Sweetgum, 12 maple, and oaks usually had only a third less of the twigs browsed off. The species preference and intensity of use found in this study compare closely with those found by Biswell and Hoover (1945) in the mountains of North Carolina. Biswell and Hoover (1945) in connection with watershed management studies at Coweeta made observations during the summers of l9hl and l9#2 on Watershed No. 7, the watershed covered in this report, to determine which plants were preferred by cattle and to what extent trees were browsed. This study is of particular importance because it was made shortly after grazing started on Watershed No. 7 and is the only report on the initial changes of vegetation on the area. It is for this reason that so much of its content is included here. Using the 17 fenced plots, it was possible to estimate the degree of utilization. Browse species, which consisted mainly of trees. but also a few shrubs, comprised an estimated 60 percent of the forage the first year. and broadleaved herbs and grasses the remainder. In Appalachian hardwoods there are no shrubs particularly desirable for browse. comparable to those in the mountain regions of the West. The cattle in this area are largely dependent on herbs and browse from trees for forage. The cattle showed a definite preference for the herbs, and these were grazed closely before the trees were browsed to any great extent. Near the end of the first grazing season in 1941 the degree of herb utilization was practically 100 percent. Table I shows that under intensive cattle stocking some species of trees on watershed No. 7. and in Appalachian hardwood forests as 13 a whole, are browsed heavily whereas others are not browsed at all. Under conditions at Coweeta a few species were browsed to such an extent that many small trees were killed the first year. Those that lived were greatly weakened, as indicated by the late and small leaves the next spring and summer. Many trees that were 12 to 15 feet high and l to 1-1/2 inches in diameter were killed by being ridden down and de- foliated. Browsing was found to be most pronounced along the stream. During the second summer, 19h2, yellowpoplar was not browsed as much as it was during the summer of 19hl. This was probably because many of the small trees were killed along the stream and the cattle spent more time grazing on the ridges. This may also account for the greater utilization of hickories the second summer. Other trees that were found to be appreciably damaged the first year by excessive browsing included black locust, ash. and sourwood. The full effect of intensive browsing and trampling on tree succession along the stream could not be determined in two years. It is thought, however, that killing of the more palatable trees would favor the deve10pment of species not heavily browsed. Biswell and Hoover also found that the grazing capacity of the area decreased approximately 50 percent in one year. In l9bl the watershed furnished about 1.000 cow-days of grazing and in 1952 only 500 days. TABLE I EXTENT OF BROWSING ON TREE SPECIES 19in m1) 19u2 Percent of foliage eaten within reach of aniggll 1941 19b2 Yellow peplar (Liriodendron tulipifera) 98 25 Black locust (Bobinia pseudoacacia) _ 95 95 Ash (Fraxinus opp.) 9O 9O Sourwood (Oxydendrum arboreum) 9O 95 Sweet birch (Betula lenta) 80 80 Sassafras (Sassafras albidum) 65 65 Flowering dogwood (Cornus florida) 5O 25 American chestnut (Castanea dentata) 20 15 Chestnut oak (Quercus montana) lO 5 Scarlet oak (Quercus coccinea) l 1 Black tupelo (Ryssa sylvatica) 1 1 Blackjack oak (Quercus marilandica) l l Hickories (Garya spp.) l 10 Red maple (Acer rubrum) O O Pitch pine (Pinus rigida) O 0 Eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis) 0 0 THE COUEETA HYDROLOGIC LABORATOHI The Coweeta Hydrologic Laboratory was established in 1933 by the United States Forest Service in recognition of the need for additional research in watershed management. The Laboratory is a 5,700-acre tract in the Nantahala Mountains of western North Carolina. Foresters. engineers, and hydrologists contributed rigid specifications which had to be fulfilled in the selection of a site for such a laboratory. Several factors combine to make the area ideal as a natural laboratory suitable for fundamental hydrologic research. Rainfall is high, . averaging 79 inches per year. and is rather uniformly distributed throughout the year. Approximately 98 percent of the precipitation occurs as rain so there is little snow to complicate the studies. Topographically this particular section is also ideal in that its steep slopes and sharp ridges form natural boundaries for the many small drainage basins, each an independent hydrologic unit, necessary for research of this type. Elevations vary from 2,200 to 5,200 feet within the boundaries of the station. Although a considerable area was cut over between 1918 and 1923 after government ownership, land use practices have altered the character of the forest itself very little. A dense mixed-hardwood forest, typical of much of the eastern.United States. is still pre- dominant at Coweeta. The cut over lands support second-growth forest and the remainder of the land is in old growth. Plant species are extremely varied and numerous in the area. Only three coniferous l6 tree species (hemlock, pitch pine. and red cedar) are native in the area. Fifty-seven species of hardwood or broadleaf trees have been identified. Chestnut was formerly the major tree species. There are a few dead chestnut trees still standing on the drier sites. These chestnuts are remnants of the 1930 blight, at which time they formed more than 50 percent of the stand. On the cove sites dead chestnuts are no longer a part of the landscape. Four regional forest types are recognized on the area. The oak-hickory type occupies 77 percent of the area. cove-hardwood 15 percent, pitch pine-hardwood 5 percent. and northern hardwood forest type 3 percent of the area. 01 to The climate is continental, although the mountain range forming the western boundary exerts a strong modifying influence. Moderate temperatures and abundant precipitation favor vegetative growth. Although the general region has been classified as super-humid during the growing season, there are periods of low effective rainfall which are reflected in reduced amounts of leader and twig extensions and radial growth. The physiographic relief is so great that climatic phenomena characteristic of mountainous areas occur. There may. for example, be 6 inches of snow or a glaze storm on the mountaintop and none down below in the valley; convectional summer showers at higher elevations and none below: or high-intensity thunderstorms at low elevations and practically no rain in the high country. 1All climatic values given here are based on 15 years'record at weather station No. l (Headquarters Area) Coweeta Hydrologic Laboratory, U.S.F.S. 17 The mean annual temperature is 55 degrees F. and during the growing season temperatures average 68 degrees F. Days with tempera- tures above 90 degrees F. are rare, and summer nights are cool with minimum readings averaging 55 degrees. Although the average December through February temperature is 40 degrees F., very changeable temperature conditions prevail. The daily minima are rarely below 32 degrees and there are frequent periods of striking warmth (70 to 75 degrees F.) in winter months. There is a marked constancy in temperature during the summer, in contrast with variations experienced from year to year in other seasons. The longest frost-free season occurs at the median elevation. This is attributed to drainage of cold air at night down the slope and lack of air movement in the lowest part of the valley. Because of the absence of snow to protect the soil and because of moist soil conditions throughout the winter, 50 to 75 separate days of repeated freezing and thawing occur on ground not protected by vegetation. Constant granulation of the surface soil renders it extremely suscept- ible to rapid washing. This frost action is one of the major factors contributing to erosion on Open cultivated and abandoned land, road- banks, and engineering earthworks. The prevailing wind is from the southwest, but occasionally in winter it is from the northeast. The strongest winds generally pre- vail during March and April. Winds of hurricane force associated with tropical storms moving inland from the Gulf of Mexico and south Atlantic frequently occur in August and September. Air movement 18 during the growing season tends to favor relatively high transpiration and evaporation rates. The heaviest recorded annual precipitation in the eastern United States has been measured on the Coweeta area. During one 12-month period, lh5.h8 inches of rainfall were measured in the southwest portion of the laboratory. The weighted average annual rainfall is 79.32 inches with extremes from 57.81 to 102.h5 inches. The 79 inches of average precipitation, of which less than 2 percent has occurred as snow, is well distributed throughout the year on the average. October is the driest month, with an average of “.75 inches and March the highest month with an average of 8.h2 inches. Monthly extremes have ranged from 0.15 inches in October 1938 to 20.54 inches in November 1948. Approximately 30 inches more rain falls each year in the south- west portion of the laboratory than in the northeast corner, three miles away. Heavier precipitation with increasing elevation is recorded for yearly and monthly periods. Occasionally during July the relation may be reversed when excessive thunderstorm activity is concentrated within 1,000 feet of the valley floor. For all major storms there is an increase in amount of the total rainfall with rise in elevation. Because of the similarity of this area to many other parts of the country, and because of the favorable pattern of precipitation, data derived from studies on the Coweeta area can be applied elsewhere throughout the Southern Appalachian Region. Figures 1. 2. and 3 give the location. drainage pattern and individual drainage areas respectively of the Coweeta Hydrologic Laboratory. 19 20 Figure 1.—-Location of the Coweeta Hydrologic Laboratory. vi 5 z cowes'rA : ‘ ‘/4 mile Oflo ’ § HYDROLOGOC ‘-‘-= = = = ==.-. .3 3mm 2 V § CAROLINA __ NORTH GEORGiA [Dullord GEORGIA BLUE I IMouniain on “of. R” Figure 2 DRAINAGE PATTERN A COWEETA HYDROLOGIC LABORATORY (DRYMAN FORK EXCLUDED) LITTLE PINNACLE ‘0 C. «(a PINNACLE i9“. ’ u cf“ '0 Q 0 9“ 0"“ 3' g. b . . . f 9} Off at AL BEST NTN. Henson \\ 03 BEAR PEN NTN. “Goff" ssveoLot CAP CHAINS “L I 1 J O 5 I. It” 40 60 i0 PICKENS N 08E 22 Figure 3 INDIVIDUAL DRAINAGE‘AREAS A COWEETA HYDROLOGIC LABORATORY (Dryman Fork Excluded) “L O 510 was a: ROAD 23 DRAINAGE AREA NUMBER - WATERSHED N0. 7 THE WATERSHED NO. 7 Location The present study was carried out on Coweeta Drainage or Watershed No. 7. Big Hurricane Branch. This drainage lies in the northeast sector of the Coweeta Creek watershed, between Little Hurricane Branch (No. 3) and Camp Rock Branch (No. 10) on the west and Shape Branch (No. 2) on the east (see Figure 3 ). Size and Shape The natural drainage area amounts of 145.45 acres. or 0.2273 square mile.and has the shape of an irregular pentagon. W The topography of the area is steep and rugged. The drainage faces south and ranges in elevation from 2,370 (elevation of weir) to 3.510 feet above mean sea level. This vertical difference of 1.1h0 feet occurs in about 0.7 of a mile of horizontal distance. Slopes range from 23 to 81 percent. ghapnel Characterigtigg The main stream channel is 3,815 feet in length; the tribu- taries have a total length of 7,075 feet. The total observed length, therefore. is 10,890 feet. The length of perennial stream amounts to 4,710 feet. The mean‘slope of the main channel is 18.8 percent and of the tributaries 38.1 percent. The weighted mean slepe of all channels within the drainage area is 31.h percent. 2h Figure lbw-Columbus deep notch weir on Watershed No. 7. 25 Geology and Soil; Watershed No. 7 lies in the Blue Ridge province of the Southern Appalachians. The rock substratum consists of rotten granites and gneisses belonging to the Roan and Carolina formations of Archean time.1 The thickness of this formation, which is enormous. was greatly increased by complex folding. The parent material weathers to form a relatively deep soil mantle with bare rock outcrops appearing on the steeper slepes at the higher elevations. The soils at the lower elevations is classed as Porter's stony loam, while that at higher elevations is classed as.Rough stony land.2 {henology The first visible evidence of vegetative growth and consequent increased use of soil moisture by plants occurs in early February at lower elevations. Alders in catkin stage and red maple in flower are among the first plants to start growth. By March 25 to April 5 fluctuations in streamflow recorder charts appear. indicating daily use of water by vegetation growing near streams. Around.April l5 bud scales on yellowpoplar, oaks. hickory, and other forest trees start to break, so that by May 1 all trees growing on the valley floor are 1Arthur Keith (1907). Description of the Nantahala Quadrangle, Geologic Survey. U.S.D.I., Nantahala Folio. No. 143. 2R. F. Devereux. et a1 (1929). Soil survey of Macon County. North Carolina. U.S.DMA. Bur. Chem. and Soils. Series 1929. No. 16. 21 pp., with map. 26 in full leaf. Leafing of forest vegetation gradually proceeds up the mountain sides and by June 5 vegetation growing on the mountain tops has usually broken all bud scales. Fall coloring of the hardwood foliage starts the first week in October and builds up to a peak around the 15th to the 20th. Most of the leaves have fallen on all but the oak trees by the first week in November. Iegetatigg Plant species are extremely varied and numerous in the Coweeta area. Only three coniferous tree species (hemlock. pitch pine. and red cedar) are native in the area. Of these. only pitch pine is found on the mil-acre plots. In the hardwood or broadleaf trees. 57 species. as previously mentioned, have been identified throughout the area. On Watershed No. 7. 26 tree species. 35 shrub species. 7 legume species. 6 grass species. and 117 other herbaceous species have been identified from 68 mil—acre quadrats. A listing of all scientific names of the vegetation found on Watershed No. 7 can be found in the Appendix. Areas of grazing use correspond very closely with the three regional forest types; the cove-hardwood type most heavily grazed. oak-hickory type moderately grazed. and the yellow pine-hardwood type light or least grazed. Figure 5. Both north and south slopes support a three-storied oak-hickory forest. Large trees form an upper layer, small trees and large shrubs the second. and shrubs or herbs cover the ground. There are marked differences between north and south slopes. Trees on the north slopes 27 7. 145.5 Acres. Figure 5.—-Watershed No. A I 3500 0 5 2 3 Verde“ Tract see o‘l*‘1IIJ51-4.‘nl .....+I .. 2 2 7 ........ I .1. I .4. ....F*..CI...IL*IX. CHAINS 2750 . C'VISQ Line 3 v.81“ Flu-Lo .k .. IO C OVE' HARDWOOD TYPE / OAK-HICKORY TYPE , I YELLOW PINE-HARDWOOD TYPE IVEBETATION PLOTS I'"? ‘.-J 28 are generally larger in diameter and height and are more likely to form a closed canOpy than those on south slopes. The second story on north slopes is composed of hickory and oak saplings and an abundant growth of rhododendron. laurel, azalea. red maple. and other less numerous small trees and shrubs. In contrast. on south slopes the understory is often more dense and thicket-like because of many ericaceous shrubs and small trees. Under these dense thickets very few ground-cover plants are found. In the more open areas seedlings of species forming the crown canopy and understory appear with herbaceous plants. A luxuriant ground cover of shade-loving herbaceous plants are found on north slopes where there is not a continuous rhododendron canopy. There is a distinctive type of vegetation along the stream margins and in small coves formed by streams. The dominant trees are scattered hemlock, which protrude above the stand of yellowpoplar. red maple. and red oak. Where there is a difference in sunlight reaching understory vegetation. there are marked differences in plants on the shady and sunny sides. The shadier side has an under- story canopy of large rhododendron which forms such a dense shade that ground-cover vegetation is largely galax and moss. when more sunlight is able to enter. the rhododendron is less dense. with shrubby vegetation. small trees and saplings in many combinations and mixtures. 29 Land Use Histozy Summarized below are pertinent historical facts of the Coweeta HydrolOgic Laboratory with special reference to Watershed No. 7. 1. Prior to 1837 the Cherokee Indians practiced semi-annual woods burning, primarily to improve livestock range. Many Cherokee Indian campsites have been found on the Laboratory though there is no evidence of permanent Indian settlement here. A huricane struck on the other side of Albert Mountain about 1835, coming down Hurricane Gap between Watershed No. 3 and Watershed No. 10. leveling the timber in its path. The first white settler built his cabin at the present administrative site in 1848. and finally log cabins were constructed at perhaps 10 other locations. From 1842 to 1901 white settlers practiced semi-annual burning Just as had the Indians before them. Less than 200 acres. or 5 percent. of the Coweeta Hydrologic Laboratory area was cleared for crops of corn or grains. .A few acres on Watershed No. 7 may have been cultivated for a short time prior to 1901. In 1901 the entire Coweeta area became the property of. a sole owner and the 5 tenants were removed from the area in 1902. The land was purchased by a land company which later sold it to operating lumber companies. 30 However, grazing and burning continued after this purchase. 8. LOgging operations were carried on between 1909 and 1923. 9. The U. 8. Forest Service acquired all but the Verdell and the Shape tracts in 1923. Since this time these two tracts have been purchased. 10. No forest fires have occurred on Watershed No. 7 since 1923 when it was purchased by the Forest Service. 11. After Forest Service purchase in 1923. grazing use was gradually reduced and finalLy stopped completely with the establishment of the Coweeta Hydrologic Laboratory in 1934. Very few cattle are allowed to range freely on forest land as was the practice in.the early period of settlement. The following brief history of the use of forest land for grazing in this county (Macon County. N. C.) gives the reasons for the general abandonment of the practice. During the early settlement of Macon County livestock were the principal source of cash income. Only enough field crops were raised for the settlers' own needs. The early settlers considered the forest to furnish excellent grazing. The forest was mature and rather open in character. There was little underbrush. as the Indians had practiced semi-annual burning and the custom was carried on enthus- iastically by the settlers. It is said that the woods were so open 31 that one could ride a horse anywhere. The fall burning was done to remove the fallen leaves. thus exposing acornS. nuts. and grasses. The spring burning was for the purpose of killing the briars. laurel. rhododendron. and weeds, giving the grass an Opportunity to grow. At this time stock were left in the woods the year around, and supplemental feeding was generally not practiced except when deep snows were on the ground. Cattle were not in the best shape in the early spring. but were able to make good gains as soon as forage plants began growth. The rate of stocking was apparently low because of the large area of forest land and small herds. The principal difficulties were predators. poisonous plants. and occasional extreme winters. The biggest difficulty according to the early settlers was ”milk- sick.“ a condition now believed caused by the cattle eating a species of lupgtorium. It is said that the milk of a cow with "milk-sick“ was poisonous to her calf and also to humans. This condition was believed to occur most often when cattle ranged in the deep coves and an effort was made to keep them from such areas. The semi-annual burning was probably the only important source of damage to forest and watershed values caused by grazing on the range. This era of stock ranging was brought to a rather abrupt end in the early part of the century by large-scale lumbering activity. the chestnut blight. and acquisition of land by Federal agencies. principally the Forest Service. Logging removed the mature trees and the forest stand lost its park-like character. and was covered with a growth of shrubs and small trees as well as the logging slash. making it difficult to travel 32 through the woods. The lumber companies also purchased the mountain homesteads. forcing their former owners to move farther from the range. The chestnut blight eliminated the chief source of the mast crop which had been depended upon to fatten hogs in the fall and to furnish winter feed. Because lumbering and Federal acquisition almost coincide with the advent of the chestnut blight, loss of the chestnut is seldom considered as important to the decline of forest grazing. However. the loss of the chestnut alone would have been sufficient to end the "good old days.‘' particularly for hogs. The Forest Service began a fire protection program and a policy of restricting grazing on the National Forests which ended the old free range methods on the bulk of forest land in the County. .As a result of these changes. the settler was forced to depend upon the resources of his own land for stock production. This forced many people into off-the-farm Jobs and increased dependence upon cash crops. The farm acreage allotted for grazing received heavy use. The typical farm consists of. in addition to cropland. a small pasture.and an area of woodland. The wooded area is frequently included in the pasture fence. Such areas are generally heavily grazed. 'Although to the ordinary traveler they appear to be in natural forest. inspection will reveal that they are barren of palatable species of undergrowth and have a distinct browse line. The soil is packed and trampled and considerable washing occurs. This is a much different type of forest grazing than practiced in the free range period. Here the cattle are 33 restricted to a much smaller area per head, are generally given supple- mental feed making them much less selective in forage chosen, and are dependent on the wooded area for shade so that it receives daily use. The majority of woodlots in the County were so heavily used that their constant use by cattle for shade protection alone is sufficient to maintain them in a trampled condition and keep the feeble regrowth nipped back. Figure 6.--Cow browsing - kitchens a‘ £35553th fig tree in the cove—hardwood “type . 34 Figure 7.--Catt1e ranging over the cove-hardwood type showing lack of ground cover vegetation. 35 I Figure 8.-2A cow grazing in the cove-hardwood type. 36 METHODS OF PROCEDURE Design of Egpgrimgpg Permanent sample plots (two chains by two chains) were established during August 1940 for the purpose of obtaining measurements of vegeta— tive changes in species. number of plants, and average height, brought about as a result of grazing on a watershed in the Southern Appalachian Mountains. Method of determining plot locations: The watershed was sampled on the basis of regional forest types since it appeared that this was the dominant factor responsible for any significant differences in vegetation and soil within the drainage. Three regional forest types occur in the watershed—~cove-hardwood. oak-hickory. and yellow pine- hardwood. These three regional forest types correspond closely to the areas of grazing use. as shown in Figure 5. llevations range from 2.370 feet at the weir at the bottom of cove-hardwood type to 3.510 feet at the top of the ridge. Timber Cruise Line No. 3. which.runs almost directly through the center of the watershed. was used as a base line. This line is marked in the field by white chestnut stakes'spaced two chains apart parallel to the center line and one-half chain on either side and at right angles to it. Squares two chains on a side (0.4 acre) were drawn on the forest type map parallel to this cruise line. 38 The yellow pine-hardwood type covers the largest area of any of the three forest types. Squares within the yellow pine-hardwood type which fell on forest type boundaries or on streams were eliminated from sampling. The remaining squares within this type were numbered and sample plots selected at random. using Tippett'slrandom sampling numbers. A total of 16 plots were selected in this manner. Then 8 fenced and 8 unfenced plots were selected at random from the total of 16 plots for the yellow pine-hardwood forest type. The oak-hickory is the next largest area. large enough to permit plot establishment in the same manner that was used in the yellow pine- hardwood type. Seven fenced and 7 unfenced plots were selected at random. giving a total of 14 plots within this typo. The cove-hardwood forest type was so limited in size and shape that the 2 fenced plots and the 2 unfenced plots were mechanically located very near each other. These 4 plots within this type will represent a large sample for this small and important type. In all. a total of 17 fenced and 17 unfenced plots. each two chains by two chains. or four-tenths acre in size. were established. Within each of the thirty-four 0.4 acre plots an isolation strip one- half chain wide next to the border was eliminated from sampling. This left a square in the center one chain on a side. This square was divided into 100 square mil-acre quadrats and two quadrats were selected at random. again using Tippett's1 random sampling numbers. Figure 9 is 1Tippett. L. H. C. (1927) Random sampling numbers. Tracts for computers. No. 15. Cambridge University Press. London. FIGURE 9 ENLARGED DIAGRAM OF A 0.4 ACRE PLOT SHOWING SCHEME OF NUMBERING MIL-ACRE quasars k———- [chain ———)i 41 9A 95 97 100 8I81838+8536 78 9‘10 7/71737‘f757e7778 980 E: 61 b1 3 w s 6 67 LB 70 - ea 3 5: 3 v 55 so 7 so 59 chh. ; ‘5 3 1+5 7 So \ 3: 33 34 35 so 37 13141.5 '7 ”1.1131415 I6I7 18192 11345678910 A: U Am 1 2 chains l4 2 Chains 7*: an enlarged diagram showing the scheme for numbering the mil-acre quadrats. This makes a total of 34 mil-acre quadrats on the fenced plots and 34 mil-acre quadrats on the unfenced plots. In all. a total of 68 mil-acre quadrats were established on a total of 34 0.4 acre plots. Table II shows the number of each fenced and each unfenced 0.4 acre plot and the numbers of the two mil-acre quadrats within a plot for each of the three regional forest types. The unfenced or grazed plot numbers are even and the fenced or ungrazed plot numbers are uneven. The average slope for all 68 mil-acre quadrats is 54 percent with a maximum of 84 percent and a minimum of 35 percent. Distribution of quadrats by aspect are: A3222; Porcgnt Aspgct Percent ND 1 S 15 B 16 ' SW 44 SI 15 ‘W 9 Grazing procedure: On May 16. 1941. grazing was started on Watershed No. 7. .All cattle were past the yearling stage and were secured locally from farmers in Coweeta Valley. Since 1941 to 1952. an average of six cattle have grazed the watershed each year from May to September. At this grazing rate. each animal is allotted 24 acres for a four months season. This is in keeping with the grazing intensity and the period that cattle are normally kept on the woodlands in this section. Although the design of the experiment led to over- trampling of the watershed. the end result was entirely comparable to conditions found on typical farm woodlots. 41 TABLE II FENCED AND UNFENCED 0.4 scar. PLOT AND MILmACRE QUADRAT NUMBERS Cove-Hardwood Forest Typo W Fenced Unfenced Plot Quadrat Plot Quadrat numbers numbers numbers numbers 7 15. 39 8 _18. 75 Oak-Hickory Forest Type 1 12. 18 2 5. 39 3 81. 91 4 75. 91 5 55. 76 6 60. 67 15 ll. 51 16 12. 87 23 17. 83 24 ll. 14 25 6. as 26 11. 72 27 . 24. 71 28 7. 43 Yellow Pine-Hardwood Forest Type 9 7.8: 10 , 27. 85 13 35. 81 14 37. 74 ' 17 6. 64 18 39. 56 19 72. 88 20 51. 63 21 5. 33 22 23. 4o 29 4. 17 30 28. 83 31 78. 96 32 24. 29 33 13. 25 34 10. 87 42 .Method of TallyigggVegetation During the summers of 1940 and 1952 a 100 percent survey of all the vegetation on each of the 34 fenced and 34 unfenced mil-acre quadrats was made. The survey made in 1940 was the pro—grazing inventory so all plots in a sense were ungrazed. Trees above 15 feet and vegetation less than 3.5 inches in height were not recorded since they were not believed to be as subject to the grazing influence. Forest growth above 15 feet in height appeared to be essentially the same on both grazed and ungrazed areas. Vegetation less than 3.5 inches in height appeared to be very unstable. for example. some plants appearing for only a week or two and then dis- appearing without the influence of grazing. The field work. identification and tallying of vegetation. was done by Marshall and.Radford in 1940 and by Crandall in 1952. botanists employed by the United States Forest Service. At each of the 0.4 acre plots the engraved number of the corner post was checked and the location of the two mil-acre quadrats within a plot determined. The corners of the mil-acre quadrats were marked by round metal stakes. painted white. driven deep into the ground. leaving only 6 to 8 inches protruding above the ground surface. Once the mil-acre quadrats were located. all vegetation within each quadrat was tallied on a single sheet. A The number of individuals for each species was recorded where single stems arose separately from the ground. and heights for the various species were recorded in inches. Since the plots were numbered “3 the vegetation data could be separated into one of three forest types and treated separately. The species were arranged into five groups: trees. shrubs. legumes. grasses. and other herbaceous plants as a further aid in simplifying the data. A general description of each quadrat was also made giving slope. aspect. elevation. forest type ground cover association. and overstary. The height of any over-hanging plants were estimated and recorded. Notes were made to indicate species in flower or in fruit and amount of litter. rock. log. etc. were recorded. Method of Anglygig The writer took the field data. which had been collected by Marshall. Redford. and Grandall and completed the analyses. Analysis in essence will be comparative between areas grazed and areas ungrazed for each of the three regional forest types. The field tally sheets for each period. 19uo and 1952. were grouped by the three regional forest types and then separated into unfenced or grazed plots. For example. the cove-hardwood forest type has two grazed plots. Numbers 8 and 12. and two ungrazed plots. Numbers 7 and 11. Each O.h acre plot has two mil-acre quadrats in it. thus for plot Number 8 the two mil-acre quadrats are numbers 75 and 18, and separate tally sheets were made for each mil-acre quadrat in a plot. .dfter separating the tally.sheets into fenced and unfenced— groups for each of the three forest types. the next step was to go through each group of tally sheets and list the number of individuals for each species and the individuals' height. This was done for species in each of the five vegetation classes for each regional forest type. keeping fenced plot data and unfenced plot data separated for each period. From this the total number of individuals for each species could be computed for any given year for each forest type separately. For example. this might show for the tree class that there were no ggggmggbggm plants with an average height of 20.6 inches in 19h0 in the cove-hardwood forest type for the ungrazed plots. Once the total number of individuals and average heights were known for all species within a vegetation class. the total number of individuals and average weighted height for a given vegetation class could be computed. This. for example. might show that there are 100 trees with an average weighted height of h0.h inches for the unfenced plots in the cove- hardwood forest type in l9h0. Changes in vegetation between l9hO and 1952 are shown by treating unfenced plots and fenced plots independently of each other. loch -species. number of individuals or plants. and the weighted average height per species for each vegetation class was listed for 19b0 and 1952. The change in the number of plants and height for a species was obtained by subtracting the value of one period from the other. The difference could be either a plus or minus change depending on the number of plants per species for a given year. For example. 50 ten-inch_§£gg‘ggb£ug plants were present in 19h0 and 60 twelvee inch.éggg‘ggbggg plants were present in 1952; thus. an increase or plus 10 Agggwggpggm plants and increase or plus two inches in height is shown. Treating the change in number of species is done in the 45 same manner. 20 species present in 1940 and 25 species present in 1952 for any of the five vegetation classes would result in an increase of five species between 19h0 and 1952. With this general concept in mind. reference is made to the basic vegetation tables in the Appendix. The tables are more or less self-explanatory and it is from these basic tables that all further changes in vegetation will be shown. It is interesting to note from the summary tables for number of species and number of plants that there is a check within vegetation classes and a check between vegetation classes. The number of- individuals present in l9fl0, plus the number of new plants. new species. and the number of new plants of original species. minus the number of plants disappearing. equals the number present in 1952; or the number of individuals present in 1952'p1n. the number of plants disappearing. minus the number of new plants. new species. and number of new plants of original species. will equal the number of individuals present in l9h0. A similar check can be made for the number of species. The number of species present in 1940 for any vegetation class. plus the number of new species. minus the number of species that disappeared, equals the number of species present in 1952; or the number of species present in 1952 plus the number of species disappearing. minus the number of new species. will equal the number of species present in l9h0. Checking between vegetation classes. add the number of individuals present in each vegetation class horizontally for each breakdown.given A6 in the Appendix tables for either number of species or plants and the totals will be obtained.’ From these totals the same check as was made when checking within a vegetation class can be made. One additional check can be made going across the five vegetation classes and this is to add algebraically the change of total plants and the change of total species. The algebraic sum will equal the total change of plants or species for 1940 and 1952. RESULTS Cove-Hardwood Forest T129 The influence of grazing was most pronounced in the cove-hardwood forest type (Figure 5). It is in this type that the cattle concentrated and where apparently more preferred forage was obtained. The vegetation was surveyed on a total of b grazed mil-acre quadrats and b ungrazed mil-acre quadrats. All changes in plant numbers. species numbers, and average height are changes that have take: place from 1910-1952. The reader is referred to Table III when reference is made to plants or individuals. to Table IV when reference is made to average height, and to Table V when reference is made to species. Number of Plants: The total number of plants on the h grazed mil-acre quadrats in 1940 was 230. The total number of plants on the same quadrats in 1952 was 85; thus the total change in plants on the grazed quadrats from l9ho to 1952 was a decrease or minus-1N5 plants. The total number of plants for the h ungrazed mil-acre quadrats in 1940 was 316. slightly more than on the grazed quadrats for the same period. The total number of plants on the same quadrats in 1952 was 3h6; thus the total change in plants on the ungrazed quadrats from 19h0 to 1952 was an increase or plus 30 plants. The effect of grazing upon the total plant numbers from the above statements can readily be seen. The total change of a minus 1&5 plants on the grazed area and the total change of a plus 30 plants on the un— grazed area for the period 19h0 to 1952 definitely shows the effect of grazing in this important forest type. 48 .eeoum ueumawmb \M .enoam «sumac 3m .amwfiom ma neoH no nexus“ n.m aoaaeaewop no pmmaom ma aoeu ma men» aoaeeum noon» oceans“ co: seed ohms .Auaoaa consume: 0:: no nuemeesv eaeenaas : no Hence a use women» one no avenuenw eaoeoaas : we done» ev nuoaa Mandamus use «enema amp we lose named: masseuse emomlaus can no adds» ameonem ooa no women scene as. 3- a- a. 3- R- as. 2.. i. 3. or. 3:1 «379% enmean no candle Hones as ma a on mm mm ma om am no man mowr unmagoama oanssoansuae seasons Assamese no eumdnm m: m o ma an o n a on 0 mm mm ~naa-o¢aa conned. _ Henuwuuo .numdaa rem mm mu 0 o o o n: o m a as aw unma-oeaa nouoemn hem .eomeda sea was a: o as as o «a on an n wan no «man aqueous nauseapaeaa one am 0 an em mm mm mm «m . on man onm . came succeed .Hsseapneaa \m. \w. \M. \m. \M \« \m \w \M. \w \m_ em .paom «once someone eosdweq spoken noose Hence eflmwa amHMOE noo3nm4mnn>oo mazdflm ho mnmxbz HHH anmda “9 .oooaa consumes \M. .maoaa coumao \m .axuaom ma need he messed m.m somuepowo> no onwaea mu noon ma some houses» meek» condom“ pom .000 name. .Aouoaa seesaw led on» so masseuse onoelaaa 3 no deco» m use deumam one so commando eaomunas a no Hana» my upoam «assumed one vouch» on» no mode mama“: masseuse omoeuaas or» no hHHma accouea 00H no deems mamas 0.0- 0.0- n.ma- 0.~- a.~+ 0.0. ~.m+ :.0- 0;0H+ 0.00- a.m+ «.m- ~00H-0:0H . chance on canons Hence :.a m.a m.ma :.0 0.a 0.0 n.5H m.: 0.0a :.aa «.0a :.0a N00a-0:0a woaumoaaeog eoaoomo Hod tawauo no madman no uxwaom 0.: 0.: 0 0.: 0.0a 0 :.mm 0.: 0.0m 0 0.NH 0.: «nah 130." 030on $333.3 .oamena nod no ummfiom 5.0 0.: 0 0 0 0 a.ma 0 0.05 0 0.~a 0.: ~00H-0:0a seduces nos .oasdam 3cm no pmmwom H.0 H.: 0 0.: 0.HH 0 0.0a 0.: m.0m 0.0 «.ma 0.: mmaa nassoapaeaa o0 phenom 0.0 0.m m.~a 0.0 «.0 m.0 0.HH :.0 :.0m 0.0m N.0H 0.0” 0:0H oasseasaeca e0 phenom m m \w h. \w m \M m \m m. m m .pmom nomoo ooooemo noadwoa updamm limoeaa Hence sauna HmHNOE no¢>nmoo bu aqmda mango zoaaqenoap moqa manna: mean no g mp. 53% saga enemas: 50 .333 veneawsb \M .euodn venenc \fl .onoaon an ..oH so .oaoen m6 doggone» .Ho cannon on noon 3 some .Heaeoam soon» 3305 pom mood snag .Aeaoan oessawmd on» so unseeded 090.0339 3 no Hence e was women» on» no 33.038 33139 e no H30» 3 ocean doumnmms use possum o1» no some can»? 351%. 980038 on» no made» umooaon ac." no women mama... H- 0H- H- nu H- m- ~+ 0- 6+ 0H- 0 . Hm- uan-0:mH seasons no newness aspen. 0 0H H n H n H 0 H 0H NH an «mmHu0:mH man unmeaaemnu 3.3vo 2:233 a 0 0 0 0 0 n 0 m 0 NH 0 ~00H :33 323.3 030vo men 0H HH 0 0 N 0 a : «H n 00 0H man accused sonooam 0H Hm H n n n n 0 HH 0H 00 m: 0:0H seasons .oHooam \w a \m a \m h. m a \m \.H. m a .pnmx nonao neeodua sauna swamp— nooguflboo @3393 me gbz P ands 51 The decrease in total plant numbers for both grazed and ungrazed areas is distributed over 5 vegetation c1asses--trees. shrubs. legumes. grasses. and other herbaceous plants. The greatest change in number of plants occurred in the tree class where there were 70 tree plants in 19h0 and 5 plants in 1952, representing a total change of minus 65 plants on the grazed area. For the same class in the ungrazed area there were 52 plants in 19h0 and 56 plants in 1952. for a total change of plus h plants. For the shrub class the total change for the grazed area from 1940 to 1952 was minus 13 plants. and a plus 28 plants for the ungrazed area. The total change in legumes on the grazed area for the same period was a 100 percent decrease. There were 33 legume plants present in 19h0 and none in 1952. There was a total change of minus 15 plants on the ungrazed area; however. the percentage decrease is not nearly as great. There were 56 legume plants in 19HO and #1 in 1952, thus a change of minus 15 plants.‘ The percent change amounts to only a minus 27 percent in the ungrazed area in contrast to the complete disappearance on the grazed area. The only increase in plant numbers from l9uO to 1952 on the grazed area is found in the grasses. The total number of grasses on the grazed area was 11 in 19uo and 17 in 1952. thus a total change of a plus 6 plants. The total change of grasses on the ungrazed area was a minus 100 percent. There were 9 plants in 19h0 and none in 1952. The relationship of an increase of grass plants on the grazed area and a decrease of plants on the ungrazed area might be as one would expect. 52 The general relationship which exists in all of the vegetation classes. with the exception of the grass class, is found to exist for the other herbaceous class. There were 8b plants on the grazed quadrats in 19h0 and “h in 1952. thus a total change of minus 40 plants. There were 136 plants on the ungrazed area in 1990 and 158 in 1952. thus a total change of plus 22 plants. The same relationship to grazing that was found for the total change of plants for all vegetation classes is shown when the total number of plants of original species disappearing is considered. There is a greater number of plants of original species disappearing on the grazed areas than on the ungrazed areas for all vegetation classes. with the exception of the grasses. where the reverse is true. Weighted Average Height; The effect of grazing upon the weighted average height can be shown for each vegetation class. From Table IV it can be seen that the total change of height is a minus change for grazed plants and a plus change for ungrazed plants for every vegeta- tion class. with the exception of the grasses where there is a minus 2.6 inches for the grazed and a minus 12.3 inches for the ungrazed plants. This increase of height on the ungrazed area and decrease of height on the grazed area clearly indicates the effect of frequent clipping of vegetation by the cattle. thus reducing the amount of forage and vigor of the plants on the grazed area. Number of Species: The influence of vegetation can also be clearly shown upon species composition within the cove-hardwood forest type. This influence is most clearly indicated by treating the total number of species for each of the 5 vegetation classes in the same 53 manner as the total number of plants were treated. It is here that new species and species disappearing can.be closely correlated with the number of plants increasing and disappearing on grazed and ungrazed quadrats from 19h0 to 1952. A total of #9 species were present on the grazed plots in l9h0 (Table V). These 49 species comprise a total of 230 plants (Table III). In 1952. a total of 18 species were present. comprising a total of 85 plants on the grazed area. thus the total change in number of species was a minus 31. or 31 species disappeared. A total of 36 species were present on the ungrazed area with a total of 316 plants in 19h0. In 1952. the same total number of species were present-~36--with an increase from 316 to 3#6 plants. The decrease in the total number of species and plants on the grazed area and the same total number of species and an increase in the total number of plants on the ungrazed area clearly indicates the effect of grazing upon the total number of species and plants from 1940 to 1952. The greatest change in number of species from 19hO to 1952 is. found in the tree and other herbaceous classes. The total change of species from 19b0 to 1952 on the grazed area is a minus 10 for both trees and other herbaceous plants. The total change of species on the ungrazed area is a plus 1 for trees and a minus 1 for other herbs. From Table V it can be seen that there is a greater total change of species on the grazed area than on the ungrazed area. The same relationship that exists in the total change of species is found to exist when considering the number of original species 5h disappearing. There is. in all classes of vegetation. a greater number of original species disappearing from l9hO to 1952 on the grazed than on the ungrazed area. It must be remembered that in 1940 unfenced plots were actually ungrazed because grazing did not start until the summer of 1941. In 1940 there were 13 species of trees present on the ungrazed plots and in 1952. after 11 years of grazing. there were only 3 species of trees remaining, thus a total of 10 tree species disappeared as a result of grazing. On the ungrazed plots there were 11 tree species present in l9hO and 12 species present in 1952. thus an increase of 1 tree species. Of the 13 species present. the 10 that were eliminated on the grazed area are: 325315.1gngg. Casting; dentggg. Quergus velutina. Sassafras glbigium.‘§yggg gylvatica. Quercus‘gggilgngigg.‘gilig sp.. ‘flglug sp.. igigdendron tulipifera. and ‘ggg.gubgug. The three species that persisted are Qggyg sp.. Cornus florigg. and.ggelanchier cgpgdensis. with a total number of individuals present per species of 1. 3. and 1 respectively. It is significant that only 3 of the original 13 species persisted and comprise a total of only 5 plants. It is also shgnificant that there is a sharp decrease in the total number of plants present for the 3 persisting species from l9#0 to 1952. Number of New Plants: The number of new plants appearing in 1952 on grazed and ungrazed quadrats is another indication of the effect of grazing upon plant numbers. The total number of new plants appearing is equal to the sum of the number of new plants of new species and the number of new plants of original species (Table III). 55 Comparing the grazed and ungrazed areas for each vegetation class. there is a greater number of new plants appearing on the ungrazed area than appearing on the grazed area. When comparing the total number for all classes of vegetation. there is over twice as many new plants appear- ing on the ungrazed area as there is on the grazed area. It is in- teresting to note that when the number of new plants appearing is broken down into its two components. new plants of new species. and new plants of original species. the same relationships exist. There is a greater number of plants in both instances appearing on the ungrazed area than appearing on the grazed area. The Number of New Species: The effect of grazing is very obvious when the number of new species appearing from 1940 to 1952 on the grazed and ungrazed areas is considered (Table V). It is found here that the total number of new species appearing on the grazed area is 6 and for the ungrazed area 12. When considering eachvegetation class it is found that the only increase of new species on the grazed area is in the other herbaceous class where 6 new species appeared in 1952. None of the other vegetation classes on the grazed area experienced an increase of new species. However. for the ungrazed area there were for the tree class 2, shrub class 3. and other herbaceous class 7 new species appearing in 1952. Figure lO.--Inside one of the fenced plots in the cove-hardwood type showing the dense understory vegetation. This condition was typical of the area before grazing. Figure ll.-—Cove-hardwood forest trees ridden down and killed by browsing cattle. 57 58 ‘79:... t‘"— - rug, Figure 12.--Six seasons of grazing in the cove-hardwood type produced this parkplike characteristic appearance. showing the absence of understory vegetation. 59 Oak-Hickory Forest Type The influence of grazing upon changes in plant and species numbers and weighted average heights are not as significant here as they were in the cove-hardwood type. The cattle did not range up the slopes until almost all of the available browse was gone in the coves. Two major factors are responsible for cattle not grazing too intensively in this type-~preferred vegetation was less available and the percent of slope much greater. in fact there were a few places so steep that they were inaccessible to cattle. This area was sezond in choice for the search of food. Definite differences cannot be shown here between grazed and un- grazed plots. however general trends are indicated from the present data. From general observations within this type. it is believed that after several decades of grazing the oak-hickory type will show the lack of understory vegetation and the trampling effect similar to that on typical grazed and trampled woodlots in the.locality. The vegetation for this type was surveyed on a total of 14 grazed and 14 ungrazed mil-acre quadrats. All changes in plant numbers. species numbers. and average height are changes that have taken place from 1940 to 1952 as observed on the mil—acre quadrats. 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No. Are. No. Ave. No. Are Ht. Ht. _ Ht. Ht. Species disappeared (10) Acer rubrum 20 12.9 20 12.9 Betula lenta 3 17.7 3 17.7 Castanea dentata 2 7.5 2 7.5 Quercus velutina 2 7.5 2 7.5 Sassafras albidum l 6.0 1 6.0 Nyssa sylvatica 1 7.0 l 7.0 Quercus marilandica l 4.0 l 4.0 Tilia sp. ‘ 1 4.0 l 4.0 Malus sp. 1 6.0 1 6.0 Liriodendron tulipifera 21 30.0 21 30.0 Total 53 18 8 53 18 8 Species persisting 1940 through 1952 (3) Amelanchier arborea 2 20.0 1 5.0 1 20.0 Cornus florida 9 83.0 3 7.5 6 83.0 Carya sp. 6 12.5 1 4.0 5 12.5 Total 17 50.7 5 6.3 12 11.0 'Total identified 70 26.6 5 6.3 65 17.4 Total trees 70 26.6 5 6.3 65 17.4 98 TABLE XIII (Continued) Shrubs Change 1990 1952 ‘7 Decrease Increase N0. Ave. No. Are. No. Ave. No. Ave. Ht. Ht. Ht. Ht. Species disappeared (5) Vitis aestivalis argentifolia 6 7.0 6 7.0 Parthenocissus quinquefolia 4 4.2 4 4.2 Rubue sp. 3 5.2 3 5.2 Ascyrum Hypericoidse l 6.0 l 6.0 Smilax glauca 6 6.9 6 6.9 Total 20 6.1 20 6.1 Species persisting 1940 through 1952 (4) Smilax Bona-nox 8 18.1 10 4.0 2 4.0 Buonymus americanus 1 4.0 3 4.0 2 4.0 Rhus copallina 2 13.0 5 4.0 3 4.0 Vaccinium sp. 1 3.0 1 4.0 .. ... Total 12 14.8 19 4.0 7 4.0 Total identified 32 9.4 19 4.0 20 4.3 7 4.0 Total shrubs 32 9.4 19 4.0 20 4.3 7 4.0 TABLE XIII (Continued) 99 Legumes 4 Change ‘_— 1940 1952 Decrease Increase No. Are. No. Ave. Ne. Ave. No. Are. Ht. Ht. Ht. Ht. Species disappeared (3) Cassia nictitans 12 4.5 12 4.5 Desmodium nudiflerun 13 6.9 13 6.9 Lespedesa sp. 8 8.0 8 8.0 Total 33 6 - 3 33 6 .3 Total identified 33 6.3 33 6.3 Total legumes 33 6.3 33 6.3 Grasses Species disappeared (3) Panicum lanuginosum 6 7.0 6 7.0 Panicum polyanthes 2 7.0 2 7.0 Panicum Boscii 2 5.5 2 5.5 Total 10 6.7 10 9.4 Total identified 10 6.7 10 9.4 Total unidentifiable 1 5.5 l? 4.0 16 4.0 Total grasses 11 6.6 17 4.0 10 9.4 16 i 4.0 TABLE 1111 (Continued) Other Herbaceous Plants 100 7 ‘_WI Change 1940 1952 Decrease Increase Ho. Ave. N0. Ave. No. Ave. Ne. Ave. Ht. Ht. Ht. Ht. Species disappeared (16) Carexilmmonsii l 7.0 l. 7.0 Fragaria sp. 11 4.0 11 4.0 Hieracium paniculatum 7 7.0 7 7.0 Oxalis sp. 6 5.0 6 5.0 Lysimachia hybrids. 4 10.0 4 10.0 Prunella vulgaris 4 7.5 4 7.5 Anemone virginiana 2 7.5 2 7.5 Ambrosia artemisiifolia 2 9.0 2 9.0 Triosteum perfoliatun 2 9.5 2 9.5 Aster Schreberi l 8.0 l 8.0 Lobelia inflate l 6.0 l 6.0 Scrutellaria lateriflsrs 1 10.0 1 10.0 Polystichum acrostichoides l 9.0 1 9.0 Cimicifuga sp. 1 6.0 l 6.0 Lysimachia quadrifolia 5 19.0 5 19.0 Agrimonia parviflera 2 9.0 2 9.0 Total 51 7.9 51 7.9 Species persisting 1940 through 1952 (5) Lactucs Scariols 8 5.5 l 6.0 7 5.5 Houstonia purpurea 2 6.5 10 4.0 8 4.0 Solidago odera l 5.0 2 4.5 1 4.5 Aster divaricatus 16 9.3 l 6.0 15 9.3 Buphorbia corollata 6 7.7 l 4.0 5 7.7 Total 33 7.8 15 4.3 27 8.0 9 4.0 TABLE XIII (Continued) Other Herbaceous Plants 101 Ti Change 1940 1952 Decrease Increase N o . Ave . No . Ave . No . Ave . Ho . Ave . Ht. Ht. Ht. Ht. New plant species appearing 1952 (6) Care: sp. 16 4.0 16 ' 4.0 Aster acuminstus 3 4.0 3 4.0 Aster undulatus 4 4.0 4 4.0 Huellia caroliniensis 2 4.0 2 4.0 Galium circaesans 2 4.0 2 4.0 Pogonia sp. 2 4.0 2 4.0 Total 29 4.0 29 4.0 Total identified 84 . 7.9 44 4.1 78 7.9 38 4.0 Total other herbaceous 84 7.9 44 4.1 78 7.9 38 4.0 TABLE XIV VEGETATION CHANGES FOLLOWING WOODLAND GRAZING OAK-HICKORI FOREST TYPE HODERATELY GRAZED P'LOTS‘I _________T___[___ Number of Species 102 Other Total Trees Shrubs Legumes Grass herbaceous plants Species present 1940 72 7;] 16 20' [g] 4 ‘3/ 1 ‘5/ 31 Species present 1952 68 16 15 3 73/ l ‘6] 33 New species 1940—1952 26 7 3 0 0 16 Species disappeared 30 7 8 l 0 14 Change total species - 4 0 - 5 - l 0 e~2 'Q’i'ifl’fit ’Data based on 100 percent tally of two mil-acre quadrats within each Includes 5 unidentifiable tree seedlings. Includes 8 unidentifiable legumes- Includes 28 unidentifiable grasses. Includes 8 unidentifiable grasses. Includes 74 unidentifiable other herbaceous plants. Includes 7 unidentifiable other herbaceous plants. of the ungrazed plots. Nos. 2. 4, 6. 16. 24, 26. and 28 (a total of 14 mil-acre quadrats). This does not include trees greater than 15 feet in height or vegetation 3.5 inches or less in height. 103 .3963 useeospnen .350 ossunasegns n seen—Hons \l .333 useooepaon .34: eapscaunogns i. seesaonn \m ion-sum 03.633535. o .3335 \M .seoneaw 39.333035 mm 3.6.303 \fl .eeasmea 03333035 0 sew-H03 \M 693300. eon» 03333039. m eofisaonn \fl 6.H- 664- a.«- ««1 .«1 6:1 H.«1 65+ n.61 «a- «.o+ 6««1 sundae Hess» omqeno H.6 n6« :.a «« .a 6: “.mn H6 e.6« 6nd n.«H am: sausages-«n a.6 «a o o o o o.n« an“ 6.6 H «.64 and .onoon. .6466 1 $33 to: «.6 m6 6 o o o H.a« « 6.a «: n.6 «Ha «nan .odoons hon ... unseen hen 6.6 eaa\w.o.6 mexm_a.6 6 m.n« .a«« m.o« mm 6.6H man «man .Hasenpaeaa 6.6 «33 ad RR 6.6 94m 6.6« and «.3 «SE 6.3 36 32 39.3563 ....mw 1.4—4 4mm ...slH ....flm . .....mm. .am .am .am .um .am .cm .op4 .oz .34 .oz .34 .on .34 .on .e>4 .on .e>4 .oz .93: :95 eofisweA sp.-hum jeeps Heaea Insane ..nuam no sanasn Adodnwadoov >HH HAS mm XIV (Continued) SUMB‘ABY OF SPECIES BY NUMBER OF PLANTS AND AVERAGE HEIGHT FOR EACH VEGETATION CLASS 1014 Trees Change 19uo 1952 Decrease Increase No. Ave. Ho. Ave. No. Ave. No. Ave. _§t. gt. Ht. Ht. 122 .152 .122 .32; Species disappeared (7) Firms rigida 1 36.0 1 36.0 2111. sp. 1 12.0 1 12.0 Qaercse velstina 16 19.0 16 19.0 Liriodendron tulipifera 6 19.8 6 19.8 Castanea dentata 6 12.8 6 12.8 Qaercus michauii 5 60.8 5 60.8 rag“ grandifolia 1 6.0 1 6.0 Total 36 23.8 36 23.8 Species persisting 19140 through 1952 (9) Rebinia pseudoacacia 1+ 30.5 1 168.0 3 30. 5 Acer rubrum 1+4 35.1; 16 13.7 28 35.0 Ryssa sylvatica 31 16.2 13 26.1 18 16.2 Sassafras albidum 16 30.5 7 7.9 9 34.5 Carya sp. 15 28.6 5 62.1 10 28.6 Cornus florida 1H 30.2 9 38'.“ 5 3).2 melanchier arborea llr 25.8 2 78.0 2 25.8 Qaercss alba 2 7.0 3 5.0 1 5.0 hazinss sp. 1 80.0 1 60.0 .. .. Total 131 28.8 57 29.3 75 28.9 1 5.0 new plant species appearing 1952 (7) Quercss milandica 2 6.0 2 6.0 Synplocos tinctoria 30 10.8 30 10.8 Qaercu coccineae _3 4.0 3 14.0 Bettie lenta 2 6.0 2 6.0 Quercns prinus 3 5.3 3 5.3 Diospyrus virginiana 1 6.0 1 6.0 Quercus rubra L 10.0 1 30.0 Total 1&2 9.8 1+2 9.8 Total. identified. 167 27.7 99 20.9 111 27.2 1&3 9.8 Total midentfied 5 7.8 % 7.8 iiatai trees 172 27.2 99 20.9 11 26.u #3 g_§ 105 TABLE XIV (Continued) Shrubs Change 1940 1952 Decrease Increase No. Are. No. Aye. No. Ave. No. Are. 8t. Ht. Ht. fgg. .12; 121 la; 12; Species disappeared (8) Lyonia ligustrina 6 12.0 6 12.0 Mannieeia pilosa b 02.8 b 42.8 .Ascyrum Hypericoidee 3 5.0 3 5.0 Ceanothus americanus 2 80.0 2 no.0 Lindera benzoin 1 20.0 1 20.0 Hydrangea arboreecene 5 17.6 5 17.6 Ruhue alleghenieneie h 21.2 6 ' 21.2 Castanea pumila 1 30.0 1 30.0 ~Tota1 26 21.6 26 21.6 Species persisting 19h0 through 1952 (12) Pyralaria pubera 6 18.0 3 12.0 3 18.0 Vacciniam ep. 37 13.7 105 8.5 68 8.“ Smilax.glanca 31 37.0 26 19.5 5 37.0 Vitis aestivalie argentifolia l? 6.3 h 57.0 13 6.3 Kalmia latifolia 1h 6n.o 21 52.8 7 52.8 Rhododendron calendulaceum 6 39.2 35 h3.9 29 43.9 Parthenocissus quinqaefolia 6 7.7 3 “.7 3 7.7 Vaccinium stamineum h 35.8 3 50.0 1 35.8 Viburum acerifolium h 1h.5 11 18.3 7 18.3 Calycanthus fertilis 1 30.0 1 h.0 . ... . . . Ilex montana 1 2h.0 1 36.0 .. ... .. .... Rhododendron maximum 1 72.0 b 9h.0 .. .... 3 9b.0 Total 128 26.u 217 23.u 25 15.2 11h . 23.0 How plant species appear 1952 (3) Cassia marilandica 1 6.0 1 6.0 Smilax Dona—no: 3 57.3 3 57.3 Euonymue americanus 3 h.0 3 h.0 Total 7 27.1 7 27.1 Total identified 154 25.6 224 23.5 5L 18.5 121 23.2 {total shrubs 15a 25.6 22a 23.5 51 18.5 121 23.2 TABLE XIV (Continued) 106 Legumes Change 1940 1952 ‘fi_ ‘Qecreaee Increase No. Ave No. Ave. No. Ave. [ESTW Ave. __ Ht. Ht. Ht. Ht. In: 12: 12;, .12; Species disappeared (l) Baptisia tinctoria 10.0 2 10.0 Total 10.0 2 10.0 Species persisting 1940 through 1952 (3) Desmodium nudiflorum 21 9.8 6 5.4 15 9.8 Strophostyles sp. 19 6.5 l 4.0 18 6.5 Lespedeza sp. 3 6.3 l 4.0 2 6.3 -_. Total 43 8.1 8 5.1 35 7.9 Total identified 45 8.2 8 5.1 37 8.0 Total unidentifiable 8 7.0 8 5.1 8 77.8 __ Total legumes 53 8.0 8 5.1 45 7.8 Grasses Species persisting 1940 through 1952 Panicum sp. 42 7.9 40 5.0 2 7.9 Total 42 7.9 no 5.0 . Total identified 42 7.9 40 5.0 2 7.9 Total unidentifiable 28 7.4 8 5.0 20 7.4 Total grasses 70 7.7 48 5.0 22 7.4 TABLE XIV (Continued) Other Herbaceous Plants 10? '.-' Change 1940 1952 Decrease Increase No. Ave. No. Ave. No. Are. No. Ave. ‘ Ht. Ht. Ht. Ht. 122. In; 121 122 Species disappeared (14) 7 Aster undulatus 20 8.3 20 8.3 Lysimachia quadrifolia 13 18.2 13 18.2 Coreopsis major 15 12.3 15 12.3 .Aster patens 10 7.2 10 7.2 Chrysopsis sp. 5 8.8 5 8.8 Scutellaria sp. 5 5.8 . 5 5.8 Panax quinquefolius 5 4.4 5 4.4 Oxalis sp. 3 6.0 3 6.0 Phryma Leptostachya 2 4.5 2 4.5 Silphium laciniatum 2 4.0 2 4.0 Monarda sp. 2 10.0 2 10.0 .Arisaema quinatum 1 12.0 1 12.0 Astilbe biternata 1 12.0 1 12.0 .Arissema triphyllum 9 5.1 9 5.1 Total 93 8.1 93 8.1 Species persisting 1940 through 1952 (17) Disporum sp. 19 4.0 2 6.0 17 4.0 .Aster divaricatus 7 4.5 8 5.2 l 5.2 Galium circaesans 4 4.7 2 6.0 2 4.7 Gerardia sp. 4 13.0 7 6.5 3 6.5 Smilacina racemosa 4 15.7 1 4.0 3 4.0 Viola sp.- 4 5.8 11 4.5 .7 4.5 Luzula sp. 1 6.0 6 7.0 5 7.0 Anemonella thalictroides 49 4.0 20 4.1 29 4.0 Carex sp. 29 6.8 1 4.0 28 6.8 Galifim latifolium 22 5.6 11 4.1 11 5.6 'Solidago odora 11 6.5 10 5.8 1 6.5 luphorbia corollata 9 7.6 4 5.4 5 7.6 Gillenia trifoliata 8 14.5 2 5.0 6 14.5 Aster acuminatus 7 8.3 6 4.8 l 8.3 Houstonia purpurea 5 5.2 22 4.7 17 4.7 Cimicifuga racemosa 1 15.0 1 10.0 -- --—- —- ---- Eupatorium sp. 1 8.0 10 4.2 9 4.2 Total 185 6.2 124 4.9 103 5.9 42 5.7 TABLE XIV (Continued) Other Herbaceous Plants 108 New plant species appearing 1952 (16) Erythronium americanum Pteridium aguilinum latiusculum Zisia aptera Lilium canadensis Hypoxis hirsute Huellia caroliniensis Melampyrum lineare Dryopteris spinulosa Chimaphila maculata Uvularia sessilifolia Polystichum acrostichnoides Uvularia perfoliata Campanula divaricata Sanguinaria canadensis Aristolochia Serpentaria Hedeola*virginiana Total 1‘0 tal identified To tal unidentif iable 1940 1952 Change Decrease Increase No. Ave. Ht. No. Ave. Ht. Ho. Ave. Ht. No. Ave. Ht. In. Nb) mourn) QPHMPGQNH U 5'” OOOOOVQOO O OQOU 0 m0 U\O\U\¢' PFC‘O‘U‘O‘UP? CO 19.- Nh) O\O\-¢’W' thU‘I-‘(DGNH U 1;: F c: O oooooumoo O O C . C . . omow max mmut: tf’ChO‘U‘O‘UtP? c>E> 278 74 6.8 0‘ U 187 O 196 67 6.9‘ 0" U 105 UtU'! {-710 Total other herbaceous 352 an 194 263 6.1 105 E" :- _———f TABLE XV VEGETATION CHANGES FOLLOWING WOODLAND GRAZING YELLOW PINE-HARDVOOD FOREST TYPE LIGHT 0R LEAST GRAZED PLOTS’ Number of Species 109 Other Total Trees Shrubs Legumes Grass herbaceous plants Species present 1940 68 y 14 g/ 14 3] 4 4] 1 6] 35 Species present 1952 61 15 10 4 '5/ 1 ‘Z/ 31 New species 1940-1952 22 6 1 l O 14 Species disappeared 29 5 l 0 18 Change total species - 7 + 1 - 4 0 0 - 4 EEEEE‘Q‘: Includes 4 unidentifiable tree seedlings. Includes 1 unidentifiable shrub. Includes 5 unidentifiable legumes. Includes 10 unidentifiable grasses. Includes 12 unidentifiable grasses. Includes 20 unidentifiable other herbaceous plants. Includes 1 unidentifiable other herbaceous plants. ’Data based on 100 percent tally of 2 mil-acre quadrats within each of the grazed plots, Nos. 10, 14. 18, 20, 22, 30, 32, 34 (a total of 16 This does not include trees greater than 15 feet in height or vegetation 3. 5 inches or less in height. mil-acre quadrats) . 110 .uandan usoeoepuem .350 edpeauaauegcd a acceded—H \N 63de asoeoepaon pogo 02.333033 om 38.305 \Im. . .eeeueum capedugcogg N." .3305 \W .33th 39.339335. 0." negaoqn \m .3563 033395.35. m 3.0303 R .punn. manageaseoedqu a .oesfloua \m image:- eon» capsaugcogqu : .06...."qu fin. 4.4- an- m.~+ nd+ ~.o* a- H.od+ ad+ a.Hu on- H.H+ mm- nausea Hugo» 666620 5.: mad 6 o o.n «a ha.:a mu 1m.ma mad 6.6” mum eoeuaaasaan o.m Ha 5.8 ma o.m n m.na on m.am an m.a~ end .onomn. .mduo I ended" to: :.m m: o o 6.6 w “.ma 3 4.6” an ~.m no” mama museums he: .. 33de re.— 2.“ mmH\N.a.w ~w\n.m.a ca o.nm nu m.ma oma 6.34 mm: mama .Husedpaeaa “.8 mafia 3.: SR. 2. SH 23 8b.... 98 £14 Tfi 2m 32 3.335%" .Immmi «m4 «m4_ .gmu 4mm. «am .am .am .E .3 .am .pm .24 .oz .24 .oz .24 .oz .o>4 .oz .24 .oz .24 .on Anni ...... .355 :95 eon—smog uanWAm ocean. deuce «sedan do copes: Aeosenpqoov an sandy SUMMARY OF SPECIES BY NUMBER OF PLANTS AND TABLE XV (Continued) AVERAGE HEIGHT FOR.EACH VEGETATIOH CLASS 111 Trees Change 1990 1952 Decrease Increase No. Are. No. Ave. No. Are. No. Are. Ht. Ht. Ht. Ht. 121 122. 121 121 Species disappeared (5) Quercus michauxii 2h 22.“ 2h 22.h Qpercus marilandica 3 11.3 3 11.3 Pines rigida b “1.8 4 #1.8 Liriodendron tulipifera 1 36.0 1 36.0 Fraxinus sp. 2 9.0 2 9.0 Total an 21.5 3h 21.5 Species persisting 19h0 through 1952 (9) Qaercus velatina #2 17.3 6 11.0 36 ‘ 17.3 Sassafras albidum 35 11.h 12 7.5 23 11.h Acer rubrum 27 12.3 16 27.7 11 12.3 Amelanchier arborea 13 37.1 9 h5.3 a 37.1 Nyssa sylvatica 9 35.0 11 11.0 2 11.0 Castanea dentata 6 19.8 10 28.1 b 28.1 Betula Ienta 2 19.5 b 28.5 2 28.5 Cronus florida 1 8.0 a 37.2 3 37.2 Carya ep. 13 52.8 7 38.8 6 52.8 201.1 1&8 20.9 79 24.6 80 18.6 11 27.5 New species appearing 1952 (6) , Qnercus rubra 6 11.3 6 11.3 Robinia peeudoacaia 1 12.0 1 12.0 Diosyprus virginiana 3 7.0 3 7.0 Qnercus prinus 17 13.2 17 ‘13.2 Qeercae coccinea 20 7.1 20 7.1 Symplocos tinctoria a 12.5 h 12.5 Total 51 10.1 51 10.1 trotal identified 182 21.1 130 18.9 118 19.5 Total unidentifiable 1+ 3.5 h 3.5 62 13.2 {rotal trees 186 20.8 130 18.9 118 18.9 62 13.2 112 TABLE IV (Continued) Shrubs 19uo 1952 Decrease Increase No. Ave. No. Ave. No. Ave. No. Ave. Ht. Ht. Ht. Ht. Species dieappeared (5) ' Hydrangea arboreecene 3 21.0 3 21.0 Ceanothus americanus 7 20.9 7 20.9 Hamamelie virginiana 6 6.2 6 6.2 Castanea pumila 1 6.0 1 6.0 Vitie aeetivalie argentifolia 1 8.0 1 8.0 Total 18 11.5 18 11.5 Species persisting 19140 through 1952 (9) Pyrularia pubera 11+ $3 15 32.8 1 32.8 Menzieeia piloea 11. 26.0 11 9.0 -- --.. .. -..-.. Rhododendron maximum 4 58.0 2h 67.3 20 67.3 Clethra acuminata 1+ 25.0 1 40.0 3 110.0 Lyonia liquetrina a 9.0 3 12.0 1 12.0 Rubue alleghenieneie 1+ 31.5 ll» 5.0 Rhododendron calendulaceum 3 25.0 12 25.0 9 25.0 Smilax Bona-nox 3 11.3 6 16.5 3 16.5 Parthenocieeue quinquefolia 2 6. 5 5 1+. 5 3 it. 5 Total 1&9 27.2 81 33.7 h 33.0 36 16.3 New plant epeciee appearing 1952 (1) Ilex montana h 18. 5 h 18. 5 Total it 18. 5 h 18. 5 Total identified 67 22.9 85 33.0 22 15.14 140 '43.5 Total unidentifiable 1 3.5 1 3.5 Total shrub: 68 22.9 85 33.0 23 1u.9 no 113.5 TABLE IV (Continued) 113 Legumes Change 1940 1952 Decrease Increase No. Ave. No. Ave. No. Ave. No. Ave. Ht. Ht. Ht. Ht. 121 in; in; in; Species disappeared (I) Strophostyles sp. 7.0 7.0 Total 7.0 7.0 Species persisting 19h0 through 1952 (3) Desmodium nudiflorum 6 5.7 l 5.0 5 5.7 Baptisia tinctoria 3 15.7 b 8.0 l 8.0 Vicia caroliniana 1 10.0 3 8.0 2 8.0 Total 10 9.1 8 7.6 5 5.7 3 8.0 New plant species appearing 1952 (1) Lespedesa sp. 2 6.0 6.0 Total 6.0 2 6.0 Total identified 12 8.8 10 7.3 7 6.1 5 7.2 Total unidentifiable 5 3.5 5 3.5 Total legumes 17 7.1 10 7.3 12 5.0 5 7.2 Grasses Species persisting 1940 through.l952 (l) Panicum sp. 3? 3.5 50 6.8 13 6.8 Total 37 3.5 50 6.8 13 6.8 Total identified 37 3.5 50 6.8 13 6.8 Total unidentifiable 10 9.1 12 6.1 2 6.1 Total grasses #7 h.h 62 6.7 15 6.7 TABLE XV (Continued) Other Herbaceous Plants 11h Change 1940 1952 Decrease Increase No. Ave. Ho. Ave. Ne. Ave. No. Ave. Ht. Ht. Ht. Ht. Species disappeared (18) Aster sp. 1” 7.7 1“ 7.7 Arisaema quinatum 6 12.5 6 12.5 Aster patene 3 8.0 3 8.0 Collinsonia canadensis 2 11.5 2 11.5 Monarda clinopodia 3 3.7 3 3.7 Dryopteris epinaloea intermedia 3 13.3 3 13.3 Budbeckia hirta 2 7.0 2 7.0 Medeola virginiana 1 6.0 l 6.0 Scutellaria sp. 1 6.0 1 6.0 Trasdescantia sp. 1 36.0 1 36.0 Bpigaea repene 11 3.5 11 3.5 Solidago odora 10 3.5 10 3.5 Antennaria plantaginifolia 10 3.5 10 3.5 Cereopeie major 13 15.5 13 15.5 Potentilla canadensis 8 3.5 8 3.5 Hieraciun sp. h 5.5 b 5.5 Prenanthee trifoliolata h 6.2 4 6.2 _ Aster undulatus 3 3.5 3 3.5 Total 99 7-5 99 7-5 TABLE II (Continued) Other Herbaceous Plants 115 Change 1940 1952 Decrease Increase No. Ave. No. Ave. No. Ave. Ho. Ave. Ht. Ht. Ht. Ht. In; In; .12; .12; Species persisting 19h0 through.l952 (l7) 7 Chimaphila maculata #0 3.5 6 4.0 3h 3.5 6311!! latifolilm 1h 5.9 2“ 5.4 10 5.# Disporum sp. 20 5.2 10 6.7 10 5.2 Pbryma Leptostachya 5 12.0 b 6.0 1 12.0 luphorbia corollata 9 8.6 7 8.0 2 8.6 Lysimachia quadrifolia 9 10.“ 3 8.7 6 10.“ .Arieaema triphyllum 5 5.h’ 6 4.5 1 h.5 Carex sp. 5 5.6 10 6.0 5 6.0 Galax.aphy11a 5 3.5 6 4.0 1 0.0 Viola sp. 5 3.8 28 0.0 23 h.0 Pteridium aquilinum latiusculum H 6.5 5 7.2 1 7.2 Habenaria sp. 3 3.7 2 “.0 1 3.7 Sanguinaria canadensis 3 6.7 7 6.# h 6.h_ Aster acuminatus 2 11.0 h 0.0 2 4.0 Gillenia trifoliata 2 31.5 3 9.3 1 9.3 Houstonia purpurea 1 5.0 23 5.4 22 5.“ Smilacina racemosa 1 18.0 2 0.0 1 4.0 Total 133 6.1 150 5.u 5h u.9 71 - 5.0 116 TABLE XV (Continued) Other Herbaceous Plants Change 1900 1952 ___ Decrease Increase No. Ave. Ne. Ave. No. Ave. No. Ave. __ Ht. Ht. Ht. Ht. New plant species appearing 1902 (10) Botrychium virginianum 3 0.3 3 0.3 Streptopus amplexifolius 8 0.7 8 0.7 Linum sp. 7 5.8 7 5.8 Hypoxis hirsute 2 6.0 2 6.0 Ruellia caroliniensis 3 0.0 3 0.0 Polygonum pensylvanicum 2 0.0 2 0.0 Polystichum arostichoides 3 5.0 3 5.0 Athyrium Filix-femina 2 7.0 2 7.0 Prenanthes sp. 1 10.0 1 10.0 Gerardia flava 0 0.7 0 0.7 Uvularia sessilifolia 7 5.0 7 5.0 Trillium erectum 1 8.0 1 8.0 Lilium Michauxii 2 0.5 2 0.5 Aristolochia Serpentaria 3 8.7 3 8.7 Total 08 5.0 08 5.0 Total identified 232 6.7 198 5.0 153 0.9 119 5.2 Total unidentifiable 21 0.1 1 6.0 20 0.1 Total other herbaceous plants 253 6.5 199 5.0 173 0.7 119 .5.2 11? TABLE 1V1 VEGETATION CHANGES FOLLOWING WOODLAND GRAZING COVE-HARNOOD FOREST TYPE UNGBAZED PLOTS" Number of Species Other Total Trees Shrubs Legumes Grass herbaceous plants Species present 1900 36 11 5 3 1_/ 1 z] 16 Species present 1952 36 12 7 2 o 3/ 15 New species 1900-1952 12 2 3 O O 7 Species disappeared 12 1 l 1 1 8 Change total species 0 + 1 + 2 - l - 1 - 1 y Includes '8 unidentifiable grasses. g] Includes 2 unidentifiable other herbaceous plants. 3] Includes 3 unidentifiable other herbaceous plants. ’Data based on 100 percent tally of two mil-acre quadrats within each of the ungrazed plots, Nos. 7 and 11 (a total of 0 mil-acre quadrats). This does not include trees greater than 15 feet in height or vegetation 3.5 inches or less in height. 118 .mpqdaa uncoospson Henna oapdauaanedasd m neusaonH \N .3539 «8003.8: nonpo 39.333335 N nogaosn \M .ueumenw capmflmapqevaqs m mousaocH \w m.o- mm. m.~a- m- H.~+ ma- ~.~+ mm+ n.oa+ n+ H.~+ om+ «panda Hana» onnnno s.a as m.~H a m.a on n.5a ma o.~H ow ~.0H nus condemnannn o.n ms o o m.oa an :.mm m m.- an o.mH mm nonosnn .mdno I 9233 Sea a.m mm o o o o a.na n: o.ma N m.~H mm mnma seasons son .. apnea 3mm H.m mmH\n_ o o n.HH a: m.ma Hm m.om on «.ma man «was nansensnena o.n wna\m. n.~a m \a. N.m mm m.HH no s.o~ mm .~.oH nan cam” nannsannena 4am. 4mm .4mm .4mu .4mm‘ .4mm .nm .»m .»m .»m .»m .nm .34 .oz .25 on .23 .on .34 .oz .95 .oz .05. .oz .pnon .350 395 «sauce 3.92m mocha Hence |H|( :58 no Shana Aeosnannoovapm ngm4a 119 TABLE XVI (Continued) SUMMARY OF SPECIES BY NUMBER OF PLANTS AND AVERAGE HEIGHT FOR.EACH VEGETATION CLASS Trees 1900 1952 Change Decrease Increase ... ‘-*-v—-‘-—— No. Ave. No. Ave. No. Ave. No. Ave. Ht. Ht. Ht. Ht. Inn. Inn lei. Ian Species disappeared (l) Magnolia acuminata l 0.0 1 0.0 Total 1 0.0 l 0.0 Species persisting 1900 through 1952 (10) Carya sp. 7 0.9 3 32.6 0 0.9 Castanea dentata 2 05.0 2 36.0 -- ---a -- ---- Liriodendron tulipifera 0 36.7 2 76.0 2 36.7 .Acer rubrum - 5 6.0 2 92.0 3 6. Nyssa sylvatica 2 11.0 3 22.0 1 22.0 Cornus florida 6 63.3 29 20.8 23 20.8 Quercus velutina 18 9.6 5 28.0 13 9.6 Betula lenta 1 20.0 1 80.0 -- —--- -— --.. Sassafras albidum 5 23.6 2 12.0 3 23.6 Fraxinus sp. 1 36.0 5 9.2 0 9.2 Total 51 20.7 50 29.3 25 12.3 28 22.5 New plant species appearing 1952 (2) Quercus coccinea 1 30.0 1 30.0 Tilia sp. 1 120.0 1 120.0 Total 2 75.0 2 75.0 Total identified 52 20.0 56 30.9 26 12.0 30 26.0 Total trees 52 20.0 56 30.9 26 12.0 30 26.0 120 TABLE XVI (Continued) Shrubs Ti Change 1900 1952 - Decrease Increase No. Ave. No. Ave. Ne.) Ave. Ne. Ave. Ht. Ht. Ht. Ht. Species disappeared (I) Smilax glauca 13 19.0 13 19.0 Total 13 19.0 13 19.0 Species persisting 1900 l through 1908 (0) ! Smilax rotundifolia 2 08.0 ! 3 88.3 1 88.3 Parthenocissus l quinquefolia 35 7.0, 37 5.9 2 5.9 Yitis aestivalis 3 argentifolia 11 11.7' 6 27.6 5 11.7 110: montana _ 2 5.0 2 6.0 -- ---- -- ---- Total 50 9.6 '08 13.8 5 11.? 3 33.0 New plant species E ( appearing 1952 (3) ‘ i I Clematis virginiana 2 6.5 , 2 6.5 Runnymus americanus 32 10.9 32 10.9 Smilax Dona-no: 9 25.0 9 25.0 Total 03 13.7 03 13.7 Total identified 63 11.6 91 13.8 18 17.3 06 15.0 Total shrubs 63 11.6 91 13.8 18 17.3 06 15.0 TABLE XVI (Continued) 121 Legumes Change 1940 1952 Decrease Increase No. Ave. No. Ave. No. Ave. No. Ave. Ht. Ht. Ht. Ht. Species disappeared (1) Lespedeza sp. 1 0.0 1 0.0 Total 1 0.0 1 0.0 Species persisting 1900 through.l952 (2) Desmodium nudiflorum 25 10.0 36 10.8 11 10.8 Strophostyles sp. 30 8.0 5 15.0 25 8.0 Total 55 9.3 01 11.3. 25 8.0 11 10.8 Total identified 56 9.2 01 11.3 26 7.8 11 10.8 Total legumes 56 9.2 01 11.3 26 7.8- 11 10.8 Grasses Species disappeared (1) Panicum Boscii 1 7.0 1 7.0 Total 1 7.0 l 7.0 Total identified 1 7.0 l 7.0 Total unidentifiable 8 13.0 8 13.0 Total grasses 9 12.3 9 12.3 122 TABLE IV I (Continued) Other Herbaceous Plants 1900 1952 Chang” 1 Decrease Increase No. Ave. No. Ave. No. Ave. No. Ave. Ht. Ht. Ht. Ht. Species disappeared (8) Lycopus sp. 1 5.0 1 5.0 Plantago virginica 1 0.0 1 0.0 Phryma leptostachya 0 8.5 0 8.5 Aster sp. 21 8.7 21 8.7 Aster acuminatus 2 11.0 2 11.0 Galium sp. 1 12.0 1 12.0 Houstonia purpurea 5 0.0 5 0.0 Ambrosia artemisiifolia 1 0.0 1 0.0 Total 36 7.9 35 7-9 Species persisting 1900 through 1952 (8) Euphorbia corollata 1 10.0 1 6.0 -— --- -- ---- Viola sp. 78 0.5 71 0.5 7 0.5 Aster undulatus 2 8.0 5 6.0 3 6.0 Cimicifuga racemosa 3 7.3 2 10.0 1 7.3 Sanicula sp. 3 7.0 6 0.3 3 0.3 Carex sp. 1 8.0 0 7.0 3 7.0 Monarda clinOpodia 9 9.0 9 10.9 -- ---- -- ---- Galium ciraesans 1 5.0 35 3.5 30 3.5 Total 98 5.3 133 5.0 8 0.9 03 0.0 123 TABLE XVI(Continued) Other Herbaceous Plants 1900 1952 Change Decrease Increase No. Ave. No. Ave. No. Ave. No. Ave. Ht. Ht. Ht. Ht. la; la; la; .12; How plant species appearing 1952 (7) Solidago sp. 6 9.0 6 9.0 Chimaphila maculata 0 3.5 0 3.5 Aristolochia Serpentaria l 5.0 1 5.0 Pogonia sp. 2 0.0 2 0.0 Botrychium virginiana: 2 0.0 2 0.0 .Aster divaricatus 6 5.2 6 5.2 Galina triflorun l 6.0 1 6.0 Total 22 5.7 « 22 5.7 Total identified 130 6.0 155 5.1 00 7.0 65 0.6 Total unidentifiable 2 6.0 3 0.0 1 0.0 Total other herbaceous plants 136 6.0 158 5.1 00 7.0 66 0.6 TABLE XIII VEGETATION CHANGES FOLLOWING WOODLAND GRAZING UNGRAZED PLOTS’ Number of Species OAK-HICKORY FOREST TYPE 120 Other Total Trees Shrubs Legumes Grass herbaceous plants Species present 1900 76 17 17 0 y 2 3/ 36 Species present 1952 71 18 13 3 g] 1 1+] 36 New species 1900-1952 25 5 2 O O 18 Species disappeared 3O 0 6 1 l 18 Change total species - 5 + 1 - 0 -1 -1 0 11 Includes 16 unidentifiable grasses. g/ Includes 0 unidentifiable grasses. 3] Includes 6 unidentifiable other herbaceous plants. 0/ Includes 3 unidentifiable other herbaceous plants. I"Data based on 100 percent tally of two mil-acre quadrats within each of the ungrazed plots. Nos. 1, 3. 5. 15, 23, 25, and 27 (a total of 10 mil- acre quadrats). This does not include trees greater than 15 feet in height or vegetation 3.5 inches or less in height. 125 .333 303.393 menus 03333035. n nedsaosu \m inseam 30003.8: .350 03333335. 0 mocsaoan \fl .32.th 03333035. 3 3.0303 \M .33th 63333035 m." .3303 \ufi. H.m- mm+ «.m- ma- o.Hu mu n.H- asd+ m.or m- m.H- mma+ gunman Leno» omnnno o.HH Hm e.m ma m.a m m.mH me s.aa mm m.ma mam eonuonnnnan o.m an 6.: m o.o~ n «.ma mam o.o~ mm 5.6” nan season. .mano ... 3533 son «.5 me o o o o n.a : ~.oH an m.m mm «mad .oaoon. \ >3 I 3.3.3 to: 6.0 omaxm. n.s m~\m. 6.0 x mm m.ma awn m.- and a.nH nan mnma mannensaena H.HH ~:H\n_ m.a ~s\m_ o.a ow a.H~ and n.m~ wad n.a~ mom osna annoua>aena dmw neln 43: 1nd. .Iad. 4mm. .um .»N .am .9m .0m .om .34 .62 .mp4 .62 .o>4 .oz .34 .62 .34 .oz .34 .oz .350 :98 nosdmeq Inga nooks gen. I #3“ HO H0952 Aeoanannoov "Han mamas TABLE XVII (Continued) SUMMARY OF SPECIES BY NUMBER OF PLANTS AND AVERAGE HEIGHT FOR.EACH VEGETATION CLASS 126 Trees Decrease Increase No. Are. No. Ave. No. Are. No. Ave. Ht. Ht. Ht. Ht. Specie: dieeppeared (4) Qpercue nerilnndicn 4 18.4 4 18.4 Quercue nicheuxii 5 26.4 5 26.4 huinu' 8p. 1 900 1 900 Betule lent: 4 22.5 4 22.5 Total 14 21.8 14 21.8 Species pereieting 1940 through 1952 (13) 1 Gary: up. 9 43.8 9 23.1 —— nu .. --.... Castanea dentete 4 45.7 8 27.0 4 27.0 Quercue velutine 46 12.7 4 34.0 42 12.7 Quercue alba 2 18.0 1 5.0 1 18.0 Liriodendron tulipifera 1 7.0 3 13.3 2 13.3 SeecafrAI albidum 2? 8.8 12 8.1 15 8.8 Amelanchler arboree‘ 5 24.4 15 21.1 10 21.0 Cornue floride 8 19.4 7 35.4 1 19.4 Nysea nylvatice 7 54.1 19 35.7 12 35.7 Finns rigida. 2 78.0 1 144.0 1 78.0 Robinia peeudoececia 6 41.5 3 56.0 3 41.5 Acer rubrum 14 39.2 8 38.9 6 39.2 Symplocoe tinctorie 1 72.0 11 21.4 10 21.4 Total 132 23.7101 27.8 69 16.5 38 26.0 New plant specie. appearing 1952 (5) Magnolia acuminata 4 10.5 4 10.5 Qnercue coccinea 27 8.5 27 8.5 Quercue prinne 4 26.2 4 26.2 Quercue rubra 1 6.0 1 p 6.0 Diolpwrue virginiana 1 6.0 1 6.0 Total 37 10.2 37 10.2 Total identified 146 23.5 138 22.9 83 17.4 75 18.0 Total trees 146 23.5 138 22.9 83 17.4 75 18.0 127 TABLE XVII (Continued) Shrubs 1940 1952 Chang" Decrease Increase No. Are. No. Ave. No. Ave. Ne. Ave. Ht. Ht. Ht. Ht. Species disappeared (6) Calycanthus fertilis 24 12.3 24 12.3 Pyrularia pubera 3 15.0 3 15.0 Ceanothus americanus 2 18.0 2 18.0 Pyrus melanocarpa 7 17.0 7 17.0 luonymus americanus 3 14.0 3 14.0 Pyrus arbutifolia 1 20.0 1 20.0 Total 40 13.3 40 13.3 Species persisting 1940 through 1952 (11) Hamamelis virginiana 3 5.0 2 4.0 1 4.0 Vaccinium vacillans 19 11.3 126 9.2 107 9.2 Smilax glauca 36 19.2 51 9.9 15 9.9 Smilax Dena-no: 2 17.0 3 15.0 1 15.0 Vitis aestivalis argentifolia 10 9.0 6 14.0 4 9.0 Rhus radicans 3 5.0 4 6.5 l 6.5 mums latifolia 20' 45.6 30 39.3 10 39.3 Vaccinium stamineum 5 36.6 67 24.6 62 24.6 Rhododendron maximum 9 41.5 28 57.9 19 57.9 Lyonia ligustrina 5 27.5 2 24.0 3 27.5 - Parthenocissus quinquefolia 1 5.0 4 5.0 3 5.0 mu 113 24.1 323 19.7 8 16.9 218 19.2 Neu'plant species _ appearing 1952 (2) Rhododendron . calendulaceum 1 16.0 1 16.0 Ilex montana 3 7.0 3 7.0 Total 4 9.3 4 9.3 Total identified 153 21.1 327 19.6 48 13.8 222 19.0 Total shrubs 153 21.1 327 19.6 48 13.8 222 19.0 TABLE XVII (Continued) 128 Legumes Chan 1940 1952 3° ___ Decrease Increase N0. Ave. N0. Ave. No. Ave. No. Ave. ..---. Ht. Ht. Ht. Ht. Species disappeared (l) Strephostyles sp. 2 9.0 2 ‘9:0 Total 2 9.0 9.0 Species persisting 1940 through.l952 (3) Desmodium nudiflorum 17 5.4 13 6.5 4 5.4 Baptisia tinctoria 5 16.4 2 10.0 3 16.4 . Lespedeza sp. 2 21.0 8 10.0 6 10.0 Total 21. 9.0 23 8.0 7 10.1 6 10.0 Total identified 26 9.0 23 8.0 9 9.9 6 10.0 Total legumes 26 9.0 23 8.0 9 9.9 6 10.0 Grasses Species disappeared (l) Brachyelytrum erectum '13.0 13.0 Total 13.0 13.0 Species persisting 1940 through 1952 (l) Panicum sp. 20 . 22 4.0 2 4.0 Total 20 . 22 4.0 2 4.0 Total identified 26 8.6 22 4.0 6 13.0 2 4.0 Total unidentifiable 16 6.4 4 6.2 12 6.4 Total grasses 42 7.8 26 4.3 18 8.6 2 4.0 TABLE XVI 1 (Continued) Other Herbaceous Plants 129 Species disappeared (18) Linum catharticum Trillium sp. Ranunculus hispidus Collinsonia canadensis Eupatorium sp. Aster sp. Aster patens Phryma Leptostachya Coreopsis major Chamaelirium luteum Clintonia sp. Gillenia trifoliata‘ Lysimachia quadrifolia Gerardia sp. Disporum sp. Zizia sp. Dryopteris spinulosa intermedia Veratrum sp. Total Change 1940 1952 ....-l-.- Decrease Increase No. Ave. Ne. Ave. Ne. Ave. Ne. Ave. Ht. Ht. Ht. Ht. 2 13.0 2 13.0 1 7.0 l 7.0 l 8.0 l 8.0 3 49.0 3 49.0 2 7.0 2 7.0 13 7-9 13 7-9 1 15.0 1 15.0 4 7.0 4 7.0 6 19.3 6 19.3 1 4.0 1 4.0 l 8.0 l 8.0 1 36.0 1 36.0 2 8.0 2 8.0 6 12.0 6 12.0 1 6.0 1 6.0 l 7.0 l 7.0 3 5.0 3 5.0 2 7.0 2 7.0 51 13-5 51 13-5 130 TABLE XVII (Continued) Other Herbaceous Plants 19140 1952 Change Decrease Increase No. Ave. No. Ave. No. Ave. Ne. Ave. Ht. Ht. Ht. Ht. Species persisting 1940 through 1952 (18) Viola hastata l 7.0 7 5.6 6 5.6 Dryopteris noveboracensis 7 8.4 3 5.7 4 8.4 ‘Uvularia sessilifelia 4 4.0 11 4.4 7 4.4 Aster acuminatus 9 9.4 4 5.5 5 9.4 Arisaema triphyllum 4 4.2 2 5.0 2 4.2 Galium latifolium 4 40.4 7 6.6 3 6.6 Selidage sp. 8 15.2 n 9.5 a 15.2 Eupherbia corollata 6 6.3 4 6.5 2 6.3 Lysimachia quadrifelia 3 20.0 5 10.4 2 10.4 Pteridiun aquilinum latiusculum ' 3 8.3 2 12.0 1 8.3 Carex sp. 3 6.6 8 6.0 5 6.0 Smilacina racemosa 4 13.7 6 ' 7.3 2 7.3 Medeels virginiana 12 7.0 3 5.3 9 7.0 Aster undulatus l 7.0 3 6.0 2 6.0 Sanguinaria canadensis 3 6.0 3 4.7 -- --—- -- -—-- Houstonia purpurea 3 5.3 16 5.6 13 5.6 Prenanthes sp. 9 4.2 38 4.0 29 4.0 Gala: aphylla 1 5.0 3 4.0 2 4.0 Total 85 9.8 129 5.5 27 8.7 71 5.0 131 TABLE XNII (Continued) Other Herbaceous Plants Chan e 19no 1952 g Decrease Increase No. Ave. No. Ave. No. Ave. Ne. Ave. Ht. Ht. Ht. Ht. La 19:. 12; 19;? New plant species appearing 1952 (18) Files pumila 2 9.0 2 9.0 Rudbeckia hirta 3 5.0 3 5.0 Aristelochia Serpentaria l 6.0 1 6.0 Gerardia flava 10 8.0 10 8.0 Chinapbila maculata 2 4.0 2 4.0 Lilium canadensis } 5 8.0 5 8.0 .Angelica venenesa 1 6.0 1 6.0 Erigeron pulchellus 2 4.0 2 4.0 Hypoxia hirsuta 8 7.0 8 7.0 Veratrum virido 3 8.0 3 8.0 Ruellia caroliniensi 1 4.0 l 4.0 .Athyrium Filix— {emina 3 7.0 3 7.0 Dioscorea villosa 2 5.0 2 5.0 Aster cordifolius l 6.0 l 6.0 Pogonia sp. 1 10.0 l 10 .O Polygonum sp. 1 12.0 1 12.0 Hieracium venosum l 4.0 1 4.0 Total 48 7.2 48 7.2 Total identified 136 11.3 177 6.0 78 12.0 119 5.9 Total unidentifiable 6 6.0 3 6.0 3 6.0 Total other herbaceous plants 142 11.1 180 6.0 81 11.8 119 5.9 _ ..J 132 TABLE XVIII VEGETATION CHANGES FOLLOWING WOODLAND GRAZING YELLOW PINE-HARDWOOD TYPE UNGBAZED PLOTS‘ Number of Species Other Total Trees Shrubs Legumes Grass herbaceous plants Species present 1940 42 11 13 l ‘1/ 2 3] 15 Species present 1952 58 - 11 18 1 'g/ 2 Q] 26 New species 1940-1952 25 4 6 O O 15 Species disappeared 9 4 l O O 4 Change total species +16 - O .+ 5 O 0 +11 1] Includes 10 unidentifiable grasses. .g/ Includes 34 unidentifiable grasses. ‘3/ Includes 8 unidentifiable other herbaceous plants. 5] Includes 8 unidentifiable other herbaceous plants. ’Data based on 100 percent tally of two nil-acre quadrats within each of the ungrazed plots. Nos. 9. 13. 17. 19. 21. 29. 31. and 33 (a total of 16 mil-acre quadrats). This does not include trees greater than 15 feet in height or vegetation 3.5 inches or less in height. 133 .uaaaam asoooonuoc nonao oapdauaaaoducd w nocsaoan .upnsam acoooennon segue capeauaacoddqd m nocsaocm .oomacam oapdauapaodaad an noucaoau w m .aounaam capeduapccuanc 0H oodcacaH \fl m.m- ma~+ ~.o+ :. o.~+ ~+ n.~u man+ 3.3. Ha+ m.ou m~a+ shaman Hana» nausea H.0H m: o.m on o o m.ma a” ~.m~ n: 3.0H and cocaoaasuan m.a man m.m mm w.m N m.w~ mm: m.~a mm m.o~ wmw moaounn .mHao I «pecan )oz a.m as o o o o ~.n~ mm a.m~ mm m.ma and mama .oaoom. tea I upcnam so: n.m o~m\m. m.n nmxm m.m m m.a~ Ame o.o~ was a.o~ HHHH mama naseeapaena m.m ~n\n. ¢.m om\m. o.: H m.m~ was :.:~ mod fl.om «mm oama nausea>aenH «ma. «mu. 4mm 4mm «aw .qH .pm .»m .»m .»m .am .pm .o>< .oz .o>< .oz .o>< .oz .o>4 .oz .o>< .om .obd .02 “WNW“ macaw noasmon upshnm noose Hence aaqsam co sopeez Auosawua00v HHH>H Hundu SUNNARI OF SPECIES BY NUMBER OF PLANTS AND AVERAGE HEIGHT FOR EACH VEGETATION CLASS TABLE XVIII (Continued) Trees ....-.__. -.===================. 1940 1952 Chan” 4 ___ Decrease Increase Ne. Ave. Ne. Ave. No. Ave. Ne. Ave. Ht. Ht. Ht. Ht. Species disappeared (4) Ilex sp. 5 18.2 5 18.2 Quercus michauxii 21 38.7 21 38-7 Carya sp. 1 5.0 1 5.0 Quercus velutina 15 22.6 15 22:6 ._, Total 42 29.7 42 29.7 Species persisting 1940 “11‘th 1952 (7) Castanea dentata 10. 16.0 8 35.5 2 16.5 Amelanchier arborea 6 37.7 7 36.9 1 36.9 .Acer rubrum 14 11.1 44 12.9 30 12.9 Sassafras albidum 20 23.1 23 8.7 3 8.? Hyssa sylvatica 9 14.7 13‘ 8.8 4 8.8 Symplocos tinctoria 2 57.5 17 12.3 15 12.3 Pinus rigida 2 33.0 1 84.0 33.0 .. Total 63 20.9 113 15.2 22.0 53 12.6 New plant species appearing 1952 (4) Quercus prinus 42 37.4 42 37.4 Quercus coccinea 19 11.5 19 11.5 Quercus rubra 1 6.0 l 6.0 Betula lenta 1 10.0 1 10.0 Total 63 28.7 63 28.7 Total identified 105 24.4 176 20.0 45 29.2 116 '21.3 Total trees 105 24.4 176 . 20.0 45 29.2 116 21.3 TABLE XVII I (Continues) 135 Shrubs 1940 1952 Change Decrease Increase No. Ave. No. Ave. No. Ave. No. Ave. Ht. Ht. Ht. Ht. Species disappeared (1) Ryrus melanocarpa 2 27.0 2 27.0 _ Total 2 27.0 ' 2 27.0 Species persisting 1940 through 1952 (12) Pyrularia pubera 9 18.0 1 6.0 8 18.0 Kalmha latifolia 25 79.7 106 91.8 81 91.8 Vaccinium vacillans 36 11.1 320 9.1 284 9.1 Smilax glauca 54 19.6 91 15.4 37 15.4 Lyonia liqustrina 5 9.4 1 120.0 4 9.4 Smilax Bona-nox 1 96.0 5 52.8 4 52.8 Gaylussacia baccata 3 12.3 70 24.0 67 24.0 Vaccinium stamineum 5 50.4 15 45.6 10 45.6 Viburnum acerifolium 1 14.0 1 6.0 —- ---- -- ——- Ceanothus americanus' 1 6.0 2 10.0 1 10.0 Menziesia pilosa l 6.0 3 6.0 2 6.0 Hamamelis virginiana 2 27.0 3 39.3 1 39.3 Total 143 28.8 618 27.1» 12 15.1 487 26.5 New plant species appearing 1952 (6) 'Hnbue allegheniensis 1 6.0 l 6.0 Ilex montana 31 12.0 31 12.0 Rhododendron calendulaceum 1 48.0 1 48.0 Rhododendron maximum 3 180.0 3 180.0 Castanea pumila 2 6.0 2 6.0 Vitis rotundifolia 1 6.0 1 6.0 Total 39 25.2 39 25.2 Total identified 145 28.8 657 27.3 14 16.8 526 26.4 Total shrubs 145 28.8 657 27.3 14 16.8 526 26.4 TABLE XVIII (Continued) 136 Legumes Cha e 1940 1952 "3 Decrease Increase No. Ave. Ne. Ave. Ne. Ave. Ne. Ave. Ht. Ht. Ht. Ht; Species persisting 1940 through 1952 (l) Baptisia tinctoria 1 4.0 3 6.6 2 6.6 Total 1 4.0 3 6.6 2 6.6 Total identified 1 4.0 3 6.6 2 6.6 Total legumes 1 4.0 3 6.6 2 6.6 . Grasses Species persisting 1940 through.l952 (2) Panicum Boscii 44 5.0 14 7.0 30 5.0 Panicum dichotomum 5 8.0 7 4.0 2 4.0 Total 49 5.3 21 6.0 30 5.0 2 4.0 Total identified 49 5.3 21 6.0 30 5.0 2 4.0 Total unidentifiable 10 5.9 34 5.4 24 5.4 Tota1.grasses 59 5.4 55 5.6 30 5.0 26 5.3 TABLE XVIII (Continued) Other Herbaceous Plants 137 Change 1940 1952 Decrease Increase No. Ave. No. Ave. Ho. Ave. no. Ave. Ht. Ht. Ht. Ht. Species disappeared (4) Chrysopsis sp. ~l 10.0 1 10.0 Core0psis major 23 11.8 23 11.8 Melampyrum lineare 1 8.0 l 8.0 Gillenia trifoliata 2 8.0 2 8.0 Total 27 11.3 27 11.3 Species persisting 1940 through 1952 (11) Carex sp. 8 8.5 1 4.0 7 8.5 Uvularia sessilifolia 1 13.0 6 ' 6.1 5 6.1 Pteridium aquilinum latiusculum 5 9.8 2 8.5 3 9.8 Disporum sp. 5 5.0 13 5.5 8 5.5 Euphorbia corollata 2 8.0 1 10.0 1 8.0 Gerardia flava 1 24.0 6 8.8 5 8.8 Galax aphylla 3 5.0 98 4.5 95 4.5 Galium latifolium 2 6.0 l _ 8.0 1. 6.0 Houstonia purpurea 2 4.0 2 5.0 -- ---— —- ---- Solidago odora 7 5.9 4 6.5 3 5.9 Viola sp. 1 6.0 6 4.0 5 4.0 Total 37 7.5 140 5.0 15 8.0 118 4.8 TABLE XVIII (Continued) Other Herbaceous Plants 138 Change 1940 1952 Decrease Increase No. Ave. Ne. Ave. No. Ave. No. Ave. Ht. Ht. Ht. Ht. an... 111.. 19.- 121 New plant species appearing 1952 (15) Chimaphila maculata 11 5.0 11 5.0 Polygonatum biflorum l 8.0 .l 8.0 Campanula divaricata 2 7.0 2 7.0 Lilium canadensis 9 5.9 9 5.9 Erythronium americanum 15 4.0 15 4.0 Lysimachia quadrifolia 11 7.8 11 7.8 Lobelia georgiana 3 9.0 3 9.0 Lilium Hichauxii 2 4.0 2 4.0 Trillium sp. 1 5.0 l 5.0 Hypoxis hirsuta 6 5.8 6 5.8 Polygonum pennsylvanicum 4 5.2 4 5.2 Smilacina racemosa l 8.0 1 8.0 Eupatorium rugosum 2 . 7.0 2 7.0 Aster undulatus 2 4.5 2 4.5 Aster acuminatus 2 5.0 2 5.0 Total identified 64 9.1 212 5.2 42 10.1 190 5.1 Total unidentifiable 8 6.6 8 8.0 -- ---- \f- -——- Total other herbaceous :‘ plants 72 8.8 220 5.3 42 1021 190 _5.1 .fl.ut "WM 1411111111171 "TS