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O 1.0:. v . ‘ V '. ~9 . « 'u ., J. u . l t ‘ ‘0 a v "I- ‘ . u ( I . \ ‘1' ‘ ’ f. ,, . cl I O I A I , a. g . .u ‘ I _ . . . .1, ~ ' I ;- I ”a . . I I 1' c u I , “a 0 l . . - o o. O ’ U 0. CI . v u ‘. o o o '0 1-, c ‘7 09“... . q‘ ~- 90 a- y. I ' r . ‘ .. r-0 p.- \ ‘ Q“. ¢'- ' '- 0“ ‘ ~o¢. . ‘ ‘ ‘.3 ‘ - w .A' , ' O ‘ - - . - u ‘ r ‘ . —- Q ~—~— ' ' -.. i‘ .11" .U ”.0- - - -- A ," ‘ A .. ,— - 1 - ~ . -. V. . - fi p. I. I ' "ct rt. 0‘. ’ I I ‘ — n 9- .. .. _ . ' - - I- fix -- ‘ . Q 0 . I a... b ; N .u - ‘ a O . - ‘ u ¢ .. . r _. - . o - V 4- :: j ’ I . I . - n-‘. ,' n ' ‘. .' c- .- | - , . . .0 - ‘ . Q U . I. - - . . v . . . 9 ‘3 . ‘ T - o . . -. - O . .. u l 1- . .. .. C‘ .t I ' . t , 4 I‘ . . . 1' . . ‘ I °' I O. _. .g 0 o ' 0 O I ‘1 f 11 11111111911111 , * 259W 1 3 1293 19747 ..— —*.mfl‘h. This is to certify that the thesis entitled I. , l ‘ Distribution of Alpine and Subalpine Algae in Western North Ameriw. presented bg sir. "illirm C. Vinyard . . has been accepted towards fulfillment l'” ‘I , of the requirements for ___M' s_'__ degree in. . Botany 4" r, " :17, I v\ Major professor . 1," Date Max 1.5, I95] DISTRIBUTION OF ALPINE AND SUBALPINE ALGAE IN WESTERN UNITED STATES 3! 151111.. 0. 11:11:11! All ABSTRACT Submitted to the School of Graduate Studio. of ucmm State College of Agriculture and tpplied Science in partial fulfill-ant of the requirements for the degree of EASTER CF SCIEBCE Departunt of Botany and Plant Pathology 1951 APPROVED ' O .-u\,xl f‘x. ' .";‘|"W O 0 v" ' . . . I I .(~ g . . 0.! .c‘1 PROBLEM The problem includes the collection and identification of algae from alpine and suhalpine zones of sixzregions in western United States, included in the states of California, Oregon, Idaho and Montana. A con- parison is made of the species securing in these regions with those occurring in other areas of western North herica and the North Ameri- can Arctic, based on the literature. The factors characterizing the alpine habitat are outlined in relation to plant distribution. The identified algae are listed with notes as to sanner of collection, habitat, and area in which collected. New species and varieties are included and briefly described, and illustrations are given. Other noteworthy species are also illustrated. A ' METHODS Only qualitative nethods were used in the study, except those in- volving the identification of species. Collections were made wdth plank- ton net, by squeesing nose, and by collection of algal masses, depending on,habitat and occurrence. The algae eere then preserved for their later study'and identification. All algal habitats in the regions were sampled. Camera lucida drawings sore sade as a record of each of the species, together with measurements for their determination. RESULTS Numerous species are listed which have not previously'been reported fro. this area. The total list of plants includes 168 species and varieties, of which there are 4.species and 4 varieties new to science. "" jig"; Jé‘o'ffé i} on ‘I I -‘ c C O _‘ "l e I-e a 1 I I ‘n .-. I” ‘1 ,. . I “I t Q 0 . t .. ' ‘. < e . (a \ I' 0 “ ’3 C- I ‘.' V ,. . (‘I' f. 7 W e 'V .. y 6“. . . . . on .v ‘( '0 O . t1 '» \ .‘1 \ I t r . \‘ ‘ll' . \l .‘. ' a .. l. ‘ u s ‘u' a ‘E . . A e "' e I . .I . J ‘ i. K."‘ , -‘e I f . .. .I ' . ’ . a ‘ i l .. .4 i I. In a comparison of habitats, it is found that the algal flare is more abundant as to species and numbers in lakes overlying volcanic ash and andesite, less abundant in granitic habitats, and far less in line- stone. Six species are found to have distribution patterns that parallel those of some phanerogass in that they are discontinuously distributed in the same areas. These are illustrated on an outline sap of the world. ,‘ i v i-l " le‘r s "t v .5 N . .{lIllllllllltl‘Il‘ll‘ DISTRIBUTION OF ALPINE AND SUBALPINE AIL‘xAE IN WESTERN UNITED STATES By lilliam C. Vimard A THESIS Submitted to the School of' Graduate Studies of Nichigan State College of Agriculture and Applied Science in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER 0? SC IEICB Department of Botany and Plant Pathology 1951 AC KNWIEDGMEM'S To Dr. G. I. Prescott, w major professor, I wish to express q sincere thanks and appreciation for the help, guidance and inspiration without which this present work could not tnve been accolplished. I wish also to thank Dr. Prescott for the use of his algal collections from the Seven Devils lountains of Idaho, the Hallows lountains of Oregon and fro- the It. Jefferson area of Oregon. To Bernard Guild sy thanks are due for the use of his collections tron the Salmon River Mountains of Idaho, and to Averill Thayer for his collections free Glacier National Park, Montana. I an especially grateful to those who accompanied se on the numerous collecting trips into the high country of western United States. .. u"- .l «- e‘, a '- . . n‘e 0 .‘g. e" mi. . ‘e .- 6 4‘ 1 .. i Q I I.) e .9 i l -‘I '4; e P . I '3 ., . . ' ' .‘ a l t. a' ,‘ {e a" t‘\- MLE OF CONTENTS Introduction Methods and Materials Territory'and.Habitats Distribution Patterns Distribution Tables List of Species ChlorOphyta CbIVSOPhyta PyTThOPhyta Cyanophyta Literature Plates of Illustrations L'aps **#¢**tfi ...................................7 OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO0.00.0000.0.0.11; 26 ..... ....... ...27 ........ ....1+8 MS (I‘ll-(lll‘IlllII'll DETROIIICTION The high altitudes of western United States apparently have not been attractive to the phycologist, for with the exception of one paper (12) almost no work has been done on the algal flora of those places. The study of alpine algae has long been under way in Europe. and especially in the Scandinavian countries, but this interest has not carried over into the western hemi5phere to any extent. To be sure. some studies have been made in the high mountains of South America. but mostly by Europeans. In North America the greatest amount of work on the algae of alpine regions Ins been done by Taylor (11+. 15. 16) and Wailes (18. 19. . 20). both of whom nade their studies in western Canada. The earlier workers in the United States proper made their studies without regard to altitude as such. or to the alpine habitats. In fact. none of these were concerned with the ecological aSpects but rather with the mere list- ing of algae collected and identified. Some of the later workers. how- ever. have been more concerned. with a consideration of habitats. One of the earliest papers on the subject of western algae is that of Sclmddle (13) in 1895 in which only a listing is made of the algae (most of them desmids) collected in the region of Denver. Colorado. but no reference is made to altitudes or even to the places at which his col- lections were made. Borge (1). another early worker (1909) . contributed even less. with a listing of even fewer species from western United States (four species. to be exact) . and again no reference to altitudes .v \—. or habitats. In 1928 Taylor and Colton (17) completed a study of algae . from Arizona which included references to a nunber of species from high altitudes. though the intent of the paper was not a study of al- pine algae. A paper by Prescott (12) in 1935 is perhaps the first to be devoted entirely to the study of alpine and suhalpina algae. as the title indicates. This study was made on the alpine and subalpina das- mids from the Wallowa Mountains of Oregon and the Seven Davils Mountains of Idaho. More recently (19%) Kianar (8) has reported on alpine algae in general from a more restricted region in Colorado. These papers are the only ones available on the algae of high altitudes of western United States, and thus great gaps exist incur knowledge of the algal flora of this region. It was partly in order to fill in some of these gaps that this present work was undertaken. for any consideration of possible distribu- tion patterns. to be of any value. must await this accomplishment. It is in these alpine regions that the conditions affecting the dis- tribution of plants are especially severe and only those forms can sur- vive in such places as are adapted genetically to these rigorous condi- tions. Because this is a genetic response to such environments. it would naturally follow that the flora of alpine regions in one place should show a relationship to those of another. and because of the similarity between alpine and arctic habitats the flora of the alpine regions should also lava affinities with that of the arctic. This has been found to be true for phanarogams and should hold also for the algae with- in the realization that many species with broad tolerance ranges must surely be found in a great variety of conditions. A brief comparison of distribution of algl species reported from alpine and arctic regions is 3 included in Table I. A brief consideration as to what constitutes an alpine habitat. what the characteristics are. will be set forth in another part of this paper. A consideration of the distribution of plants is not complete with- out a knowledge of all of the factors to which these plants might be adapted. and to which they would therefore owe their distribution. Since many of the alpine and subalpine habitats sampled lie in different geological formations (both as to age and chemical composition) which might also be important in selection of the plant Species. it was felt that these differing rock formations should be considered in their ef- fect on the floral distribution. It is to be regretted that the informa- tion obtained as to rock or soil constituents must be limited to the larger classification of rock types. It might be interesting to note. however. that as common observation on higher plants might suggest. the flora (especially the acidophyllic desmids) of the andesitic habitats are far more numerous as to species and numbers than are those of the lime- stone and limestone-metamorphic habitats. The statement by West and West (23) that "dasmids are fairly numerous on some of the sandy un- drained moors. but they only become generally abundant on the older Paleozoic rock. or on rocks of an igneous or metamorphic character" must be considered carefully in the region here studied since the "older Paleozoic rocks" which are included are the limestones which are so poor in algal species. The nature of the geological formation of a district. as they suggest. however. cannot be ovarstressed. Certain facts have become apparent as this work progressed to swgast that some of the discontinuities illustrated by the phanerogams (5. 6) are paralleled in the distribution of certain species of desmids. This was found to be true for many Species by Taylor (18) in the Newfoundland region and by Carter (2) for two species of desmids from British Colun- bia. Illustrations of these patterns as exemplified by algae and based on the present research are included in Plate 2. It might be considered premature to attempt an analysis of distribution patterns among the algae considering the extreme paucity of information from such a con- siderable area of North America. but perhaps such might serve to stimu- late further the exploration to £111 in the gapS. - The term 9.12.8: from which is derived our term 'alpine' is defined by Peattie (11) as "the grassy slopes above the tree line. the grassy areas in hanging valleys. the pastures on the mountain spurs. and the steppe vegetation of plateaus and about the peaks." This serves as a practical guide for the determination of alpine habitats provided one considers the reason for the absence of trees--the best rough markers for the region. In the alpine zone. conditions are much like those of arctic regions in that botanically it is a grassland which grades from steppe to tundra. the grass (and grass-like plants) in‘ascent’. becoming thinly scattered as in deserts and giving way to plant bunches or plant cushions . I The chemical factors involved in the distribution of algae are a product of the many interactions taking place within the aqueous medium in which the algae are to be found. These factors may vary from-one place to another depending on soil constituents both of the underlying bedrock and decomposed materials at the surface. as well as the materials brought into the body of water by inflowing streams. These do not charac- terize the alpine habitat nor are they peculiar to this zone. It is the physical factors which tend to show a degree of constancy from one al- pine region to another because of the modififying effects of altitude itself. It is these factors which interact to produce the "climate" of the region. and thus the climate must be considered the primary agent of selection operating on the plants of an alpine zone. if there is truly an alpine flora. Altitude modifies such factors as air pressures. insola- tion. temperature ranges. winds. humidity. precipitation. air composition. air temperatures. soil temperatures. evaporation. clouds and snow per- centages. Of these. the decrease of pressure with altitude is the most regular of all mountain climatological phenomena (11) thougl it may vary with waither. altitude. and differences of vertical temperature gradients. Each of these factors listed may vary in amount from one mountain top to another. and most important of all. they each may interact with others to the extmt that vegetation must certainly be influenced. Generally speak- ing. air pressures decrease with altitude. insolation increases. tem- perature ranges increase. winds increase. humidity (absolute) decreases. precipitation increases. air composition changes. air temperature de- creases while soil temperatures increase. evaporation increases. clouds are more abundant and snow percentages are greater. and all of these factors in turn are affected by the total mass of the mountain. In com- parison with arctic climates. the mean anntal temperature of the mountain heights may equal that of polar regions. polar climates do not result-the difference lies in the seasonal temperature range. A further difference from the polar climate is the intense noon insolation experienced in mountain climates. This results in a difference between plant life in that alpine peaks have more varieties of Species than do arctic fields. Until much more evidence is amassed it will not be possible to determine whether the algae agree with this general trend. The term suhalpine as used herein will merely designate the region adjacent to and just below the alpine. and thus just below the tree line. IVETHOJB AND l‘EATERIAIS [the methods used in this study were merely qualitative. involving only the collection of algae at various stations and their subsequent identi- fications. along with collections from other sources. all representing alpine and suhalpine habitats. Collections were made during June and July in Montana and Oregon and in August and September in California and Oregon. Tows were made with a plankton net of No. 20 bolting silk in such bodies of water as were large enough to permit this type of sampling. At lake shores and in bOggy areas attention was directed to the film of gelatinous materials clinging to submerged stems oi aquatic plants. twigs. etc. Collections were made in moss beds by the squeezing of the moss and catching the drippings in vials. Any algal masses adhering to rocks in small streams encountered and in waterfalls were scraped into vials also. Soil algae were not included. In all cases the material was pre- served in "6-3-1" solution consisting of 6 parts mater. 3 parts 9536 al- cohol. and l of formalin. Preservation by this method was quite satis- factory for all but the soft-bodied. unicellular forms--their absence will be noted from the record below. Not all of the collections made were identified because of the limitations on time. but a selection was made after all had been emxined cursorily to determine the most profitable catches. Where a given region was represented by more collections than others. some were eliminated to permit of a moreequal presentation. Many of the vials were found to have almost nothing in the way of algae. other than diatoms. At least three microscopic inspections were made. however. before rejecting any for lack of alga. The plan in most cases was to continue examining drops from the agitated bottle until no new forms were found. Camera lucida drawings were made of all of the forms found and measurements were made for their determination. Permanent slides were not made since the identity of most species depends on at least three views of the plant with measurements (this is specifically a requirement in the identification of most desmids). TERRITORY AND HABITATS Collections for this study were made in western United States. all stations being west of the 110th meridian. and including the states of California. Oregon. Idaho and liontana. (See Plate Kit for general locations). Because of the differing geological nature of the mountain ranges in which investigations were made. they will be considered individually. The dis- cussion of geology is based on Fenneman (3) and liatthes (10). The Sierra Nevada. (Region 1. Plate m). This range is basically com- posed of resistant rocks which were eroded to moderate or low relief and later uplifted by faulting due to the intrusion of a granitic batholith and with a decided western tilt. 'llle original sediments date from the Jurassic but many of these had been carried away by stream erosion. along with local additions of’andesitic lavas (Oligocene). By early Pleis- tocene the crest had attained its maximum height and this was followed by repeated.manteling by glaciers in the higher portions. The glaciers themselves have scoured.away in many places any remaining sediments or igneous rocks overlying the intruded granitic batholith. such that era tensive areas of bare granite remain with very little decomposition at the surface for the formation of soils. Collections made here in lakes occupying scoured.out cirque basins in the alpine zone at 11000 feet were in the most part devoid of algae (at least at the time collections were made) whereas those occurring on detritus and soil were.modenatahy rich in phytoplankton. with fewer filamentous forms. The Species identi- fied.frcm these regions are listed.in Table I. column 1. .A total of the species represented from this region.would.not be significant in compar- ison with.any other since only three days were spent in the collecting in this range from as many widely separated localities at about fifty- mile intervals. Further. in late August and.early September during whidh time these collections were made. the High Sierra becomes very dry except in the region (unattainable at that time) of snow fields and. glaciers. and few algal habitats are to be found. especially in the al- pine zone. The alpine zone of this region. incidentally. starts at around.ll.OOO feet. In the subalpine regions of soil accumuhation at least one habitat in the Grouse Ridge region of’Nevada County was found which equals the richness of even the andesitic regions. It could.not be determined what the actual origin of the soil was in this instance. but probably'had.a mixed.history. The samples in this region were far too few to make any satisfactory conclusions. except for the facts of occurrence of certain species. Plate I. Fig. l is a photograph from Tioga Pass taken at 9.9CO feet elevation showing the typical sufoalpine conditions. Southern Cascade Hountains: Iassen Peak. (Region 2. Plate m. *‘w— In this region. which lies in the north part of the state of California. one locality only was sampledm-this being lake Helen at 8.1400 feet and just below tree-line on the south-facing side of the peak. The peak itself is of very recent origin (Pleistocene) and is considered to be the only active volcano in the United States proper. havini‘g erupted in 1911+ and agin in 1915 but without the extrusion of lava. lake Helen lies in a basin of glacial origin carved out of andesitic materials and covered with volcanic ash. A plankton tow was made here. and samples of the psammon taken. The results were very poor. but this well my be due to the fact that it is here at Lake Helen that the second deepest snow-fall is recorded for the United States (second only to Mt. Ranier) and the last of the ice is gone only very late in the summer. thus de- termining a very short period of open water suitable for algl growths. Most notable record here was the occurrence of Synechococcus grandis which was found only ar this station. in both the psammon and the plank- ton. Middle Cascade Mountains: bit. Jefferson eree.(aeg1on 3. Platexm). Lit. Jefferson. lying east of Salem. Oregon along the main Cascade range is a volcanic cone of rather recent origin (Pleistocene). The bulk of the exposed parts of the Cascade range in this region is andesitic. The general crest level here is around 7000 feet. with volcanic cones rising high beyond this level. Algal habitats here are represented by lake plankton samples which were taken by net tow. and by collections from the gelatinous film of material attached to submerged stems of plants. Samples 10 were also taken by the squeezing of moss (not sinnerged) but these were not fruitful. 'Ihe habitats most profitably sampled were the lakes over- lying volcenic ash. in which more species were found then in any other habitat sampled in this study. Seven Devils Mountains. (Region 1+, Plate m. This smll mountain range lies just within the western boundary of Idaho between the Salmon and the Snake Rivers. Forests occur on these mountains from L+,OOO feet up. but they are bare above 7.500 feet. Their topography indicates moderate glaciation. The collections from this region were made by G. W. Prescott. A spring-fed lake at 7,500 feet was very rich in species. particularly desmids. Salmon River Mountains. (Region 5. Platem). these are lomted in central Idaho within the north bend of the Salmon River. One plateau in this region which covers twenty-five square miles lies at an altitude of 9.600 feet and is forest-covered. Collections were made in the north part of the range by Bernard Guild. Some new forms were found in these collections as noted in the list of species from lakes and boggy areas at 8.300 feet. Lewis Range. Glacier National Park. (Region 6, Plate xvl). This range is the front range in northern Ixiontana. extending south to the Blackfoot River. The portion best known. and included in this survey. lies between the Canadian border and the Great Northern Railway. A great part of this range is trade up of metamorphic limestone of Algonquian (Paleozoic) age. greatly disected by glacial activity. Feeneman states that "Vigorous al- pine glaciation has left craggq,r peaks of great height and steepness. cirques with almost vertical walls several thousand feet high. U-shaped valleys, knife-edge sretes, lakes in rocky basins, and lakes held by mrsinio dams.‘ The habitats in this range which proved to be most productive of signs were the numerous small ponds of snow—melt in the alpine sons, but the bulk of torus were blue-greens. Lake plmkton was especially lacking in algae, and one his ‘(Lost Lake near Logan Pass) at 6,500 feet was found to be barren. Plate XIV is s photo- graph of the alpine sons in the Logs- Rss ares taken fro- sn elm- tics of 7,000 feet. .s K‘” 'N I . 1. . I . o f", ~.. ' e l . t r' I '5 1‘ , z .7 ‘.s l‘!‘;‘ ' . .. . . ‘ . ’ :' i. ; '2 u" l 0 ~ .'s\ .‘ ' 5‘3} ('(4 . I . . .. . \ "‘- ‘ re' ,s .e._ ..-s.- DISTRIBUTIOI PATTERNS A comparison of the range of distribution of the species identified in this study is given in Table I. 'Records of species from regions not considered in this present survey are based on recent, and therefore reliable literature as indicated. These columns cannot be equally weighted, however, because of the greater extent of investigations in sole regions as compared with others. The individual records of species occurrence is ilportent. It will be noted from a study of this chart that many species show a recurrence in each of many of the regions. in exhaustive search of the literature and lore research in the field would be necessary to determine whether these eases show a response to the alpine-arctic habi- tat, or rather are merely'cosnopolitan species. One of’thes0,,§zlig§:g~ gzptig,§:gbilgggii will be noted to occur in all but one of the regions, according to present information, end this species can be listed as cos- sopolitsn (it has been found to oecurr from sea level to the snow line (21)). W am also night safely be listed as canopolitan. Among the rarer forms are a a. which in their distribution sees certainly to parallel the discontinuities in phanerogess. This fact has been suggested previously by Carter (2) and.Taylor (18). It Inst be admitted, however, that our knowledge of the algal flora of sany parts of the world (particularly the southern hemisphere) is lacking to the extent that future findings sight negate these parallelisss with new records of occurrence, but until then, these coincidences lust not be overlooked. t a .. . t to! \... a s . N e I _. ... .‘v‘ u 'e' " I! ‘ 5' r fi ‘ ~ ‘4 ' ~ . . e v- e I ' ‘. _ ‘ 'N ’ D F f' . x . -es s- s .. e ’- u '. '\ .,- J, ‘ I j - r'..‘ .‘r, I 4"‘4 l ‘. - 1 ' I ‘ , ,. . .. I‘h . .. s 05 e _ e.. O ‘ v f V .‘ , . . .1. a I "I r .- . .I s 1 1 e. I el‘ 0 r '- - v ,1 _- . . 'l v 1 . _. i a Ir e ‘ e f \ J.‘ I '! \..». . ‘. ‘ I I 'I , 7 .‘ . . 0‘ . ‘. I. a. s . u v... A"- . .| ‘s ‘l .. . ‘s '.'a'.' .. x _. 5 . ’ s h , J .‘ ‘,\ .'.( , 1 . l. l‘.\ “‘r l' ' t ““.h 0‘ . - . . s .. '”) ... " \2‘ . . . . ; 7. 1. .- 1. d v I II p . 4-". . Q. '0 I n ‘ , (I 4, . . ‘ I .:.- r. . . ‘ ' ‘ - e . e e ‘ a. . . u , ‘ g r. . . . e ‘ e - . .. , . ‘ , ,v 0‘ . ,- , l ) . r. I-f .E. ,I'. -al 7 ' ‘ | I u a. . s v ' ' e - .1 9 .° ‘ u ' 9 ' .' J . . -" 3 1‘. r : '.; "-Sl... ' I. (Q ,.\ F v. -‘ .- ' . . A f " a ‘ . A' " n W! - ‘1. " n rm” . . ‘ A t J , . . ‘ . t ‘l 1“ 3 ( ‘ I _ ‘. . ‘e. e ' ' k l ..3 :Mar' «3 r" ~- .-, - . « . . 1 e ,- y . ' ‘.., V ’ . r. . ., . . .0 ,' ~ s 1‘ _ . .z‘ . . . , '. ' ' ' ‘ ‘ O C - ' s - r . - 'i ..; .1" v - ‘- 2-. ‘ ' M. I. ..---< Q 1 w -7. ‘ - I ‘ , I q . \ . -. ’ N! . . _ . . " ' ' _u ‘, ( .' ‘ I < - "\ t v ., l ’ ’ ‘ . I g Ill 1' ( . ‘ ‘ ‘a. .7 . A . {1' . A d. . .’. u- . - r .,~ ' I ‘- ‘U ‘ s ‘ .‘1 v ’ e . t‘ ‘ ' ._ . “ ( . ‘ u .‘ n 5 e I a o. - . l . - p 0's '- - ‘ ' \- 0‘ s‘ 'v- - r ,- «up -,7 . . .s‘ ‘ . .A ;- ‘ . e . I '- 3 ‘- > ’ 7 n,"| " ' e. . .n— ‘ .' ' ,. . e J ' ' . s s I' r ' ‘ a . ‘ ‘ ' "‘,'[e .\v “ o 4 u . ' . . . ‘ I ‘i _. . V". 1" , 5' . .. ' . . .v v ' .~ x . 1’ Q... 4 e - . p ' . | _ ' a \ r a " ' .I ’ . ' N e . . .- . -; L , I H s s . I o g . . , ‘i . . ' ’ ‘1 ‘ ’1 ‘ ‘ ‘ e ' . 's. . . . ‘ . p o f. 0 | I . .~ .ce ‘r‘ . I" ‘1 t I ‘ ‘ l' ' w ‘ U ‘5" " N A A " J ' ..e One of the points of phytogeographic interest illustrated by phanero- cans and also by certain algae is the statement of Fernald (4) that there is an '...identity or close affinity of such of the flora of western New- foundland with that of the Arctic Archipelago, arctic Eurasia and in sons cases with that of the Cordilleran and Pacific regions of North America." Two species of desnids found in this present work to illustrate the affini- ties cf Newfoundland with Cordilleran North America are W mm- W var. Wk known only fro- stations in Newfoundland and Oregon, and Stametm piocglatyg from Newfoundland and the Sierra Nevada of California. Their distribution is illustrated in Plate IV. Sinilar to this distribution is that of W 3219.5! Vasey from New- foundland, and the Cordilleran region of Wyoming and Colorado to British Colmbia, and California (1.). Ln algal species showing the affinity of the Cordilleran region of North Aaerica with that of the Japenese Isma- is W W described from the Kurile Islands and also repor- ted from British Colmbia (2) and from the Oregon Cascades (herein). Certain of the species from western United States are characterised in their distribution by more extensive discontinuities than the above examples. W guspidatgg has been reported from such widely separated stations as in the East Indies, Japan, Maine and connecticut, the Great lakes region and is reported herein fro: the Oregon Cascades. W W has been reported only frol Poland, Bavaria, the Hallows. Mountains of Oregon and the Seven Devils Mountains of Idaho (12). Finally, W W var. W forms of Grbnblad has been reported from northern Russia (Karelia) and from the Sierra Hands. of California. These patterns are all illustrated in Plate XV. r .- e— t r q ' ‘Q I, I l ‘ s e ‘s‘ I I ‘ ' . f" a up!" ‘ "‘ ~ rh- A F Y“ I V i. . 4‘ _.3 I D .. ‘1‘- s e e _, .1 e. I \r . . 1‘ '.. I: e s- v‘ to 'p.’ . I t. '. v ' f .‘)\I s' e \ x A ‘ s I. t I 4'} r I O p ‘ s o I i. I fie - a _ . I I I u I o. . .' . — u ‘e 4’ ' ‘ ' l I I - . . s I I . I\__. g . N ‘ . r I I . ’1' . o ..¢r . ' w . I' I ' ~— _ 1 . l I! t ‘. sI ’ a . 1 I I I ,. e- . '- I r 2' ‘ - . $lr‘ I h ‘. ‘ e ,. ‘ D t ' r . I e \wl - 'u l.- I . .q i . A . I .o- w . e I t I .‘ I .. I. I ‘ O I ,. 'I l )«"-’ s I . o v t .‘ W .. e "" . . . . s t. I D . r I s I ‘f ,. . . ~ , a {t‘ s t ( ‘ — . t. ‘ s “A - r... A . l _ .1 ' .~ . I a s . .1 .' I ‘ ' {c 1. A I so a-Ir e - . " I e v , .A . .9. ' . ( 1 .g I 0| 0 . 1 r v t 4‘ . v a) -. 7‘ ' J ‘ - . - r o , ‘ O O . .‘ '0‘ 'I' \ . - l, " " . ‘l 1 H ‘ r ‘ a)! ' s I v f '- . , ”"l‘, ‘ , ‘ '. a t . . , a. . e ‘ s ."l . ‘ . ' 1" > ‘ ' I" '1 ‘s ‘ ‘Q ' as ‘ .r- c O ' '1 '. ' ‘ ‘ -v s . ‘ . " ‘ I . In . ' 5‘ a 4 - Qi~e I“ . . g : 5 I I w v r‘ . ' ‘0‘ .‘ - . ' e- - . w e .l ‘ . . . 1 l\ I ‘ ‘ .‘ n . _ o u ‘(s I s"" I u . - «.9 a‘ . ‘ . I V ' - .' - ‘ “ e .s I‘. I (l‘ ' T. v, - v . . 'v . '.‘ ‘ O r l o , 1 ‘ I . I . ‘ U .h ' l V \ v s ' I a ' _ ‘ ' ' f , (‘gl " . ,l ,. . I . .. . , . _e ' ' ec - ' Q .~ I , . -.. g , . . ) S , . _ ‘ ’. ,.. ' -. I . ‘ I ' ' ' - s OI ' '_- .' J ‘[ 0 ‘ e. h .h ' - .. t e , _ . .4 e I ‘ . . ' ' I I" ' 'fIA. s'o‘ u e, r" I. ‘ V v ‘ . . s I o ‘ w ‘ ' I s s , , I . . . n‘ n . . ’10. . . - - VI . _ .‘ A ‘ t s‘ ‘ I s _ . . ‘ ‘v ' I- n . \ . ‘ r. I g. s '- ‘ ‘\ . " v .4 ;_ .. | ' , ,v‘ ‘ k," ‘ I, . p .( vg. ‘ or ' ‘ 'a’e _ . . I" l ‘ _ y‘ .‘ e - . . ,. a \I a. w .o" . ." ‘ ,1. I ' '- I. . . - . ' r w“ I 1 o . ‘ ‘ . s .. ~ .- . ‘ . n. . .u ‘. s'l .uoh . \ . m e ‘1, ‘ . . -. L . ‘ I I . V ~ e r f , ‘s' ' f r " ~ '- Ia .. ' ,L‘ .' . ' ‘Oy' \ w '. ". . s a ’0 a O I e n I 1a 3a .8 .385 .z fiafiL 8H 63 85563 :3 338m outage 2.5 5.2 :5: 8:89; 5m $123.3 3.38m 88830 ANNIIIHN #5.. .o .m 338.30 .093 0280 .98: .5305?!“ hows—ac 23a :3: 85m 853 x,v x 1,17 1,7 1,7 3 gm :3: 6.0.23! .3330 11313 I .35 .852 58$ LIST (I “In“. SPICE FOUND IN THIS STUD! IITH comma INDICATE“ WIGB manna-non RECRDS FRO! ALPINE, SUBALPIIE AND “OTIS BEIGE 0' ma AMERICA r1 CHLOROPHITA 8p. op. (sterile) Pahellaceao Tetra poracoao 29.29.92.921 W Hydrodictynom mm W 2.. B Oodogoniacm oroc t a Sc 0800 O S I I, O I 0-] I'll. ulv Kl.l. II I i .l n I o . ‘ I I A. . i I I I v ' O O I 0: 0 Il‘; - I .I I} T- . . I . L I ‘ v I ‘7. . o . . II II. I-.. ttI .. 1.. I' ' .IO. I l I! I . I . ~ I I n I . c C. I f c I | OIOI I 0! - 'II n I nth: O I ’.'II I . I. s. ..q .I 0‘ :1 .vv. 0 n . I r l-..‘ ICIII- - I I I I ‘I III vllo'in‘I‘I I’DIOI 'I- . II .I I I .1 o a I . . II- I p In 'C'O I t I. I 'Ill II I 15‘ C n I III I . .0. I A .1 . u-‘-l.-’1-"l‘ ’II III ‘I."' o ‘I P , .Ql-ILIII I] a--. o I'lal‘n" I a'I I / . n 'l.-. I u l I . , o I I a \J I r . I I. . a c I . . I . I. C o - . l.“ p. r 1 ..I5 I "\ Flo’- . t.I 0 I .III I II ...II IIIII. . I I - '\ 15 man. I, Continued “3.3 .385 .z 9392— 8” .m: 3335i 1,7 x x,v x § Susan 8:38— 25 £3 :3: 93“? ai $13318 8.28m 58139— x,v x (v) ..o m 303830 .263 anULI I .03: .9030.“ #39 933.5— 213 :3: .53 8nd. a . 83m :3: 25d?- {cs-nu. «H3: .23 .8252 953 2212293912213 731'. 794‘- um Door- tum Wm mm mm WW Wham Soonodumou Whine inseam §. 0‘ “1'. WW Q. It. 11" "l a '. n.“.¢‘n.‘. p . v ’I "sll . ‘ o u a t. t 6 1! . - n I A n . a. t- .. I. .. o .- . .. .. g .. .1... ‘.I-‘ '- . ‘-. 0.1: 1.- -u .I‘-’.I“ 16 TABLE I, Continued Qué 83:: .n 8.984 A365 guano: A3 cannon 03.8.30 1 xx,vx x x x x x x x J. SC .33 23.: oo-«ocduh aim , $1ma12n§v cannon 5.33.6 3-6: :53!" Jada 3.3.3 3.5 :3: 85m 853. X x (V) I X 7 I I X I X I I I a Ba n 33m :3: 153.3 .8830 .33 .8952 £83 Inotaeniacm Bounding“ WW 21.2mm mom mm! Zane-thou. m '1’. ('WC) 9.0 m I m m ‘ .0 m we m 91. 12m mu m. o 9.1. 91 9.1. 9.1. tout-.. '- V.‘ l I I. -‘II.’ ' -I‘ ‘ 4 I I .. . - Cl C r O A: a I 3 O l I '1 On...‘ g't h. |. ‘. I I l t D I . u‘ - '- ‘ v 1‘ - II . n' . IQI-'v 'll‘lll o It [‘1‘] o ‘3' 6 - .I l I c. :«D Id! c I I '4‘..- I In .. - -§I O b L o u n "i. " -1 I' I .. 0 n a \O O I ‘.Iv . o i '14--.. -- "d 0! o u n | I; u ‘1' u‘ u II- o I "l. I- l 17 3.3 828.: .z 3%.? 335 386.5: I fix; mv 3,7 kg #17 x 3 838m outages f :5 .32 :3: 8323: 8m. 312:2..Nv 838m 5.838 3 L .o.m .uovuonuo {own-m assoc 3.3.. .83.: and .333.-. 33H :8: .52 854E dud“ .3: 32:59 :38 :3: .83....M8389 can .835 15$ . mm: 1, Continued mm 2. Bow WW 21.22923 21.39.999.135 var. var. mm mm E. Lam E. F:' X E. E. m E. £1.41...1d t! 3- 9.12m $,, . . o o . 9 a . r p . I u o o o u o 9 a o o n o O C . o. I c n o . - . o . Q ‘ O 'h C n . _ o o C u 0 O I— o c I o o n O O \ o O I o O u ' :I- u O O o O u . r u . C o o u o a o u . .9 c _ u r — I P . o . _ ~ . ¢ . . . v c u u . . . ._ . . . .. . .. u a f— - . . L a . . o - u u l— o“ F ¢ . . . . . u 0' a _ . ..... . . . .2 .. . u 0 . 0 o _ t a o v . ..o . u a a (a . _ . n . n pl. . O o a u C v o u.- o . or u a o O Q ---.' .'.. O ' ....... -‘I‘ ‘ III'I ‘si'-.‘|‘- "II‘II-"I'-o - 1'-.. -‘Il‘t 0". u"- - Ila - ..... "' 0' O C v. f o. ‘ .. I . OvOaJ 0'! u . o. n s V. . . ‘ .\ fl.u . -I u o c {(0. I"ll-.-l'OI'D‘I--.’-O"II+..'!‘ -3'!‘ --'l-l .‘Cl-- C! .."--"-ll"-" I---'I- l ‘I‘I-I‘I. o. to: O v.0 . nu . 1” v Jr a I . . ... ... . . .. .. a ~ .x .,. .. .. . . . a I O U - v . . I Is a . l--"-‘ .l'.‘\‘. 1 .II;I.II ‘|' rt.-".--a ' .’ 'l“--!"-“i- l" 19""--- i I ‘.| I, I'll --I | I . on . o .t 1 fl g. a. . a .v . . I n I I l . bu I _ J. lv - r o 'O"- "D'un.|l'l.ll.'- ---‘|-. I. r ‘1 u'Il.i ’OOCIII'--.'II\ O‘\-'l.‘ll.i.-Illl IIII I-‘ a .0--. . I . I. O \I . - 4-D. 1 I v I... C‘s ,- 0, . u .o ' - ’CMI-O.» 5-. In. . a . it":. --".-'I‘ --I'- u '0 ‘1-" it u‘l.--'.l.--"ll0 '1‘“- I'I.i. . v -'¥' I "‘ --.I- - ’0' I- t I t I ‘ .I I u. N. 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"I‘ -1. ,3 . ‘n‘l c - I. .II c 0 .II - 0‘. \fr no 1 )u“. q\. ,3“)! .- V\ I I . . - . . . r .3 v ”8 I q. 2 p 18 Continued was I, 3.3 its: 4. .55— 31an 35.58le 1 x x,v x,v x A3 8.303. 37L :‘f’i' "i" MES .63 :3: gun-u.- 1m 31.3.3.8 838‘ 5838 . "(l’ Smaalwqmnv Ebb-Wench .093. a x,v x,vf 38- .8% it 83.8 3-3 :3. ”human-dam x . as .3.- .88 saw é.§ £38 .883 253 MW hm var. rpm I0 m VII. m LW ”0 ' 9.2mm 9.. 9,. 9,. 80 h--. ,- ’ .- -l If ' ., .- .,o .u-O- m "n " o...—.-- a -. 0 us . a . . . - . . . _- . g v ‘ y. .- l -. ,.~ “- o-o- ' U . p . *‘f . .. o .~ a v 0‘ I ‘ | . . . O ‘0‘ - v‘ I v . I . u .- . ~ o I u f - I _ 01(."v’-' .‘.f (I "‘ .7'1.r o l ..' . n‘. I A k‘l . ' — -d'- -0.-. 'u r\o\1 0 I. ' ‘ c-05~--».u _ . - - .- p I ..‘.. . . .u . a... - o 0-. . . viii . . . . C- o - .. | , Ir . . - n g. no. I .‘ .. . . ., .. .. ‘- n . . . ,c . o'- r 0‘ .c- - O .- ,‘ ‘- ~- 19 mm 1, Continua 3.8 83.1 .n 3392 A365 35...: x,v x E 8.28m 89.38 2.5 .32 :3: as“; 5m . .4 N 1313318 .363 38¢. a' . .I.»-'. it‘ll! JumédeNw .o.m .8388 393. p88 3.50: :3? 3.3m .3350 x 1,7 23H :3: .35. 8-3” as .8: g :25» :8: 2.8.3 .8389 £36 .825: £83 tt 9.2mm: mm- 2. 2m 9.2mm 9,. 2 9.2mm 9,. Q. , ‘ I O O I O | . c O Q - I. ‘ '- - . . . . s l o 1 .,q 0 . . . . . o " \ a ‘: I " - ', I . - ’ l . ‘ a ‘ O . a C . . . - . ' . ‘ v ’C o .' ' , - . - .I ‘ T *--o»‘Q--r-o 4 . .- - v-» . ,. .‘ , . l, L - - I .. ' O O . 1 ‘fi. l ‘ l v". ' ' I .{ . O . I . ' I ' I . ., 1 l. _‘ ‘ ' . u ' . .9 . u o. I \ I ‘ . ‘ o . .. - -— -.- _ .¢..—.---.. . ' . n . _ -, ‘ O .- .o- .- on. ov‘ 9". A.“ l .. w. .'l .- ' $ ~- ‘ I ‘. o . D.‘.' t. I 'D.’ I‘ I"( 5-... - . V. , h-uc .d-‘OO O 'k 0. one-a .- -V- -< O I ~9-h. ‘9‘ . .- - O. .c‘ r I l . ~'u“ .a—ao - ‘vr O T ' O 1 Q'. ‘ I - - —~- .- . -0 ‘ . h~ -- u. ,g I“! I . O > .- III- . I ,- . no“ .0 v . l‘ ' O C ' u H O n O 1’ p . l M . - l . U” . O - c‘- v — —, 0 O . . -. Q I0< ' I c. ‘ .4 ‘ .‘ f . . - O -- o — "a O ' C- -- Sufi. «3.8-4 .2 0383 x x x x x no 1 x x 1 Sims gun..— 1 “oil 1 x x x x m. x x x m. x 8. 338m 2......33L 38 £3 :3: condos-uh nu _ 8125...... 838m 33...... m. x x v . ~48 r - - Jana .aouuou and...“ 333.3 x x x x x m 213 :3: .85. 8.38 x x x i .3 NH .3: Eng 1 t m cop-m :8“ London 398.8 x x x x x x x L. .33 .8252 3.33 x x x m l J O G .1 O 0 am 0 t t. .1 l t m M .. . .. .. .. 0.. 0.. 0.. 0.. 0.. 0.. 0.. 0.. 0.. 0.. 0.. 11313 I, Continual A35 03-1-4 ... 3%.: 313. 3.9.3 Am. {832% 84.58 :...o..m .3330 .0? :80 I .1: 115$!!! nit“: 1.11-1!‘l1lli.l+Tl1-’15 up: :38: £3»... .3... .383 {w -lr.1¢.:1v.tf.l.l . AM: .35 :3: 1.4825: in -Aflfiié 838m 5386 2 9.1111111111101110 111111.11 fim'W-iilwlil rill-RI}- -a .111»: Ir- «2.....- .2! .L 2.7.235...- 3.3 :3: .85. 85.... 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' If . .. . l -- -- ~ '. _ . . - _ I - > . '4' . ‘ v M C I- I r In“. ..—‘ U . O 'I ‘V .' o - D-n ' 7-. O—O‘-< ' -- a C 3.3 «3.5.1.: ”342 313V: 3:85.“: 0}... i..1.«l«u ‘3‘. 58.533; I‘lw. 131.11: «11.11:! 4; ..1 EV .33 :8: ofidofih 9.» 33.3.3.3 838m gufiu Amwanmfiod «o m «cacao-do «om—Hum 9:30 .58: .839." {an .5338 253 :3: 5.3m 8-38. . 33V .3: «:58 8.5a .3: «8.21: .3588 £38 .85... «.83» m1: 1, continua m. L. L WW WW WW mm m. DOV. §° My mo mo l. 'V’ . i ‘1 « ‘ ‘ . . 23 mu I, swam Gui «3.5.: ..: 3984 83.3 2338...... Am «.118: 8538 ‘1'. EV .33 :3: «859.: «8 63.3.3.8 «3:8: 5:550 :11 Ag .o.m 30—3030 «033 £300 .23: .8? :5: .5333 23.: :8: .53: 8.38 3V .8mdalwtn -35» :8: «.33. .6830 .310 .625: «.53: WW 3 329223.13! 5.4mm VII. I07. $211311 2.2mm i. m §. 221.2212: "1% O fa. I. g.‘ - «1.1. \P NP a: 3.3 83.55 .: 3:84 83.»: 33...: . A3 3.38m 06.3390 €3.33 :3: 8325»: .5... 33.3.3.3 «.38: “3.5.5... 433 .o.m .263ch .0; 0.80 3.8- 5th Jana hounds 253 :3: .55: 838 as .8: 35.: 85m :3: «:33 .3588 .31". .86: «.83: m1: 1, Continued cmmornxu Ochre-anathema WW Hydra-soup arm 12231.91! cum Ohroococoaceu mm mm mm mm W «p, am -C.. u' c - - « . , O . . . r- v - . J . I ‘ . . . I . . .I .-. . . , . c « ‘ l I . ‘ m 'M-“-—.--Ia a I . f‘ l K . t‘ q_ _4 v ‘ a -0“-. .‘.¢ . _. o. :7 .f .l, .1 '\ . l r‘ ‘- - g .7. \ "l‘ ‘l unit I 2 l‘ |'\ fi. *— I} -o. . . .. ‘ ‘ r . \ ‘ . If " $14... '5'.” ur ,-' -\.' - 0 ' ‘ . " '- 0 - — V- . o ‘ t)!‘ . ‘ 7.x, . . I . ' ' ~r'f‘0-l- __ u- «c I I I.“ —-.-.- r .- . . ~.. -H-u. o« -..-o I \ 3—- on... .‘ I. .- ." "’-- ‘ . .5 .- --...--. ' I .‘--'- ‘ ' a'\«u( . «._...- o —-.- ¢ . _ .« — o :3 U4 m1: 1, Continued 2 3.6V 83.53 .: 0381 813V 3:888: Fl :3 «3:8: 8838 A5 33 :3: cannon-uh cam $13.35 «3.8: .5888 gnaw: .o.m .uovdo-do .omnom v2.00 1 2,71 .8: £38.. :5: .583: 253 . . 3: .55: 838 5V .3: 355: .55: :3: «8:3. .885: .35... .895: «.83: tofu-n Ip. x - present, v - minty, WW £1:QO 12W». a. 26 LIST OF SPECIES It will be noted in the following list that there is apparently more enphasis on the green alga than on the blue-green. and more on the des- mids than on the other green algae. No quantitative methods were used in this study. however. and the more conspicuous and easily identified forms of necessity were included first. Many species were not satisfactorily identified because the fruiting bodies necessary for speciation were not found. Also. fragnents, especially of the blue-green. did not permit of satisfactory identification, other than to genus. There were far more desmids. in respect to number of species, than for any of the other algl groups present. and. these were more readily identified. thus accounting for their prominmt position in the following list. 11'. G. W. Prescott was consulted on questions of identification. The location of stations at which samples were nude is given according to mountain ranges, for convenience. For further clarification the fol- lowing is a list of these regions. including states and counties: Sierra Nevada. California TiOga. Pass, Yosemite National Park. Tuolumne County. Carson Pass. Alpine County. Grouse Ridge. Donner Pass, Nevada County. Southern Cascade Momtains: Lassen Peak. Shasta County. California. (To be referred to as "California Cascades" in the subsequent list.) Middle Cascade Mountains: Mt. Jefferson area, Marion County. Oregon (To be referred to as "Oregn Cascades" in the subsequent list.) 27 Seven Devils Mountains. Idaho and Adams Counties, Idaho Salmon River Mountains. Lemhi County. Idaho. Iat'Lssion Range. lake County. Montana. LeWis Range. Glacier National Park, Glacier County, Ebntana. Waterton Lakes National Park, Alberta, Canada. Q—llDROPHY'LA Palmellaceae Sphaerocystis Chodat Sphaerocystis Schroeteri Chod. Net tow. Lewis Range: Marias Pass at 5200 feet; Sierra Nevada: Woods Lake, Alpine Co. at 8500 feet. Sub- alpine. Gloeocystis Eageli Gloeocystis gigs (with) lag. Among filamentous sessile algae. Salmon River Mountains at 8300 feet. Subalpine. Gioeocystis rupestris (Lyng‘o.) Bab. Among other algae in floating nets. Iogan Pass, Lewis Range: flowing snow-melt at 7100 feet. Alpine. Te trasporaceae Tetraspora Link Tetraspora gelatinosa (Vauch.) Desv. Attached to submerged branches in pond. Lewis Range: Brown Pass at 6100 feet. Subalpine. (Only one specimen observed.) Cheetophoraceae Stigeo clonium Kiltzing Stigeoclonium spp. Unidentified species. Salmon River Infountains at 8300 feet. ‘ Su‘calpine. 28 Chaemphora Schrank anetophora incrassata (Huds.) Hazen. Net tow from flowing water. lewis Range: Sumdt Creek. Marisa Pass at 5280 feet. Subalpine. Oedogoniaceae Oedogonium Link Oedogonipm 813p. Unidentified sterile fragments. All regions considered. Subalpine and alpine. Bulboclaete Agrdh Bulbochaete spp. Unidentified sterile fragments. All regions considered. Subalpine and alpine . Hydrodictyaceae Pediastrum meyen Pediastrum bidentulmn Bram. Net tow. Mt. J efferson. Oregon Cascades: small lake in andesitic talus at 6000 feet. Subalpine. Pediastrun Bomum (Tln'p.) Menegh. (Pl. I. Fig. 1.) Among filamentous algae. Salmon River Mountains at 8300 feet; Seven Devils Mountains at 7500 feet. Subalpine. Eediastrum 130mm var. granulatum (1mm) 3mm. (Pl. 1. Figs. 5. 6.) Net tow. Sierra Nevada: small lake at Tioga Pass at 9900 feet and from Woods lake. Alpine Co. at 8500 feet. Subalpine. Eediastnm Miami var. retimna'mzn lag. (Pl. 1. Fig. it.) Net tow. Mt. Jefferson. Oregon Cascades: small lake in andesitic talus at 6000 feet. Subalpine. mm w (Eb-1‘.) Ralfs. (P1. 1. Figs. 2. 3.) Net tow and among scattered. attached algae. Salm0n River Mountains at 8300 feet; Seven - Devils Mountains: Spring-fed lake at 7500 feet; Sierra Nevada: small Olake near smmflt of T109. Pass at 9900 feet, and from Long Lake (Grouse Ridge) at 7000 feet. Subalpine. ’ Pediastrtm tricornutum Barge var. alpinum Schm. Fa. (Pl. I. FigS. 7, 8) Among other attached algae; Salmon River Mountains at 8300 feet. Subalpine. This plant was reported by Taylor (16) from alpine regions in the Canadian Rockies. Oocystaceae Tetraédron Kltzing Tetraédron w (Braun) Hansg. (P1. .II. Fig. 5) Among attached algae. Bertha Lake in Waterton Park. Alberta. Canada at 5800 feet. Subalpine. Eremosphaera DeBary EremOSphaera viridis DeBary. Among other forms in attached gelatinous masses. Salinon River Mountains: lakes and. meadow-bogs at 8300 feet: Seven Devils Momteins: Spring-fed lake at 7500 feet. Odcxstis Mgeli Oocystis app. Specimens were found in all regions but were not satis- factorily identified. Oocystis Borgei SnOW. (P1. II. Fig. 8) lrfieadow-bog in Salmon River Mount- ains at 8300 feet. Subalpine. Ankistrodesmus Corda Anldstrodesmus falcatus (Corda) Bali‘s. Among other algae in attached gelatinous masses. Salmon River Mountains: lake at 8300 feet: Seven Deflls Mountains: spring-fed lake at 7500 feet. Subalpine. Dictyospbaerium Nageli Dictyosphaerium Ellchellum Wood. (Pl. II. Fig. 2) Among attached algae in gelatinous nasses. Meadow-bog in Salmon River Mountains at 8300 feet. Subalpine. Qtndrigula Printz Quadrigula lacustris (Chodat) G. M. Smith. (Pl. II. Fig. 1) Among other algae in attached gelatinous nasses. Meadow-bog in Salmon River Mount- ains at 8300 feet. Subalpine. Scenedesmaceae Scenedasmus Mayan Scenedesmus b13119 (Tm‘p.) lag. Among other al9e in gelatinous nasses. From a pond overlying volcanic ash near Mt. Jefferson in the Oregon Gas- cades at 6000 feet. Subalpine. Scenedesmus obliquns (Turp.) Kfltz. (Pl. II. Fig. 5) Among other al9e in gelatinous nasses. Boga? area between two small lakes in the Salmon Riv- er Mountains at 8300 feet. Subalpine. Scenedesmus quadricauda (531111).) Bre‘b. (Pl. II. Fig. 14) var. quadrispina (01m) G. M. Smith. Meadow-bog between two small lakes in the Salmon River Mountains at 8300 feet. Subalpine. Crucigenia Morran Crucigenia irregularis Willa. Net tow and from among other al9e in gela- tinous nasses. Seven Devils Mountains: spring-fad lake at 7500 feet; T109 Pass in Sierra Nevada: small Lake near summit at 9900 feet. Subalpine. Crucigenia rectangtflaris (IQ/g.) Gay. (Pl. II. Fig. 3) Among other algae in gelatinous Basses. Meadow-bog between lakes in the Salmon River Mountains at 8300 feet. Subalpine. zyglezrataceae Spirogyra Link Spiroeyra spp. Sterile fragments of this genus were found in many of the 31 Desnidieeeee Closteriun Hitssch W W (Schrenk) Ehr. In a film gelatinous use attached to submerged vegetation. Marius Pass in the Lewis Range: in Sun-it Creek at 5280 feet. Subelpine. W W Cleve. (P1. XIII, Fig. l.) mug other slgu in gelatinous messes attached to submerged legs and eqmtic vegetation st shore of lake "U" in the Salmon River [contains at 8300 feet. Subelpine. W m n. Notaris var. {marl (Belts) Krieger. (P1. XIII, Pig. 5) Pee-non. It. lessen, California Cascades: lake Helen st use feet. Subelpine. W Diem Ehr. (Pl. XIII, Fig. 3) Along other algae in gelatin- ous mess in beggy ares between lakes 'U‘ and 'l' in the Sal-on River Mountains at 8300 feet. Subalpine. W m (nary) Ehr. Net toe. Marine Pass, Lewis Bongo: Sunit Creek at 5280 feet. Subelpine. W m Breb. var. mm (knell) Krieger. let tow. Ihriu Pen, Lewis Range: Summit Creek at 5280 feet. Subelpine. 910m 1511212338 Ehr. (Pl. XIII, Fig. 2) Among other algae in gel- atinous lessee in the boggy area between lakes '0' end "I“ in the Sshon River Mountains at 8300 feet. Subelpine. I W W Guts. Net tow. Sierra lends: Woods Lake, Alpine County at 8500 feet. A new record for North America? Spinoclosteriun Bernard W W (Beil.) Hirsno. (Pl. VIII, Fig. 2) Mt. Jeffer- son region, Oregon Cascades: in e bog at [.000 feet. Subelpine .9» - .~.o ? ... e U. ‘ .- . . .‘. . I . v t . I - “FA" ..— ' ‘ ‘l-‘o‘\‘ K'; - , r I ~< r "run-«.- -:- ae’u - —.~a"l‘u- Odie . ' t g h... .}.\. .' . I..1_‘, ‘. g I I . 4 " e I ‘a . ,' ‘ ‘ f \ > e 1 ~- - e-- o . _ . . "9‘ ‘5." r . a L._\.. .' I Q a . . r-x. ,. -"-‘ '!I' A {‘4 n; —‘." um I . '1 . , . <7 . I .. O- 1 . a e e ‘ VI '! r ~5 .e , . . L. ....... I . r '. '.;..' T . . . e n ’ ' . ‘J - e y .l. H a . .- A I ‘ A a r 9 '- e I ._.. . v . e or u .. . CFH -7 ’ a -- 0" I I , - .‘ “ ‘ i’ l' " . 1 . . .I . . ’ I 'II m.‘r , ' 1 \". I" . I -‘~ .. . .‘l ' v .—. » . e - . - o ‘ ‘ ‘ I ll . , . a . Q 1 ‘ I .I " .. . VA . 4.... .. I _ e ' . , . av ‘ .v.-.q . ~ - ;, . .. - _ ‘ _’ - " I r" ' I ' - - .s ' ‘. ¢ 1 "" . . ‘ ‘-.‘A‘§ . ~ . l '. r~ ‘ .-' ‘ "I r . . a .. ' ' a - . ~ .‘Ieo - 0 0 do ‘ I._ 3 . ‘ . v e ‘l , ~ ,.‘ “ ., u r ‘ e. It 'I' "- fiat. - - e '4”. “Cat. ‘ . e ~~ ' 0 v t . to I I .. ."t C‘ e a I '3' ‘ . ‘(jm‘ ‘ 0 F. . O l "" . u -. . .5 . ‘ —* H—q -~ - -4 l ' , I e ‘ ‘ .. 1‘-‘ 0 ~ 9 . 32 Peniun De Bre’bisson m m I. West. Along other algae in attached gelatinous nasses in a boggy area between lakes in the Salmon River Mountains at 8300 feet. Subalpine. ' w W Party. (Pl. III, Fig. 6) Among other algae in file-en- tous nasses. At lake shore and in boggy areas between lakes in the Salmon River Mountains at 8500 and 9000 feet. Suhalpine. mm mesggns Cleve. (Pl. III, Fig. 5) In a pond overlying volcanic ash sea? It. Jefferson in the Oregon Cascades at 6000 feet. Suhalpine. Pleurotaeniun llgeli W W (Bx-Jo.) De Bary) (Pl. III, r13. 2) let toe and fro- among other algae in attached gelatinous nsses. Sal-on River mountains: leader-bog between lakes 'U" and 'V' at 8300 feet; Sierra Nevada: tow fro- Foods lake, Alpine County at 8500 feet. Subalpine. W nodosg (Bail.) Lund. Iron a spring-fed lake in the Seven Devils Mountains at 7500 feet. Subalpine. W m (Ehr.) mg. var. m (Reinsch) Roll. (Pl. III, rig. I.) leadoI-bog between lakes we- and 'V' in the Salmon River noun- tains at 8300 feet. Alpine. W m var. mm (Delp.) lest 8: West. (Pl. III, Pig. 3) Pros ponds overlying volcanic ash. lit. Jefferson region in the Oregon Cascades at 5000 and 6000 feet. Suhalpine. Docidiun de Bre’bisson pocidig W Bailey. (Pl. III, Fig. 1) Iron a pond overlying vol- canic ash. Ht. Jefferson region, Oregon Cascades, at 6000 feet. Subalpine. Euastrun Ehrenberg m sp. nov. (P1. IV, Fig. 1) Near to g. oblonggg (Grev.) Ralfs. in a , ' I.‘ ‘ ) i . , . a s . ., ‘.. I . .' ‘. . :. ’A _ ...-. ..- I " a . k e p . . . 0 .I ~fl -» — o ‘ ~ ' ~ ' .' I " . . .. . r .. '- . . I .> ' ' , l,‘ . t I ‘A' .’ '.e I ' . u . . I A>1 . . _ I _ . .. \ f . ., -. . . . . f . ,. . “My“,v. .. r, r' ' 1 ' "‘ ‘ 9 . .. .. .«u--. --. , ' _ , . . '. L .. .1. .' , .. ' .. -. . . I t; «J. .arcm .. ...v:.' en'- \ I: ‘r :- e' \ ' "‘ . .. I, ,L .. e ' ‘ ,- ‘ . . ’ ." _ (. .. ' \ ‘ g . ’ .’ .‘.' ( g ‘ \e ‘f ' 1 ' . .- .I . . ,- .' o.‘ . I’l.“ ‘ ' a . . I ‘ .="‘r ‘ ‘1.. -e ."‘ q o‘- ' ' ‘ ‘ '. " ° . ._.. - - . a; _.l '. e I :0. U file a .f o 'O W ‘_, a .-4 . '. a‘ e ..- I: . ‘4‘ a ' ' . .g‘ ’ . '. , ") A . L { a . .- ‘ a. ‘. s h s | . _. I A -. . .,I' |, .\ "" ' . ~. , s . , $ . n v I l‘ ...“ ' .' ‘ ' I‘; .e.'.‘ 9' fin ~ ‘ - l l ._ s ‘Ie..e4 I. .- | ' .I ‘ 7 . ' ‘ " ‘ ‘. | I ‘ -0 ‘-' o~ no. a v- .\. - ~~a - b v r . . - v ' o a -2 7‘ ~ , .. '. v . .. - , p, r I a Q ‘. ‘ , a ‘v..- I .‘ \ ' .g 3 . s _\ ‘0 ‘u.| roe .‘. | l’ I “- r "_ , . ‘ a . _ r . f' . . , ‘ ’ . $ 1‘ ‘. K I . a. I 31-: .’.-‘."- . '~ (‘2 ~23 \ ~--i :PJ‘. .- ‘ -. ' . '.. .' . l' s a v.- . \. ‘7 :‘of “a ".' .3 . ‘3 C-" " .a t k". ' :s .I' f I ‘ a . e ' . '. '1- ~ ‘ epr’ I I . -- .. *3 :2 .«' -. -. -..-..t. e. ' '- '. "" "3 ., -(~ . . \ d lsQ‘O -1 -.I — C ’ ~ . f. A .. r ." '2‘ - ' '.. .. . s n 1 .- . .1 ' - h ’3 ' . ‘ ' “ . '- -I‘ rx‘ (~l'r' . ‘~ it, ’ .- , ‘ I a ' . 9 .- I s -. ~ - .' - . - . , .r. ' " , '."«-'.~ .6" -., i .. (.' ‘ e p . no. ‘ ‘6 no- er- . 0 . .-. a . ' ‘ "- - ‘-‘Y'! ‘\ "‘ i. ‘ t ' ' e- I" ‘ e ' ‘ x. ' '. a? I. ~ ' c r“ ~75 '_ : ‘J.’ . e 1‘ q ,. -,o'I I . ..., r u to, u“. . l . . . I l g ' ' 4. - ' ' . _.i K . r’é‘ , :.‘. ‘ ._.'. ; ..‘ . .' .. x 1. I - . ‘ . . five 0'- . —-¢ .- .e‘—. -‘a d.. _ _.-a . on o - e e . u-t V -. 9 ' . Q , ~ ‘ ... u: -: '19.. .34. '21:! pm. ~~ (\f .. w :v - r . ’ ’ \ " » , .w‘ , - , g » - . v 0"". ‘."“" ' .' (2". Yu('. N" I . - ' mm: a 5M :u -‘ w . . .o.~ . ‘ : '( a" , .' r v 3. g \ r \ j, r- ,, .. .4 f', :l ._,.'. .I ‘ ‘ ... . . - o. i. ‘. .~ Oun- . a , e - -‘~~ e H - o - ' 'l ‘, ‘ f I at .~ .‘ ‘ . th ' ‘ 'e” (3 ’z‘?’ “r - '-V ’ . ‘ ‘ ‘. 0‘ , ‘ . - v ' . ‘ e . a r 0 w. y; ' ». , ' a I ‘ T ".' ‘ 2.. I u I ' A :r \ ~:' . I . ‘ . .. - .w ' . - '.fi " ’ 0'" t. " ' 0" a-.. 33 general for- but much smaller. Cells less than nediun sised, length one and one-half tines the breadth, oblong-elliptic, deeply constric- ted, sinus narrowly linear and slightly dilated at the apex; senicells five-lobed, incisions between the lower lobes very shallow and Open, the upper rather deep and slightly open. L. [.1 u, I. 26 u, Isth. 8 u. Fro: a pond overlying volcanic ash near Ht. Jefferson in the Oregon Cascades at 6000 feet. Subalpine. W m Ralfs. Net toe. Mt. Jefferson, Oregon Cascades: pond overlying volcanic ash at 6000 feet: Carson Spur, Sierra Nevada: small lake at 8100 feet. Subalpine. m m Ralfs. ‘ Pond overlying volcanic ash near It. J effer- son, Oregon Cascedes at 6000 feet. Subalpine. m new m. (Pl. Iv, rig. 1.) Among other algae in gelatinous lessee, in boggy areas between lakes in the Salmon River Mountains at 8300 feet. Subalpine. m biggntatg Mg. Net tow and from along other algae in floating and attached gelatinous messes. Salmon River Mountains: in boggy area between lakes "V“ and 'I" at 8300 feet; Seven Devils Mountains: spring- fed lake at 7500 feet; Logan Pass, Lewis Range: small ponds of snow-self. in alpine neadows at 7000 feet (also from much lover altitudes in the Iontana Rockies). Subalpine and alpine. W w (Breb.) Kits. Pros along other algae. Salnon River Mountains: bogg shore of lake 'U" at 8300 feet; Ht. Jefferson, Oregon Cascades: ponds overlying volcanic ash at 6000 feet. Subalpine and alpine. . . - ‘ ~_ I o\ ’ I e '. . 1 .. L ‘ .v A .. ‘ k . A . . . . . .. _ e . e ‘ : - . . e . ' . J ‘ . . v- r a ‘ ‘ ‘ A U ' ° ‘ V ‘ . ' ‘. - e . » ‘ n. . , . ’e ‘ . ‘ r. ' ' , e - e k ‘ . . ‘1‘ v ,e- I I ' .A , .. . . l \ 1" ‘ o “' " " . H‘ ' \‘Ii ‘. ' . .' ‘ ‘ e ‘ . _ I. ‘ _s n " J‘ x 'n'. r A ‘ A H ‘ ‘ 04- ,‘ 4., , _ . ,~ w v ”I ‘ | ' v D . O . - __ _ . _ u I ‘D. ‘ ‘ ', . .‘. . _ . . . _ , . . ‘ ‘. .‘ t e . ' "' . K . " \. ‘ e ' . o . ,o h H. ~ . -,. . . :5“ ‘_‘ . . 0. . ! . r: f. . , . .1 ' , - 1 . C ..- - . - . . .. . l , - ‘ I .- fl . ’ ‘ .‘ m I" . .‘ , F . , - , . v. .' . n ‘ . i . ‘ . . t I e » ‘ t. e ‘ I o v’ ‘ ' r’ 0 ' ‘ "‘ ll '. - . . . ‘ u - ' '< ' e . O ' O . b O . \ ~ - ‘ a e- - --v . ~ f - v 4‘ f ‘ .,‘. . ’ ‘~ u - " A ‘ 's .- . ' . ' .' ' D . ‘- "" J 1! . K ¢ 3 " . | . ‘ l ‘ ‘7 s , ’ ‘ .. ' .‘_ - l" | I .- >q , § 0 ‘ ‘ I. d ’ |' ,: . * e e 3 J "' _r‘ ‘ Il'f. 'nrl't . .-'|' ‘ . \‘ ' -—-— - -~‘- c-.. s.— 0 . '5 a w IV s ‘ . - Q . 7| . ‘v . s. O A u a . . . o . ”o; c n - 0‘ ‘ .- o‘rI-V o. . '. .l: -f D o .— g... . f‘ .s . \ . n .v ‘ ‘ -m—Ifiv‘ . o 0 . . - cl - - ‘I .a 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. PLATE III M inner. x 1500 A. octocggig, x 1500 L. m, x 1500 ;. 192% ft. m, x 1500 A. M13314 var. 213133321. 1 1500 A. 1.993; var. W, x 1500 L. o v a, x 1500 A. m var. Queue, 1 1500 (Q 1. . ” r' - rm . . b it" ~ . . . ,. 1. 2. 3. 1.. PLATE XIII glosgziun W, x 300 910 1° t 9 i 300 9.1. Blair. :5 1600 9;. We 3 6m or; ""\ n . O o .4 r .r c ‘1' c o a“ . - .J l .- ' O r I ‘ \ Q _l“ - a . -r‘l ,“tl ' ' ’ J. t '5 I' r 1' ,n .. -. . f L o- . . ." ".1 .9 Q . ’ r ' - ‘ \ .- -: . ‘5 5’. PIATEXIV Um Photo. View of west Ilope of It. Dene (elevetion 13,050 ft.) fron Tioge. Pass (9,941 ft.) in Yosemite ntionu Perk, Celifornie. Tin- berline here varies between 10,000 and 11,000 feet. Visible heel are primarily 211.!!! 3% var. m Poole in the meadow (foreground) proved to have ebundant plankton algae. Photo taken in early Septe-bc. Lower Photo. View toward east tron Logen Peee Smit (elation. 7,000 feet) in Glacier letionel Perk, Iontene. Going to the Sun lountein is on the left, end St. hr!“ Lake in the middle Intense. 8.11 pool- of snow-melt in the elpine needowe (foreground) proved to be excellent collecting places for elgee. Trees in dietence ere etunted m W. Photo token in early August. MHV #5 a,- ”~11. :7 ”q. . v u . . d \ 1 ’1. ' t I i ' o“ ‘ , .- . 9" 9 . . . ‘, . e 05 I P I of “’0‘"? f: l ( W.z’ . _‘ . _' H. A'Wmmwt 1‘; ." ,fl 'rt'erm/J'“ y. s -e‘ -' h I. ' ‘ \. ’1” .A; .: ‘r d: ' r "n. ‘L, _, q . ‘ . , - "5‘ e . I I ..m..."’,' '~h~ PLATE IV RANGE HAP CF CERTAIN ALGAE 0 003mg ium pseudo‘taxighongm var. geptentzionalg . Stamsm bioculam 0 fl-Lumlwn + Spinoclosterium cuspideggg -I- §tamam pologicum ' q.- §_1_:_. agatinum var. Mbrachiettg fe. RANGE MAP OF Grimm ALGAE ,5. e r .. [II n-. e PLATE XVI IN WHICH.ALGAE WERE COLLECTED IN THIS STUD! Sierra Nevada, California. Lassen Peak, California. It. Jefferson eree, Oregon. Seven Devils lounteine, Idaho. Selma River Mountains, Idaho. Lewis Range in Glacier Nationel Perk, Hontane. -vv—u’ NORTH AMERICA SCALE I” too 300 see soo eoo roe eoo eoo ugoo untu k L L A A A I A A 0 Ir ' V Y ' I 1 V V V V Y Y Yfi 0 too ‘00 ON .00 DO” I?” neon IULMVII’ LAWERT'S AZIMUTHAL EQUAL-AREA PROJECTION “\h 1 :40 :00 ea IZO IIO I O '(O? LON”! GOC'DE'S SERIES OF BASE MAPS Plum 5:: 9!. ~-, M Lr,:;:.-:! ea. . ,_._ —