HIEI'IIIII‘T ’Ul ‘ I {all I w \ \ . l I.o V J _'\|_; I00 [I (1)010 THE EFFECT OF WEIGHT TRAINING ON THE JUMPENG AB‘LITY OF HIGH SCHOOL BASKETBALL PLAYERS Thesis {or Hm Degree 0? M. A. MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY Leslie John Gratton 1958 —. urmmmummnmmmmm 29310802 443 LIBRARY { Midligon Stutet University ‘ MSU LIBRARIES “ RETURNING MATERIALS: Place in book drop to remove this checkout from your record. FINES will be charged if book is returned after the date stamped beIow. .- ..,- ‘_._ W ‘r_*~_'-‘I,‘I:Q 3., 3’5: (‘ [1 "‘" '5" {u I; ‘4 f- ‘4‘ Ir ‘ l: ~ [I r' ‘7 JAN 0 8 199-7 , _\l k‘ j \J. I MICHIGAN 5"" . '-LIWA3‘ INS1 RUCT‘ONA [- EDUCA COLLEGE 0 "E \.‘..‘~1"V RIALS {— r. r5 9'." 1 IO“ EN". :3 ‘ I c: .‘ V “7 THE EFFECT OF WEIGHT TRAINING ON THE JUMPIHG ABILITY OF HIGH SCHOOL BASKETBALL PLAYERS By LESLIE JOHN GRATTON A THESIS Submitted to the School of Graduate Studies of Michigan State University of Agriculture and Applied Science in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS College of Education 1958 THE EFFECT OF WEIGHT TRAINING ON THE JUMPING ABILITY OF HIGH SCHOOL BASKETBALL PLAYERS STATEME T‘Qg THE PROBLEM To determine the effects of weight training and free maximal vertical Jumping on the Jumping ability of high school basketball players. METHODOLOGY The boys used in this experiment were eight high school basketball players sixteen years of age. four experimentals were matched on vertical jumping ability with four controls. After matching the subjects as to vertical jumping performance one of each pair was randomly selected to become the experimental or, weight training group. This group participated in a weight training program three days per Week for a period of six weeks. Both groups took twenty maximal vertical Jumps three days per week. Ten Jumps were taken with each hand. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS A comparison of the "t" values for the experimental and control groups shows that each group improved significantly. The mean increase for the experimental group was 2.025 inches, as compared with a mean improvement of 1.25 inches for the control. The mean difference of the two groups is .775 inches. This differ- ence was statistically significant (t=5.406, p=.05). On the basis of the evidence presented the following conclusions have been drawn: 1. A program of weight training and maximal vertical Jumping improves vertical Jumping ability. 2. Free maximal vertical Jumping also improves vertical Jumping ability. 3. Weight training plus maximal vertical jumping will improve vertical Jumping ability more than free Jumping alone. I wish to take this Opportunity to acknowledge the guidance and assistance of Dr. Wayne Van Hues in the preparation and completion of this paper. This paper is dedicated to my mother, Mrs. Isabelle Wagner, without whose early guidance this would not have been possible; and to my wife, Lois, for her faith in my ability. TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER PAGE I. THE PROBLEM? DEFINITION OF TERMS USED, AND LIMITATIONS ON THE STUDY . . . . . . . . . . . The Problem. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Statement of the problem . . . . . . . . . . Importance of the study . . . . . . . . . . Definition of terms used . . . . . . . . . . . Weight training . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Press . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Curl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sideward raise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Forward raise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Walking squat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Limitations of the study . . . . . . . . . . . PUQNNNNNNHHHH II. REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE . . . L . . . . . . . . Literature pertinent to weight training in athletics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . III. METHODOLOGY OF THE STUDY . . . . . . . . . . . . SubJects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . How selected . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . How tested . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Groups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Equipment 0 O O O O O 0 O O O O O O O O O O QQOQQQQDP Weight training program . . . . . . . . . . H H Statistical analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . CHAPTER IV. ANA v. summer CONCLUSIONS AND RBJCOLIIIIENDATIONS LYSIS OF DATA . . Presentation of data Discussion . . . Summary . . . . . Conclusions . . . Recommendations . BIBLIWRAPIIY 0 O O O O 0 APPENDIX A. Basic Data B. Body Type Photos PAGE 12 12 13 16 16 16 17 18 20 LIST OF TABLES TABLE PAGE I. Initial to final weight lifted (lbs.) . . . . . . 13 II. Initial to final Jumps . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 LIST OF CHARTS CHART PAGE I. Improvement in vertical Jumping ability . . . . 15 CHAPTER I THE PROBLEM AND DEFINITIONS OF TERMS USED In recent years there has been an increase in interest in the effects of weight training on the performance of athletes. In Jumping ability, studies have been completed which reflect significant gains with free vertical Jumping and weight training when compared to controls. None of these studies, however, have determined whether the improvements recorded were due to the weight training or the maximal vertical Jumping. I. TIE PROBLEM Statement of the prgplem To determine the effects of weight training and free maximal vertical Jumping on the Jumping ability of high school basketball players. Importance of the study Coaches and physical educators are always striving for new and better training methods. It is hOped that this study will contribute to our knowledge in this area. In the present study the experimental program did not start until after the Christmas recess so as to avoid as much confusion as possible with the regular basketball conditioning changes. II. D RINITIONS 0? TERMS USED Weight training» A program of training in which a systematic program of weight lifting is followed. Press An exercise in which the barbell is grasped with palms toward the thighs and pulled to the upper chest.» It is then pushed to a position where the arms are fully locked overhead; it is then lowered to the chest. This completes one press. 935;_ The barbell is grasped with palms away from the thighs and raised to a position across the thighs as the exerciser stands erect. Then it is raised to the sternum by flexing the arms, the barbell moving in an are as the elbows remain at the sides. Sideward raise The exerciser should stand in a position of attention with dumbells held at the side, arms straight. Keeping the arms straight and knuckles up, the dumbells are raised directly to the sides in a fullsemi- circular arc until they are fully extended. Forward raise This exercise is performed in the same manner as the Sideward raise with the exception that the arm is raised forward to a position over the head. Walking sguat This exercise is accomplished by placing the barbell in a position across the back of the neck. The exerciser then places one foot in front of the other and lowers his body to a full squat; he then raises his body to a fully extended position, places the other foot forward, and repeats the exercise. III. LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY Possible limitations of this study are: 1. length of training period only six weeks. 2. Only one age group of boys tested. 3. Inability to control outside activities of boys participating in the study. 4. unequal motivation of subjects. CHAPTER II REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE Prior to review of the literature the factors involved in the Sargent, or vertical Jump were considered. Strength, power, speed of muscular contraction, coordi- nation, and leverage seemed to be the most important. It was with these factors in mind, that the literature was reviewed. I. LITERATURE PERTINENT TO WEIGHT TRAINING IN ATHLETICS Height training is still a young and relatively untried method of athletic training, though it has been recognized for a century as one of the fastest techniques to develoP strength. until recently coaches were afraid to use weights in their training programs, because of a fear of muscle tightness, or muscle boundness. Within the last few years research has shown that weight training apparently does not affect the flexibility of the athlete. Wilkins stated, "the chronic weight lifter is not muscle bound in a sense that his speed of movement is impaired. His speed is as great as that of other students studied and improves as much or more during a semester of weight training."1 Karpovich cites an incident with a former weight lifting champion, and Mr. America, John Grimek. Mr. Grimek and John Davis, another weight lifting champion, were giving demonstrations in weight lifting at Springfield College. Karpovich asked John Grimex to scratch his back between the shoulder blades because, as a boy, he had been told that professional wrestlers and strong-men could not do this simple task. Needless to say Mr. Grimek was able to do this, with either hand, and from above or below the shoulders.2 Masley compared three groups, a beginning weight lifting class, a beginning volleyball class, and a Sports lecture class, before and after a semester of training. The results did not confirm the contention that weight training contributes to a loss of coordination and speed. Larger increases in speed and coordination resulted from a six weeks course in weight training than from a similar period of volleyball or inactivity.3 13. M. Wilkins, "The Effect of Weight Training on Speed of Movement," Research Quarterly, 23:361-369 October, 1952. 2 . . J.-hurray and P. Karpovich Weight Traini in Athletics (New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, I§%6}, pp. 13-45? 3J. W. Masley, A. Hairbedian, and D. N. Donaldson, "Weight Training in Relation to Strength, Speed, and Co- ordination", Research Quarterly, 24: 308-315, October, 1953. 6 Ouellette found that a weight training program on the quadriceps muscle group had no deleterious effect on sprint running times and that the trend was toward faster times.4 McCormic investigating the effects of weight training on one hundred yard swimming performance found there were no deleterious effects from the use of weights and that the trend was again toward faster times.5 Whether this trend toward faster times is related to speed of movement, or to greater endurance as a result of strength is not known. Evidence that weight training does not have a detrimental effect upon the speed of elbow flexion and extension but that it actually increases along with an increase in strength has been shown by John Endres.6 Chui reported that weight training had a bene- ficial effect upon performance tests requiring a combination of speed and strength. In his weight training group, a mean gain of 7.2 cm. in the vertical Jump was reported with no losses. in his required physical education group a mean 4R. c. Ouellette, "The Effect of Quadriceps DevelOpment on Sprint Running Time", M. A. Thesis, Michigan State University, 1955. 5A. McCormic, "The Effects of Progressive Resistance Exercise on the Upper Extremities and Its Effects on One Hundred Yard Swimming Performance", M. A. Thesis, Michigan State University, 1956. 5J. P. Endres, "The Effect of weight Training Exercise Upon the Speed of Muscular Movement", M. S. Thesis, University of Wisconsin. 7 gain of 5.86 cm. was indicated with a mean loss of 2.14 cm.7 Capen obtained results similar to Chui's. He showed that both a weight training group and a conditioning group showed an increase in the Sargent jump, but in every case the weight group improved more than the conditioning group.8 Potter compared the ten, twenty, and thirty RM progressive resistance exercise programs on strength and hypertrophy. In each program a significant gain in strength was indicated. no statistically significant differences were found between the groups studied in static and dynamic strength decrement or muscle hypertrophy.9 McCloy in an early study concerning the importance of arm strength in the Sargent Jump, found arm strength and total strength to correlate highly with Jumping ability.10 7E. Chui, "The Effect of Systematic Weight Training on Athletic Power", Research Quarterly, 21:190. October, 1950. 8E. Capen, "The Effect of Systematic Weight Training on Power, Strength, and Endurance", Research Quarterly, 21:87, May, 1950. 9D. R. Potter, "The Effects of Ten, Twenty, and Thirty RM Progressive Resistance Exercise Programs on Strength and Hypertrophy", M. A. Thesis, Michigan State University, 1957. 100. H. McCloy, "The Apparent Importance of Arm Strength in Athletics", Research Quarterl , 5:9, March, 1934. CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY OF THE STUDY The present study was undertaken to determine the effects of weight training as contrasted with training improvements based on free vertical jumping. Subjects The boys used in this experiment were eight high school basketball players approximately sixteen years of age. Four experimentals were matched on vertical jumping ability with four controls. The subjects were matched as closely as possible on body type. How selectgd_ Each member of the team was tested to determine the height to which he could jump from the floor. The average of the six jumps was taken and the boys matched as to height jumped. How tested Each boy was asked to stand with his toes against the wall and his hands over his head in a relaxed position. The boy was asked not to stretch, but to try and achieve his maximum reach. The reach was re- corded in inches. He was then asked to stand beside the wall and jump as high as he could and touch the board located on the wall. Each boy jumped six times, three with his right hand, and three with his left hand. All six jumps were recorded. The distance jumped was obtained by subtracting the height which each boy could reach standing, from the height he could jump and reach. Groups After having matched the subjects as to jumping ability one of each pair was randomly selected to become the experimental group. This group reported to the gym three mornings per week for a period of six weeks to participate in the weight training program. Both groups took twenty maximal vertical jumps three days per week. Ten jumps were taken with the right hand and ten with the left hand. Equipment Very little equipment was used or needed in this experiment. The following was used: 1. Barbells and weights. 2. Dumbells and weights. 3. Jumping board. The jumping board was a piece of blackboard, two feet by three feet, with a wooden frame around it. This board was marked off in inches, and hung on the wall. The bottom of the board was located seven feet from the floor. Weight training_program The program consisted of five basic weight lifting exercises. The first exercise was the press; each boy was asked to press the maximum amount of weight that he could while making seven repe- titions. After reducing the amount of weight to approxi- mately 80 per cent of the maximum he could press seven to.$.’cl . .Q'AOOJ. Q .0.- c§ -. '. P... 10 times, he then repeated the exercise pressing the weight fifteen times. As he grew stronger the amount of weight in every case was increased. when he was able to press his maximum ten times, the maximum was then increased to where he could only press it seven times. When twenty repeti- tions were reached in the second set the weight here was also increased. The second exercise performed was the curl; again the student was asked to curl the maximum weight he could curl seven times. He then reduced the weight to about 80 per cent of his maximum for seven times, and repeated the exercise fifteen times. The same criteria for increasing the amount of weight lifted, that applied to the press, also applies here. The third exercise was the sideward raise. This exercise was performed with the maximum amount of weight the boy could raise ten times. When he reached thirteen repetitions the weight was in- creased. The fourth exercise, the forward raise, was per- formed exactly like the sideward raise in regard to the number of times weight lifted, and to increasing the weight. The fifth and last exercise was the walking squat. In this exercise the boy did twenty walking squats under maximum load. When he could do twenty-five the load was increased. In addition to this program, each boy in the experimental group, made a total of twenty jumps for maximum height. Ten of these twenty jumps were made with the right hand and ten with the left, and were always done-on the same 11 day they lifted weights. This made a total of sixty jumps a week. The amount of weight lifted at each session was recorded for the experimental group. The height jumped on the first, fifth, and tenth jumps were recorded for both groups. Statistical analysis The data was tabulated and statistically analyzed using the "t" test. Comparisons were made between groups, and from the start to the end of the testing programs. CHAPTER IV ANALYSIS OF DATA The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of a weight training program on vertical jumping ability. Using the Sargent Jump Test, to determine the height from the floor each boy on the basketball team could jump, four matched pairs were selected for the experiment. One boy from each pair was placed on a weight program. This program consisted of seven weight lifting exercises which were performed three times per week. in addition they also took ten vertical jumps with each hand three times per week. The control group had only to jump ten times with each hand three times per week. This program was carried on for a period of six weeks with the following results. Presentation.gf data Table I shows the amount of weight lifted, for each exercise, the first week of the experiment. it also shows the final weight each boy was capable of handling at the end of the six weeks period. 13 TABLE I INITIAL TO FINAL: WEIGHTS LIFTED (LBs.) EXPER MENTAL SUBJEO TS Exercises Ca Br F0 Ed I F I F I F I F Press Max. 85 135 75 100 75 105 65 85 Press 80% 75 105 70 85 65 85 5O 65 Curl Max. 65 ' 105 65 80 60 95 55 65 Curl 30% so 90 50 70 50 85 50 60 Side Raise 23 30.5 15.5 25.5 15.5 30.5 13.5 18 Front Raise 23 30.5 15.5 25.5 15.5 30.5 13.5 18 Walk. Squat 105 135 90 120 90 110 80 85 I=Initia1 Test F=Final Test Discussion A comparison of the "t" values for the experimental and control groups shows that each group improved significantly. The mean increase for the experi- mental group was 2.025 inches, as compared with a mean improvement of 1.25 inches for the control. The mean difference of the two groups is .775 inches. This differ- ence was statistically significant (t=5.406, p=.05). On the evidence presented it is safe to state: 1. A program of weight training and jumping will improve 14 vertical jumping ability. 2. area jumping will also im- prove vertical jumping ability. 3. Weight training and jumping will improve vertical jumping ability more than free jumping alone. TABLE II VERTICAL JUMPING: INITIAL T0 FINAL Control Group Experimental Group Initial Final Increase Initial Final Increase (in.) (in.) (in.) (in.) (in.) (in.) Cat 21.0 22.6 1.6 P0 21.0 23.0 2.0 Ne 22.0 23.5 1.5 Ca 22.0 24.5 2.5 Bi 22.6 23.6 1.0 Br 22.6 24.6 2.0 Ma 22.8 23.7 .9 Ed 22.8 24.4 1.6 M 1.25* M ’2.02* *The improvements of both groups were statistically significant. (control: t=7.12, p=.01: experimental: t=10.99, p=.01) _l < 'n— 515 ° ° mg — t—u: 2%: 8x LIJ 40 'l _ 0Q <1 0 .- 4 0 <1 0 -+ 4 9.1 I'll Ll [I ll 111 ll NQQQ¢NQQQ¢NON¢QQ NN----- llll (SBHONI) dWflf‘ "IVOIIBBA NI SBQNVHO 15. CHAPTER V SUMMARY CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS Summary This study was undertaken to determine the effect of a six weeks weight training program on the jump- ing ability of high schoOl basketball players. To conduct the experiment, pairs of subjects, matched on vertical jumping ability were selected to participate in the experi- ment. The study was conducted the last six weeks of the season so as to reduce the possibility of early seasbn conditioning being a factor in the final results. The experimental group was placed on a weight program consist- ing of seven basic weight lifting exercises plus ten vertical jumps with each hand. At the end of the six weeks period all subjects were retested to determine the amount of increase from the first to the sixth weeks. The improve- ment in vertical jumping ability was statistically signifi- cant for both groups (Control: t=7.12, p=.01; Experimental: t=10.99, p=.01). The difference between groups (.775 inches greater for the experimental group) was also statistically significant (t=5.406, p=.05). Conclusions l. A program of weight training and maximal vertical jumping improves vertical jumping ability. 17 2. Maximal vertical jumping also improves vertical jumping ability. 3. Weight training plus maximal vertical jumping improves vertical jumping ability significantly more than just maximal vertical jumping. Recommendations 1. Conduct this experiment again for a longer period of time, possibly twelve weeks to determine if jumping ability will continue to improve as long as this program is followed. 2. This program could also be conducted with college players to see if the same results could be obtained with a different age group. 18 BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. BOOKS Campbell, William G. Form and Style in Thesis Writing. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1954. Murray, Jim and karpovich, Peter. Weight Traini in Athletics. New Jersey: Prentice-hall c. 56. 2. UNPUBLISHED STUDIES Endres, John P. The Effect 2: Weight Traini Exercise U on the S eed of huscular ovemen . . S. ThesIs, UnIversity o WIEconsin,l953l McCormic, Allyn L. The Effect of Progressive Resistance Exercise on.th£_Upper Extremities and Its Effects on One hundrhd Yard Swimming PerTOrmance. M. A.iTh3sI§, fiTEhIgan State finiversity,‘l956. Ouellette, Richard C. The Effect of Quadrice s Develo 6 ment 9n Sprint Running Time. (fihpuBIIshed M. A. Thesis, Michigan State University, 1955. Potter, Donald R. The Effect 9: Ten, Twenty, and Thirgy RM Prggressive Resistance ExercISefPrograms on Strength and H ertro h . M. A. Thesis,fiichigan ¥ 195;. State Universi y, 3. PERIODICALS Capen, Edward K. "The Effect of Systematic Weight Training on the Power, Strength, and Endurance", Research Quarterly, 21:87, May, 1950. Chui, Edward. "The Effect of Systematic Weight Training on Athletic Power", Research Quarterly, 21:190. October, 1950. Masley, J. w., Hairbedian, A., and Donaldson, D. N. "Weight Training in Relation to Strength, Speed, and Coordination", Research Quarterly, 24:308-315. October, 1953. McCloy, Charles H. "The Apparent Importance of Arm Strength in Athletics", Research Quarterly. 5:6, March, 1934. Wilkins, B. M. "The Effect of Weight Training on Speed of Movement", Research Quarterly, 23:361—369, October, 1952. 19 APPENDIX 21. 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