SWDY OF 0300me ROCKS FROM DEEP
WELLS IN {HE HILLSDALE, NORTHVILLE
AND ADJACENT AREAS IN SOUTHEAST

MICHIGAN

Thesis {or the Degree of M. 5..
MECHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY

James F. O’Connell
1958

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STUDY OF ORDOVICIAN ROCKS FROM DEEP WELLS
IN THE HILLSDALE, NORIHVILLE AND ADJACENT AREAS

IN SOUTHEAST MICHIGAN

BY

James F. O'Connell

A THESIS

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements
for the degree of Master of Science in
Michigan State University

East Lansing, Michigan

1958

Q-srgf
Q 7344

ABSTRACT

A detailed study of the lithology of the pertinent
wells in the Hillsdale, Northville and intervening areas
along with the radioactivity log studies, has made
possible a rather satisfactory correlation of the Middle
and Lower Ordovician units throughout this area. The
radioactivity logs were very helpful in showing composition
differences and contacts which were difficult to establish
on lithology alone.

During the study seven units were established to
classify the interval from the top of the Trenton to the
bottom of the Upper Cambrian sandstones. These were
designated A to F. The assignments were also made in
terms of the standard section, thus it is hoped that the
subdivisions will be of aid in future subsurface studies.

The Trenton and Black River carbonates of this area
are extremely important because of the present oil and
gas production as well as the future possibilities they
offer. The occurrence of dolomite and its relationship
to oil production was found to be of primary significance
throughout the area. The structure was found to control
dolomitization, but the dolomite occurrence itself

controlled oil production.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The writer is deeply indebted to Dr. C. E. Prouty,
Head of the Department of Geology, Michigan State University,
whose suggestions, assistance and encouragement have made

the completion of this investigation possible.

Grateful acknowledgement is also extended to
Dr. William A. Kelly, Dr. James H. Fisher, and other members
of the Department of Geology, Michigan State University, for

their critical examination of the manuscript.

The author wishes to thank Robert E. Ives and
G. D. Ells of the Michigan Geological Survey, who generously
assisted in furnishing information and well samples essential

to this study.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . .
General . . . . . . . . . . .
Purpose . . . . . . . . .
Locations . . . . . . . . . . .
Physiography . . . . . . . .

HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT OF AREAS STUDIED .

Northville . . . . . . . . .
Scipio . . . . . . . . . . . . .

INVENTORY OF SAMPLES . . . . . . . . . .

LABORATORY METHODS . . . . . . . . . . .
' Samples . . . . . . . . . . . .
Examination . . . . . . . . . .
Radioactivity Logs . . . . . . .

STRATIGRAPHY . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Upper Ordovician . . . . . . . .
Middle Ordovician . . . . . . .
Lower Ordovician . . . . . . . .
Cambrian . . . . . . . . . . . .

STRUCTURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
INTERPRETATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . .
Established Zones . . . . . .
Well Used in the Cross Sections
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS . . . . . . . .
APPENDIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

BIBLIOGRAPHY . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Page

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10

12
12
12
16

20
22
23
24
25
27
34
34
4O
42
45

58

10.

11.

12.

13.

LIST OF FIGURES

Location of Area in Michigan . . . .
Locations of the Fields of Study ,

Idealized Radioactivity Log
Reactions (After Julian Low) . . . .

The Cambrian-Ordovician Column in
Michigan . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Structure Maps on the Trenton Top
(Scipio Field) . . . . . . . . . . .

Isopach Map of the Trenton Group
(Scipio Field) . . . . . . . . . . .

Structure Map on the Trenton Top
(Northville Field) . . . . . . . . .

Dolomite Zone in the Trenton-Black
River Groups (Scipio Fields) . . . .

Dolomite Zone in the Trenton-Black
River Groups (Northville Fields) .

Locations of Wells Used in the
Cross Sections . . . . . . . . . .

Lithologic Cross Section Showing
the Established Zones . . . . . . .

Cross Section with Radioactivity
Logs O O O O O O O O O O O O O O C O

Zones Established Between Northville
and Scipio . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Page

17

21

28

. 29

3O

31

32

. 37

. 38

39

. 41

INTRODUCTION

General

The accumulation of data and more extensive in-
fonmation concerning a producing field is extremely
important to the geologic knowledge of an area. This
information may be an aid to future exploration in other
areas in the search of oil and gas.

This study of the Scipio, Northville and inter-
mediate areas in southeastern'Michigan is concerned
mostly with the Middle Ordovician Trenton and Black River
units. In a few deeper wells older rocks were studied.
Secondary dolomitization occurring in portions of the
‘Middle Ordovician carbonates of this area is of greater
importance, economically, due to the oil and gas accumu-
lation where the porosity is advantageous.

With each new'well drilled in this area, more infor-
mation is added to that already at the geologist's disposal.
The completeness of the information available produces a
direct effect on the percentage of successful wells drilled
at a later time.

Purpose
The description of well cuttings, the knowledge of

lithologic breaks and the information concerning structure

and dolomitization are not complete in the area studied.
Thus it is the intent of this study to add to the infor-
'mation already available.

It is also the intention of the study that detailed
microscopic and radioactive log examination will establish
good lithologic differentiation which will be of value to
future exploration in Ordovician rocks of other areas of
Michigan.

Locations

This subsurface study of the Middle Ordovician sed-
ments was concerned with information gathered in Hillsdale,
‘Washtenaw and Wayne Counties, located in the southeastern
portion of the southern peninsula of Michigan. (Fig. l)

The Scipio Field is located in Scipio Township,
’Hillsdale County, Township_3 West, Range 4 South, southeast
of the hamlet of Mosherville. Wells have been drilled in
sections 3, 4, 8, 9, 10, ll, 14, and 15 in this township.

The Northville Field is located at the juncture of
Washtenaw and'Wayne Counties, extending slightly into Oak-
land County, to the north. The northwest section of the
field is in Salem Township, Washtenaw County, Township 1
South, Range 7 East. Wells are located in sections 1, 2,
3, and 12. The southeast portion of the field is located

in Northville Township, Wayne County, Township 1 South,

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

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Range 7 East, approximately 2% miles west of the city of
NorthVille. ‘Wells are located in sections 4, 5, 6, 7, 8,
16, l7, 18, 21, 22, and 23.

Selected wells were also studied from intermediate
locations in Washtenaw County.

The names and locations of the wells studied are
found in The Inventory of Samples and may be located on
the Specific maps of the fields and intermediate areas.

(Fig. 1 and Fig. 2)

Physiography

The surface features of the area of interest are
largely glacial. Relief is slight with the t0pography
gently undulating, due in part to occasional drumlins
and eskers.

Average surface elevations in the Scipio area
are from 1020 feet to 1130 feet above sea level; in the
Northville area from 880 feet to 950 feet above sea level.

The land is devoted primarily to farming, on the

small scale.

HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT OF AREAS STUDIED

Production in both the Scipio and Northville Fields
is quite recent and an interesting history is known for
both fields.

Northville1

During the middle 1930's the presence of the North-
ville Anticline was realized by R. A. Smith, State Geologist
of Michigan at that time. He mapped the Northville area
as an extension of the Howell Anticline of Livingstone
County. Certain fault patterns were noted. The area was
not investigated in detail though it's potentialities
structurally were evident from gravity surveys and maps.

Operations were begun in 1937 on the Kehrl #1 well,
financed by a Mrs. Brown. Gas was found but the owners had
some financial trouble and the well was plugged, rather than
receive a loss.

Thus the field remained unexploited until January 15,
1954, when W. C. Taggart drilled in the LeMaster #1, near
Northville, about 18 miles northwest of Detroit. This dis-
covery well became the most prolific producer in the entire
Northville field. A restrictive gage was used on the well
and it has produced a minimum of 200 barrels of oil per day.

Production is from the Trenton-Black River rocks from

a depth of 4397 feet. The well is located only 2000 feet
from the Kehrl well, which was 200 feet higher structurally
on the top of the Trenton.

Geologists, engineers, and operators were confronted
with a very difficult task in answering many questions
concerning the production of the field due to the varia-
bility of the pay. Offsets to good wells were found to be
dry in many places. Many theories developed to explain
the field. The tendency was to try to drill along the
dolomitization zone, where possible to predict.

Both oil and gas wells are found in the area and
the extent of the resources seem to be quite well established
"at this time. As to future plans, the city of Detroit hopes
to turn the Northville field into a gas storage reservoir

for the city's gas reserves.

Scipio1
As a result of a gravity survey an anomaly was
established in Scipio Township, Hillsdale County. It is
located in the north central part of the county about 25
miles north of the Indiana line (Fig. 1). Aurora-McClure
Company leased the gravity highs while C. A. Perry obtained

leases on the gravity lows.

Perry's Houseknecht #1 (Nw%, SE%, NE% Section 10),
was Spudded in May of 1955 on a non-technical location
between two gravity highs. The first show of gas was
reported at a depth of 3650 feet in the Trenton in Sep-
tember of 1956. It was not until January, 1957 that oil
was encountered, at 3776 feet. Increases in oil were
recorded all the way to the total depth but high pressures
along with four-inch cable tools hindered drilling and the
well bottomed at 3900 feet. The well produces 2.5 to 10
barrels of oil per hour and gas between 2 and 5 million
cubic feet per day. Before the completion of the discovery
well, a 20-acre Spacing had been established and another
well completed.

The fourth well to be drilled in the area, Aurora
and McClure's Stevens #1 (SE%, SW%, NEk Section 10), lost
circulation at 3770 feet and blew out of control for 25
hours. The well was shut in when the zone was encountered,
but the surface began to crater under the pressure. In
order to save the drilling rig it was necessary to open
the well. It was estimated that 4000 barrels of oil and
15 million cubic feet of gas were produced during this 25
hour period. The wellvas successfully shut in with salt
water, and 5-inch casing was run with initial tests showing

2410 barnis of oil per day. Production was later reduced to

150 barrels per day.

Development proceeded slowly with the completion
of several good wells. In March of 1958 Aurora and
McClure's Haven #1 (NE%, NW%, Section 14) blew out of
control for seven hours but was brought under control
upon correction of mechanical difficulties. The test
was later deepened to 3950 feet and completed for 150
barrels of oil per day, with a gas-oil ratio of 311.

At the present time the field is about 1% miles
long and % mile wide trending in a northwest-southeast
direction. The northwest or southeast limits of the
pool have not as yet been established.

Production is being obtained from the Middle
Ordovician Trenton-Black River rocks at a depth of
between 3770 and 3950 feet. Pays are in secondary
dolomite and confined to a fracture zone. The nearest
previous Trenton production was located about 40 miles
to the northeast in the now-abandoned Freedom Pool of

Washtenaw County.

 

1. Information concerning the history and development
of the Scipio and Northville Fields was obtained from
personal communication with G. D. E115 and R. E. Ives
of the Petroleum Section of the Michigan Geological
Survey.

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LABORATORY METHODS
Samples
The samples used in this study were obtained from
two sources, the State Geological Survey in Lansing,
‘Michigan (the principle source) and the collection
donated to Michigan State University by the Gulf Oil
Company. A complete inventory of samples used in this

study is found in Table 1.

Examination

Mathods of examination and recording were established
before beginning the microscopic examination. This con-
sisted of making a standard sheet listing in separate
columns such pertinent data as texture, color, porosity,
composition, presence of chert or other minerals, oolites,

laminations and other relative characteristics. With these

standards in mind, the extensive microsc0pic examination
began with a detailed study of each sample.

The equipment used during the study is as follows:

-1. Binocular microscope-ranging in power
from 9x to 36x.

2. Porcelain dish (12 depressions)
3. Scoop tray
4. Small pair of forceps

5. (00) Small watercolor brush

6. Steel needle

7. 6 Normal hydrochloric acid
8. Small beaker (for water)
9. Table lamp
10. Small magnet

With this equipment each sample was examined to
determine the various properties which would describe
it thoroughly.

A small horseshoe magnet was used to determine
whether the sample possessed magnetism or impurities
from the drilling operation. A paper between the sample
and the magnet prevented the magnetic particles from
collecting on the magnet.

The samples were readied for microsc0pic study by
being spread evenly on the scoop tray under reflected
light. The majority of the study was performed under
the magnification of 9x to 12x. If necessary, for finer
inspection, the oculars were changed to increase the
magnification to 27x.

To establish the hardness of a sample it was nec-
essary to remove the sample from the tray with forceps
and test it with a steel needle.

To test the approximate calcium-magnesium composition

of the carbonate samples, a twelve-hole porcelain plate

14.

had each hole filled With about 1.16 ml. of water, into
which the sample was placed with either the forceps or
the (00) small watercolor brush. After the sample had
been immersed in the water, one drop of 6N hydrochloric
acid was placed in the water. From the reaction which
occurred the composition of the sample was estimated.
If a violent effervescence took place the sample was
called a limestone. By the degree of violence of the
reaction the percentage of calcium present was inferred.
If a reaction did not occur with the addition of one drOp
of acid, the concentrate of the solution was increased by
the addition of more acid, a drop at a time. If a slight
reaction began to take place, the sample was called a
dolomite.

From this point the sample received intense micro-
scopic study to determine the other characteristics which
it might possess. A standard was set to describe these

visual properties based on a reduction of Low's Examination

 

of Well Cuttings (1951). The descriptions were based on
color, grain, size, shape, and accessories.
A. Carbonate rocks (dolomite and limestone)

1. Color - brown, gray, white, buff,
tan, pink

2. Grain size or crystallinity

15.

a. Coarse crystalline ... over 2.00mm

b. Medium crystalline ... .25 to 2.00mm

c. Fine crystalline ..... .05 to .25mm

d. Very fine crystalline. below .05mm
3. Porosity (if present)

a. Vuggy
b. Interstitial

c. Tubular to cavernous
d. Pinpoint
4. Composition - shaley, sandy, fossiliferous
B. Fine clastic rocks (shale)
1. Colors - gray, brown, black
2. Composition - dolomitic or calcareous
3. Induration - degree of stability
C. Coarse-medium clastic rocks (sandstones)
1. Colors - red, white, pink, etc.
2. Grain size
a. Course .... above %mm
b. Medium .... %-%mm
c. Fine ...... below %mm

3. Grain shape

a. Sharp-sharp edges (conchoidal)

b. Angular
c. Subangular
d. Rounded

e. Globular
D. Miscellaneous minerals such as pyrite, glau-
conite, chert and gypsum were recorded when
they occurred.

The description of the sample was recorded on the

previously constructed data sheet following each exam-

16.

ination. Each well was finished and then the formational
breaks and lithologic separations were made, based on the

information from the study.

Radioactivity Logs

Radioactivity logs, where available, were used hand
in hand with the microscopic descriptions of the samples.
At least formational contacts would be very difficult to
pick without the use of radioactivity logs. These logs
were studied and reproduced from the logs of the Michigan
State Geological Survey. Some logs were also obtained from
the Michigan Well Log Service, Mount Pleasant, Michigan.
The logs proved to be of much value during the interpretations.

A radioactivity log consists of two curves, a gamma-ray
curve (left column) and a neutron curve (right column). The
gamma-ray curve is a relative measurement of the natural
radioactivity occurring in the strata. Measurable quantities
are found in all kinds of igneous, metamorphic, and sedimen-
tary rocks. Figure 3 demonstrates the relative radioactivity
values of various formations encountered in well logging.
Anhydrite, salt, and coal are very low in radioactivity,
while shale, bentonite, ash and organic shale have the highest
values of radioactivity. Producing formations such as sand,

limestone and dolomite are relatively low in radioactivity.

17.

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The neutron curve might well be referred to as a ”fluid
content or hydrogen curve", since hydrogen is the controlling
factor on the behavior of the curve. Neutron well logging

is the process of bombarding the strata with a strong

source of fast moving neutrons and recording the secondary
gamma-rays that have been excited by the neutron bombard-
ment. Where hydrogen is present in the strata, the neutrons
are slowed down or stopped, and this in turn gives a low
reading on the curve. Where there is little or no hydro-

gen present the reading is high. It matters not in what

form the hydrogen occurs, whether gas, oil, water or shale,
the curve is characterized by a low reading. However, the
neutron curve used in combination with the gamma-ray can be
interpreted to locate possible porous zones in producing
strata very accurately. A working knowledge of the local
stratigraphy is necessary for the correct geologic inter-
pretation of the gamma-ray log. Figure 3 shows the idealized
reaction of the gamma-ray and neutron curve to certain con-
ditions.

Advantages of the radioactivity well log over other
methods include its ability to log through steel casing.
Thus old wells and fields may be studied and additional
information gained. Other advantages are its ability to

locate casing, establishing cementing effectiveness, and

19.

the fact that it may be used to log in holes with salt

and oil base muds. Disadvantages are that neither oil

and water nor limestone and sandstone can be distinguished.

Also, regional coverage by radioactivity logs is not complete.
This is but a brief analysis of radioactivity logging;

a more complete description may be found in LeRoy's Sub:

surface Geologic Methods (pp. 419 to 436).

20.

STRATIGRAPHY

During this study, the names used in nearby wells
were also used in defining and identifying these
particular lithologic horizons. The depths of the wells
in the Hillsdale and Northville sections varied consider-
ably due to the tendency to abandon drilling operations
upon contacting oil in comparative abundance in a
particular stratum, thereby capitalizing on the production.
If shallower horizons proved dry drilling Operations con-
tinued to greater depth with the hope of production and to
gain information on the deeper rocks.

This lack of constancy in well depths in the area
studied makes the drawing of isopach maps difficult for
lack of acceptable control. It was possible, however, to
draw the isopach maps (Fig. 6) for the Trenton in the
Scipio Field, but the control is a bit implied in the
central productive portion of the field where the entire
thickness of the Trenton was not tested. Proper control
could not be established in the Northville Field for an
isopach map.

The Appendix of this paper contains the microscopic
descriptions of certain wells selected from the study to

better exemplify the lithology and the variation in well

21.

 

System,

Group

Formation

Zones of Report

 

.JSeriear

Cincinnatien

Richmond

Queenston

 

Big Hill

 

Stonington

 

Bill's Creek

 

MeyIVille-
Eden

Lorraine

 

Utice

 

Collingwood

 

Trenton

Trenton

-——— A Zone
B Zone

 

Mohawkien

 

Black River

Black River

C Zone "w

D Zone

 

on’povxc IAN

Chezyen

Stones River

 

Glenwood

 

 

enadien‘

 

CKMERIAH
8t. Croixan

 

 

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'Shekopgg -

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Like Superior
Sandstone

 

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Figure 1;. The Cambrian-Ordovician Column of Michigan (compiled
from.eeverel eourcee).i

 

22.

depths, throughout these fields. These well
descriptions show the lithology from the top of the
Trenton to the bottom of the hole. Figure 4 shows the
idealized Michigan Column for the Cambrian and Ordovician
which can serve as a standard for this area. The following
describes the composite lithology found in the wells,
using the established names. In a later section of this
paper descriptive zones have been established to better

facilitate work in these rocks.

Upper Ordovician

The Upper Ordovician, Cincinnatian, rocks of the
Scipio, Northville and intermediate area in southeastern
Michigan are predominantly composed of shale. In this
area, this shale is divided into the Queenston, Lorraine,
and Utica shales in descending order.

The Queenston shale, which is from 110 to 200 feet
thick in this area, consists of light gray to gray shale,
calcareous in part with red shale and some limestone and
dolomite interbedded. In most of the samples the base of
the Queenston is a red shale.

The Lorraine shale consists of gray to dark gray
calcareous shale and thin beds of limestone and dolomite,

in this area. The thickness varies from 290 to 390 feet.

23.

The underlying Utica shale is very dark gray to
black and non-calcareous. The Utica appears more
calcareous to the north and more difficult to separate
from the Lorraine. Thickness varies from 150 to 200
feet.

In discussing this interval of Upper Ordovician
shales, the three formations are usually grouped together

and referred to as the Cincinnatian shales.

Middle Ordovician

The Middle Ordovician rocks of the Scipio and North-
ville are the Trenton and Black River limestones. The
rocks, in general, are brown to gray limestone with minor
amounts of argillaceous limestone, shale, and dolomite.
The Trenton varies in thickness from about 330 to 420 feet.

In all the wells studied in this area, a few feet of
dolomite may be found at the top of the Trenton. The
general composition of the remainder of the Trenton is
dependent upon the conditions which the rocks underwent
in the particular area. In certain wells, the lithology
is predominantly a secondary dolomite. It is also evident
that the Black River has usually been dolomitized where the
Trenton is largely dolomite. Where the Black River is a

limestone it is generally fine crystalline buff brown in

24.

color. The boundary between the Trenton and the Black
River is quite difficult to pick from the cuttings, but
the argillaceous limestone at the base of the Trenton may
be picked readily from the radioactivity logs.

In a few wells (see Barnett #1) an impure dolomitic,
brown sandstone was found. It is in the same stratigraphic
position as the Glenwood shale of Iowa, Wisconsin and
Illinois (Cohee, 1947), though it may not be the same time
equivalent. Thus this lowest of the Middle Ordovician rocks
has been called the Glenwood. It occurs only infrequently
in this area. The Glenwood seems to be largely sandy where

overlying the St. Peter, rather than dolomitic.

Lower Ordovician2

The Lower Ordovician is generally absent in the

Scipio and Northville areas. The St. Peter sandstone and
the Prairie du Chien group comprise the Lower Ordovician,
when present. The St. Peter is a white, medium to coarse
sandstone with well rounded grains. The Prairie du Chien
group consists of buff to light brown dolomite, with dart.
Much of the chert is oolitic. It was inferred that the

St. Peter sandstone was present in the Barnett #1, due to
the oolitic dolomite, which was underlying the rather impure

sandstone.

25.

Cambrian

The wells which drilled into the Cambrian are quite
infrequent, but those that did encountered the Trempealeau,
Franconia, Dresbach, Eau Claire and Mt. Simon formations in
descending sequence, all of Upper Cambrian age.

The Trempealeau formation, which underlies the Black
River formation in many locations is a gray, white or pink
dolomite with dark shale and white-gray glauconitic sand-
stone in the top 175 feet. Underlying this is approximately
150 feet of pinkish-white crystalline dolomite. Beneath
this the remainder of the Trempealeau is glauconitic, dol-
omitic sandstone and a predominant sandy dolomite lithology.
The base of the Trempealeau dolomite is quite glauconitic.
The Trempealeau is about 500 feet thick in this section.

Underlying the Trempealeau formation in some locations
is the Franconia sandstone. It is a fine to medium-grained,
glauconitic, dolomitic sandstone. The quartz grains are
frosted and pitted. If present the thickness of the
Franconia is less than 15 feet.

The Dresbach sandstone, where it is present, consists
of fine to medium, angular to rounded, frosted and pitted
quartz grains. It is between 60 and 100 feet thick. Some-
times white dolomit occurs in thin beds, in parts of the

Dresbach.

26.

The Upper Cambrian Eau Claire sandstone in the area
of interest consists of dolomite and dolomitic sandstone.
The upper 30 or 40 feet is glauconitic, pink, brown, gray,
dolomite. The lower part of the Eau Claire is dolomitic
sandstone with some glauconite. The Eau Claire is from
200 to 260 feet thick.

Beneath the Eau Claire formation, the Mt. Simon sand-
stone consists of fine to medium, angular to rounded quartz
grains. Most of the lower sand stone is pink or brown in
Color. The Mt. Simon is usually over 200 feet in thickness.
The separation between the Eau Claire and the Mt. Simon is
difficult to establish. Some dolomite occurs in the upper

part of the Mt. Simon. The Mt. Simon overlies granite.

 

2. George V. Cohee (1947)

27.

STRUCTURE

The structure of the Trenton in the Scipio Field
is shown in Figure 5. It is a small syncline trending
in a northwest-southeast direction. The local distri-
bution of the dolomite nearer the axis of the syncline
(Fig. 8) would infer fracturing or faulting to have played
a part in offering channelways for magnesium bearing salts
for the dolomitization. The occurrence of oil is coincident
with the presence of dolomite and porosity in the well. The
eastern, western and southern extent of the dolomite in the
Scipio Field have been determined by the dry holes found on
the flanks of the syncline, which are in limestone. The
northern extent of the field has not been completely deter-
mined.

The isopach map (Fig. 6) does not show much thickening
of the Trenton, with an overall variance of approximately
20 feet.

Figure 7 is a structure contour map drawn on the top
of the Trenton group for the Northville Field. It shows
the Northville anticline with a northwest-southeast trend.
The trend of production is also along the anticline in a
zone of dolomitization. The dolomitization seems to have
occurred here also along faults and fractures, producing

the porosity present in certain wells. The extent of this

28.

 

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33.

field is quite well established by the dry (limestone)
holes flanking the producing area. The Trenton levels
decidedly both east and west of the anticline.

Figure 11 shows a cross section from Scipio to
Northville, showing the change in thickness in different
areas. The Middle Ordovician rocks thicken eastward

within the area studied.

34.

INTERPRETATIONS

Established Zones

During the microscopic study, separate zones were
established to aid in distinguishing the older rocks in
this area, as well as other sections of Michigan.

Figure 13 shows these zones diagramatically. Radio-
activity logs were also used in establishing these zones.

A Zone - This zone is found at the top of the Trenton
group in all wells examined. It consists of a buff-brown,
usually coarsely crystalline dolomite, with some shale,
ranging in thickness from 10 to 20 feet. The top of this
zone, which is the Trenton top, is quite distinctive on the
radioactivity logs. A decided decrease in the intensity is
shown on the gamma-ray side, while a decided increase is
shown on the neutron curve, indicating the top of A zone.

B Zone - This zone lies beneath the A zone and consists
of the remainder of the Trenton. The lithology of this
zone depends upon the extent to which the limestone has
been dolomitized. At the base of the B zone, the gamma-ray
curve makes an abrupt increase, while the neutron curve makes
an abrupt decrease. Zone B ranges in thickness from 340 to
355 feet in the Scipio Field but is thicker in the Northville

Field and the intermediate area, ranging from 410 to 430 feet.

35.

C Zone - This is a thin zone which is very difficult
to pick out from the well cuttings. It is a thin shaly
limestone sequence at the top of the Black River group,
tsually 10 feet or less thick. The shale is not usually
evident in the cuttings, but the top of this thin inter-
val makes a sharp increase on the gamma-ray curve and the
neutron curve shows a sharp decrease, as stated above.

The base of zone C is usually indicated by a sharp de~
crease on the gamma-ray curve and a sharp increase on the
neutron curve.

D Zone - This zone, as in zone B, shows considerable
lateral and vertical variation. In many wells the interval
is a distinctive buff-brown, finely crystalline limestone.
Local dolomitization has occurred at various horizons
causing marked changes in certain wells, while in others
the limestone is coarse crystalline. This variable lime-
stone-dolomite sequence ranges in thickness from approximately
260 feet in the Scipio Field to 500 feet in the Northville
Field.

D-l Zone - This controversial zone is found in-
frequently in the area studied. The zone was established
because of the oolitic dolomite found at its base, which is
assumed to be the Prairie du Chien group. The infrequency

of the occurrence of this impure, pyritic, dolomitic sandstone

36.

and in some instances sandy dolomite, makes it difficult

to trace. The zone has not been found in the samples
examined in the Northville Field. The thickness is
approximately 25 feet. It is uncertain if a part of

this zone is the St. Peter, immediately overlying the

oolitic dolomite, which constitutes the lower portion of

zone D-l. Erosion may be reSponsible for local occurrence

of the D-1 zone. The zones established below the D-1 zone
were made from information obtained from the Northville and
intermediate wells, for the Hillsdale wells did not penetrate
to the deeper zones. The Prairie du Chien oolitic dolomite
was not included in the above thickness for the D-1 zone, but
is considered part of the zone.

E Zone - This zone is directly subjacent to the D zone
in the Northville Field and may have a similar position in
parts of other areas. The E zone could not be examined from
the Scipio samples, since the wells were not drilled to
that depth. This zone is approximately 500 feet thick
consisting of dolomite, glauconitic sandy dolomite and at
some horizons entirely impure dolomitic sandstone. The top
of this zone is a pink white crystalline dolomite. A thin
shale and glauconitic sandstone sequence is also present in
this part of zone E. Below this it varies from dolomitic

sandstone to sandy dolomite with much glauconite present.

37.

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40.

The base of zone B shows a decided decrease on the
gamma-ray curve.

F Zone - This zone is difficult to subdivide. It
consists of dolomitic, glauconitic, and in some horizons
pure sandstone. Zone F also has some glauconitic dolomite
along with arkosic sands. This zone comprises the Upper
Cambrian sandstones.

The established zones described above may also be
traced by means of the lithologic cross section of wells
shown in Figure 11. The radioactivity breaks are also
shown for the same wells by Figure 12. The radioactivity
logs have been reduced considerably for this diagram and

show the breaks best for the upper zones.

Wells Used In the Cross Sections
1. Barnet #1 (SE%, NE%, SW%, Sec. 10, T. SS. R. 3W)

2. Hornczi & Huraczy #1 (NW%, NW%, SE%, Sec. 10, T. SS,
R0 3W0) '

3. Martin #1 (NW%, SE%, NW%, Sec. 11, T. SS. R. 3W)

4. Haab-Grau-Buss #1 (SW%, NW%, SWk, Sec. 8, T. 33.,
R. 4E.)

5. Buss-Haab #1 (SW%, SE%, NW%, Sec. 8, T. 33., R. 4E.)
6. 'Merritt #1 (NW%, NW}, sw%, Sec. 1, T. 13., R. 7E.)

7. Detroit House of Corr. #3 (SW%, NE%, SE%, Sec. 17, T.
18., R. BE.)

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42.

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS

Detailed studies of the lithology of most of the
pertinent wells in the Hillsdale, Northville and inter-
vening area together with radioactivity log studies have
made possible a rather satisfactory correlation of the
Middle and Lower Ordovician units throughout this area.
Radioactivity logs proved eSpecially helpful in showing
compositional differences and contracts often difficult
to indicate through lithology alone.

The interval from the top of the Trenton to the
bottom of Upper Cambrian Sandstones was subdivided into
seven units which were classified informally A to F. It
is hoped these subdivisions may be of some aid to future
subsurface studies. Age assignments in terms of the
standard section were made indirectly through correlation
into areas of outcrop where the section is better known.
No identifiable fossils were observed in the well cuttings.

The Trenton lithology changes rapidly from limestone
to dolomite in places. In at least a few definite instances,
the dolomitized Trenton occurs along folded structures. The
sharpness of the dolomite-limestone contacts infer faulting
or jointing to have played a likely part in the processes,
and that such breaks served as channelways for the movement

of the replacing solutions.

43.

Oil production is apparently closely tied in with the
secondary dolomitization; all producing wells examined
occurring within dolomite or magnesium limestone. Upon
examining the dolomite facies maps, it appears that the
producing wells are more dependent upon the distribution
of the dolomite than on the structural highs. The dolomite
is of primary importance to the production whereas the
structure is of indirect significance through its control
of the loci of dolomitization. This same relationship
is known to exist in the Devonian producing fields in
other parts of Michigan. It seems apparent that the
success of future exploration for Trenton (as well as
Devonian) oil possibilities will lie first in the develop-
ment of better methods of locating the faulted and fractured
zones beneath the glacial cover followed by detailed studies
of the dolomite and limestone facies distribution con-
current with drilling operations.

In general the Trenton and Black River units (zones A-D)
thicken eastward in the area studied. The Canadian equiv-
alents (zone D-l) disappear eastward from the Hillsdale area
and are represented by a disconformity in the Northville
Field. On the strength of paleogeographic probabilities,
it appears likely that the Chazyan equivalents are absent

from southern and southeastern Michigan, through

44.

non-deposition (with the possible exception of the

St. Peter sandstone, if indeed of Chazyan age). The
eastward disappearance of the Canadian equivalents,
however, would more likely be associated with either

post Canadian (Beekmantown) erosion along a disconformity
increasing eastward, or perhaps due to thinning toward
the Findley arch in that direction. A resolution of this
problem perhaps must wait additional drilling to the

Canadian horizon in this general area.

APPENDIX

(LITHOLOGIC DESCRIPTIONS OF CERTAIN WELLS
FROM MICROSCOPIC EXAMINATIONS

MADE DURING THE STUDY)

46.

1. Permit #20422

Aurora Gas Co. & McClure Oil Co.
Rowe #1
Sec. 10, T.5 3., R.3 w., (SE, NW, NE)
Elevation 1026.7'

Description Thickness Depth
Ordovician
Trenton Top
A Zone 3565'
Dolomite - gray brown crystalline 14' 3579'
shaly.
B Zone
Dolomite - fine-coarse crystalline, 96' 3676'
brown, gray, tan with
vugular porosity, dead
petroleum.
Dolomite - coarse crystalline, as 51' 3726'
above with some limestone.
Dolomite - as above, with good inter- 126' 3852'
granular porosity, dead oil
Dolomite - brown-dark black, porous, 51' 3903'
some shale, pyrite, dead oil.
C Zone
Black River Top 3903'
Shale - brown black, dolomitic, 3' 3906'
pyritic.
2.2.222
Dolomite - brown, tan, coarse to fine 23' 3926'
crystalline.
Dolomite - as above, shaly. 4' 3930'
Dolomite - as above. 9' 3939'

Total Depth .... 3939'

47.

2. Permit #20733

Aurora Gas Co. & McClure Oil Co.
Barnett #1
Sec. 10 T.5 S, R.3W., (SE, NE, NW)

Description Thickness
Ordovician
Trenton Top
9.1.2.922
Dolomite - brown-black, coarse
crystalline, shaly. 20'
B Zone
Limestone - brown-gray, median to
coarse crystalline. 170'

Limestone - as above, buff to white,

some pore openings 161'
Black River
C Zone
Limestone - gray white, fine
crystalline with shale. 10'
D Zone
Limestone - light brown, fine
crystalline. 244'

St. Peter's
D-l Zone
Limestone/sand - green brown, medium
crystal-glauconite, pyrite,

carbonaceous material. 14'
Sand - white-buff, some calcium,
pyrite. 9'

Prairie du Chien

Dolomite - white, tan buff, medium
crystalline, glauconitic,

pyritic, oolitic. Some sand 59'

Depth

3515'

3535'

3705'

3866'

3866'

3876'

4120'

4120'

4134'

4143'

4202'

48.

3. Permit #20674

Gordon Drilling Co.
Hornczi & Huraczy #1
Sec. 10, T. 53., R. 3w. (ka, NW%,, SE

Ordovician
Trenton T0p
Zone A
Dolomite

 

Zone B
Dolomite

Dolomite

Dolomite

Dolomite

Dolomite

Dolomite

Dolomite

Dolomite

Dolomite

Description

- brown-black, fine
crystalline, shaly

- brown-buff, coarse
crystalline.

- brown-buff, coarse
crystalline, cavernous
porosity, pyrite.

- brown-buff, coarse
crystalline.

- brown-buff, gray, coarse
crystalline, cavernous
porosity.

- brown-buff, coarse
crystalline, shale
particles (some cavings)

- brown-black, coarse
crystalline, cavernous
vugular porosity

- buff-brown, coarse
crystalline, some shale
little granular porosity

- black-white, calcareous
shaly

- brown-tan, coarse crystal-
line, some white gray with
shale cavings.

Limestone - medium, coarse crystal-

Dolomite

line, gray.
- brown-gray, white, coarse
crystalline.

14:)

Thickness

5t

20'

30'

15'

25'

30'

40'

25'

10'

65'
15'

10'

Depth

3535'

3540'

3560'

3590'

3605'

3630'

3660'

3770'

3730'

3740'

3805'
3820'

3820'

49.

Permit #20674 (continued)

Dolomite - buff-gray, coarse crystal-
line, calcareous, granular

porosity. 50' 3880'
Black River Top
C Zone
Dolomite - brown-gray, medium crystal-
line, some shale. 15' 3895'
.12__z_2n_e.
Dolomite - brown-gray, coarse crystal-
line . 30' 3925'

Total Depth .... 3925'

50.

4. Permit #20748

Clifford A. Perry
Nelligan #1
Sec. 9 T. 53., R. 3w (313%,, 33%;, NE%;)

Description Thickness Depth
Ordovician
Trenton Top 3525'
A Zone
Dolomite - brown to buff, fine to
medium crystalline. 15' 3540'
B Zone

Dolomite - black to brown, buff, fine

to coarse crystalline, some

black carbonaceous material. 20' 3560'
Limestone - black to brown, fine to

coarse crystalline, black

carbonaceous partings. 20' 3580'
Limestone - as above, dark brown to
buff. 20' 3600'

Limestone - dark brown to buff, fine
to medium crystalline,

carbonaceous. 30' 3630'
Limestone - brown to gray, fine to

coarse crystalline. 15' 3645'
Limestone - brown and dense, fine to

coarse crystalline. 5' 3650'
Limestone - brown to buff, medium to

coarse crystalline. 70' 3720'
Limestone - brown to buff, fine to

coarse crystalline. 35' 3755'
Limestone - brown to buff, fine

crystalline. 105' 3860'
Limestone - brown, buff, fine,

petroliferous. 20' 3880'

Black River Top (Radioactivity Log) 3880'

C Zone
Samples missing 10' 3890'
D Zone
Limestone - brown, fine grained and

very fine crystalline. 20' 3910'
Limestone - brown, fine grained and

fine crystalline. 51' 3961'

Total Depth 3961'

52'. 5 I

5. Permit #19607

Clifford A. Perry
Ferne Housnecht #1

Sec. 10 T. 58., R. 3W (NW%, SE%, NE%)

Description

Ordovician
Trenton Top
A Zone

Shale - with dolomite, brown and dark

brown.
B Zone

Dolomite - gray brown, broken crystal-

Thickness

12'

line, shale as above, inter-

mittent vugs.

Dolomite - gray-brown, to light tan

some white, broken crystal-

line, minute vugs.
Dolomite - brown, coarsely crystal-

line, minute vugular porosity,

samples appear petroliferous. 6'
Limestone - light tan to brown,

dolomitic.

23'

13'

5!

Dolomite - brown to tan, fine to coarsely

crystalline,

some inter-

crystalline porosity,
Dolomite - brown, tan fine to coarsely

crystalline, vugular porosity,

trace petroleum (dead), trace

pyrite.

23'

63'

Dolomite - dark brown to tan, some white,
coarsely crystalline, vugular
porosity (dead oil).

Samples missing
Samples contaminated

Dolomite - tan to dark brown, some
white dolomite, petroliferous. 5'

No further samples.

Total Depth

43'
17'
5'

Depth

3558'

3570'

3593'

3606'

3612'

3617'

3640'

3703'

3746'
3763'
3768'

3773'

3900'

52.

6. Permit #19608

Sun Oil Company
Haab-Grau-Buss #1
Sec. 8, T. 38, R. 4 E.

Description

Ordovician
Trenton Top
A Zone

(swa. m, SWF-z.)

Thickness Depth

Dolomite - brown gray, shaly.

Dolomite - brown, gray,
crystalline.
3.2.29.2

coarse

Limestone & Dolomite - black, brown,

crystalline.

Limestone - gray, brown, crystalline
Dolomite — brown, white, coarse

crystalline,
Dolomite - brown, gray,
crystalline,
porosity.'
Dolomite - white, gray,
crystalline,
Dolomite - brown, gray,
crystalline.

slight porosity.

coarse
cavernous

brown, coarse

some porosity.
coarse

Total Depth

6'
10'
15'
80'
45"

35'

55'

55'

3885'
3965'

4010'

4045'

4100'

4155'

4155'

53.

7. Permit #19231

Sun Oil Company
Buss and Haab #
Sec. 8, T. 33, R. 4 E. (SE3

4+,

SE}/; a NW4?)

Description Thickness Depth
Ordovician
Trenton Top 3760'
A Zone
Dolomite - brown to gray crystal-
line, shaly 11' 3771'
B Zone
Limestone - gray-brown to black,
very dense. 6' 3777'
Dolomite & Limestone - gray-brown
to white, quite dense,
scattered porosity 33' 3810'
Limestone - brown to gray, brown,
coarsely crystalline 200' 4010'
some carbonaceous material.
Limestone - light to dark gray, brown,
coarsely to fine crystal-
line, dense, argillaceous
partings. 188' 4198'
Black River Top
G Zone
Limestone - fine crystalline with
dark gray to black shale
partings. 4' 4202'
D Zone
Limestone - light brown to gray
brown, finely crystalline,
very dense. 163' 4365'

54.

8. Permit #18796

W. C. Taggart
LeMaster #1
Sec. 1, T 13, R 7 E (NW%, SE%, SE%)

Description
Ordovician
Trenton Top
A Zone
Dolomite - gray, brown crystalline,
shaly
B Zone

Limestone & Dolomite - white to
gray, brown, porosity.

Limestone - gray, buff, white,
crystalline.

Limestone - as above, with brown
dolomite.

Dolomite - brown to buff, crystal-
line, a little lime.
Good porosity.

Total Depth

Thickness Depth

10'

43'
40'
16'

41'

4247'

4257'

4300'

4340'

4356'

4397'

4397'

55.

9. Permit #18968

Evans Oil Company
Merritt #1
Sec. 1, T. 13, R 7 E, (NW%, NW%, SW%)

Description ~ Thickness Depth

Ordovician
Trenton Top 4050'

A Zone
Shale - limy, gray. 10' 4060'

B Zone

Limestone - gray, brown, dense

(lithographic) 17' 4077'

Dolomite - dark gray, brown, oil
oders. Medium crystal-

line. 159' 4236'
Dolomite - dark brown medium

crystalline. 67' 4303'
Dolomite - buff to brown, coarse to

fine crystalline. 88' 4391'
Limestone - gray-brown tight, some

shale and some dolomite. 77' 4468'

Black River 4468'

C Zone
Shale - dark gray, dolomite 2' 4470'
D Zone
Dolomite - gray-brown, medium to

coarse crystalline 29' 4499'

Total Depth 4499'

56.

10. Permit #19496

Consumer Power Co.
Detroit House of Correction #3
Sec. 17, T. 13, R 8 E. (swP, NE%, 33%

Description Thickness Depth
Ordovician -
Trenton Top 3866'
A Zone
Dolomite - brown, crystalline, dense,
some shale. 5' 3871'
B Zone

Dolomite & Limestone - buff, brown
to gray, fine crystalline,

tight. 29' 3900'
Limestone - brown, gray crystalline. 55' 3955'
Dolomite - brown, buff-gray. Coarse

crystalline. 80' 4035'
Limestone - gray buff to crystalline,

dense. 247' 4282'

Black River 4282'

C Zone .
Limestone - gray to buff with shale. 10' 4292'
D Zone
Limestone - gray to buff crystalline

(coarse to fine) 500' 4782'

Cambrian
Trempealeau Top 4782'

E Zone
Dolomite - white, pink, gray, crystal-

line. 168' 4950'
Shale - gray, silty. 10' 4960'
Sandstone - white gray glauconitic. 5' 4965'
Dolomite - red, white, pink and gray.

Pinpoint porosity. 154' 5115'

Dolomite - red, pink, sandy, glauconitic,
pyritic; some pink and red
sand. 103' 5218'

57.

10. Permit #19496 (continued)

Dolomite - gray to dark gray shaly
and very glauconitic.

F Zone

Sand - white to clear, medium to
coarse, dolomitic and
slightly glauconitic.

Sand - white to gray, medium to
fine grained, arkosic
glauconitic.

Sand - gray, some pink, fine to
coarse grained,
glauconitic.

Sand - white, pink, arkosic.

Total Depth

53'

94'

25'

60'
33'

54

5271'

5365'

5390'

5450'
5483'

3|

58.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Baltrusaitis, E. J., et a1, (1948) A Summary of the
Stratigraphy of the Southern Peninsula of
Michigan.

 

 

Cohee, G. V. (1947) Cambrian and Ordovician Rocks in
Recent Wells in Southeastern Michigan, A.A.P.G.
Bull., Vol. 31, #2, pp 293-307.

 

Cohee, G. V. (1948) Cambrian and Ordovician Rocks in
Michigan Basin and Adjoininngreas, A.A.P.G.
Bull., Vol. 32, #8, pp 1417-1448.

 

Cohee, G. V. (1945) Sections and Maps of Lower Ordovician
and Cambrian Rocks in Michigan Basin.

Green, D. A. (1957) Trenton Structure in Ohio,_Indiana
and Northern Illinois, A.A.P.G. Bull., Vol. 41,
#4, pp 627-642.

Goodrich, R. E. (1957) Geology of the Reynolds Oil Field
in Montcalm and Mecosta Counties, Michigan State
Univ., unpublished Master's thesis.

Hussey, R. C. (1936) The Trenton and Black River Rocks
of Michigan. Mich. Geol. Survey, Pub. 40,
Geol. Ser. 34, Pt. III, pp 227-260.

 

Hussey, R. C. (1926) The Richmond Formation of Michigan.
Univ. of Michigan Pub., Vol. II, #8, pp 113-187.

Hussey, R. C. (1952) The Middle and Upper Ordovician
ROCkS 0f Mioߣgan. Mich. Geol. Survey, Pub. 46,
Geol. Ser. 39.

Lahee, F. H. (1952) Field Geolog .

 

LeRoy, L. W. (1951) Subsurface Geologic Methods.

Low, J. W. (1951) Examination of Well Cuttings,
Quarterly, Colorado School of Mines, Vol. 46, #4.

 

Lukert, L. H. Microscopic Examination of Rotary Drill
Cutting Samples.

 

Twenhofel, W. H. (1950) Principles of Sedimentation.

ROOM USE ONLY

 

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