ABORTéON ATTITUDE iNVENTORY AND ABORTION QLEES‘E'EONNNRE Thesis for the Degyee of M. A. MICHIGAN STATE UNEVERSITY DAVID KIRK MICHELMAN 1969 ”IHWMWHWW " LIBRARY 1w My.» 3 1293 1074180 Michigan 5mbe ’M Univcmty H- W i um & sous I mm mm m n LIBRARY Illunrne N ABSTRACT M108 ANITUDE mm! AID W101! QUESTIONNAIRE BY D0716 Kirk Michel-n The purpose or the present study was to construct: (l) the Abortion Attitude Inventory (MI) which neasures an individual's general attitude toward induced abortion and his attitude toward pernissive abortion in specified circumstances, and (2) the Abortion Questionnaire (IQ) which assesses an individual's knowledge or actual data pertinent to induced abortion. Abortion Attitude 12mm The initial MI version consisted of 18 m itens. The sun or the 18 item scores was the nulsrical index or general attitude toward abortion. A Likert iten assessing one's general attitude toward per-issive abortion accoupanied this 18 item scale. Correlatim the united score of the 18 items and the score derived from the response to the general attitude item provided a measure of "self-estinte validity.” This 18 item MI was administered to a sanple of undergraduate Itudentl attending Michigan State llniverlity (MSU) a Fran these data, a f‘selt-estinnte validity” coefficient of .92 was calculated. The M1 was subsequently revised by dropping a nondiscriminating item, rewarding several its-s, and rephrasing Likert headings. This revised 17 item version constituted the fins]. torn or the MI. David Kirk Michelmn That the AAI accurately assesses attitude toward abortion is demonstrated by the following measures of reliability and validity. The administration of the M1 to three sanples resulted in test-retest (two week interval) reliability coefficients of .91 and .915, an internal consistency reliability coefficient of .93, and "self- estimata validity" coefficients of .81 and .85. For groups of raspmdents categorised by the demographic variables of sex, marital status, residential status, religious preference, and socio-economic status, the "self-estimate validity" coefficients ranged roughly from .80 to .95. Factor analysis of the MI revealed the items are clustered into 3 factors. The item content of the factors suggested they be labeled social and econaaic, Maical and eumic, and affective factors. Abortion Questionnaire The initial AQ version consisted of 10 multiple choice items, generally with S alternatives. This form was administered to a sample of M81] undergraduates. The test-retest (two week interval) reliability coefficient for the measure was .61. Fourteen items were added and the response alternatives of two itens were revised in developing an improved 2': item version. Over a two week interval this new measure showed a test-retest reliability coefficient of .h?. Subsequently, the response alternatives of one iten and one response alternative of a second item were revised and the A9. assumed its final forn. David Kirk Michelman With later administrations of the IA, an internal consistency reliability coefficient of .19 and a test-retest (half-hour interval) reliability coefficient of .82 were determined. Respondents were generally unable to exceed the chance level in responding correctly to these ”abortion knowledge” items. Among samples of businessmen, Lansing and East Lansing residents, MSU students, religious leaders, state legislators, obstetricians and gynecologists; only the physicians correctly responded to AQ items above the chance level. Suggesting that the A is both a reliable and valid multidimensional measure of abortion knowledge are these findings that (a) increased reliability coefficients accompanied decreased time betwaen test administrations, (b) medical specialists in obstetrics and gynecology answered more items correctly than members of other professions, and (c) the measure of internal consistency was low in magnitude. Probably, because they generally possess so little knowledge of factual data pertinent to induced abortion, even well educated respondents cmonly guess when answering the AR items. Consequently, the meaningfulness of precise data concerning its reliability and validity Inst rosin uncertain. hair‘s, Thesis o-ittee D.“ Z/Zé/70 Thesis Co-ittee: John R. Hurley, Chairman Henry c. Smith Dozier w. Thornton W101! ATTITIDE mvmcm AID ABORTIW QUESTIONNAIRE 3! David Kirk Michelman ATHEIS Submitted to Michigan State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER or ARTS Department of Psychology 1959 Q, (p/ 0M" 1/ ("/- .»' {1 /,/ ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The author expresses his appreciation to Dr. John Hurley whose extensive investment of time and energy in the form of assistance and guidance were invaluable in the development of this thesis. Gratitude is also expressed to Drs. Dozier Thornton and Henry Smith for their thorough and critical evaluation of the manuscript. IABLE OF CONTENTS IMRODMIQOOOOOO0.0000000000000....0.00.00....0.0.0.000... ABMIOR AHEUDE INVEM'GRY (MI)eeeeeeeeeeeeeseeeeeeeeseeas chtr'JCtim Of the MIeeeeeeeseeseeeeeeeesaaeeeeeeseeeee Amnistrltion Of the “Ileeeeeeaeeeeeeeeeee....aeeeeeeee VlliditYeeeeseeeeeeeeaeeeeeeeeeeeeaeeeesseeeeeeeseesea Revision.............................................. m Administn‘tim Of the “Izeseeeeseeeeeaeeeseseeeeee Validity.............................................. Tefit-mat reliability............................... Second Administration 0: the Mxeeeeeeeeeesseeeeeeeeeeeae Test-retest reliability............................... Third Awaiuntion 0f the M12......................... Vhlidityeeeeaeeeeeeesaeeeeeeeeeeeeseeeeeeeseeeeeeeeeee Internal consistency reliability...................... ““0: .mmileeeeeeeoeeeo.oseesoeeeeeeeseeeeeeeeeeee D1‘3‘18'1m “a Conclusion..."........................... AMI” QUESTIGIAIRI (AQ)eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee Construction Of the AQeeeseseeeaeeeeeeeeeeseeeeeeeeeeeeee Administration or the AQ eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeseseeeeeeesee Test-retest reliabili Yeeeeeassesses-easesoesseaeseeee M181®.............................................. AMiBtrCtion Of m m eeeeeaeeaeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee Test-retest reliabili Yeeeeeeeeseeeeeeeaeeeeeeeeeeeeae RC‘V1C1OIIeeaeeeeeeeeaeeeeeeeeeaeeeseeeeaeeeeseeeaesesee PM Administration 0! the AQ eeesseeeeeo~eeeeeeeeeeeeee W1 consistency Whilityeeseeeeseeaesseeeeeeee Second Administration Of the AQBseeeseeeeeeeaeeeeeeeeeeee mmeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeaeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee 361181011. ICIMeaeeeseaeaeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee m31¢uDCseeeeeeeeeeeeesaseeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeseeeeee ma‘htMeeeeeeeeeeeeeee.eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee ”MMeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeesseeeeeeeeseeeeseeeeees ROMt’eeeeaseeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeaeeeeeesseeeeeeeeaeeeeeee Analysis of professional coup differences......... Third Administration 0: the A0. seeeeseeeeeeeeeeeeeeseeeee Tut'm“ reliability............................... DWIim Cad. Conclusion................................ BMWMOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO0.00.00.00.00...e... iii 550mmmmmmwrmw H 888888889338 fl APPENDIX A: FORMS OF THE AAI AND ASSCX3 EIhibit AleeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeTfTiniegmms......o......... EIhibit A2eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee:::...........O..... Mibit A3eeeeeeeeeeeeseeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee::..:::::........ Exhibit AhOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO00.....0... .0. APPENDIX B: MI mm CORRELATION MATRIX..................... APPENDIX c: mus or m AQ wibit Cleeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee.............. hhibit CZeeeeeeseeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeseeee:::::::......... EXhibit C3000OOCOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO0.0.0.0....0.00.00... iv 28 28 31 3h 36 37 38 to )3 LIST OF TABLES Table Page 1. Test-retest Reliability of’AAIe......................... 7 2. "Self-estimate validity" Coefficients Over Demographic Chllificatlonan...........................10 3. Internal Consistency Reliability of AAIz................12 he FOCtOr “1,313 O: M12eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeelh 5e Internal Conliatwcy Reliability Of “Beeeeeeeseeeeeeeee19 6. Onedway Analysis of‘Vsriance of Knowledge of Abortion Among Pratealim1 Groups......................22 7. Knowledge of.Abortion Among Professional Groups.........23 IITRODWTIOR The purpose of the meant study was to construct the Abortion Attitude Inventory (AAI) and the Abortion Questionnaire (as). The AA! assesses an individual's general attitude toward induced abortion and his attitude toward permissive abortion in specified siren-stances. The A measures a person's knowledge of factual data pertaining to both legal and illegal induced abortion. Following the description of the AAI's constrastiu, the develOpment of the R is presented. ADMIN ANNE mm The MI was constructed to fulfill the need for an abortion attitude measure of known reliability and validity. Surveyors have generally attempted to assess an individual‘s attitude toward abortion with instrments of unknown reliability and validity. Such surveys are characterised by their use of a limited umber of items. This restriction of items makes more probable a respondent's participation because the few items can be answered in a relatively short period of time. However, the brevity of such surveys enhances the uncertainty arts. reliability and validity of the assessment-- an uncertainity further W by the researcher's failure to report reliability or validity data for the attitude instruments. Furthermore, because the amber of itus is limited, these surveys often assess the respondent's attitude toward abortion in only several of mm important circustances for which women seek an abortion. Consequently, the MI was constructed. It provides for a known reliable and valid assessment of an individual's attitude toward abortion. The AA! also permits the determination of a respondent's attitude toward abortion in a greater swer'of specified circtmstances than do typical survey measures. Although the MI is more comprehensive than the typical survey instrument , it can also be completed in a relatively short period of time. Its administration and completion require roughly five minutes. Construction of the MI The initial AAI version (M11) consisted of 18 Likert items. (See Appendix A, Exhibit Al.) The order of presentation of the items was purposefully selected to avoid an obvious, progressive gradient of difficult circumstances. To each item the respondent indicated strongly agree, tend to agree, neither agree nor disagree, tend to disagree, or strongly disagree. Ten of the statements are "positively” worded (item nubers l, h, 6, 7, 8, 9, 1h, 16, 17, 18) and eight are "negatively" worded (item numbers 2, 3, 5, 10, ll, l2, 13, 15). A response of "strongly agree” to the 10 "positively” worded item indicates a strongly favorable attitude toward abortion in the circustance stated in the particular item. A response of ”strongly agree" to the remaining eight items indicates a strongly unfavorable attitude toward abortim in the circumstance stated in the particular item. 3 The strength of one's attitude, favorable or unfavorable, is assessed for each item by assigning a score of 1, 2, 3, h, or 5 to the appropriate response category. A score of 1 indicates an attitude strongly favorable toward permissive abortion; 2, tends to be favorable; 3, neither favorable nor unfavorable; h , tends to be unfavorable; and 5, strongly unfavorable. The general attitude score is arrived at by sunning the scores over all items. General attitude scores for the AAI:l have a possible range of 18 to 90. The lower the score, the more favorable the attitude toward abortion. Conversely, the higher the score, the more unfavorable the attitude toward abortion. The instrument was further designed as a self-administrative measure, requiring roughly five minutes for its administration and completion. Directions for answering the form appear at the tOp of the page and preceed the first item. If three or more items are omitted from the M11, the instrument is considered not scorable. If one or two items are omitted, the average score for the capleted items is the score of the unanswered items. A Likert item designed to assess the respondent's 9general attitude” toward permissive abortion was presented after AAIl item amber 18. (See Appendix A, Exhibit A1.) A response of ”strongly support" was scored 1 (strongly favorable toward abortion); "tend to support”, 2; 'neutral“, 3; “tend to oppose“, it; or “strongly opposed”, 5. The score obtained on the ”general attitude“ item could be correlated with the individual's general attitude score (the unused score of all 18 items) to obtain a ”self-estimate validity” coefficient. Two additimal items-acne asking the respondent's reasons for his attitude toward permissive abortion and the second, inquiring of his knowledge of abortion lawa--followed the "general attitude" it.» These items were presented to allow the determination of a ”face-:validity" estimate of the M11. The assessment was to be based upon Judgas' ratings of the correspondence between the answers to these two questicms and the responses to the 18 items of the M11. Administration of the M11 The AAIl was administered in a group setting November 20, 1966, to 28 students enrolled in an introductory psychology course at Michigan State University . The students were given unlimited time to complete the instrument. Two of the 28 students omitted the “general attitude" item. Consequently. the questinnaires of these two students were excluded and the validity statistics were calculated from the response of 26 students. A ”self-estimate validity" coefficient (a correlation of the individual's su-sed score over the 18 itmss with his score on the general attitude item) was calculated as .92. The relevant mean scores and standard deviation scores (in brackets) mm, = 53.39 (SD = 15.h2); General Attitude Item (mm = 2.81 (so = 1.23). A "face validity” estimate was not determined fras the ratings of the two questions which followed the general attitude item: one, asking the reasons for the respondent's attitudes toward abortion; and the other, asking for the circusstances under which an abortion could be legally performed. The responses to these questions did not appear appropriate to determine an estimate of the validity of the M11. Responses to the first question generally were reiterations of various inventory items. Answers to the second question (actually an "aptitude" item rather than an "attitude” item) indicated that the respondents as a whole were not knowledgeable of the circtmistances in which an abortion could be legally performed. Hovever, the two questions were retained in the subsequent form of the AAI with the second question revised to ask for circumstances in which an abortion could be performed legally under Michigan laws" rather than ”laws”. (See Appendix A, Exhibits Al and A2.) Of the 18 items, number 11 was found not to distinguish individuals most favorable from persons least favorable toward abortion. All responses to item nunber 11 were scored 3, h, or 5. No responses were scored 1 or 2. Consequently, this item was dropped from the AAI. Also, the wording of items number 3, 15, and 17 was revised so as to make their meaning clearer. The Likart beading, "saith agree nor disagree", of the AAI items was changed to "neutral”. The Likert headings for the general attitude item were also revised. Also, the general attitude item, the question asking the respondent's reasons for holding his attitudes, and the revised item asking the circumstances under which abortion was legal in liichigan were placed CA on the back side of the paper which contained the 17 items of the revised AAI (M12) on the front side. This rearrangement of items was done to minimize the possibility of the responses to these three items (acttmlly not items of the AAI) influencing the responses to the 17 statements of the AAI . (See Appendix; A, Exhibits Al and 2 A2.) First Administration of the M12 The revised 17 item M12 with a possible range of scores from 17 to 85 was administered January 26, 1967, to a sample of 39 students enrolled in an introductory psychology course at Michian State University. As in the case of the M11 administration, the M12 was administered in a group setting and the students were given unlimited time to complete the inventory. A ”self-:estimste validity" coefficient was found to be .81. The relevant means and standard deviations (bracketed) were: A??? = 51.16 (12.96); cocci-u Attitude Item (diff) = 3.05 (1.32). The respective ranges of these two scores were: AAIz = 18 . 76; CAT = 1 .. 5. Reliability estimates were derived from the scores of 30 of the 39 students composing the “validity sample‘. These 30 students answered the M12 February 9, 1967, two weeks following their initial completion of this instrument. (h’ine students present at the first administration of the M12 were absent at the second administration.) A test-retest (two week interval) reliability coefficient was calculated as .9lt. for the M12 and .88 for the general attitude item. (See Table 1.) Table 1 Test-retest Reliability Of M12 MI 8m SCCRE GENERAL AHME ITEM '1' s Range 3 a Range First Test Administration 53 .63 12.19 18.76 3.30 1e21 1-5 Second Test A Administration 52.03 13.2h 17-81 3.23 l.lh 1-5 5 (AA! Sun Score) = .91! a (General Attitude Item) = .88 The questions asking for the respondent's reasons for having his attitudes toward» abortion and circus-tenses in which abortion was legally penitted in Michigan laws again elicited responses unsuitable for the derivation of a validity esti-te of the M12. As in the previous sample of students, reasons for their attitudes were simply reiterations of several AAI items. Similarly, the students, in general, possessed little, if any, knowledge of the circmstences under which an abortion is legal in Michigan. Consequently, these two items were omitted in subsequent administrations of the M12. Also, in future administrations of the inventory, when the general attitude its. was to be given with the M12, rather than being located on the same piece of paper as the AAI items, it was presented on a separate page. (See Appendix A, Exhibits A3 and Ah.) Second Administration of the M12 The M12 was administered February 9, 1968, and February 23, 1968, (one year after an administration to a previous sample of students) to a group of 38 students enrolled in an introductory psychology course at Michigan State University. (Fortyosix students answered the M12 on February 9, however, 8 of these were absent for the second test administration. Consequently, the reliability sample is composed of 38 individuals.) Again, there was no time restriction for the completion of the group administered M12. This testing was based on the awareness that college students as a test sample can vary from year to year and was conducted to determine if the high test-retest reliability coefficient determined from the student sample one year earlier would hold over a second sample. The test-retest (two week interval) reliability coefficient derived from the scores of this later sample was calculated as .91. This reliability estimate of .91 corresponds closely with the reliability estimate of .93 calculated from the prior sample. The relevant means, standard deviations (bracketed) and ranges of these measures for the second sample, first administration, were: M12 = h1.61 (11.93, 17 - 71; second administration, AAIg = 50.63 (12.710, 17 «- 68. Third Administration of the M12 Measures of validity and reliability of the M12 were also derived from the data of a sample of 131 individuals tested in the sun-er of 1967. Of the 131 persons, 89 were residents of Lansing and East Lansing, Michigan and 1&2 were undergraduates attending Michigan State University. The M12 was distributed to the Lansing and East Lansing residents through face-to-face contact at the respondent's door. With the exception of two inventories which were returned by mail, the M12 was collected during door-to-door cells. There was a minimum period of three days between the AAIz's distribution and its collection. Consistent with previous test administrations, the students were administered the M12 in a group setting and they were given unlimited time to caplete the inventory. Answering an information face sheet which proceeded the M12, all of the respondents supplied demographic data concerning their age, marital status, sex, religious preference, occupation and educational achievement. (If the respondent was a student, he reported his father's occupation and educational attainment.) Using the occupational and educational data, an estimate of the respondent's socio-economic status was determined fro: the Bollinghead (1957) M Factor Index g; Social Position. In addition to the calculation of a “self- estiamte validity” coefficient for the total sample of 131 persons, having the demographic information recorded on the face sheet, permitted the deteninatim of "self-estimate validity" coefficients for subgroups, categorised by demographic variation, of the total sample. 10 For the complete sample of 131 persons, a "self-estimate validity” coefficient of .85 was determined. (See the last line entry in Table 2.) Among the demographic subgroups of the total sample, validity estimates range fru .76 to .98 over all but one of these 15 groups. Although these sub-aoups are not statistically independent, the magnitude of the validity coefficients indicate that the validity of the M12 holds for such subdivisions of the general population. (See Table 2.) Only the 2‘. =-.30 for the small subgroup of 5 Agnostics deviates from the high positive correlations found for all other groups. Table 2 ”Self-estimate Validity" Coefficients Over Duographic Classifications 33’3”“? g M s AAI High “2311' 5 s93 Males 60 1.1.53 1h.h6 2.28 1.19 .83 Females 71 15.80 15.97 2.87 1.35 .86 Marital Status Single 1.3 h1.1h 13.38 2.33 1.32 .77 tiarriad 83 “.99 16.15 2.71 1.29 .88 Residential Status Student A2 to.” 13.39 2.29 1.25 .81 Resident 89 h5.h5 16.07 2.75 1.32 .86 11 fit)“ 2 (CODt'de) 33:22.33"? 5 M 21111111 nigh) “23's 5 Religious Preference Protestantism 82 h2.00 12.37 2.113 1.18 .76 Catholicism 32 56.167 15 .27 3.63 1.21 .89 Judaism 7 27 .5? 13 .79 1.5? 1 .13 .98 Agnosticism 5 23 .60 h .83 l .20 0.108 - .30 Socio-economic Status* Class I 32 38.78 1h .72 2.16 1.17 .81 Class II 36 511.117 12.3h 2.67 1.22 .8h Class III 23 1.1.39 18.29 2.57 1.1.». .85 Class IV 33 #5 .91 16.0h 2.97 1.38 .90 Class v 7 52.29 16.75 2.71 1.38 .91. TW1 131 R3 .85 15.39 2.60 1.31 .85 Range of scores of Total General Sample: 17-8” e Won the appearance of their residential neighborhood, 62 persons Judged to be living in lower income districts, 6h persons residing in middle income districts, and 62 people living in higher income areas, were administered the AAI. The Rollingst (1957) actor In x of Social ‘ngitig more precisely classified these people, as well as Michigan State Undergraduates, as being member of class I, II, III, IV, or V. To each individual, the AAI was administered as part of a booklet also consisting of the AG. and three personality trait instrmnents. (The AAI was included with the AC! and three personality trait measures as these were the materials used in a more caaprehensive study of which this thesis was a part.) If the respondent anitted a sufficient number of items from the AAI or any one of the remaining questionnaires so as to make one of these forms ”not seorable", his AAI was not scored. When the less educated class V person was able to answer the AAI items, be, more often than the other socio-econanic class members, frequently found the personality measures difficult to answer so that be “spoiled“ thm, probably owing to poor reading skill and as a result his AAI was not scored. Consequently, this scoring criteria resulted in‘ a restriction of AAI data for class V. Also, class V representation was restricted by the general lower rate of booklet return from persons residing in lower income districts, and, in several cases, by the class V respondent's inability to read AAI as well as other instrument items. 12 Further analysis of the data obtained from the sample of 131 persons yielded an internal consistency reliability coefficient of .93. (See Table 3.) An internal consistency estimate of this magnitude suggests that the itus are highly correlated with each other and that the instruent is a uni-dimensional measure of attitude. Table 3‘ Internal Consistency Reliability of M12 Item umber 2 _s_ 1 1.66 1.15 2 2.51 1.37 3 1.85 1.011 I. 3.17 1.1.1 5 2.20 1.1.2. 6 3.92 1.33 7 3.38 1.1.1. 8 3.31 1.lil 9 2.72 1.39 10 3.1!. 1.“. 11 2.57 1.35 12 1.77 1.26 13 2.18 1.1m 15 1.77 0.98 15 2.08 1.27 16 2.62 1.17 17 2.99 1.1.5 AAI (A11 Items) 53.85 15.39 s = 131 r= ~93 13 A factor analysis was applied to the intercorrelation matrix of the 17 M12 items. (This matrix and each item's correlation with the M12 st-ad score is presented in Appendix B.) The factor analytic technique of quertermax rotation indicates that while attitude is quite consistent over the 17 items, even greater attitude consistency is obtained within clusters of correlated items. A three factor solution which accounted for 66 per cent of the variance of the general attitude score (or ;= .82) identified three rather discrete clusters of correlated items. (Bee Table 1;.) Factor I contains high loadings on items Mar 2 (court Judged unfit mother), It (pregnant but umarried woman), 6 (any wman), 7 (poverty), 8 (women 155+ years of age), 9 (wman Judged psychologically incapable), 10 (women pregnant and obtaining a divorce), 1? (child unwanted and treated as such) .* These items concern granting or refusing abortion for social and economic considerations. Abortion in any one of these situations-- other than that of it. number 9 (women Judged psychologically incapable)-has not been legalized by the legislature of a single state. The situations implied in these items have not been as open to public scrutiny as have the situations implied in the items cuposing Factor II. \ The second factor has high loadings on items which primarily concern permitting or prohibiting abortion for msical and m considerations: items number 1 (pregnancy following rape), 5 (possibility of nauoraed baby), 12 (never per-itted). mes abbreviated situations are stated in complete form in the AAI items presented in Appendix A, Exhibit A3. 18 13 (personal consideration of having an abortion), 15 (woman's life in danger with delivery). Abortion in the situations implied in these items has presently been legalized in seven states and is being considered in other state legislatures. Factor III, relevant to effective aspects of condoning or prohibiting abortion, has high loadings on items Mar 3 (misfortune after abortion), 11 (love of children), 1% (irresponsibility), 16 (satisfied and comfortable after an abortion). Table h Factor Analysis of M12 AAI m m caesium PAC‘I‘CB I moron II FACTOR III 1 .80 .to -.80 .09 2 .h2 .62 -.18 .08 3 .58 .07 «06‘ .76 I. .75 .85 -.13 . .10 5 .158 .39 -.51 . .26 6 .75 .86 .07 -.02 7 .83 .90 -.10 .03 8 .82 .90 -.11 .oh 9 .69 .79 -.23 .11 10 .h3 .65 .08 .0h 11 .57 .33 -.23 .61; 12 .80 .h9 -.68 .30 13 .77 .A2 -.76 .12 1" e61.) e35 - e17 e69 15 “bk ‘5 (cmt'de) AAI 1TB! mm 0mm! FACTOR I FACTOR II FACT” III 15 e70 eh3 "e71 e12 16 .58 .A3 -.19 .60 17 e7]. .30 -.25 e09 Proportions of variance: .38 .16 .12 Discussion and Conclusion The method of constructing the AAI, the high "self-estimate validity" coefficients (.81 and .85), and the high reliability coefficients (.91 and .911, test-retest with a two week interval) indicate the AAI very accurately and reliably assesses an individual's attitude toward abortion. In contrast to the abortion metres of unknown reliability and validity used by many surveyors, the AAI permits one to draw conclusions of known accuracy frm the AAI attitude data. The AAI further provides for the assessment of a persons attitude toward abortion over a greater range of circumstances than is cos-only found in survey measures. While the AAI is comprehensive in the assesssmnt of attitude toward abortion over a wide variety of circI-stances, it can still be administered and capleted in a short period of time-u-roughly five minutes. Consequently, the AAI maintains the surveyor's requirement of brevity, not discouraging respondent participation because of excessive length, while it enables the researcher to obtain an increased amount of meaningful attitude information. 16 An additional feature of the AAI is that it measures the strength of the respondent's attitude. Rather than the typical "yes, no, undecided" my approach which makes it difficult to assess the strength of an individual's attitudes, the AAI, being built of Likert scaled items, makes this more sensitive assessment possible. ABORTION‘QUESTIONRAIRE The Abortion Questionnaire (AQ) is a 21} item multiple choice instrument designed to determine the individual's knowledge of induced abortion-"pertinent information regarding socio-economic groups, races, religions, economic data, consequences, cross-national data , physiological aspects, and the general and specific incidence of induced abortion (legal or illegal) in the United States. Only one study has attempted to assess the public's factual knowledge of induced abortion. A survey conducted by Oliver'Quayle and Company for the Association for the Study of Abortion (ASA survey of pdblic opinion, 1968) found that new York State residents were generally ignorant of the content of that state's abortion statute. The New York residents also overestinted the risk to maternal health from an abortion induced by a licensed physician. In its assessmnt of knowledge over new categories in addition to the content of state statutes and the safety of a medical abortion, the AQ greatly expands upon the information obtained fro-(the “knowledge measure” used in the ASA survey. It provides for the broad assessment of a 17 person's general knowledge of abortion and permits a rather precise determination of specific areas of abortion knowledge with which he is or is not acquainted. Construction of the AQ The initiel AQ version (AQI) consisted of 10 multiple choice items with five alternatives. (Raving four alternatives, item number 3 is an exception.) Each item was scored as either correct or incorrect. The questions were derived prismrily firom the books of Lader (1966) and Lowe (1966). The inforntion presented by these authors tends to represent the consensus of the authorities in the "field” of abortim. The 121 was designed as a self-edministretive instrument with the directions for answering the form appearing at the tsp of the page and needing the first itu. (See Appendix C , Exhibit 01.) Administration of the m1 TheAQl was administered ins groupsettingt030students enrolled in an introductory psychology course at Michigan State University. (Because 9 of the 39 students present for the first test administration were absent for the second test administration, this test-retest reliability sample was composed of 30 students.) For the completion of the measure, the students were given an unlimited amount of time. The test-retest (two week interval) l8 reliability coefficient was calculated to be .61. For the initial m1 adninistration, the mean AQl score was 2.00 (SD =1.39); the second adninistration lean was 1.90 (SD= 1.21). Weighting the response alternatives according to their “distance" from the correct response did not appreciably improve this reliability coefficient. After the AQl administration, the instruaent was revised to forn the m2. Fourteen items were added to the original 10 item. These additional itans were also constructed fru. the data presented by leder (1966) and Lowe (1966). Also, the response alternatives of items umber It and 9 were revised. (See Appendix C, Exhibits Cl and 02.) If five or more items of the 2‘: item me are omitted, the instrument is considered not scorable. If four or less items are not answered, each of the omitted items is scored as incorrect. Administration of the me An estimate of the test-retest (two week interval) reliability of the AQa was derived fran the data obtained from 38 Michigan State University students enrolled in an introductory psychology course . The test was group administered with unliaited tine provided for its completion. The reliability coefficient m .57; on the first administration the lean mg was 5.26 (SD= 2.13)--two weeks later the corresponding scores were H2 =5.82 (SD= 2.53). After the m2 administration, the response alternatives to item masher 1k and one response alternative to item number 16 were revised. The resultant AR torn (M3) was the final version of the AQ. (See Appendix C, Exhibits 02 and C3.) 19 First Administration of the A03 From the A03 sample response data of 131 individmlse~89 residents of Lansing and East Lansing and 1.2 undergraduates attending Michigan Stste University-can internal consistency reliability estinte of .19 was calculated. These data are summrized in Table 5. (Because the AQ3 was administered with the M12, procedural details of the m3 administration are provided in the description of the third administration of the M12 on page 9-) Table 5 Internal Consistency Reliability of AQ3 mm mm so. or comm mamas g g l I 16 .12 .33 2 1&6 .35 .hS 3 % .20 .ho h 52 .ltO .139 5 39 .30 .916 6 61 .h? .50 7 1+3 .33 J»? a 17 .13 .31; 9 1h .11 .31 10 1&0 .31 J16 ll ’4 .03 .17 12 ll .08 .28 20 Table 5 (cont'd.) m sums no. or comer mamasss 15 _s_ 13 61 .h? .50 1h 118 .37 .h8 15 6 .05 .21 16 81 .62 .h9 l7 3 .02 .15 18 36 .27 .115 19 3o .23 .h2 20 17 .13 .3h 21 hi .31 .117 22 13 .10 .30 23 1 .01 .09 2h 30 .23 .h2 Total 735 5.61 2.13 n = 131 1; = .19 The estimate of internal consistency calculated as .19 and an "intuitive assessment” of the items' content suggest the A03 is multidimensional, measuring an individual's knowledge of many and various aspects of abortion. Second Administration of the AQ3 Samples of religious leaders, physicians, legislators, and businessmen were mailed the AQ3. Included with the questionnaire 21 was an introductory form letter; a stamped, self-addressed, return envelope; and , an additional form for specific professional groups. The religious leaders were asked to specify their religious denomination; the physicians were asked to indicate whether they were practicing cnecology and/or obstetrics; the 1egis1ators were asked to identify themselves as members of the house or senate. (This information was requested to provide data for comparisons of the amount of knowledge possessed among, or between, different subgroups within each professional body. However, the small number of returns has various professional subgroups did not permit these comparisons.) It was expected that plusiciansm-having rather extensive contact with women who seek abortion, being exposed to abortion articles in medical Journals, and having knowledge of the medical procedures used to induce abortion and possible physical consequences of the operation—- would answer more AQ3 items correctly than would each of the other professional groups. Procedure Religious leaders The materials were nailed to 218 leaders of religious groups of all faiths from the greater Lansing area . These religious leaders included all those listed by the Lansing Area Council of Churches. 0f the 218 clergyman, 68 returned scorable forms of the AQ3. Physicians The physician sample was composed of 200 gynecologists end/or obstetricians randey selected fun a list of 310 Bearded 22 specialists, residing in Michigan, fras the Directory of Medical Specialists (1965). Scorable returns were submitted by 88 physicians. legislators The materials were mailed to all members of the 1967-1968 State of Michigan legislature-«109 members of the House of Representatives and 38 members of the Senate. Scorsble AQ3's were obtained fraa 3h legislators. Businessmen The sample of businessmen constituted 200 persons randomly selected from approximately 800 members of the Pin Head organisation of the Lansing Chamber of Commerce. Seventy-five returned scorable forms of the AQ3. Results Knowledge of abortion was found to differ significantly (2 (.001) among gynecologists and/or obstetricians, legislators, religious leaders, and businessmen. (See Table 6.) Table 6 mas-away Analysis of Variance of Knowledge of Abortion Among Professional Groups Source of Variance d; 1L8 g 2 Between Categories 3 233 .01 113.08 0.001 Within Categories 261 5.1a Total 26h 23 Using Scheffe's (in Says, 1963) method of analysis, physicians were found to possess more knowledge of abortion (2 (.001) than each of the other groups. Legislators, religious leaders, and businessmen did not differ between themselves. The pertinent data for each of these four groups is presented in Table 7. Table 7 Knowledge of Abortion Among Professional Groups 22922 1. E; 22 Physicians 88 9.60 2.39 Legislators 3% 6.56 2.31 Religious leaders 68 6.09 2.39 Businessmen 75 6.0? 2.19 Of the four professional groups, only the physicians' #33 scores differed significantly from that expected frm chance (p(.02; z = 2.“), two-tailed). The AQ3 scores of legislators, religious leaders, and businessmen did not exceed the chance level. (The AQ3 scores of the sample of 89 Lansing and East lensing residents and 152 Michigan State University students also did not exceed the chance level; see the last line entry of Table 5.) Although not permitting the derivation of a validity estimate of a specified ngnitude, the finding that physicians, as expected, did correctly answer more 1513 items than did the other samples, suggests that the 1.3 provides a valid assessment (of some magnitude) of the respondent's knowledge of induced abortion. 2h Third Administration of the N313 When the 2b item AQg was administered to a sample casposed entirely of Michigan State University students, the mean umber of correct responses and the standard deviation of the A02 scores were larger for the second test administration than for the first test administration. (See page 18.) This finding suggests that sale individuals may have sought the answers to the questions after the first A02 administration. Consequently, the test-retest estimate (dependent upon the mean and variance) is lower than the estimate expected had not the new information been obtained. To test this twpothesis and control for this possibility, the A03 was administered to a sample of 73 Michigan State University students.* The test-retest interval for this AQ3 administration was one- half hour. During this time interval, the students heard a lecture on drug usage for which they generally took notes. As compared to the two week interval used in the A02 administration which permitted information seeking behavior during the period, the one-half hour interval used in the m3 administration served to greatly reduce the students' ability to exchange infomtion among themselves and prevented their referring to authorative som‘ces. Thecause thaliz and the A0 are identical with the exception of different response altarnat ves to item number 111 and one different response alternative to item umber 16, the reliability estimates of the mg and the A03 are being compared. 25 Fran the AQ3 data provided by the 73 students, a test-retest (one-half hour interval) reliability coefficient of .82 was determined. for the first administration, m3 = 5.6h (so =2.3h); second administration, K63 = 5.93 (SD= 2.1m). Although the amount of the increase is not great, the mean AQB score and the standard deviation were again larger for the second as compared to the first test administration. This finding suggests that although some persons may seek infornmtion between test administrations, information acquired during the test-retest interval is not the only or most significant factor resulting in the low reliability estimates. The most plausible explanation for the relatively low test-retest reliability estimates of the m2 (.h7, two week interval) and the A623 (.82, one-half hour interval) is that the smgnitude of such estimates primarily results from respondent guessing. In neither of these samples did the respondents answer correctly more items than that expected from chance. (Similarly, among the professional groups and the sample of Lansing and East Lansing residents and students discussed earlier, only the plvsicians answered more items correctly than the number expected from chance. Also, many respondents stated directly that they were “simply guessing" when they answered a form of the AQ.) Answering items on the basis of guessing rather than on the basis of knowledge would result in a person's being more apt to alter prior answers when he is again administered the AR. Consequently, respondent guessing appears to be reflected in the relatively low test-retest reliability estimtes of the AQ and makes difficult a clear, meaningful interpretation of these reliability data . Discussion and Conclusion In measuring a person's knowledge of induced abortion, the AQ3 appears to provide a multidimensional assessment of his knowledge over mm crease-such as social-economic, racial, medical, financial, physical and mental outcome, and incidences-pertinent to legal and illeml induced abortion. Suggesting that the quesionne ire provides a reliable measure of knowledge is the finding that the test-retest reliability estimte increases as the time between test administrations decreases. However, the mgnitude of these test-retest reliability coefficients is not extremely large-«W, 2!; item no, (two week interval); .82, 2h item 193 (one-half hour interval). (with a two week interval, the test- retest reliability coefficient of the 10 item AQl was .61.) Respondent guessing appears to have resulted in the relatively small magnitude of these reliability est imates and makes difficult a clear, meaningful interpretation of these precise reliability data. Anong the many samples administered a form of the A9,, only physicians answered correctly a mean number of items which differed significantly from tlmt number expected from chance. Also, many respondents stated that their answers to the AQ were ”simply guesses." Providing evidence that the AC; is a meaningful and valid measure was the finding, consistent with expectation, that physicians specialising in gynecology and/or obstetrics, answered correctly a significantly greater number of AQ items than did groups of religious leaders, legislators, and businessmen. BIBLIOGRAPHY BIBLICBRAPHY ABA survey of public Opinion on abortion in New York. fl Association for the “$1 of Abortion, Newaletter, 1968, a '30 Direct of medical s cialists. Vol. 12. Chicago: Marquis-- Who's Who Incorporated, lES. Hays, w. 1.. Statistics for chol ists. New York: Holt, Rinehart 353 Winston, §%3. Hollingshead, A. B. Two factor index of social sition. New Haven, Connecticut: 135 Yale Station, 19%. Lsder, 1.. Abortion. Boston: Beacon Press, 1966. Lowe, D. Abortion and the law. New York: Pocket Books, 1966. 27 APPENDICES APPENDIX A FORMS OF THE AAI AND ASSOCIATED ms Exhibit A1 ABORTION ATI'ITUDE TNVENTORY* The following statements are to be Judged by SA a N d SD you to indicate how well they agree or 0) disagree with your own opinion. The state- :3: 3 ments themselves are both agreed and dis- § 0 n 01 551 agreed with by many people, so there are no 21 3 £33 £9: E ~33 "right" or "wrong" answers. Please read each <57:1 <2: 31 c. a statement, then show your Opinion by circling a 3 3 g 3 3: the letters which best represent your own view. 8 _O .5 P T, g Iour own sex is: male ; female . 33 3 '5 s6 5 5 U) I— 2 2 l— m 1. Abortion should be permissible in cases of SA a N d SD pregnancy following rape. 2. A woman Judged by the courts to be an unfit SA a N d SD mother should not be granted an abortion. 3. Only misfortune will follow a women after SA a H d SD having had an abortion. 1:. Anabortionshouldbeallowedifawoman is SA a N d SD pregnant but unmarried. 5. Abortions should not be granted when there SA a N d SD exists a strong possibility the baby would . b0 ”Howde 6. An abortion should be granted to any woman SA a N d SD requesting one. 7. The wife from a povert stricken home (yearly SA a H d SD income less than ”000‘ should be granted an abortions fie this version of the AAI actually appeared when it was distributed among subJects, items umber l-lS followed the directions and were presented on the front of a single sheet of paper. Items 16-18 and the questions inquiring about the respondent's general attitude toward abortion, his reasons for his attitudes, and his knowledge of abortion laws were located on the back of the paper. 28 P22111311: A1 (cont 'd .) 8. A woman 1:5 years of age or older should SA a N d SD be granted an abortion on request. 9. A women Judged to be psychologically SA a H d SD incapable of being an adequate mother should be allowed an abortion. 10. An abortion should not be allowed if a SA a N d SD waaan is pregnant and is obtaining a divorce from her husband. V11. The risk of serious inJury is great SA a H d SD from an abortion performed by a competent medical doctor. 12. A woman who loves children would never SA a N d SD consider an abortion for herself. 13. An abortion should never be permitted. SA a N d SD 1h. (If femle) There are circumstances under SA a N d SD which I would consider having an abortion. (If male) There are circumstances under SA a N d SD which I would approve of IV wife's or girlfriend' s having an abortion. 15. A woman requesting an abortion is SA a N d SD irresponsible. 16. If a woman's life is in danger with SA a N d SD delivery of the baby, an abortion should be performed. 17. A women after having had an abortion could SA a N d SD feel satisfied and comfortable with her decision and it's results. 18. In a family where a child is unwanted and SA a N d SD would be treated as such, the wife should be granted an abortion. ' My general attitude toward the permission of abortion is: (encircle the appropriate nuber) 1 2 3 h 5 Strongly Support Tend to Support Neutral Tend to Oppose Strongly Oppose i 29 Exhibit A1 (cont'd) The main reasons that I am.against or in favor of more permissible abortion laws are: 1. 2. 3. I understand the present laws to permit an abortion under the following circumstances: 1. 2. 3. 3O Exhibit A2 ABORTION ATTITUDE INVENTORY" SA a N d SD n 8 The following statements are to be Judged by you a, 93 ‘51 to indicate how well they agree or disagree with 2 g; :31 {3 your own opinion. The statements themselves are 3 a .1", '5, both agreed and disagreed with by many peonle, so >‘ < 0 > there are no "right" or "wrong" answers. Please '3" 3 7; 3 '3, read each statement, then show your opinion by g 1, j; .0 g circling the letters which best represent your 13 g 8 g :3 m Me U) '— Z '— (n 1. Abortion should be permissible in cases of SA a l d SD pregnancy following rape. 2. A wasan Judged by the courts to be an unfit SA a H d SD mother should not be granted an abortion. 3. After a woman has had an abortion, misfortune SA a H d SD will probably follow. It. An abortion should be allowed if a woman is SA a N d SD pregnant but umsrried. 5. Abortions should not be granted when there SA a H d SD exists a strong possibility the baby would b. "110M. 6. An abortion should be granted to any woman SA a H d SD requesting one. 7. The wife from a povert stricken has (yearly SA a H d SD incae less than $30003. should be granted an abortion. 8. A won-n 1:5 years of age or older should be SA a N d SD granted an abortion on request. 9. A woman Judged to be psychologically incapable SA a I! d SD of being an adequate mother should be allowed an abortion. *As this foam of the AAI actually appeared when it was distributed among subJects, items number l-l? followed the directions and were presented on the front of a single sheet of paper. The questions inquiring about the respondent's general attitude toward abortion, his reasons for his attitudes, and his knowledge of Michigan abortion laws were located on the back of the paper. 31 Exhibit A2 (cont'd.) 10. An abortion should not be allowed if a woman SA a N d SD is pregnant and is obtaining a divorce from " her husband. 11. A wman who loves children would never consider SA a N d SD an abortion for herself. 12. An abortion should never be permitted. SA a N d SD E a 13. (If female) There are circumstances under SD which I would consider having an abortion. (If male) There are circtnstances under which SA a N d SD I would approve of m wife's or girlfriend's having an abortion. 1h. Probably most women requesting an abortion are SA a N d SD irresponsible. 15. If a wasn's life is in danger with delivery of the baby, an abortion should be performed. SA a N d SD 16. After an abortion a woman could feel SA a N d SD satisfied and comfortable with her decision and its results. 17. In a family where a child is unwanted and SA a N d SD would be treated as such, the wife should be granted an abortion. My general attitude toward the permission of abortion is: (encircle the appropriate masher) Strongly Tend to Neutral Tend to Strongly 1 2 3 h 5 Favor Favor Oppose Opposed The main reasons that I an opposed to or in favor of more permissive abortion laws are: 1. 2. 3. 32 Exhibit A2 (cont 'd .) I understand the present Michigan laws to permit an abortion under the following circusstances: l. 2. 3. 33 Exhibit A3 ABORTION ATTITUDE INVENTOHY* SA a N d SD 0) The following statements are to be Judged by you a, 93’ g to indicate how well they agree or disagree with 2 g; g‘ 3 your own opinion. The statements themselves are 24 ‘51. .9 3 both agreed and disagreed with by many people, so >4 <2 o > there are no "right" or "wrong" answers. Please '3, 3 "g 3 '3, read each statement , then show your Opinion by g .0 j; .0 g circling the letters which best represent your 5 g 3 g :3 m v1". 0') I- Z l— (I) l. Aborticnl should be permissible in cases Of SA a N d SD pregnsmy following rape. 2. A wanan Judged by the courts to be an unfit SA a N d SD mother should not be granted an abortion. 3. After a woman has had an abortion, misfortune SA a N d SD will probably follow. ‘ A. An abortion should be allowed if a woamn is an a n d SD pregnant but unmrried. 5. Abortions should not be granted when there SA a N d SD exists a strong possibility the baby would be malformed. 6. An abortion should be granted to any woman SA a N (1 SD requesting one. 7. The wife from a poverty-stricken home (yearly SA a N d SD income less than $3,000) should be granted an abortion. 8. A woman 1&5 years of age or older should be SA a N d SD granted an abortion on request. 9. A woman Judged to be psychologically incapable SA a N d SD of being an adequate mother should be allowed an abortion. *As this form of the AAI actually appeared when it was distributed among subJects, items umber l-l? followed the directions and were presented on the front of a single sheet of paper. 3h 10. 11. 12. 13. 1t. 15. 16. 1?. Exhibit A3 (cont'd.) An abortion should not be allowed if a woman is pregnant and is obtaining a divorce from m “Buns A woman who loves children would never consider an abortion for herself. An abortion should never be permitted. (If female) There are circumstances under which I would consider having an abortion. (If male) There are circmstances under which I would approve of an wife‘s or girl- friend's having an abortion. Probably most women requesting an abortion are irresponsible. If a woman's life is endangered by the delivery of a baby, an abortion should be performed. After an abortion a woman could feel satisfied and canfortable with her decision and its results. In a family where a child is unwanted and would be treated as such the wife should be granted an abortion. 35 SA 5° 53 SD Exhibit All My general attitude toward the permission of abortion is: (encircle the appropriate masher) Strongly Tend to Neutral Ten: to Strongly 1 2 3 5 Favor Favor Oppose Oppose 36 Its-J 1 1 2 .35 3 .16 A .A9 5 .51 6 .31 7 .t3 8 .A3 9 .A9 10 .26 11 .32 12 .78 13 .73 1h .37 15 .66 16 .t2 1? .50 AAI .70 Sun s¢e Item 1 N=131 2 .21 .51 .37 .35 .52 .57 .62 .Al .2A .15 .36 .27 .39 .27 .56 .6A APTENDIX B AA12 INTERITEM.CORRELATION'MNTRIX 3 .13 .21 .05 .11 .1h .17 .07 .32 ~32 .20 .A3 .19 .15 033 h .hh .73 .76 .73 .ue .A9 .69 .80 *Summed score over all 5 .27 .A3 .38 .h3 .26 .to .51 .51 .t1 .A9 .33 .t2 .6A 5 6 .7h .78 .58 .t9 .25 .38 .35 .28 .35 .37 .60 .69 6 7 .8h .68 .h8 .35 .52 .h3 .h9 .A2 .78 .82 7 17 items 8 .71 .50 .38 .52 .50 .33 .h8 .h1 .7h .82 8 37 9 .ha .39 .59 .52 .AO .hs .37 .69 .80 9 AAI Sam 10 11 12 13 1h 15 16 17 Se! .23 .21. .ta .2“ .39 .70 .28 .us .us .36 .30 .n .68 .68 .35 .21 .55 .51 .39 .50 .37 .35 .33 .59 .52 .ul .50 .A6 .55 e58 .79 .71 .59 .70 .62 .81 AAI Sum 10 ll 12 13 1h 15 16 17 Sc* APPENDIX C FORMS OF THE AQ Exhibit Cl Abortion Questionna ire The following questions concern the tOpic of abortion. Circle the choice which best answers the question. Please do not unit any items; "guess" at the best answer when in doubt. 1. 2. 3. 5. 6. 7. Approximately how many abortions do on believe occur each year in the United States: (a) 50,000 (b 200,000 (c) 500,000 (6) 700.000 (e) 1,500,000. Approximately how many legal abortions do you believe occur each year in the United States: (a) 300,000 (b) 100,000 (c) 140,000 (d) 10,000 (e) 1,000. Most abortions are performed on: (a) unnarried women (b) married women with children (c) married women without children (d) divorcees. Medical authorities view abortion as a distinctly more difficult procedure after pregnancy has progressed through the: (a) fourth week (b) sixth week (c) ninth week (d) thirteenth week (a) eighteenth week. Which of the following countries has the most permissive abortion laws: (a) U S S R (b) Japan (c) Sweden (d) Norway (e) India. Scientific studies of the consequences of medically performed abortion indicate that the percentage of women who experience serious physiological impairment from the experience is nearest to: (a) 80$ (b) 60% (e) 50% (d) 20% (e) 5% The number of women in the United States who die annually as a consequence of our restrictive abortim laws is approximately: (a) 50 (b) 500 (c) 1,000 (d) 10,000 (a) 50,000 The cost of a legal abortion in the Eastern HurOpean Comnnnist countries today is approximately: (a)$1,000 (b) 3600. (c) $300 (6) $50 (a) $2. 38 Exhibit c1 (cont'd.) 9. In the United States today, the approximate ratio of abortions to births is estimated by competent authorities to approximate: (a) 1:2 (b) l:h (c) 1:6 (d) 1:8 (a) 1:10. 10. united States' Authorities estimate that the percentage of self-induced abortion is approximately: (a) 5% (b) 10% (e) 25$ (d) “0% (e) 60$. 39 Exhibit 02 Abortion Questionnaire The following questions concern the tOpic of abortion. Circle the choice which in your opinion, best answers the question. Please do not omit any items: ”guess" at the best answer when in doubt. 1. 2. 3. h. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. Approxintely how m abortions do you believe occur each year in the United States: (a) 50,000 (b) 200,000 (0) 500.000 (d) 700,000 (e) 1,500,000. Approxinmtely how may legal abortions do you believe occur each year in the United States: (a) 300,000 (b) 100,000 (c) 110,000 (d) 10,000 (a) 1,000. Most abortions are performed on: (a) unasrried women (b) married women with children (c) married women without children (d) divorcees. Nedical authorities view abortion as a distinctly more difficult procedure after pregnancy has progressed through the: (a) fifth week (b) seventh week (c) ninth week (d) eleventh week (a) thirteenth week. Which of tin following countries has the most permissive abortion laws: (a) U S S R (b) Japan (c) Sweden (d) Norway (e) India. Scientific studies of the consequences of medically performed abortion indicate that the percentage of women who experience serious physiological impairment from the experience is nearest to: (0)8010 (b) 50$ (C) ”Di (4) 20$ (0) 5$. ThenumberofwomeninthaUnited States who dieannuallyasa consequence of our restrictive abortion laws is approximtely: (a) 50 (1)) 5m (c) 13000 (‘1) 101000 (0) 50.90000 The cost of a leal abortion in the Eastern European Conunist ?W(t?«$g is approximately: (a) $1,000 (b) $600 (c) $300 0 e In the United States today, the approximate ratio Of abortions to births is eatinmted by competent authorities to approxinmte: (a) 1:3 (b) 1:5 (c) 1:? (d) 1:10 (e) 1:15. United States' authorities estimte that the parcentageof self-induced abortion is approximately: (a) 5% (b) 10$ 0:) 25$ (d) W (e) 60$- to 11. 12. 13. 16. 17. 18. 19. Exhibit 02 (cont'd.) Authorities estinmte that the amount of money spent on illegal abortions each year is approrimstely: (a) $1,000,000 (b) $25,000,000 (‘3) $100,000,000 (a) $225,000,000 (e) $350,000,000. Of all criminal abortions, the percentage performed to terminate pregnancies in married women is estimated to be: (a) 80% (b) 601» (e) ”01’ (d) 25$ (a) 101’- In all 50 states, the abortion lawa generally take the stance that an abortion can be granted: (a) under no circumstances (b) only if the woman's life is Jeopardined by the course of the pregnancy (c) if the woman's life is Jeopardized by the course of the pregnancy and/or she has been a victim of rape or incest (d) if the woman's life is Jeopardized by the course Of pregnancy and/or she is mentally incapable Of raising the child (e) if the woman's life is Jeopardized by the course of pregnancy and/or she has been a victim of rape or incest and/or she is mentally incapable of raising the child. In the perspective of all maJor rackets in the U. 8., criminal abortions are (a) first (b) second (c) third (d) fourth (C) fifths If the abortion laws of most states were strictly enforced, the amber of persons-cabortionists and patients-which would be prosecuted every year is estinte‘d to be: (a) 50,000 (b) 500,000 (c) 1,000,000 (d) 2,000,000 (e) 3,000,000. In performing a therapeutic abortion most physicians choose the method of: (a),cervica1 dilatation and curettage (b) special drugs (c) introduction of a caustic substance into the womb (d) using a bougie (a) physical exertion in the early stages of Nancy 0 Among separated, divorced, and widowed women of all ages the percentage of all conceptions terminating in abortion is . estimted to be: (a) 101» (b) 25$ (c) 110$ (d) 60% (a) 80$. In a survey Of 60 leading hospitals across the country, the ratio of the number of abortions for private patients versus the umber Of abortions for ward patients was: (a) 2:1 (b) I5:1 (c) 6:1 (d) 8:1 (a) 10:1 ' The percentage Of single U. S. women who terminate rital b borti i titedtbebt:(10$ 37??qu 3o; (3? 633.3%“. ° ° °" ° 1&1 20. 21. 22. 23. 2h. Exhibit c3 (cont'd .) 0f hospital abortions performed in New York City during 1960-1962, the ratio of the number of abortions performed on whites to the amber of abortions performed on nondwhites was: (a) 3:1 (b) 5:1 (c) 7:1 (d) 2:1 (a) 11:1. ‘ The ratio of abortion deaths among white women versus the number of abortion deaths among non-white women is estimated -to be: (a) 1:11 (b) 1:2 (c) 1:1 (d) 2:1 (a) .6:1. Of the total number of U. S. abortions, the percentage of abortions, performed on Catholics (who constitute about 25$ of the total United States population) is estimated to be: (a) 10$ (b) 15$ M (d) 25‘ (e) 30$. The masher of hospital abortions performed annually today in contrast to the number performed 25 years ago has: (a) decreased by 50,000 (b) decreased by 20,000 (c) remained approximtely the same (do increased by 20,000 (a) increased by h0,000. A recent authoritative survey of obstetricians and gynecologists throughout the country found that the percentage of responding physicians who admitted they referred patients to sbortioniets was about: (a)5$ (b) 10$ (c) 15$ (d)20$ (e) 25%. '15 Exhibit 03 Abortion Questionnaire The following questions concern the tOpic of abortion. Circle the choice which in your Opinion, best answers the question. Please do not omit any items: ”guess" at the best answer when in doubt .* 1. 2. 3. A. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. Approximately how may abortions do you believe occur each year in the United States: (a) 50,000 (b) 200,000 (c) 500,000 (d) 700,000 (a) 1,500,000, Approxiamtely how many legal abortions do you believe occur each year in the United States: (a) 300,000 (b) 100,000 (c) I$0,000 (d) 10,000 (e) 1,000. Most abortions are performed on: (a) unnrried women b married women with children (c) married women without children ivorcees. Medical authorities view abortion as a distinctly more difficult procedure after pregnancy has progressed through the: (a) fifth week (b) seventh week (c) ninth week (i) eleventh week (a) thirtemtn weak. Which of the following countries has the most permissive abortion laws: (a) U s s R (b) Japan (c) Sweden (6.) Norway (e) India. Scientific studies of the consequences of medically performed abort ion indicate that the percentage of women who experience serious siologicsl impsimant from the experience is nearest to: (a) 80% (b 60$(c)h0$(d)20$_(91_§£, The number of women in the United States who die annually as a consequence of our restrictive abortion laws is approximately: (a) 50 (b) 500 (c) 1,000 (d) 10,000 (a) 50,000. The cost of a legal abortion in the Eastern Eln‘opaan Communist countries today is approximately: (a) $1,000 (b) $600 (0) $300 (5) $50 ‘3), E. ' In the United States today, the approximate ratio of abortions to bir'ths is estimated by competent authorities to spproxinmte: (a) 1:3 (b) 1:: (c) 1:7 (d) 1:10 (e) 1:15. United States' authorities estimate that the percents e of s 311. W abortion is approximately: (a) 5% (b) 10$ c 2 (d) A05 0 e ”is correct response is underlined. 1‘3 HEB Z {i 1989 "I7'7!fl'filflfljflmflfilfl’iflfiiufllflfiiflwF