1. . . x . Ni

... O
. asuV-V . ‘ ..- \..0 HA. Cc”.
... ... .
. so... . .9 snmh.
.. . ~ I , I
..., u _ FI‘
. o O
.
_ I L . o'
. I
r ‘ - O n
O
. I
.. /.
O . a
o O ., o o
. ~ .
I . n
O ..
- ... ..
f
—
. -7\ ‘1’
v ‘ .
. ..
. A
Q 1
a. . . c i T o
z
n
.‘I
.

 

L'

\-
O

“A.“ AAx
k

9
\

 

C

*‘ DRIVER

.'
-

 

 

 

1.1.15 . s...

...; ~

 

mgmnyuzuynjmIgugqrgggnguugmtuyl

 

 

INVENTORYING FOR COMMLNITY

RESOURCE DEVELOPlENT

PROGRAM

by

Galen A. Driver

A graduate problem submitted in partial fulfillment
of the requirements for the degree
of

Master of Science

Michigan State University
East Lansing, Michigan

June 1966

..rm

0 9....

(A

TABLE OF CONTENTS

pk“
r-
‘
}

Preface.........................................................
What Is Community Resource Development..........................
C.R.D. Model....................................................
Why C.R.D. is Needed............................................
Need for C.R.D. in Canada.......................................
AmR.D.A. - An Act to Mcet Rural Problems........................
Careful Planning and Inventorying Necessary for C.R.D. .........
The Study Procedures............................................
Guideline for Inventorying Community Resources..................
Further Considerations of Inventory List........................
Organizing and Completing A.Community Inventory.................
Summary and Conclusions.........................................
Bibliography....................................................
Appendix A......................................................

Appendix BOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO..0000...0.0.0.000.......OOOOOOCOIOOOOO

12
15
19
26
28
47
51
79
83
86

87

‘*‘.,

 

. Q ~ - . . o \

-. . I n ‘ . e . . p a v

. c . u 6‘. . . n I u C
. I t u . a q - .

. ~ ~ » ’-‘ o .

u: r \ u I - I I o l"

:v ‘, I‘4 "'J ,

a o s o s A v \ . a .
. . . “I . W ‘.

‘E

a o u - . a u n . a -.
v . . ' -

u A D n O - ' U ' ~
. r I g Q g .
J n I I a a n I I . 5

   

 

PREFACE

Comunities are changing rapidly. Individuals are becoming more
aware of this change. Governments, Universities and all Institutions are
also becoming more involved in the process of change. We hear more and

more about planning for orderly growth.

In this paper we will be concerned with how communities inventory ..,

 

. f...
their resources as a basis for their community plans. We will study ex-

 

 

 

isting sources of information concerning inventorying for community de-
veIOpment. Our objective is to develop a list of items which should be
considered when a community prepares a list of items to inventory.

After making 50 requests for materials on "Inventorying Conlnunity
Resources", it became increasingly evident that there was a need for a
comprehensive list of items to inventory for Community Resource Develop-
ment. The replies received clarified the problem that the author ori-
ginally had planned.

I would like to thank Dr. Mason Miller for his continued support
and guidance during my master's study program at this university. I would
also like to acknowledge the contributions of my graduate comittee:

Dr. Milton Steinmueller, Dr. William Kimball and Dr. Robert Anderson.

I would like to thank the Agricultural Research Council of the

Quebec Department of Agriculture, for their financial help without which

pursuit of further studies would have been impossible.

i

L)

 

 

. ‘L

 

 

 

CHAPTER I

What Is Community Resource DeveIOpment

Community Resource Development has a different meaning to different
peOple. To some it means a forestry project, planting trees. To others
it is group meetings, discussing problems of the community. To others it
means nothing.

To Gordon L. Lippitt community resource development "must be pri-
marily concerned with the development of motivated, educated, trained, and
informed citizens." (12:103) He sees C.R.D.'s duty to develop people, to
make better citizens.

A more formal and all inclusive definition reads like this, "it is
a process of social action in which the people of a community organize
themmelves for planning and action; define their commnn and individual
needs and problems; mmke group and individual plans to meet their needs
and solve their problemm; execute these plans with a maximum of reliance
upon community resources; and supplement these resources, when necessary
with services and materials from governmental and non-governmental agencies
outside the community." (10:2)

If we look up standard definitions for these three basic terms they

read like this:

Community: a group of people living together and having interests, work,

etc. in common.

4
1"
’I
all
...
.
.
at
r
. .
..
...
.
J
,
. .
. .
A.
.
.
.v
I
.

 

....

‘11‘

’-

Resource: something that lies ready for use or can be drawn upon for

aid; supply of something to take care of need.

Development: a step or stage in growth, advancement, etc. (14:6)

"Community resource development is centrally concerned with growth
and advancement." (12:6) Then there are a host of authors who say that
community resource develonment means increased employment opportunities,
increased income per capita and improved social opportunities. To me it

means people workipg together with the resources they have control of for

the good of themselves and the community.

 

E. C. Weitzell, Director of Division of Resource Development and
Public Affairs, Federal Extension Service, U.S.D.A., used these words when
talking about resource development.

"From an educational standpoint, resource development is the process
of providing motivation, educational guidance, and organizational and tech-
nical assistance to group action through citizen committees and organi-
zations. In other words, it is the beginning of economic change through
enlightened group action. The aim is to reach people that need assistance
most, to involve them in projects for their own economic good, add to
generate additional income for those who need it most." (12:10)

Renne talked about progress as implying moving forward, development,
advance toward perfection or to a higher state. Apparently there was a
goal, planned or informally agreed upon. Not all change constitutes progress.
We say progress is change in the right direction. But what is the right
direction? Is it any change that brings us closer to our goals or desires?

Then what are our goals? (12:23)

 

.
,
. .
< . e
. a
. U?
. . ‘3 I
1 J . v t
. .. c .
. .. ‘
. I . y
r
u . A
a. .
.
a r .l
.
. . .
. . _ k.
I- L . . .
. _. y
l
W . r
. f
I I
‘ n
o .
. ...
. .. . . .
. . .
. _ . . . u
I < .
a _In
... . . .
. . .
r
. .
0.
ll to. , .
o
. 1 ‘
. I .
a- Y:
.
s
. .. ‘.
.
. .
.
I
. .
. .
A
u .
.I
.
u .x
\ l
. . u
. .
. .
.
.

 

 

c .
I‘.
. a
l
I .
.0
, I4
I!
_
.
I I I.
. .z .
fa .
.. t
L
r I
s
‘ a
l
.
.1!
I r
s
o
.

 

 

Community goals may be difficult to establish. Not every person
wants the same things in a community. We are all different. Belser out-
lined some of the considerations necessary to come up with some community
goals. First there must be an assessment of the problems confronting the
community. These problems must be brought together and studied as associ-
ated factors. As a bundle of problems they make up a comprehensive assess-
ment of the needs of the community. It is essential that they be approached
in a comprehensive way so that their solutions may mutually complement one
another. It is a well-known condition that consensus on both ideas for
actions and methods of achievement is most difficulé to attain. (12:123)

It isn't always easy to establish community goals. It will take time.
It will be an important step in the community resource development program.

A community resource development program.can be involved in any
number of ways. It deals with all types of resources. The program is
broad, it can include a small project such as a study group on town taxa-
tion or a large watershed project which affects several counties and several
thousand acres and costs millions of dollars. But whatever program is

involved, there are only three kinds of community resources to work with:

"Natural - the land, water, climate, minerals, etc.
Human - the people and their attitudes, skills and
talents.

Institutional - the schopls, churches, markets, government
groups, and other organizations and services
which fill community needs." (12:15)

For three such simple words, one is amazed how complex and involved
community development can be. But when we stop to think of the range and

scOpe of such a program we are not surprised. "Community and area resource

 

 

deve10pment is unique in that it nukes an effort to consider all inter-
related factors of society and economics. It recognizes the interdependence
of farm and non-farm, rural and urban people. It calls upon the special
skills and services of many people and agencies to help solve the problems
of imbalance wherever they are found." (33:1)

Community resource development is a dynamic process. It involves

people, things and change.

CgRgD, MODEL

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

From the Community In the Commppity For the Community
...—...... .9... '
NATURAL Economic
Resources fi‘.~‘*““‘€>—__ SOCIAL Goods
I ‘J ACTION
' HUMAN \ Social
' Resources Gains
INSTITUTIONAL - measure
Resources - analyze

- evaluate
- decision
- plans

- action

—

'.'
. .‘
_.
u
’1
i
u .-
a
0 v
4
- ...
.‘o
.1 ' '
. . ~-
.- '-

 

_.‘. l

CHAPTER II

Why C.R.D. is Needed

Times have rapidly changed. Community development ideas have been
working since the first settlers came to the land. But the scene is more ’
complex now. In the early days "Open space abounded. So did jobs. There
was no need to stabilize employment or to balance the development of ex-
isting communities. We were busy selling and settling undeveloped land,
and we had plenty to work with.

"Today the situation has changed. Many cities and villages have
outgrown their original boundaries, -- scores of new residential areas have
taken over large areas of once productive farmland.

"Recently we've also grown concerned about forest redevelopment,
lake and stream pollution, and flood protection. In many counties we've
begun planning our beauty spots, our recreation centers, our parks and
our neighborhood playgrounds. Today many communities are applying care-
ful thought and care to the design of new residential and recreation
areas, school systems, industrial parks, and transportation and communi-
cations systems.

"People are moving into once quiet farming towns and using express-
ways or the new interstate highways to drive to work in the city some 20,
30, or 40 miles away. These non-farm.country people require roads, police
and fire protection, and school facilities. Sewage disposal and safe water

supply problems complicate an already crucial situation. These needs

5

 

usually are urgent before the community starts to take in the tax money to
finance new construction." (1:2)

Urban expansion, with its increasing demands for recreational,
industrial, and residential purposes, calls for a review of land use and
consideration of county planning and zoning if natural resources are to
be properly used and conserved. Such developments as highways, lakes, air-
ports, etc., may drastically change the physical base of the community and
create problems of economic and social adjustment to the new situation.
(37:6)

The problem is how to provide all the opportunities to all the
people. Everyone wants economic prosperity, but in pockets of the country
there is little opportunity to earn a decent living. "The United States
is extending technical and economic aid to undeveloped countries abroad,
seeking to help them achieve economic growth. If we can teach others to
achieve growth, we should be able to stimulate it within our own depressed
industries and depressed areas. We need, therefore, to examine the process
of economic growth - the forces that promdte it, and those that hinder it -
so that we may revitalize industries and areas of retarded growth at home."
(38:4)

Economic development just doesn't happen unless there are techno-
logical advances. These cause changes in the labor force; and frequently
cause a problem in rural sectors in that labor does not shift out of the
agricultural sector of the economy fast enough to equalize marginal real
returns to farm and non-farm workers of comparable type and grade. Con-
sequently, our rapid economic growth has resulted in agriculture being

chronically ’30vermanned" or put in different terms, much labor in

agriculture is "underemployed." (12:31) If this shift was fast enough, the
excess labor moving out of agriculture could have obtained work elsewhere
and increased the social returns to the economy.

In President Jehnson's message to Congress on Area and Regional
Economic development on March 25, 1965, he stated, "a growing nation can-
not afford to waste those resources, human and natural which are now too
often neglected and unused in distressed areas. We cannot afford the loss
of buying power and of national growth which flow from widespread poverty.
Above all, we cannot afford to shut out large numbers of our fellow-citizens
from the fulfillment of hape which is shared by the rest. For that would
be the denial of the promise of America itself." (16:1)

In Carpenter's publication on Rural Areas Development, he refers to
two basic problems in Mississippi--unemployment and underemployment. They
no doubt are problems in other areas as well. Unemployment and under-
employment are the reasons for the median family income in'Mississippi
being only 48% of the national average.

The Governmental program of Rural Areas Development is a response
to these needs to speed up growth of economic Opportunities, to provide
new jobs and to use fully the human, natural and economic resources of
Mississippi.

R.A,D. in Mississippi is a total resources development program. R.
A.D. stands for Rural Areas Development, which implies development only
in rural areas. This is not true. It includes cities, towns and com-
munities, as well as rural areas. (9:1) In many areas lack of employment
is an urgent need. The shift of the labor market has left many persons in

physical areas without work and without attitudes, skills and ambitions to

I 5/ . . . A
L n . A
I r. Y _ v u I . A .
. I a >
w . A -.. A
Ll.
' V . A.
n I .’ I‘I
a. . . .
.n.
V . I .I a .
f: . .
. A l )
.... ul. - . _ . . .n 1'. I I
y . . . II
v A . ‘ u :1: n It.
.I I- . v.) . .l C . .u
- D 4 '.
A . t '40.: ovl
I I. e e I
. n; P . v
.!
.l- . . .. O . I
o . . .
. 6 A . .. .
V . t. I IL
. .
. .
A .4 J . o .
l . A v . y . . .
v o
A . . av . I ‘l
| f . .n A ..
I u; A .a . . a. ~ 4
. I . I
. I I. . L. .
a r .u.‘ . . Ir
. x u I
t I. .
I R A . ' o 9 L . '0
L .. A . . x.
I: l .-
In
. . . . ...
I f . a . c
. v .
r] . u ,A . . v .
- .1 ... .. . . u A . .
. P f . f .
. .. u I- '\e l. ”v y .
. . I .A v
I: .. .
. u I .
u .
A . . .50. | . .
9| v . n
.. A .
a . I u
I f .
. . o A . l. O
. . . r I a . I
. . II.
. v . A .
1 u. .. A A
-.. I .
. A . A . I p
I n I 1|: . .
l
1 . . t
D; A .0 l |.- .td
. A. A . I . I
r D. 1
I I
Y n I“ A
.l L: f
i ’ n!
- t
. A». . I.
I .
a .
. . . .
.0- .A r .v . ~ 1} V y
A .. u. t .
a . . v n l _
\ . . . .
. . u! 14 I I '1 a .. .1
I i l. I . e
. . . . f ' ... .
v. u! . .
I, I . .
. . .
n .1 -I I .i‘
a ‘n O O I
.. . s .
Q . A . A
A ,
..
.v
4 p
7‘ .C,‘ I ~ n l': I‘
. .. .l. I
. o
.7, . In
a A m
. n . .
. u
. .I oa.
.
It a
I I A
P.
. i
. e
I . . J
I .
l‘ n x. . r.
a . .. .
A o I
1 A A I
7 'II 0 n
. IA
Y. I
v.
I ‘
.
. .. .
.
. . A. l A
. . ,
. ..

Al"
..

l

I -A
..

move.

There are some basic reasons why this unemployment exists. Sauer
(34:1) points out that it is due to changes in technology, mechanization,
and automation, and population increases. With these comes pressure for
the use of natural resources and problems as well as beneficial effects
on the economy. These problems are both social and economic.

With all these changes taking place in the rural communities, such
as school consolidation, health and social changes, shifts in population
and with more and more rural people as part-time workers in industry, Smith
(29:1) indicates that community development work is becoming increasingly
important to the peOple of Georgia.

In Copp's book "Our Changing Rural Society", he discusses American
education in this way: education is increasingly mass education. Steadily
growing numbers and proportions of the eligible population are receiving
fonmal instruction. In 1960, enrollment in elementary and secondary schools
approached 45 million and enrollment in higher education almost 4 million.
A high school education is coming to be thought of as a democratic right;
a college degree, once a rare privilege of a small elite, is on the way to
being regarded as essential and taken for granted by a high proportion of
the population. Two-thirds of all youth of graduating age now graduate
from high school; in 1940, only one‘half graduated. 0f youth aged 18-22
more than one-third are attending college. (14:12) This increase in
interest in education places a heavy demand on educational facilities and
professional staff.

Education'has only been one phase of the change. The changing

economic conditions of recent decades have required shifts in the structures

l ..
. o
t
s
l .
..
,
\l
. u
. . n
.
_
. r . . ,
.
.
. I . .5
I
V ,
. .
¢ .
. I
. ..
. .
'
1.
u
a
. r. I
la .
.
i .
. . .r.
.
I
‘ A
. ..l
.
t. . .
.. x
0..
y

.
I
. . .
V
'
. .
n. ..
. . ,
. . I
..
In ..
..
. .
. I.
i
.. y
Y . ... .

II. . v
.1. A.
a T
.o
‘
a
u I ..
V.
.4‘.
, ..
. LI
. .. ,
. .. )3
O
.. ,
I
. n
u. .
. .2 ,.
. ..
. ,.
.9.
. to
u. A
a .
I

.,1

ft

_ ..l,
. .
.
‘t
I a.
..
. 9
. .
.
. a
.
.
r
(7
I
v n.
.
. .
\a .
_
.
v‘
9|.
.-

 

\ I.
..
s
. . I
V . .
a a .
. . c .
. q . i
.
_ , .
... v .

I...
a!
.
n 1
.
.
I .
I .r
\ u
.. . .
. .

 

of local communities. This has happened throughout the United States.
Perhaps the hardest hit have been the rural communities established genera-
tions ago to serve agriculture. Due to their limited resource bases and
small population numbers, many of these communities have found development
to be extremely difficult in recent years. (5:1) In real life the future
prospects for some communities is not bright. Businesses are moving out

of some small centres and the population and activity is on the decline.

The community structure is forced to adjust to a lesser type of activity
under these conditions.

This presents problems. As farm population declines and modern trans-
portation adds to mobility, community and institutional adjustments lag.
Hundreds of villages--former1y farm communities centers-~are fighting for
survival. The rural community, largely dependent upon farm income, is
affected directly by changes in agriculture. In the transition zone, where
basic adjustment in farming is still incomplete, community improvement re-
quires realistic forward planning. As the economic farm unit is increas-
ingly important to the farm.operator, so modern conditions call for an
economic community unit. (2:3)

Community development programs are needed in different places for
different reasons. "In Kansas Area Development is not a cure-all. It is
simply a self4he1p program whereby the people, through their own initia-
tive, can systematically analyze their resources and plan a course of action
for future development. The ultimate objective of such an effort is to
make the community and area a better place to live." (25:2)

There are some definite needs to be satisfied by C.R.D. and there

are some basic reasons why there is increased interest in Community

.f
‘
~
~
. I.
a . \ . . .
..
. \-
a
u . .
. . ... - I
.1. I u-
. . . .
.. ~ r .
‘ t
a.
. .. I
. .
...
V
_
.
.I .
.
a a . . .
m
. I
.
A a
. . a
n
. t
I. . .l
. . .
.
i
o
.
. ..\ . .
. .
.

10

Resource Development. Kimball summarized these needs and reasons for in-
creased interest at the First National Workshop for Community Resource
Development in July, 1965 at HSU as:

"1. Social and economic revolutions which require community ad-
justments. Agricultural mechanization, mining automation, and industrial
relocation are among the chief factors. When a community exists, but no
longer has central functions it formerly had, people look for a way to solve
their problems. To be very specific, when there are fewer and fewer oppor-
tunities for agricultural employment in an area, people start looking for
other work possibilities.

"2. Population increases and resultant pressures. The competitiai
for relatively fixed resources such as land and water bring considerable
demands for resource development efforts. When an automobile used parts
lot is established next door to $25,000 homes or when a new factory dis-
poses of*wastes in a river which was also a popular fishing area, people
suddenly become eager resource developers.

"3. Greater interdependence of people and communities. When one
political subdivision purchases land in another for waste disposal pur-
poses, the two communities suddenly are involved in joint efforts such as
never before existed.

"A. Higher educational levels and increased citizen desires. Through-
out the world people increasingly want to work on the solutions to their own
destiny. They want to exercise this knowledge.

"5. Outgrowths of earlier successful community development efforts.
Early successful development efforts like Land Use Planning, Program Pro-

jection, Rural Development, "Community bootstrap programs", Rural Area

11

Development, and others have established a threshold for these current pro-
grams. Seeing what efforts like these have meant to others makes people
ready to try them.

"6. Increased assistance - educational, organizational, technical,
and financial - from educational units, organizations, consultants, and
government. Educational units have geared up to provide community develop-
ment assistance. Higher educational institutions have been especially in-
volved. Extension work in community development is now commonplace." (12

1-2)

CHAPTER 111
Need for C.R.D. in Canada

"Canada.has more than 2,000 million acres of land and less than 20
million people. We have more water than any nation on earth. We have a
belt of forest 3,000 miles long and averaging close to 400 miles wide."
(8:9) Yet with all this land, forest and water problems still exist. And
many people are concerned, including the Federal government. They are
concerned for the following reasons:

"1. Canada's economic growth rate has been slowing down. We
face large and complex agricultural problems, and chronic
unemployment in industry.

"2. In many areas there is conflict over how resources should

be used. For example, should certain land he used for
farming and ranching or should it be used as forest land?
Or can it be used for both grazing and timber production?
Should a given river be dammed for power production, or
should it be left alone to produce fish? Or can it do
both? Is the need for pure water great enough that we must
demand a reduction of pollution from industrial waste and
‘municipal sewage - and pay for it? Can, or should, land in
agriculture areas he expected to support wildlife as well
as domestic crops and livestock?

"3. Canadians generally believe that we have a moral obligation

12

 

 

13

to develop our resources for the betterment of our citizens,
for the security of future generations and as far as possible -
for the benefit of the world as a whole. We can't do this
satisfactorily unless we make plans and carry them out.

"4. Most problems of resource use cannot be solved without action
by a municipal, provincial or federal government. Some prob-
lems cannot be solved except by joint action by two or all
these levels of government. Too often, responsibility has not
been accepted by any level of government. Definitions of
responsibility are needed.

"5. There appeared to be reason for questioning whether our ad-

ministration is good enough to do the job we require." (8:9)

There has been rapid changes taking place in rural communities.
There has been a rapid change in technology in agricultural production.
New machines and methods can produce products faster, more economical and
fewer people are required to produce food for the nation. In 1931, 322 of
Canada's population was required to produce food. In 1965, it is slightly
less than 10% of the population and this figure is decreasing every year.
With all these changes the farmer's income has not increased in proportion
to other professions. There is much rural poverty in Canada.

Another very important part of the rural population are the "non-
farm rural families." The number of persons in this classification out-
number the farm families substantially in almost every province. The annual
family income in Canada in 1963 was $5,449. Just over one half this amOunt,

$3,000 was considered the minimum.acceptable income for non-farm.families.

14

Any family with less than this income was considered a low income family.
There are 294,349 such families in Canada. They represent 43% of all rural
Canadian families not living on farms. (35:2)

Wages and incomes are only one measure of poverty. There are others.
Education is one such measurement and its lack certainly is one of the major
if not the major cause of many rural problems. We considered that the earn-
ing power of a men or woman of working age with no more than four years of
formal schooling to be drastically curtailed. (Some sociologists would use
the term "functional illiteracy" in this case.) There are 1,017,869 such
men and women in Canada. They represent 92 of all Canadians of working age.
In rural areas, there are 656,566 people of sthool age (five years) and
over, not attending school, who have grade four or less. They represent
20% of all Canadians in this category. (35:3)

These statistics point out the income and education problems. The
"rural poor" are scattered across the country. In the publication "The
Sixties" they attempted to indicate where the "rural poor" lived. (7:4)
Actually they are hidden in remote places in all provinces. They are found
in areas where the land is good. Some are trapped on small homesteads which
are no longer large enough to make a living. Some have looked and found
part or full time employment of the fanm others have not been as fortunate.
We see similar problems in Canada to those experienced in the United States.
There was a need for a program to encourage economic growth and to eliminate

the wastage of human and natural resources.

 

 

_.
I

 

cl
fl .
A. a .
v Us
I:
1, r)

_
IA
..-
I.
A
V.
A
It;
1.
I.
u
s
v
\ ,
V
o.

.
Z
..
. \
f
.I so-
I.
.
. t b
.
O n
..
.
v
o
I.
a.
.I.
f‘
I
.
I
v.

5
a .A
s .
I
.. I
f:
. I
. . i,
S .
. f.
.
J
p. _
.
if. .a
v- I
.
1. .l
l.
..I .
. ..
p
..
.
.
I. a
C

(1!
. a

CHAPTER IV
A.R.D.A. - An Act to HEet Rural Problems

Help was needed and the Federal and Provincial governments came to
the rescue. "The Agricultural Rehabilitation and Development Act was passed
in June 1961, to provide a means of deve10ping national, provincial and
local programs to meet the pressing need for action on a broad front - action
to developagriculture and local industry, and to help rural people toward
greater opportunities and satisfactions." (6:3)

All of A.R.D.A.'s primary objectives fall within the general area
of conservation, comprehensive resource development, and community develop-
ment. The possible projects under this program fall into four broad cate—
gories:

1. Projects for alternate land use.

2. Projects for soil and water conservation.

3. Rural development projects - assistance to rural communities

to develop and diversify their resources and to create income
and employment Opportunities.

4. A wide range of research projects, particularly social and

economic research, to uncover avenues to improving condi-
tions in rural areas. (6:4)

These were the broad general objectives as proposed by the Federal
government. By October, 1962 all provinces had signed this General Agree-
ment and this new program got underway. With this program the governments

15

l6
hoped to help improve the living conditions of many thousands of rural people.

In the publication, Problems, Possibilities and Progress by the Canada
Department of Agriculture, they discuss A.R.D.A. as a people's program. It
will work best if local people are interested enough to take an active part.
It will be the local people who get the ball rolling. They will form.the
necessary committees which take ideas to the governmental bodies. If the
governmental bodies approve their program then the local citizens with
help can carry the plan to completion. The local people of a community can
study and discuss their problems, and discover opportunities. To be effec-
tive, local participation must be well informed and well organized. To help
local people "the federal and provincial governments, at the request of the
community may provide specialists in land and water use, community develop-
ment, farm.mmnagement, management of other resources, training and re-
trd ning of people, and so on depending upon the make-up of the community
and the resources it contains.

"Community groups will be thinking and planning in new ways, with
rather complex objectives in mind, so suitable extension programs and leader-
ship training programs will be necessary." (6:10)

This Federal-Provincial plan will assist in projects in the following
way:

"1. Problem areas may be selected for intensive study and
development. A.R.D.A. will assist the province in the
preparation of research studies and investigations in
land use, alternative uses for resources, training
facilities, etc. It can go even further, with pro-

vincial approval, to provide financial assistance for

—

7J

 

 

)
. u
A a a
v .
.3 I
, .
‘ n.
. . . . . J
. . .
.. . n
‘1 v . .
a ‘ . ..
| . ~ . . ‘
\u’. . l 1
u .
J i . A
. .
. .t .
... .
.. . n l
A .
pol ‘
. .
I. a r n m
. . ‘v u . k c
. .... I . A a v
, \ . v. Q
0 \ .
A ‘ .v.
I I. .
a J
.1 .3 \C . .
. .
. . Q.
. I .
, a
. .
u . . .
y
4 v. .t .
.4
I . . r .
. .
k 0 w .
. .
‘ T
. .
. .
i \ .l
. , a ‘I
.
‘ .
w .t . 1 9
A -
. . . . . . .
t . .
. r: I
. . . .
... . n e
u a a
I ,
J
J . . l.
. w .. .r , ‘
. . .
is r .
o
. .
r»
l
.t . . ‘
n .
.
.
.
.
.
i‘ ,

17

new parks, reforestration, the deve10pment of local
industry, etc.

"2. A.R.D.A. can assist in the preparation of research
studies of the same type for any area of the province
that needs attention. Such research does not require
provincial approval, but to proceed with projects does.

"3. Wiflh provincial approval, A.R.D.A. can assist projects
by providing money, resource persons, research workers,

etc." (36:3-4)

This pragram has made a good start it has worked in many areas. A.
T. Davidson (Deputy HUnister in charge of this program) said on December
4, 1964, "The A.R.D.A.;program under the general agreement began to get
really underway only in January 1963. Since that time, more than 680 indi-
vidual projects have been initiated, at a total cost of close to 60 million
dollars shared about evenly between federal and provincial governments.
Major projects and programs of alternate land use and soil and water con-
servation have been undertaken." (15:4)

Since this program began projects have been suggested by local people,
organizations and governments. These projects are evaluated and a decision
is made as to which projects should be carried out. Some Provinces showed
more interest and have approved considerably more projects than others.

This Community Resource Development program is greatly needed in
Canada. It is relatively new and many of the persons for whom the plan is
intended do not even know it exists. The people who are concerned and

interested in this plan in Canada.have some obstacles to overcome. They

.

..a -

I .
.
i
. .
. k
p
u 1
I: N. ..
...
I. o
.
f
c .
u l
6‘
s
n
A.
_

18

have to realize that both human and financial resources to help>them are
limited. Some of the professional help promised in the original legislation
has been difficult to find. Few, if any, had any experience in this work.
However, this problem is being resolved as more qualified persons are avail-
able. As time passes and experience is gained, this program has a huge
potential. It can be a most valuable tool to encourage economic and social

opportunities in Canada.

CHAPTER V

Careful Planning and Inventorying Necessary for C.R.D.

Professor Lippitt recently said "in an era of ever enlarging and
more complex social units called communities, the problem of effective
utilization of human resources for community action or improvement is a
major concern. Today's communities have been exposed to many changes with
which they have had to grapple - population explosion, increased industrial-
ization, rapid family mobility, urban and suburban population trends, racial
tension, higher cost of living, overcrowded schools, increased public ser-
vice demands, transportation crises, and many others. To meet these changes,
more and more emphasis is being placed on the need for community planning."
(12:102)

If we are to strive towards the goals of community resource develop-
ment we must possess the belief that man has the capacity to alter his en-
vironment and to plan his future. we must believe that through conscious
planning these goals can be obtained. (37:6) Some planning goals were
listed (1:10) as follows:

1. Prevent waste in land use.

2. Reserve best land for agriculture.

3. Direct new residential growth.

4. Create new wealth in the development of land and

balanced industry.

5. Preserve lands for wildlife.

19

.-
1 I . .
.
. I
. y p A
. .
y. . . . . .
. a ...
. . .
I. 1 I I .
. . _ . . .o .
I s O y s
. _
.l
I In . .
. u r, .
| u s
r .
. . ; . I
. I . .
. ,
. .9.
.
.‘ \
, ( ,
. . .
Ill .
n I 1
, I
u .
,‘I . i y
p
.-
I I .14 I
. a f
I, s
t l ’C l
.I n n l I
I c I 4
I.
, ,
. . x . . I
V
. .
I I II!
V
. .
. ,
. a . f
. . JI
u .
« . A
. A .
. .
v t .
.

 

’7

 

 

20

6. Outline flood plain boundaries.
7. Preserve and develop basic recreation lands and
water resources.

8. Strive to keep the community clean and beautiful.

The idea of planning entered into our society largely through land
use planning in cities as a part of the engineering problems presented by
city growth. The desire of urban property owners to protect their invest-
ments from adverse land uses of their neighbors and the outcry of reformers
against urban blight led to the development of city land planning, sub-
division controls and zoning of land uses. As physical land use planning
became more sophisticated, it led to economic planning} to studies of popu-
lation and gradually to the concept that it was possible to develop plans
for social improvements. (12:78)

Good planning is good business for those who pay taxes. It means
maintenance of values. For those who develop the land, it means more money;
and for those who lend money, a safer and better investment; above all, for
the average citizen, a better world to live in. (31:1) Not all communities
have the opportunity for economic expansion and development. But these com-
mmnities should be aware of this fact and plan their future accordingly
(11:1), by doing this they can adjust to the new pattern of living in an
orderly fashion.

Ludcke pointed out that planning is a task for everyone. It requires
coordination and "know'how”. It calls for citizen concern and citizen pride
in the program. Ybu as an individual must take part in this planning activ-
ity. Whenever you are too selfishly looking out for your own interests,

you have only one person working for you - yourself. When you help a dozen

21

people with their problems, you have a dozen people working for you. So
it is with cooperation and enthusiasm. 'How do you do it? How do you get
the job done? Ludcke suggests three methods:

1. Try to generate an esprit de corps in the community.

2. Create a desire, like a football coach who creates a

desire within his team.

3. Keep at it through c00peration.

The team of planners should represent a cross-section of disciplines
such as land use planners, ecOnomists, educators, natural resource people,
public health experts, agronomists, engineers, architects, urban and rural
sociologists, and others. However, few communities will have these re-
sources available; therefore, in most cases a cross section of the local
people can adequately make up a planning group. They can ask resource
people for assistance when they need it. (34:1)

. "A basic approach to building the kind of citizen participation a
programnneeds is three pronged. It must be planned to inform and to involve
the following:

a. The community as a whole.

b. Special interest groups, enlisting their assistance in

solving particular prOblems.
c. Residents of areas to be directly affected by various
program activities." (17:330)

Planning is a process, many persons need to be involved. And many
geographical areas need to be included in the plan, each small area becomes
an important part of the whole community. The planning process can provide

the means by which cities, towns, villages and counties can build upon

 

 

.1.

 

22

experience in working together. We need to promote more cooperation among
all these units of government, and nowhere is this more important than in
the broad areas of resource planning. Problems overshadow all political
boundaries, such as police, sewer, fire, parks, water and many other re-
quirements. (1:3)

A plan includes the preparation of a development program. It likely
consists of the "as is" or present situation. Then the alternatives for
future growth are considered, goals become important and ways to achieve
these goals are carefully laid out. This process must not be allowed to
break down in the planning stage. The plan is not an end product, it is
a starting point. I personally know communities which spent a lot of re-
sources on a plan. But the plan was shelved, not implemented, and it was
money and efforts wasted. As a result of schemes like this people are dis-
couraged instead of encouraged to carry out community development plans.

We cannot overemphasize the need for facts on which to base a plan.
When we seriously consider community planning facts will be essential. Fre-
quently facts bring out constructive discussion, whereas opinions add nothing
to the topic and frequently result in disagreement.

Schweitzer summarized the planning process as: local committees,
representing all groups and areas of the county, operating through problem-
oriented subcomittees and utilizing as much technical and professional
assistance as possible, follow six major steps:

1. Inventory all resources (physical and human) of the area.

2. Analyze the social and economic factors affecting the

areas growth.

3. Appraise the potential development of the area.

..
..
a
.I
.
..
f
l.
.
.0
.
a.
cl“
..
II
V
os
I
.
u
.
.
.
.

.
It
a A
'I
q
t I a
.
o
.
a
.
. . i
_ 4
,J
|
A s u
\.
I
n I
.I
. v,
I;
.
‘ ~
‘
.
I . '
. . .I
.
.
l n
..
.- v
.1 . .Is
r. l
a a . f
l . I
. t.
I
.. I .I
.
.
« .
I
.
. 2
.I
v I
.. a
s,- a
I. .
.
.
.0. .
s .
4
I ,
.

23

4. Establish goals and priorities after considering

alternatives.

5. Put plans into operation at whatever level is most

appropriate.

6. Keep the public informed at all times about resources,

problems, plans and progress. (37:8)

Because of the importance an inventory plays in the planning stages
of amCommunity Resource Development plan, the remaining part of this paper
will deal entirely with the "inventory of resources." we feel that an in-
ventory is essential to a successful plan. This inventory may vary in
many ways. In some communities it may not be practical or feasible to con-
duct a complete inventory. maybe only one aspect of the community needs
to be considered, in this case only one phase needs to be measured. Some
inventories will need to be in depth; others to a lesser extent. The in-
ventory will depend on the problem, the area and the people.

Most references agreed that once the people are organized one of
the first steps is to get down to the task of inventorying. Some specific
references emphasizing the importance of an inventory are as follows:

Knox and Cram said "To encourage growth and development in your area,
then, you must inventory your resources." (25:3)

Comunity Resource Development Guides from North Dakota state,
"failure to collect and interpret all the facts could result in the failure
of the community to take advantage of opportunities for economic growth."
(11:3)

Carpenter stated, "the first thing your RAD organization must do

is determine the present situation in the county. It can do this by

24
\7

inventorying the county's resources." (9:3)

Professor Pleva said "Prepare as complete a survey and plan as your
resources permit." (46:521)

Urban said "One way to determine what projects are needed in a com-
munity is to make a study of the existing resources now available." (45:2)

And the U.S.D.A. publication on Area Resource Developments reads
"inventory the resources of the area, since most economic activity is based
upon them. Compile recent data plus data on earlier periods to establish
changes and trends." (3:11)

There is agreement as to the value of the inventory. There are
three basic ways that an inventory can be prepared:

1. Local people can arrange themselves in committes and

subcommittees and do the task.

2. A consultant or professional group can be hired to do

the complete inventory and plan.

3. A joint effort by local people relying on professional

advice as needed.

There are many variations of these kinds of studies and quite dif-
ferent plans and inventories result. In Michigan many of the Overall
Economic Development Plans were made by local citizens, while others were
completed entirely by consultants.

In Canada where the "Planning" idea is a few years younger than in
the 0.5., we see that almost every inventory and plan is completed by a
consultant. I have personally reviewed several reports and plans and have
yet to find one or to hear of one attempted by a local group. At this time

we can point out some of the pros and cons to either method.

 

Pros:

O

 

25

hiring a consultant makes the task easy for the local peOple.
they may feel a professional is more competent.

the professional will finish the plan.

the inventory and plan should be unbiased.

the plan should be objective.

once the consultant is hired the local lose control.

over the plan for the present.

few local people will be involved

few local people will be aware of how the plan is progressing
there will be no one to update the plan in the future
consultant fees are high

consultant may produce a plan unsuitable for the community
consultant firms frequently fall down when asked to justify

their plan for a community

When we consider the two sides to the story, we are left with the

opinion that a combination of local people plus professional help would

produce the best inventory and plan for a given community.

CHAPTER.VI
The Study Procedures

The problem was to determine what items should be inventoried as a
base for a.Community Resource Development plan. The objective was to es-
tablish a comprehensive guideline for inventorying, including subject matter
areas and the items to be considered in each area.

Several different sets of guidelines were known to exist. It was
agreed that a summary of a content analysis of several should provide a
basis for one comprehensive guideline to inventorying. Dr. Kimball wrote
to Extension Leaders in Community Resource Development in 50 states asking
them to share with us any materials they had on Inventorying Community Re~
sources. (Appendix A)

Replies were received from workers in twenty-five states. From.these
25 replies several did not supply any guidelines, others sent materials
which were not directly related to the tapic of our interest. Only eleven
guidelines were selected as being relevant for our study, (Appendix B) they
contained lists of specific items to inventory for C.R.D.

To these eleven guidelines were added nine from.the files in the
Resource Development office. These twenty publications all were closely
related as to their content and purpose. Out of these 25 replies ten
requested copies of the guideline which results from this study.

Twenty guidelines were studied and analyzed as to content, and the
results were summarized. These guidelines were provided by:

26

.
I
. .
1.
. ..c
I.
.
l w I
a,
I
e 5|
. .
‘ c i e
. n.
. fl
. J
. I
'.l 1|,-
. .
\J I
_ .
L .
I ...
I .
f
.o
.
. . .
. .,
.
a!
t

 

II
.
s I.
.
.
.
I
'v
. I
I v
I. .
a k
.. x .
..I
_
. u ..
r
. I
. . I.
II
II o
. ‘I v
I . I)
.
a
a
a f.yI v.
I. .
. .
. I
‘l 1. l.“
. s} .
I.
I
. .
.
II. II. I
t a .
.
I .ar .
.
x
y
. b.
'l v
u A v
I, V
. I. .
r
I
I I

. V
. v
. .
a
. ._
. —
.
. .
D I
_
. .t .
. t
. I?
. r
.
o .
r
I ,
. . I I
, I r
J0 a
.. I I .
. .
. . .
.
DI
. . I I
. v . .
...
_ I s o
o I I.
. ...... .
‘ . ‘—
70 V‘-
- ya
m . I
. . I) I.
.
, I u
I
I a I
. I
s u .
\
_
uI
. . .
.

27

Federal Extension Service, U.S.D.A.
U.S. Department of Commerce
North Carolina State

Illinois College

Louisiana State

University of Kentucky

Virginia Polytechnicsl Institute
University of Wisconsin

Auburn University

Kansas State

North Dakota

South Dakota

N
CIUINNNNHHHHHHH

Total

Many of the individual guides were not intended to be comprehensive,
some considered only specific aspects of community development such as in-
dustry, recreation and education, etc. Others were intended to completely
cover all aspects of community development. There is no perfect score for
any item, because one item.may have 12 references is not an indication
necessarily of its value. It merely says that out of these 20 references
it was referred to 12 times.

References were used only when the guide clearly indicated the need
to inventory a specific item in a specific manner. In any content analysis
it is difficult to categorize items because of the different terminology
used. This was a very real problem and in some cases in our checklist items
appear which are very similar but because of the different wording they were

not ldmmed together.

CHAPTER.VII

Guideline for Inventorying Community Resources
(a summary of a content analysis of 20 guides)
To focus attention upon the key sources of income and employment in
a community, one of the first steps in the inventory process could be to
complete the chart below.
When this is completed it will provide a guide as to which aspects
of employment you may want to concentrate. If only limited resources are
available a community may only be able to concentrate on the major items

of importance or deal with them in order of importance.

Co_umarative Emglgyment and Incomes
Ref. Nos. 44, 1, 3, 32, 26, 25, 41, 24, 30, 42, 40

I of Total Yearly

Type of Employmmnt No. employgd Emplgymgm£_ Payroll
Agriculture all workers

Forestry

Manufacturing

Service Industry - Publ & Private
Commercial - Retail 6 Wholesale
Professional & Managerial
Clerical

Public Administration
Transportation & Communicat ion
All others, list by

type of employment if

no. is significant:

When this chart is completed it will provide information which should
emphasize the key employment sources for the community. This will help al-

locate the resources available for the inventory.

28

 

 

1 . p.
n
. .
. II. I
I .I I . «I
' . a u
. I. I
O h A . I ~
I i w.
i I J 0| ..r
I . I .-
. I . I
. s... | .
I, .
I. ll
. ’ o ‘ II
I .
I I l I .
. .I ..II.
0- I . ,
._ . I. r

V .
. o I u:
9. \._ . i. ..
I I
.a l
I. D.
u. I
. . Q I
. I
I
Ina-A .I~
.. a \
c
. «IO: 0
l .
..
I , ..
. a.
. . A.
. .II
. I .
I. I
. . .4.
I.
I
I
I..
V C I
e
a,
4
I ... .
r. .
I.
.I I.
I .
o
....
.
. A ,
I,
, .
a.
v . I
I . . ,
4
_ .
..
a
,C. I

0.

IA

 

 

29

A - General Description of Area (44, 4, 1, 3, 32, 26, 25, 24, 30, 13, 27,
40, 43, 18, 21)

Location - (4, 26, 25, 24, 30, 40, 18)
Topographic Features - (4, 32, 26, 25, 24, 27, 40)

Climate - (4, 26, 25, 24, 27, 40, 21)
Soil Characteristics - (3, 32, 24, 27, 40, 21)

Boundaries - (4, 26, 25, 40, 18)
Land Use Patterns 9 (25, 43)

Land Capability - (24, 21)
Natural Plant Cover - (27)

Location in respect to major cities - (30, 18)
Size of towns in community - (25, 24)

Land values - (32)

Map showing highways, railroads, airports, lakes and rivers - (18)
Map showing state and federal property - (4)

Map showing zoning areas - (18)

City map - (18)

Community pride - (13, 27)

Zoning ordinances - (44, 3, 24, 30, 27, 40, 43, 18)
Subdivision regulations - (44, 3, 40, 43)

Building codes (44, 3, 40, 43)

Insurance ratings of your community - (30)

lb

o'i

. I
4 .
‘-
I»
.1 Q
I I I
I
. II .
... . V
I. \
. sI
. I...
a I! u
'I
\II ..
I
\ I
0‘ . .
I I

I. . .I 1
r
\e ‘
. I.
I a l
I
Q so u .
.Q \
I II
‘,
.llv
I.
.I x
I
I

I
I
II o
. . .
.
l
.. . I
.
I .
. .
I
. .I
.I I
II .I .
. .I
a I
u
r ..
( .
.1 .
. r
'
.
.
I D
.
.I.
I .
. o
I.
0 I .
.9
.0 I
a

B

30

- gummn.Resources - (4, l, 3, 32, 26, 25, 41, 24, 30, 13, 27, 40, 43,

18, 20, 22, 19)

Population:
Total Population - (26, 25, 24, 40, 43, 18, 20, 19)

Papulation trends by age group 5 yr. intervals - (3, 41, 30, 13, 42,
18, 20, 22, 19)

Population change by age and sex 1940-50-60 - (4, 1, 3, 32, 41, 42, 18)
Proportion of population below 20 yrs. - (4, l, 3, 32, 42)
Proportion of population above 65 yrs. - (4, l, 3, 32, 42)

For 1940-50-1960

 

Urban Population No. 1 of total - (41, 24, 30)
Rural Population No. 2 of total - (41, 24, 30)
Rural Nonfarm No. 1 of total - (41, 24, 30)
Rural Farm No. 1 of total - (41, 23, 35)

Population density - (25)
Migration in or out - (3, 25, 41, 30, 40, 43)

Average age - (4, 3, 32, 25, 24, 42)

Dependencies Ratios - 1940-50 - 1960

(a) 0-14 2! e
15-65 yrs. - (41, 40)

 

(b) over 65
15-65 - (41, 40)

(c) (0-14);+ (65 and over)
15-65 - (41,40)

Average education - (4, 3, 32, 25, 27, 42, 43)
median education - (24, 27, 43)

Incomes:

Average Level of Income - (32, 26, 25, 41, 24, 42, 40, 43)
(Incomes by occupation)

(Compared to State & Nation) (24’ 30’ 42)
Income per capita - (30)
Median family income - (30, 40)

Distribution of income - (40)

No. of family members working - (32)

No. families less than $3, 000 per year - (30)
No. families less than $1,000 per year - (30)

Family and Utility Characteristics:
No. of persons per family - (13)

No. of households - 1940, 1950, 1960 - (41, 30)
Z of households occupied - (30)

 

I .I .
. r
3 .

. . ,
r . I I
.. .

t
I;
I m ,I
I.
. .
I -
. .I .
I
b u
.. r
k . ..
I .7
I
.1. . . I
.
,
I' .
.
C
II .
I I
I
I
I
....
.
Ia. I
I . .
. I
I .
I
_ .
I
I I r

 

.
. . . I 4 . ..
. .
. . I C I
.1. .. I. . . «I. )7.
.J, . . I I
I i I, . .
. \ I! I I ,
_ I
. I , , L. -.
Q I p
I j I I I I .

 

, I a
. . .
I
I t ,c I; 1.?
I I I I
I
o 4 .
I \ I
V I | I
I II .
I
I Il I I
II I ‘I I A.
I . I
. . .t .
,\. I.
\ ... I
I 4". _Ib .
. . . I ...I III.
II I I.
I
I II. I
. I I
I
. a! I“
. I I o
I. I I
. \
I III
I N "I
I III .
.I
I I . I
. r
.~ .
It
\ .
. II .
I

31

No. of rooms per house - (13)

X of dwellings built since 1940 - (30, 13)

of dwellings with hot water - (30, 13)

of dwellings with private bath - (30, 13)
of dwellings wdth inside toilets - (30, 13)

of homes
of homes
of homes
of homes
of homes
of homes
of homes
of homes
of homes

with
with
with
with
with

electricity - (13)

refrigerators - (13)

TV - (27, 13)

freezer - (13)

washer - (13)

with radios - (27)

with running water - cold only - (13)
using spring water - (13)

with dug wells - (13)

of homes
of homes

using community water supply - (13)
water tested pure within.l yr. (13)

brick or stone - (13)
frame painted - (13)
frame unpainted - (13)
with cistern - (13)

of homes
of homes
of homes
I of homes

NNN NNNflNflflflflNN NNN

Fuel for cooking - (l3)

1 of homes outdoor toilet - (13)

I of homes with telephones - (27, 13)

Z of homes receiving daily paper - (13)

I of homes receiving weekly paper - (27, 13)

Social Characteristics: '

What are some characteristics of the low income famdlies - (24)
What are major problems in human resource deve10pment - (24)
How can incomes be improved - (24)

Are incomes considered adequate - (24)

Are homes well maintained and attractive - (30)

Is population relatively stable - (43)

What family groups neighbor together - (13)

Is there adequate adult leadership - (25, 27, 43)

.-..

32

C - Natural Resources - (44, 4, l, 3, 32, 26, 24, 30, 27, 42, 40, 43, 18, 20)

Land Use patterns - (4, 3, 32, 26, 42, 43)
Future land use development - (44, 3)
What are the natural water resources - (43)
Watershed development - (44, 24, 43)

Development of Streams, Rivers and Lakes - (44, l, 3, 26, 20)
Scenic development - (44, l, 3. 20)

Wildlife Preservation - (44, 1, 3, 27)

Multiple Use of Lands - (44, 3, 27, 43)

Soil and Water Conservation - (43)

Forest Plantings - (39)

Care of plantings - (44, 27)

Forest preservation - (44)

Lands in forests - (public - 24)
(private - 24)
(commercial - 24)

Protection and Development of resources in business and recreation
areas - (44)

Development along highways - (44)

Development in public places - (44)

Protection for flood plains - (44)
Use and public access to natural resources - (44, 43)

What raw materials are available for manufacturing - (30, 42, 40)
Location of all known minerals - (24)

What metallic minerals are present - (3, 30, 27, 43, 18, 44, 4, 32,
26, 24)

Accessibility - (4, 26)

What nonfimetallic minerals are found - (30, 18)

What is the quality of each available mineral - (30, 18)

Are mining operations presently underway - (3, 30)

What minerals have previously been mined - (3, 30)

What are the possibilities for rebopening - (30)
Mining reserves - (26)

Trends in mining - (24)

Development costs, if any - (26)

D-

,O

33

Agriculture and Forestry - (44, 4, l, 3, 32, 26, 25, 41, 24, 30,
13, 27, 42, 40, 43, 18, 21)

Size and number of farms - (25, 41, 30, 13, 43)
Size and nunber of farms 1940-1950-1960 - (24, 21)
inajor reason for change in numbers - (21)

Will this continue - (21)

Types of farms - (3, 32, 25, 24, 13)

Economic classification of farms and compare to
state and nation - (3, 41, 24, 42)
How many units are too small to be economical - (43, 21)
Value of investment land, buildings, equioment and stock - (3, 41,
24, 30, 42)

Value of farm sales by commodity and purchased inputs - (3, 30, 42, 18)

Ownership - (26)
Tenure system - (32)

Financial assistance (credit) - (32, 30, 44)

Soil fertility - (43, 44)
Drainage - (43, 44)
Irrigation - (43, 44, 24, 26)

Markets for agricultural products - (25, 42, 40)
Cost sharing projects with gov't - (44)

Number of farm operations - (41)

Full time operators - (41)

Part time operators - (41)

Farm managers - (41)

Tenants - (41, 30)

Working of the farm more than 100 days - (41, 30)
Total farm.operators working off farm.- (41)

Average age of farm operator, trends 1940-50-60 - (30)
Farm.water supply - (24)

Dairying:

No. of units - (44, 43)

Size of units - (44, 41, 43)
Production total milk - (44, 13, 43)
Housing - (44, 43)

Management - (44, 43, 21)

Quality of livestock - (43, 21)
Adequate records kept - (43)

\l

4'

«A . w
.1 . A.
o ‘
..
I n
. so
... .. H
a.
... 4
A
s.
l I
‘ _
1
a
’ 7.4
OJ
; n.
A .
.l
\ .a
.
I
. 9, 4
. . a
I .
. u ..
¢
.
...
1:

91 t .\ a
o. I a r so
u, A 4 ,‘
. A , .7
.I .n .
Pl In pv
.. n u .l. D:
r . \
I ~ .
. - r-
l ‘5,
. .
Ina pt 1
J . u .
0- I
o .I .
'
. ...l p .
\I‘. m
A -V
.I’
u I. ’
.-
. . .
I .
c.!. .IL I
U
. . .\ .
.A . .
a . ..
n. . a... \ .... 4
I 5‘ I,
u .
o
o.
n
. .
I. o .‘.
. . f
h
t v .
I
. . I
f \ llx
w a OI
~
\‘ d
g. s
't a
o .
. u
\ o
t. H\.
,1 ~
al
a
.

...: .
v
.u
. J
O
t
_
.
.
. I:
I
r
_
4
rl
.
. ..
.
~ ;
I. a
a:
.
u
‘1
u.
. s
ol
vi

34

D - Agriculture and Forestry (oont'd)
Livestock health - (44, 43)
Competition - (44)

Grading of dairy products - (44, 43)
Market organization - (44, 3, 26, 43, 21)
Market efficienty - (44, 3, 26)

Market regulations (44, 3, 26)

Total sales dairy produce - (41)

Trends in dairying - (l, 43)

Z of total farms with dairy cows - (41)
Major production problem.- (43)

All other livestock and poultry including furbearing animals, check
these items for each enterprise e.g., beef, hogs, poultry, etc.

No. of units - (44, 43, 21)

Size of units - (44, 41, 13, 43)

Production total - (44, 13, 43, 21)

Housing - (44, 43)

Management - (44, 43, 21)

Health - (44, 43)

Competition - (44)

Grading of produce - (44, 43)

Market organization - (44, 3, 26, 43, 21)

Market efficiency - (44, 3, 26)

‘Market regulations - (44, 3, 26)

I of farms reporting the specific product - (41)

Total sales of product - (41)

Quality of livestock or poultry - (43, 21)

Major production problems - (21)

Trends of numbers sold 1940-50-60 - (24)

Price trends 1940-50-60 - (24)

Are adequate records kept - (43)

Field and Cash Crops, check these items for each crop:
No. of acres - (21, 41, 30, 40)

I of total cropland - (21, 41)

Ave. Yield, 3 year average - (21, 41, 32)

Ave. total production - (41, 21, 44, 43)

Ave. total value - (21, 41, 24)

Estimated potential production - (21)

Potential increase in value - (21)

Acres of land for all other uses - (21, 41, 30, 40)
Acreages 1940-50-60 - (24)

Price trends 1940-50-60 - (24)

Yield per acre - (44, 13, 43)

Quality of crop - (44, 43)

Markets - (44, 24, 43)

Adequate market information - (43)

35

D - Agriculture gnd Forestry (cont'd)
Grading of produce - (44)
Storing - (44, 43)
Assemblying - (44, 43)
Bargaining - (44)

All other agricultural production consider items such as:
Production - (44)

Handling - (44)

Grading - (44)

Wholesale - (44)

Retail - (44)

No. of fanm tractors - (13)
No. of garden tractors - (13)
Horse power only - (13)

No. farm power - (l3)
Specialized equipment - (l3)

Lands in forests:
a. public - (24, 30, 27, 43, l)
b. private - (24, 30, 27, 43, l)
c. commercial -(24, 30, 27, 43, 1)

Board feet by species (trends for 10 yrs.) - (24, 30, 27, 43)
Acres by species - (3, 26, 24)
Quality - (3, 26, 24)

Growth rates - (24)
Total sales and income - (24)

Management - (43)

Are cut over areas reforested - (43)
Assembling - (44)

Grading - (44, 43)

Processing - (44, 43)

Wholesale - (44, 24, 43)

Retail - (44, 24, 43)

Are diversified wood using industries present - (43)
Numbers of - Volume and Potential of:
sawmills - (24)
pulpmills - (24)
veneer mulls - (24)
treatment plants - (24)

Incomes from:
Sawed timber - (30)
Pulpwood - (30)
Xmas trees - (30)
All other - (30)

36

E - Industrial and Commercial Enterprises - (44, 4, 32, 26, 25, 24, 30,
42, 40, 43, 18)

No. of Industrial Establishments - (44, 4, 26, 25)
No. of Commercial Establishments - (32, 24)

Potential for expansion - (44, 4, 40, 43)
Basis for new industry - (26)

Needed research - (43)

Problems Facing Industry - (43)

Problems Facing Commercial - (43)

Status of CurrentAgusiness:
Competition - (44)
Management - (44)
Appearance - (44, 43)
Competitive - (44)
Mergers - (44)

Sales - (44)
Potential - (44)

Unutilized production capacity - (42)
Trends in industrial and commercial growth - (24)
Map showing location of industry in community - (18)

Wholesale - volume $ (4)
trends $ (24)
Retail - volume $ (24, 30, 42)

trends $ (24)

What was the value added by manufacture in 1940-50 and"60 (30)
# of shopping centers in community (18)
Buildiggs

Type - (4, 26, 24, 30, 42, 43)
Size - (4’ 26, 24, 30)
Condition - (4, 26)

Building adaptability to different industries (4, 26)
Estimate cost to remodel (4, 26)

New Sites - (4, 24, 43, 18)

Topography - (4, 26, 18)

Drainage - (4, 26, 18)

Depth to bedrock - (4, 26)

Access to all utilities - (43)

Industrial parks - (24, 43)

Who owns the buildings - (26, 24)
Terms available - (26, 24)
Tax assessed value and rate - (26)

“g. .

(,

...
a I . . .
. . q
,
. . a 40..
u .
I .
, . g
. .
v
,
..I
In D
1 .\.. b ‘

..g

,1

up

mow

....

7“.

.
o
. , I
. .
,v .\ \
' I. i. w
1 .f.’ h Q
L .
s . .
.I
.X .1
t v
.1 A
.
\ a
I q . a I .
. k
\ a
u .
0‘. . .
w .\
7
\u
. 1..
. x:
. .
rxt
.
. ...
a, J
. .
.
I

I t
r .
.
r .
~ -
v!
.
o .
a p
-
I .. :
. . o
\n . u. r
.0». O \
. ,
0 i l t
. . n \
. .
u t
L
. . .
Q
.1 , .
. I
. J v .
4
, .
a I, .o
J . .
o
.
.
_.
.

37

F - Tourism - (44, 4, 1, 3, 32, 26, 24, 30, 13, 27, 42, 40, 43, 18, 20)

Recreation and relaxation facilities - (44, 4, 1, 3, 32, 26, 13, 27,
42, 40, 43, 18, 20)

Adequacy of facilities - (44, 3, 26, 40, 43)

Improvements needed - (4, 26, 43)

Cost of improvements - (26)

Existing Motel and Hotel facilities - (26, 24, 30, 18)

I of occupancy - (26)

# of persons accommodated max. - (18)

Available facilities for conferences - (30)

Available restaurant facilities - (30)

Scenic attractions - (30, 27, 42)

Geographical attractions - (24, 20)

Historical attractions - (24, 30, 20)

Other attractions - (44, 26, 24, 30, 27, 20)

Water based recreational attractions - (24)

Public recreational facilities types and volume of business - (24)
Private recreational facilities types and volume of business - (24)

Past tourist volume - (26)

Type and extent of development for tourists - (24, 40)
Opportunities for improving and expanding - (40, 43)
Types of recreation most suited to area - (43)

Where do the tourists come fromfi - (26)
What is being done to attract tourists? - (44)

What is the potential to attract tourists? - (43)
Are the services adequate? - (44)

Map showing recreational facilities - (4, l, 3, 26)
Map showing access roads and railroads - (26)

No. of farm families presently hosting paying hunters - (44, 20)
How many farm families are interested in hosting vacationers - (44, 20)
Does anyone advertise that individuals will host hunters - (44, 20)

Does your community have:
Campsites - (26, 30, 20, 1)
Swimming - (44, 26, 30, 20, 1)

Trailers (camping) - (30)
Picnic grounds - (30, 20)

Baseball - (30, 20)

Basketball - (20)

Fishing - (44, 1, 3, 3o, 43, 20)
Stocking - (44, 43)

38

F - Tourism (cont'd)
Hunting - (30, 43, 20)
Boating - (44, 1, 26, 30)
Water sports - (20)
Country Club - (30)

Rifle range - (20)
Riding stable - (20)

Ski lift - (26, 20)
Cabins - (26)

Barbeque pits - (20)

Is the area attractive and clean - (44, 43, 18)
Do the people in the tourist business cooperate with each other - (44)

What is the image left with the tourist - (44)
Is anyone concerned about lengthening the tourist season - (44)

39

G -'Manpower and Employggnt - (44, 4, 3, 32, 26, 25, 41, 24, 30, 27, 40,
43, 18)

Total manpower supply - (44, 26, 41, 24, 27, 40, 43) 7
Employment by industry and occupation - (4, 3, 32, 26, 24, 30, 40)
Age and no. of labor force 14-65 in 10 year groups - (41, 43)

Employment potential of unemployed and underemployed - (4, 3, 32, 26, 25,
41, 24, 40, 27, 42,
43, 30)

Characteristics of this labor - (4, 3, 32, 26, 41, 24, 30, 43)
Z unemployed - (43)

Total number employed - male - female - (44, 26, 41, 24, 27, 40, 43)
Compare to state and nation by Z of pap'l. - (24)

Characteristics of employment - (44, 3, 25, 18)
Vocational skills on job experience - (3, 32, 26, 25, 24, 27, 43, 18)

Training needs - (44, 32, 25, 24, 27, 40, 43)
Retraining needs - (44, 4, 26, 25, 24, 27, 40, 43)
When trained are jobs available? - (24)

Nature and extent of seasonal work - (26, 25, 24)
Potential employment based on fuller uses of resources - (26, 25, 30, 40)

Testing and placement services - (44, 43)
Employment or job counseling - (44, 43)

Career information - (44, 43)
Attitudes of workers - (25, 27, 40)

Non Worker
Worker Ratio - (41)

Wage rates for various industries - (24)

How many workers are:
skilled - (30)
semi-skilled - (30)
unskilled - (30)

How many high school graduates in labor force? - (30)
How many college graduates in labor force? - (30)
How many vocational school graduates in labor force? - (30)

Location of employment:

- in the county no. - (30)

- outside the county no. - (30, 40, 43)
Reasonable commuting distance - miles - (30, 43)

40

G - Manpower gnd Employment (cont'd)
No. of people self-employed - (30)
‘Major conditions affecting employment and income - (25)
No. unemployed because of disability - (24)
Are labor unions organized in your community - (30)
If so what 2 of workers are union members - (30)
Has there been a history of strikes - (30)
What labor laws affect industry - (43)
Off farm work:
- how many have off-farm work now - (13)

- is this work readily available - (13)
What is the occupational outlook - (27)

Are young people aware of employment opportunities and the
potential income - (43)

Z of 10-19 year olds remaining 10 years later - (40)
Potential labor force 10-19 years - (40)

How do comunity facilities compare to others? - (43)
Is there adequate housing? - (43)

41

H - Community Facilities, Services and Institutions - (44, 4, 1, 3, 32, 26,
25, 24, 30a 13s 279
42, 40, 43, 18, 19)

Education:

No. of primary, secondary and vocational schools - (44, 4, 1, 3, 32, 26,
25, 24, 30, 27, 42,
40, 43, 18)

No. of nursing schools and kindergartens - (43)
No. of colleges - (1, 3, 32, 26, 24, 27, 42, 40, 18)

Facilities of all schools - (44, 24, 27, 42, 40, 43, l8, 19)

Services available at schools and colleges - (44, 24, 27, 42, 40, 43,
18, 19)

Adequacy of present educ. facilities - (44, 32, 24, 27, 42, 40, 43,
18, 19)

Potential use of facilities - (44)

New educ. facilities needed - (27, 24)

Indicate location of educ. facilities - (13)

Types of educ. offered at all levels - (24, 43, 18)

Enrollment in kindergarten - (1, 30, 13, 18, 19)
Student population by grades - (24)
Total # of children 5-19 yrs. in community for 1940-1950 & 1960 - (19)

All schools mmximum.capacity - (18)

School attendance - (13)

Are high school dropouts a problem - (43, 19)

Is the curriculum modern - (19)

Quality of instruction - (32, 24, 19)

Adequate teaching staff available - (24, 43)

Number of teachers by academic degrees - (24)
Pupil-Teacher ratio by grades - (24)

Record of graduates - (32)

No. of graduating each year - (24, 30)

What percent graduate from.high school - (30, 43, 19)

What percent of grads. go to college, jr. college, or
vocational school - (30, 43, 19)

Does your county offer any adult training opportunities - (30, 13, 40,
43)

42

H - Community Facilities, Services and Institutions (cont'd)

Are courses available in:
consumer education - (44)
nutrition and health - (44, 32, 43, 27)
landscaping home surroundings - (44, l, 43)
home financing - (43)
use of credit - (44, 43)
child development - (44, 43)
home management - (27)
child development - (27)
household equipment - (27)
clothing - (27)

List nearest Junior College - (30)
List nearest University - (30)
List nearest Industrial Educ. Center - (30)

Expenditure for educ. per pupil compared to state and
national figures - (24)

Salaries to teachers - (19)
Are they adequate - (19)

How do college fees compare with others - (43)
Are there adequate finances for educ. - (32, 24)

Day care center for children - (43)
Public health services - (44, 30, 13, 42, 40, 43)

Number of persons on welfare - (24, 40, 18)
Total and average amounts received - (24, 40, 18)
Medicgl Services:

No. of doctors - (24, 30, 13, 40, 43, 18)
Adequacy - (18)

No. of nurses - (40)

No. of dentists - (30, 18)
Adequacy - (18)

No. of hospitals - (44, 4, 26, 24, 30, 13, 42, 40, 43, 18)
Adequacy of hospitals - (18)

No. of clinics - (44, 24, 30, 13, 42, 40, 43)

No. of nursing homes - (44, 30, 13, 40, 43)

No. of homes for aged - (44, 30, 13, 42, 40)

No. of beds in each facility - (30, 18)

... .-..
.
3 9
- . v
'I
. ‘ i
.1
‘.
.
.
1
' .
..
.
. W
.-
.
.
v
' i 1
.. ‘
.
...,
.
I
.
.
.
u

 

...._.~

I.-- I.

43

H - Community Fggilities, Servicesignd Institutions (cont'd)
Location of hospitals - (30)

Welfare facilities - (44, 3, 24, 30, 13, 42, 40)
Delinquency - (44, 43)
Family guidance - (43)

Ambulance Service - (30)

Water Supply:
For the present - (44, 4, 1, 3, 32, 26, 25, 24, 30, 27, 42, 40, 43, 18)
For the future - (44, 4, 1, 3, 32, 26, 25, 24, 30, 27, 42, 40, 43, 18)

Water Rates - (43)

Sanitation,,garbage and waste disposal:
Sanitation (sewage) - (44, 4, 1, 26, 30, 13, 40, 18)
Sewage disposal system approved by State Sanitary Commission - (30)

Does sewage include a treatment plant - (30, 18)
What is max. daily flowage - (30, 43, 18)
Are facilities available to treat industrial waste - (30, 43, 18)

Transportation:
Transportation and communication - (44, 4, l, 25, 24, 27, 40, 43)

Highways - (44, 4, 1, 3, 32, 26, 24, 30, '13, 27, 40, 43)
Secondary Roads - (44, 4, 1, 3, 32, 26, 24, 30, 13, 40, 43)

Streets - (44, l, 43, 18)
Traffic counts on roads - (30)

Power Service and Facilities - (44, 26, 25, 43, 24, 30, 27, 42, 40,
43, 18)
Power Rates - (30, 43)

Transportation services - (25, 24, 43)

Air Service and Facilities - (44, 3, 26, 24, 30, 27, 43)
Bus Service - (44, 26, 24, 27, 43)

Rail Service - (44, 4, 3, 26, 24, 30, 27, 43)

Trucking Service - (24, 30, 27)

Trucking rates - (30)

Schedule of train, bus and airlines - (18)
Water transportation - (4, 3, 26, 24, 30)
Availability of coal - (30)

fuel oil - (30)
gas - (24, 30, 18)

44

H - Community Facilities, Services and Institutions (cont'd)

Churches:
No. of churches - (44, l, 32, 43, 13)

Church membership compared to population - (43)

Trend in church membership - (22)
Should this trend continue - (22)
How many persons in the area are "unchurched" or "dechurched" - (22)

Has the dollar income of churches changed - (22)
Does the community have a local ministers association - (22)

What are the practical limits that people will travel to
attend church regularly - (22)

No. of full time ministers - (22) .
Public worship and religious training every Sunday - (13, 24)
Religious education for all age groups including adults - (13, 22)
Adequate programs for pastoral visitation and counseling - (22)
Adequate buildings for worship, educ. and service - (22)

Adequate local financing - (22)

Organizations:
What civic service and church groups are present - (44, 30, 13, 27, 43)

What is the purpose of each - (30)

What 2 of community population participate in 1 or more - (30)
Names of individuals holding offices - (13)
List of names of individuals belonging to organized groups - (13)

Youth Activities:
Inventory of activities - (27, 40)
Needs - (27)
Additional facilities and activities needed - (27, 40)

Is there youth counselling - (40)
Are there supervised youth centres - (43)

Is there a supervised recreation program for children in the summer - (43)

Public Services:

Police protection - (43, 18, 44)

Civil defense - (44)

Mail service - (13)

Parks - (44, l, 26, 27, 18, 20)

Adequacy of parks - (18, 20)

Public areas for golf - (44, 30, 43, 20)
Public areas for tennis - (44, 30, 43, 20)

45

H - Community Fgcilities,AServices and Insgitutions ( cont'd)

Public playground - (l, 26, 43, 18, 20)
Public swimming - (44, 43, 20)

Skating - (44, 20)
Bowling - (44, 30, 20)

Library - (26, 27, 43)
Gymnasium - (43, 20)
Curling - (44)

Theatres - (44, 30)
Art Gallery - (44)
Dramatics - (43)
Concerts - (43)

Facilities for social dancing - (43, 20)

Football field - (20)
Track - (20)

Roller skating - (20)
Billards - (20)

Publicgggildings:

Community Center - (43, 18)

Fire Station - (30, 43, 18, 44)
Shelter - (20)

Card room - (20)

Sr. Citizen room - (20, 44)
General community room - (20)
‘Warming house for skating - (20)
Place for teenage parties - (20)
Municipal buildings - (26)

Crime record over past 10 years - (30)
What are most frequent causes of arrest - (30)

Government:

Local structure - (3, 25, 24, 27, 42, 40)

Local attitude toward gov't - (3, 40)

Needed changes in gov't - (27)

Financial position of government unit - (32, 40)

State and Federal Government:
No. of employees - (3, 41, 42)
Payroll - (3, 32, 41, 42)
No: of tethnical personnel - (3)
No. in other services - (3, 32, 30, 13)

46

H - Community Facilities, Services and Institutions (cont'd)

Total assessed property valuation - (30, 40, 43, 18, 19)
Assessment - sale ratio in county - (18)
True value of prOperty - (18, 19)

Total property taxes paid in county - (18, 19)

Average property taxes per person in the county - (18)
Total school taxes paid in the county - (18)
Townships taxes - (18)

City and incorporated town taxes - (18)
Other taxes - (18)

Property tax cost of education per pupil 1950-1960 - (19)
Compared to state and nation - (19)

Finance:

What commercial banks serve you - (30, 42, 18)
Assets - (25, 30)

Bank deposits - (32, 42, 3, 24)

Types of lending facilities available - (24)

Are there state and federal credit agencies - (30)

Capability to finance local economic development - (3, 32)
Are the capital needs of the community being met - (18)
Loan rates - (30)

What other savings and loan associations serve you - (30, 42)
What are their assets - (30, 42)
Loan rates - (30)

z of local financing in agriculture - (24, 3)
- in agr. related industries - (24)
- in non-agr. firms - (24)

What are the rates and conditions for:
- agriculture - (30)
- industrial deve10pment - (30)
- cher purposes - (30)

What is total bonded debt of community - (30)

What is the attitude of people to credit - (l3)
Estimate how many families are using:

real estate credit - (13)

farm operation credit - (13)
no credit - (l3)

CHAPTER VIII

Further Considerations of Inventory List

It is obvious that a complete list cannot be made. The items to
inventory will vary with every community'and situation. However, it is
important to suggest a number of areas to be considered by the people
organizing the survey.

One question that was seldom mentioned was the number of years to
survey to indicate trends. In a few instances data for the years 1940,
1950 and 1960 were mentioned. Apparently this period of time is thought
to be sufficient by some people. Once again this time period will depend
on the situation. It was also pointed out in some reports that the county
should be compared to the two, three or four neighboring counties. Other
reports suggested comparing the county data to the data for the State and
National figures. A note of warning would seem in order - when such com-
parisons are made, one should be aware of the situations which exist with-
in the counties used for comparison. Some counties are comparable, while
others are not. Comparisons and trends are important but must be care-
fully carried out. They are valuable if used properly but a hindrance if
misused.

The guidelines differed greatly in their presentation. They were
obviously prepared for different people and to be used different ways.

Now that this paper has summarized the items to consider, one is confronted
with the question of how to present this fact finding questionnaire for

47

,1.
t
.1
.4
t
,1
.ul
'1
a
u
r.
y
0

.
I s
.I.
~
.
..
a
u I .
.
.
r
.
l
.
.
a '
v .
, . .
.
u
.c .
j
- a
t
I
‘I,
I
..l -1
- .
. 7
7 l
I I.
. .,
.
.
«I 1
.
I
' 6|.
1
n .
i
J
.6 I!
s ,.
.1
.1.

Vt
-.

 

. .
q
r
u...
'l \
. n...
I. p. .a
p D 1
.. 1 .
J . .4
1. . 9
a
.
J .. .1
L:
a
.
I
l Vb.
. ‘1 ..
.
.v a
. v ...
. 1
. . s.l
.
.
l.
. A
l u
.I.
. v .e
V
. ,vv 1
. . .
... v
r
L 1‘
I
A
.
p
01
.. . , u
.
v \ .
ll DI.
. ... .
.
. .
a ,
.
..
. I
C ‘
T I.
t
. —
. .a ....
.v
‘.o
l
01
J
,
~45 ./ .
I . v

.1

O

48

the best use of those who would use it.

It should again be pointed out that the number of times an item was
referenced is not necessarily an indication of its importance in the in-
ventory. The importance of any specific item will vary with the immediate
situation.‘ The important thing is that the item is suggested. It is left
to those concerned to put a value on each item.

It would be useful to put a "catch all" phrase at the end of each
subject matter section. This would bring to the attention of those con-
cerned that there may be other pertinent information that they should be
gathered. A phase such as "and list any other related items which will

' would be useful.

help you plan for future needs,‘
One area which is not well covered in our inventory is that of
attitudes of the people. If community resource development is for the
peOple and everyone agrees that it is, then we should try and find out
what their attitudes are; such as towards C.RJD. programs, tourists,
newcomers, planned change, change agents and other factors which will be
important for the basis of a community program. It will also be important
to find out what local groups are likely to support a C.R.D. program.
With our completed inventory list in.hand we studied three of the
better O.E.D.P. for counties in Michigan. The plans for Hillsdale,
Ogemaw and Presque Isle were used. Ourgpurpose in doigg this was to see
gp§p_§reas had begp_ptud;ed in these plgpg that ourgguidelines would not

have suggested. The following items were picked out as being different

and important and did not appear in our inventory list in Chapter 7.

 

 

.
t,
i av. ...
-
... . \
..
I I
. a . .
uv . .
.. 1
I ...
x.
1
. .
o
.
...
_
.
t A
.1) 91a
1 .
..
[u
r IL.
r .. ,
.1 n
. ‘ ... .{s
.
9 l1
. A ..
' 1 Av.
. .
i
u
.
.
.
\J 1
_ I,
.l ii
. v
a ,
I, I
r .
. . .
.. .
.u .. .
.,
1. xi
... 1.
.
I”
.. o,
, ... a
. 1.. .
O
a o
. I
.
... A
i -I I
.

. a
a y
.. .
I...
. _
, .5
u
.
.1 .
.
,
x 7 .
.
_ . .I 1
a
. .
.w
_
a... ..
u A
-. .\.
e
I
;
a - .1...
....
s
. . _
a . . n
._ .
n
.
_ ..
. .
a. .
.. n
. . 4
x. A.
.
.
.. .. ..
. . .
, c
.
. I
_
. I
a
. .
.
o .
I.
a u.»
.. ,.
. o
i 1
.
a

49

General Description of Area:
Map of the area showing townShips - (29)
Total area in acres - (29)
General brief history of the area - (29)
Human Resources:
Ethnic characteristic of the population - (23)
Compare population with 4 adjacent counties - (28)

Compare rural - non-farm and rural fanm population with 3
adjacent counties - (28)

Education median years compare to 2 adjacent counties (28)
Employed and underemployed compare with 3 adjacent counties - (28)
Employment by major industries compare with 3 adjacent counties - (28)
Incomes compare with 3 adjacent counties - (28)
Are there homes for sale? - (23)
How many - (23)
What conditions are they in? - (23)
Natural Resources:
Land acres classified by capability groups e.g. I, II, III, etc. - (28)
Consider existing water pollution problems - (23)
Industrial and Commercial Enterprises:
Any recent closures of Industrial or’Commercial enterprises - (29)
Is there adequate parking downtown - (23)
Community Facilities, Services and Institutions:
Special educational services - (23)
No. of persons enrolled in evening courses - (23)
Program.for the deaf - (23)

Educ. program for physically and mentally handicapped - (29)

50

Are these programs adequate - (23)

Inventory of County Property (land) - (23)

Inventory of City PrOperty - (23)

Inventory of all other public property - (23)

Buildings to house public works, county courthouse and jail - (29)
Housing for juvenile delinquents other than the jail - (28)

Are the street lights adequate - (29)

Is there a convalescent home - (29)

Compare the tax rates with other counties - (23)

List revenue and expenditures for the local government
for last year - (28)

CHAPTER IX

Organizing and Completing A.Community Inventory

In the two previous chapters we have listed many items as possible
units for measurement in an inventory. In this chapter we will list the
steps necessary to use and complete such an inventory. We will assume that
a "change agent" is entering a situation at the county level and initiating a
C.R.D. program.and carrying it through to the completion of the comprehensive
inventory as suggested in this paper.

We will use the "case study" technique. A county will be used as an
example and with this county in mind, a guide to inventory this specific
county (later named Brimstone County) will be developed. This list of items
will be drawn from the comprehensive list in Chapter 7 and the additional
items in Chapter 8.

Eight separate steps are suggested to complete this project. A
suggested overall time is fourteen months. The steps will be considered
and the recommended items to discuss in each step will be summarized as

follows:

51

   

Step

Step

Step

Step

Step

Step

Step

Step

52

ORGANIZING 5152 COMPLETING A COMIUNITY INVENTORY

 

‘ Change Agent

'1

,—

 

 

| Identify Community Groups

 

 

 

Contact Relevant Groups
(those likely to be interested)

 

 

 

Hold a Meeting of
Organizational Representatives

 

 

Meetings to complete
the "Benchmark Survey‘ '

 

 

General CRD Meetings
"orientation to program"

 

 

Sub-committees formed to
work with each Subject
‘Matter Area (establish goals)

 

 

 

 

Decide what to Inventory

- Carry out the Inventory
- Make up Inventory Report

 

 

 

 

The Inventory Report

 

time

month

month

lag 1 month

months

month

month

months

months

Ar 1..

 

o
u

 

-..

STEP 1.

53

Identify Community Groups: (time - 1 month)

It will be important to involve community leaders and
existing community groups in the program from the start. How-
ever it will generally not be necessary to involve every group--
only the ones most likely to be interested in a C.R.D. program.
In selecting the groups some criteria will be necessary such as:
(a) Consider asking groups which could help in the survey.

Such as those having possible volunteers to help with
mailing or interviewing or those with meeting place

facilities.

(b) If the survey will cover a wide range of interests be
sure to contact a group from each part of the popula-

tion to be studied.

(c) Publicity will be necessary at various stages; there-
fore the press, radio and TV groups should be involved

from.the start.

(d) It will also be important to contact the groups that
one suspects will need to act on the results of the

survey. They should be involved from the beginning.

(e) In this step all groups should be considered and those
which may be interested in any phase of a C.R.D. program

will be contacted in Step II.

54

STEP II. Contact Relevant Groups: (time - 1 month)

The purpose of this is to contact key persons in interested
organizations and to explain the preposed inventory and solicit
their support. At this stage it is desirable for everyone to
have an open mind and to understand that the survey has not been
finalized by any means. What we need is a commitment from each
relevant group to have a person - or persons attend a meeting
to discuss the idea, the timing and the overall desirability of
the survey. After contacting these leaders a month or even more
of a time lag will be necessary to allow them to contact their

groups.

STEP III. Hold a Meeting of Organizational Representatives:

This meeting will be very important to the success of the
inventory. Fifteen or twenty persons should make a good group
of representatives from.the community. Those attending need to
appreciate and understand the purposes of the survey and how it
will be carried out; They will also want to know their expected
roles in the program and how the whole program is planned. There
will be many questions which will be answered by other group mem-
bers and by the change agent. Following this discussion period
and depending upon the general consensus, the total group could
be asked to commit themselves to the inventory. In some cases
people will require time to contact their group before they can
commit their group. Before any commitment can be made those in-
volved must understand the purpose, the means and'the extent of

their responsibility in the program.

. . l
‘o 1 - . .
. 1 '
i ‘ - 1’ A
.
_ ‘ li
a ‘ r .
. .
‘ .
v" "I
. f
I , ' . ’
' .
.
O P '
‘
. O I I V
J . s. " ‘
O
l ». ’
. I . y
I
‘ ..
' ~ .
. .A . c
. g- -
« A 3
.
l' ‘
z . _ . ; 4
u.
, ’ I I

.5

STEP IV.

55

Meetings to Complete the "Benchmark Survey: (3 months)

This fourth step will take some time to complete. The same
people will be involved as in Step III. The task is to get "A
Big Picture" of the county. To hage an overall look, a stock

taking exercise but generalized to quite an extent.

Situation: Brimstone County

The case study used to illustrate the use of the guideline
developed within this paper is based on a county known by the
author. This is pp; _t_:_h_§_ gal £929.92. 9.8.139. nor will the situation
be exactly as exists in that county at this time. ‘However, this
county is a good example to use. iMany of the things we hear about
in C.R.D. work have happened in Brimstone County. Historically
it was a farming community. It was also blessed with a beautiful
lake, steep hills and scenic countryside. The urban influence
was felt as the lake prOperties were developed, then the express-
way cut through the county. Suddenly Brimstone County was a 1%
hour drive from.a metropolitan area of 1 3/4 million persons.
The hills were being rapidly developed by private enterprise for
ski resorts. The farms suddenly were being purchased for summer
and winter homes for city folks. ‘Vacant farms were unfenced and
not always attractive to the passerby.

In the Benchmark Survey the group should look at and discuss
items such as:

l. (a) What about educational facilities for now and the
future?

(b) lat should the employment opportunities be, what
are they now?

 

 

 

.l.v

 

 

 

(e)

(d)

(e)
(f)

(s)

This

56
Do we want vacant farms and what should we
do about themfl

Are too many of our resort properties owned by
outsiders, or how many outsiders do we want?

Do we want to control land use?

How can we use the new expressway to help
our community?

Is the income satisfactory?

group must establish at least a few goals which they

could aim for in their C.R.D. program.

Overall major county problems.

(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
(s)
0!)

What
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)

Is it low income?

Are the youth leaving?

Is it water pollution?

Are vacant farms a problem?

Is the influx of resort people and vacationers bad?
Are the farms too small? ‘

Is the educational level of the people a problem?

Is there enough opportunity for employment?

are the attitudes of the pe0ple?
towards change

towards new residents

towards tradition

what do they value most?

do they like what's happening?

57

 

 

4. Look to the community and discuss the potential persons for
leadership roles for this inventory process. Who are they?
How busy are they? Are they likely to help?

5. Look outside the county, how do you stack up with other
counties? Is your county similar to others? Do you have
similar problems? What do you have that other counties
haven't? (In Brimstone its tourist attractions other nearby
counties have for less.)

6. What special skills do the people possess? Can these skills
be utilized more fully? Do you lack skilled persons to work
in Brimstone County?

7. Complete the following table to point out how peOple are
presently employed in Brimstone County.

Chart 1. Comparativejgmployment and Incomes

Z of Total Yearly
Type of Employment No. employed Epploypgnt Payroll
Agriculture all workers
Forestry
Manufacturing

Service Industry - Pub. & Private
Commercial - Retail & Wholesale
Professional & Managerial

Clerical

Public Administration
Transportation 8 Communication
All others, list by

type of employment if

no. is significant:

58

When these discussions have been completed and the information
recorded, this committee now should have a broad appreciation of the prob-

lem. We can now think in terms of directing the inventory.

STEP V. General CRD Meeting - orientation to program:

This would be the first open meeting to the public. We
could hope to have 50-75 persons present (the core group is still
our original 15-20). At this meeting we would hope to tell the
people about CRD and the proposed county inventory, how it would
be a valuable assessment of the community's situation. It may take
a few general meetings to familiarize the people with the program
and to answer their questions and to be sure that you have a group
from all sections of the population that will be required to help

with the inventory .

STEP VI. Sub-committees formed:

Eight sub-committees will be formed. One to consider the
items in each of the subject matter areas suggested in the guide-
line. One of the first taske of the sub-committees is to give
some considerations to the task ahead. The groups will vary in
size depending upon the subject matter areas as some areas require

a more extensive inventory.

STEP VII. What to Inventory in Brimstone County:
Each committee takes a copy of the guideline to their subject
matter area. Then with their existing knowledge of the situation

they select the items which they think are pertinent to their situation.

59

Comittee A - General Description of Area:
Siguggion:

Brimstone County has level farm lands, hilly forests, a
pleasant lake and beautiful scenery. To describe the area in one
sense is to locate where it is geographically. Agriculture has
always been important and there is continued concern for land use.
Zoning regulations have been talked about but nothing done. The
following items are selected as the important ones to collect data

on for this study.

General Brief History of the Area

Location
Topographic Features

Climate
Soil Characteristics

Boundaries
Land Use Patterns

Land Capability
Natural Plant Cover

Location in respect to major cities
Size of towns in community .
Total area in acres

Land values

Map showing highways, railroads, airports, lakes and rivers
Map showing zoning areas

City map

Mep of the area showing townships

Community pride

Zoning ordinances
Subdivision regulations
Building codes

Insurance ratings of your community

VIII

60

Committee B - Human Resources:
Situation:

We will be concerned here (in Brimstone County) with the
urban influx of population. What really has happened to our farm
population? There will be concern for education and some statistics
on education will be helpful in planning at a later date. The in-
come of the families is important. The farm income traditionally
has been low compared with non-farm. ‘Mapy of the homes in the
county are old, electricity is now available to practically every-
one, but how many have used this for more than lighting? .It will
be important to find out about the number of radios, TV and news-
papers that the county has and receives. These channels are im-
portant to the C.R.D. pragram. This committee‘s list would look

like this:

Population:

at 5 yr. 65 &

Years of egg 0-5 W§-19_ 11-15 16-20 intgrygls __ over Total

Male

Female

1940
1950
1960

1940

1950

1960

Average Age of pop. 1940-
1950-
1960-

Migration in or out -

61

For 1940 - 50 - 1960

Urban Papulation No. 2 of total
Rural Population No. 2 of total
Rural Nonfarm No. I of total
Rural Farm No. 2 of total

Average education -
Median education -

Incomes:

Average Level of Income -

(Incomes by occupation)

(Compared to Province)

Income per capita -

Median family income -

Distribution of income -

No. of family members working -

No. families less than $3,000 per year -
No. families less than $1,000 per year -

*Compare population with 4 adjacent counties -

*Compare rural - non-farm and rural farm population with
3 adjacent counties -

*Education median years compare to 2 adjacent counties -
*Employed and underemployed compare with 3 adjacent counties -
*Employment by major industries compare with 3 adjacent counties -
*Incomes compare with 3 adjacent counties -
Are there homes for sale? -
How many -
What conditions are they in? -
*Do not be folled by comparison figures.
Every county is different. Use them to
make the committee ask themselves why

they are different, and if being different
make a difference!

 

..., _..

62

No. of persons per family -

No. of households - 1940, 1950, 1960 -
Z of households occupied -

No. of rooms per house -

of dwellings built since 1940 -

of dwellings with hot water -

of dwellings with private bath -

of dwellings with inside toilets -

of homes with electricity -

of homes with TV -

Z of homes with radios -

1 of homes with running water - cold only -
Zodf homes using community water supply -
Z of homes water tested pure within 1 yr. -
1 of homes outdoor toilet -

z of homes with telephones -

Z of homes receiving daily paper -

Z of homes receiving weekly paper -

NN flNNfl

Socigl Chggacteristics:
What are some characteristics of the low income families -
What are major problems in human resource development -
How can incomes be improved -
Are incomes considered adequate -
Are homes well maintained and attractive -
Is population relatively stable -
What family groups neighbor together -
Is there adequate adult leadership -
Committee C - Natural Resources:
Situation:

The future for this county seems to depend on the development
of the tourist trade. They are therefore concerned about the natural
resources which can be developed to meet this demand. The ski slopes,
the lakes, the scenic small mountains and the forest all contribute

to the economy of this county. This group is interested in what

and how the resources will be used.

63

Study Land Use patterns -

Future land use development -

What are the natural water resources -
Watershed development -

Development of Streams, Rivers and Lakes -

Scenic Development -

Wildlife Preservation -

Multiple Use of Lands -

Soil and Water Conservation -

Forest Plantings -

Care of plantings -

Forest preservation -

Lands in forests - (public - acres)
(private - acres)
(commercial - acres)

Protection and development of resources in business and recreation areas -

Development along highways -

Development in public places -

Use and public access to natural resources -

What raw materials are available for manufacturing -
Location of all known minerals -

What metallic minerals are present -
Accessibility -

What is the quality of each available mineral -
Are mining operations presently underway -

What minerals have previously been mined -

What are the possibilities for re-opening -
Mining reserves -

Trends in mining -

Development costs, if any -

Land acres classified by capability groups e.g. I, II, III, etc. -
Consider existing water pollution problems -
Industrial and Commercial Enterprises -

Any recent closures of Industrial or Commercial enterprises -

Is there adequate parking downtown -

 

-64

Committee D - Agriculture and Forestry:
Situation:

Farming used to be the number one occupation, but now this
is quickly changing. Many urban people are buying the farms for
winter and summer homes. The land is idle. There is talk of more
cash crOpping in the county, but so far nothing has happened.
Forestry and agriculture are valuable to this county. Therefore

the items to inventory and consider are many and are as follows:

Size and number of farms 1940 - 1950 - 1960 -
Major reason for change in numbers -

Will this continue -

Types of farms -

Economic classification of farms and compare to province -
How many units are too small to be economical -
Value of investment land, buildings, equipment and stock, average per farm -

‘Value of farm sales by commodity and purchased inputs -

Ownership -
Tenure system -

Financial assistance (credit) -

Soil fertility -
Drainage -
Irrigation -

Markets for agricultural products -
Cost sharing projects with gov't -

Number of farm operations -

Full time operators -

Part time operators -

Farm managers -

Tenants -

Working of the farm.more than 100 days -
Total farm operators working off farm -

Average age of farm operator, trends 1940-50-60 -

Farm water supply -

 

.
.
.
- .
.
. .
. y (r l
. .
I n
,. .
_ a L
..
P e .
I. . I
a; .
..
1A . 1 1
...
.
--.
. . . -
o a v >l
o .
.
..
.
.
.
.
..
r U
.
a ‘
.
.

65

Dairyipg:

No. of units -

Size of units -
Production total milk -
Housing -

Menagement -

Quality of livestock -
Adequate records kept -

Aggicultureggpd Forestry:

Livestock health -

Competition -

Grading of dairy products -

Market organization -

Market efficiency -

Market regulations -

Total sales dairy produce -

Trends in dairying -

Z of total farms with dairy cows -
Major production problem -

All other livestock and poultry including furbearing animals, check these
items for each enterprise e.g., beef, hogs, poultry, etc. -

No. of units -

Size of units -

Production total -

Housing -

Management -

Health -

Competition -

Grading of produce -

Market organization -

Market efficiency -

Market regulations -

Z of farms reporting the specific product -

Total sales of product -

Quality of livestock or poultry -

Major production problems -

Trends of numbers sold 1940-50-60 -

Price trends 1940-50-60 -

Are adequate records kept -

Field and Cash Crops, check these items for each crop:
No. of acres -

Z of total cropland -

Ave. yield, 3 year average -

Ave. total production -

Ave. total value -

Estimated potential production -

66

Potential increase in value -

Acres of land for all other uses -

Acreages 1940-50-60 -

Price trends 1940-50-60 -

Yield per acre -

Quality of crap -

Markets -

Adequate market information -
Grading of produce -
Storing -

Lands in forests:
a. public -
b. private -
c. commercial -

Board feet by species (trends for 10 yrs.) -
Acres by species -
Quality -

Growth rates -
Total sales and income -

Management -

Are cut over areas reforested -
Assembling -

Grading -

Processing -

Wholesale -

Retail -

Are diversified wood using industries present -
Numbers of - Volume and Potential of:
sawmills -
pulpmills -
veneer mills -
treatment plants -

Incomes from:
sawed timber -
pulpwood -
Xmas trees -
All other -

67

Committee E - Industrial and Commercial Enterprises:

§itua§ion=

This county has some light industry and several commercial
establishments. In the proposed survey it would be advisable to
look outside this county as men are travelling to jobs outside the
county. List the places of employment which are attracting some
of Brimstone's working force. These establishments will need to

be considered in the plan.

No. of Industrial Establishments -
No. of Commercial Establishments -
Locations -

Potential for expansion -

Basis for new industry -
Needed research -
Problems Facing Industry -

Problems Facing Commercial -

Statu§_of Cgrrent Business:
Competition -
Management -
Appearance -
Competitive -
Mergers -

Sales -
Potential -

Unutilized production capacity -
Trends in industrial and commercial growth -
Map showing location of industry in community -

Wholesale - volume $
trends

Retail - volume $
trends

What was the value added by manufacture in 1940-50 and '60

 

 

 

.
. . .
. a
.
e 1‘
l
. .. «I
.
a 4..
. ..
II. .
.. A i’
a ..
..
. . .
1 1 1
o a. s
1 ..
.m
.a . ....
_
.
a
.

 

...;

...-

Buildipgs for Industry -
Type "
Size -
Condition -

Building adaptability to different industries
Estimate cost to remodel

New Sites -

Topography -

Drainage -

Depth to bedrock -

Access to all utilities -

Who owns the buildings -
Terms available -
Tax assessed value and rate -

Committee F - Tourism:
Situation:

The lake and improved transportation services bring more and
more tourists each year. This potential for Brimstone County is
not known. New ski resorts open up each winter and are filled by
the opening day. This committee has quite a task and will need to
consider many items as they collect data and information on the

existing and possible future tourist business of the county.

Recreation and relaxation facilities - list them -

Adequacy of facilities -

Improvements needed -

Cost of improvements -

Existing motel and hotel facilities -
Z of occupancy -

# of persons accommodated max. -
Available facilities for conferences -
Available restaurant facilities -
Scenic attractions -

Geographical attractions -
Historical attractions -

Other attractions -

 

.
, A .
. . 1
A .
. n
1’}
..
‘ \
a. , f!
n P
. .... ,
a f
1
. a
i.
no
.
o
..
. . .
. .
. ‘
J .
. .
.
.
.
r A. , .
.
.
. . I
l b u
. ,
.. o“ o.
. ,
. , u .
4 t
r
I ...
'1 p 4
«1 a
. val
. . . .
I o
. ,
1 u n
x.
. .
.
.
.
1 .
.
.

69

Water based recreational attractions -

Public recreational facilities types and volume of business-
Private recreational facilities types and volume of business -

Past tourist volume -

Type and extent of deveIOpment for tourists -
Opportunities for improving and expanding -
Types of recreation most suited to area -

Where do the tourists come from? -
What is being done to attract tourists? -

What is the potential to attract tourists? -
Are the services adequate? -

Map showing recreational facilities -
Map showing access roads and railroads -

No. of farm families presently‘hosting paying hunters -
How many farm families are interested in hosting vacationers -
Does anyone advertise that. individuals will host hunters '-

Does your community'have:
Campsites -
Swimming -

Trailers (camping) -
Picnic grounds -

Baseball -
Basketball -

Fishing -
Stocking -
Hunting -
Boating -
Water sports -
Country Club -

Rifle range -
Riding stable -

Ski lift - list -
Cabins -

Barbeque pits -

Is the area attractive and clean -
Do the people in the tourist business cooperate with each other -

What is the image left with the tourist -
Is anyOne concerned about lengthening the tourist season -

.4

. .
. 0
.'
a a
u I.
r
.1.
A u.
.1 .
4 V l
0 ’
. .
.. . k
I 1 O
1 . c
. '-
.. 1
I ' D
a
.
1 .
. I
J
—
v
.
I.
‘
. . .
...
. n
. .
A
.
a
r I
..

70

Committee G - Manpower and Employment:
Situation:

The people do not like to see the young peOple leave in search
of jobs. The alternate is to have jobs locally for them. To project,
information is required concerning the kinds of employment existing,
What is the present labor force like? They will need to know how
many people are working, and at what tasks. What skills are nec-
essary, and is retraining necessary? They will want to consider

such items as:

Employment by Industry and Occupation

1940 1950 1960
Agriculture
Forestry
Manufacturing
Construction
Service Industry
Professional and Managerial

All Others

Age and no. of labor force 14-65 in 10 year groups -
Employment potential of unemployed and underemployed -

Characteristics of this labor -
Z unemployed -

Total number employed - male - female -
Compare to province and nation by 7. of pop. -

71

Vocational skills or job experience -

Training needs -
Retraining needs -
When trained are jobs available -

Nature and extent of seasonal work -
Potential employment based on fuller uses of resources -

Testing and placement services -
Employment or job counseling -

Career Information -
Attitudes of workers -

Non Worker
Worker ratio -

Wage rates for various industries -

How many high school graduates in labor force -
How many college graduates in labor force —
How many vocational school graduates in labor force -

Location of employment:

- in the county no. -

- outside the county no. -
Reasonable commuting distance - miles

No. of peOple self-employed -
Major conditions affecting employment and income -
No. unemployed because of disability -

Are labor unions organized in your community -
If so what 1 of workers are union members -
Has there been a history of strikes -

What labor laws affect industry -

Off farm work:
- how many have off -farm work now -
- is this work readily available -

What is the occupational outlook -

Are young people aware of employment opportunities and the potential
income -

Z of lO-l9 year olds remaining 10 years later -
Potential labor force 10-19 years -

How do community facilities compare to others? -
Is there adequate housing? -

a .
.
.
4
A
u a
.n
. 3
.l n
. v. I
_ .
.—
u!
. .
\ F’
t .1
I ' A
.
A. :5 V
f .
I . I
. .
.
A
. .
.I
. J
r
u .
ll
.
.
.

12

Committee H - Community Facilities, Services and Institutions:
Situation:

Most communities are concerned with their educational instruc-
tions and facilities. This county is no exception. They do not
have colleges nearby. The high school represents a focal point
for the community.

Because not only of the permanent population but also the
tourist segment, they are concerned with medical services and facili-
ties. This seasonal population change makes aheavy demand on all
the services within this community. It is therefore important to
consider what the present facilities are and consider what they

could be. The list is long but the items are essential for planning.

Education:

No. of primary, secondary and vocational schools -
No. of nursing schools and kindergartens -
Facilities and Services available at schools -
Adequacy of present educ. facilities -
Potential use of facilities -

New educational facilities needed -

Indicate location of educational facilities -
Types of education offered at all levels -
Enrollment in kindergarten -

Student population by grades -

Total # of children 5-19 years in community for 1940-1950 & 1960 -

All schools maximum capacity -

73

School attendance -

Are high school dropouts a problem.-

Is the curriculum modern -

Quality of instruction -

Adequate teaching staff available -
Number of teachers by academic degrees -
Pupil-Teacher ratio by grades -

Record of graduates -

No. graduating each year -

What percent graduate from high school -

What percent of grads. go to college, vocational school -
Does your county offer any adult training opportunities -
Are courses available in:
consumer education -
nutrition and health -
landscaping home surroundings -
home management -
child development -
clothing -
Special educational services -
No. of persons enrolled in evening courses -
Program for the deaf -
Educational program for physically and mentally handicapped -
Are these programs adequate -
List nearest Colleges -
List nearest University -

List nearest Industrial Educ. Center -

Expenditure for education per pupil compared to Province and national
figures -

Salaries to teachers -
Compare to other scales -

How do college fees compare with others -
Are there adequate finances for education -

Day care center for children -
Public health services -

Number of persons on welfare -

Total and average amrunts received -

...L

.

..I

 

74

Medical Services:

No. of doctors -

No. of people per doctor -

No. of nurses -

No. of dentists -

No. of people per dentist -

No. of hospitals -

Adequacy of hospitals -

No. of clinics -

No. of nursing homes -

No. of homes for aged -

No. of beds in each facility -

Location of hospitals -

Welfare facilities -
Delinquency -
Family guidance -

Ambulance Service -

Water Supply:

For the present -
For the future -

Water Rates -

Sanitation, garbage and waste disposal -
Sanitation (sewage) -

Transpgrtation:

Highways -
Secondary Roads -

Streets -
Traffic counts on roads -

Power Service and Facilities -
Power rates -

75

Transportation:

Bus service -
Rail service -
Trucking service -
Trucking rates -

Schedule of train, bus and airlines -

Availability of coal -
fuel oil -
gas -

Organizations:

What civic service and church groups are present -
What is the purpose of each -

What 1 of community population participate in l or more -
Names of individuals holding offices -
List of names of individuals belonging to organized groups -

Youth Activities:

Inventory of activities -
Needs -
Additional facilities and activities needed -

Is there youth counselling -
Are there supervised youth centres -

Is there a supervised recreation program for children in the summer -
Public Services:

Police protection -

Mail service -

Parks -

Adequacy -

Public areas for golf -
Public areas for tennis -

Public playground -
Public swimming -

Skating -
Bowling -

Library -
Gymnasium -
Curling -

76

Theatres -
Art Gallery -
Dramatics -
Concerts -

Social dancing -

Football field -
Track -

Roller skating -
Billards -

Public Buildings:

Community Center -

Fire Station -

Shelter -

Card room -

Sr. Citizen Room -

General community room -
Warming house for skating -
Place for teenage parties -
Municipal buildings -

Crime record over past 10 years -
What are most frequent causes of arrest -

Government:

Local structure -

Local attitude toward gov't.-

Needed changes in gov't -

Financial position of governmental unit -

No. of employees -
Payroll -

Total assessed property valuation -
True value of property -

Total prOperty taxes paid in county -

Total school taxes paid in the county -
Townships taxes -

City and incorporated town taxes -
Other taxes -

Property tax cost of education per pupil 1950-1960 -

 

u.1. .

 

77

Finance: '
What commercial banks serve you -
Bank deposits -
Types of lending facilities available -
Capability to finance local economic development -
Are the capital needs of the community being met -
Loan rates -
Z of local financing in agriculture -

- in agr. related industries -

- in non-agr. firms -
What are the rates and conditions for:

- agriculture -

- industrial development -

- other purposes -
What is total bonded debt of community -
What is the attitude of people to credit -
Estimate how many families are using:

real estate credit -

farm Operation credit -
no credit -

SIEP‘VIII. The Inventory Report

Once all the committees have completed their individual
reports then the overall inventory report can be assembled. The
groups have worked somewhat separately at inventorying, now all
these reports should be edited and put together in a systematic
fashion. Representatives of each committee might agree to do this
important job of assembling, sorting, illustrating and editing the
county report.

The methods used to record this inventory should depend on
the audience. Who will use this report? Should it be in one com-

plete publica*’on or should each committee publish separate phamplets

/' .

v
.
r.
.-
-
. . J
{7 .
. .4
A
I
.
. . . I
. .,
so. .
u
v . I l . v.
.
. .-
.
.
.1.

n
u . I ‘ .
I,
. \ ‘ .
I .
.I
. . r . ,
I.
l.
s .
l
-
.3 .-
. .1:
I
...
t In .
A.— v
.t - I‘t
. a
u . .-
n
.
I A
A l
o A
.1 l
.a
.
.
\
. . i

78

for easier use by their group. The editors should keep in mind

what they hope this report to do. The final inventory report should
be presented in the clearest and best possible form for the intended
users.

This report is onty the beginning. It has been a lot of work
but important information has been gathered and now must be put to
use. It is now important to set the wheels in motion to analyze
this information and to try and figure out what implications can
be drawn from.the survey. An action plan should be started immedi-
ately. Many people in the community have heard about C.R.D., they
are curious about the results of the survey. It's an opportune
time to push forward -- with plans based on facts for the social

and economic good of the community.

CHAPTER X

Summary and Conclusions

Community Resource Development is a dynamic process, it is
concerned with growth and advancement, and with people using
existing resources for improving themselves and their fellow

men .

C.R.D. is necessary because of social and economic changes that
require adjustments. Technological, and mechanical developments,
urban sprawl and rural depopulation are some of the factors
causing an increased interest on the part of many citizens to

try and plan for some of these changes.

In.Canada the problems of economic and social change are para-
lelling those in the United States. Governments at all levels

are supporting plans for comprehensive resource development.

The basis for successful Community Resource Development will be
the plan. ‘Many persons will be involved, cities, towns,
villages and counties will need to work together with govern-
ments at all levels to arrive at a satisfactory approach to
future growth. One of the first steps in the planning process

is to establish the base, the present situation, this can be

79

80

done by inventorying the natural and human resources of the

community.

Twenty different guidelines for inventorying were analyzed.
The content analysis of each one was summarized. This summary
is a comprehensive list of items to consider when the resources

of a community are being inventoried.

As a check on the usefulness of the guideline developed, three
reports were reviewed to see if they covered items which our
guideline had not suggested. The items not suggested by our

guideline were then listed.

Conclusions:

1.

Rapid economic and social changes in the united States and
Canada will increase the interest in Community Resource Develop-
ment programs in the future. As successful programs are com-
pleted this will increase the interest and more programs will

be undertaken. An accurate comprehensive inventory of resources

will be a base for a successful program.

Community groups will need assistance in program planning.
Many different materials were reviewed during the preparation
of this paper. There are materials available; however, one
must be careful in selecting these. Some are of more value
than others, and planning groups should collect and review as
many different materials as possible before making a final de-

cision as to the best type of program for any given situation.

3.

.81

The summarized content analysis of twenty guidelines, from ten
states and two federal departments provide a good basic list of
items to inventory for C.R.D. planning. However, this list of
items should not be considered as complete. The items to inven-
tory will vary with every community. This completed summary

is intended to be a basic guide. In some communities many of
these items will not apply, while in other communities items

should be added for certain subject matter areas.

The inventory list provided in chapter seven is a guide to items
to consider. It is not planned or designed to be used as it
exists. The arrangement and wording of the "survey type report"
will depend on the area to be studied and in some cases the

goal to which the survey is directed.

The guidelines studied were intended to be "guides", the authors
indicated this. They left many items out which apparently are
important to others. Maybe there are advantages to leaving
much up to those involved. By summarizing 20 guides we'have
been able to cover the areas left out in one guide by references
to other guides which covered that area in more depth. As a

result most areas appear to be adequately covered.

There is considerable interest in certain areas; namely popu-
lation, employment, education, tourism, transportation, water
and sewage. These areas were continually emphasized in reports

that were studied.

u?

.. . x ..
-
.
OI
. _
VI .7
v
I
l:
x
v
I n . 7
UV we .
- I
A
L
.9 5. I
. .
o
.
.
.
o
.
a
v

.i

82

The prOposed guideline was used as a basis to prepare a list

of items for a comprehensive "case study" in a county. This
guideline was found to be very usable and as a result the author
feels that a good inventory list of items for this proposed study

was relatively easily developed.

Many people indicated their interest, and the need for more
specific guidelines for inventorying when they replied to Dr.
Kimball's letter requesting information on this topic. Several
requested capies of this study. As a result of this study I am
convinced there is a need for a basic list of items such as
appears in chapter seven. This list should prove to be useful
to those who requested a capy. It will be useful to me as I

work in Extension and Resource Development in Canada.

10.

11.

12.

13.

14.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

A.Citizens' Development Plan for every County - University of Wisconsin,
Extension Service, College of Agriculture, Madison, Wis., Mby,
1963.

Anderson, A" R., The "Expanding" Rural Community, Univ. of Nebraska,
Agr. Exp. Station, Sept. 1961.

Area Resource DevelOpment (Concepts, Principles, Procedures, Decisions,

Actions), Federal Extension Service, U.S.D.A., Jan. 1963,
(RDPA - 14).

Area Resource Development Plan, Kansas State University Extension
Service, Manhattan, Kansas, April 1963.

Barkley, Paul W., Area Development, Extension Service, Kansas State
University, Manhattan, Jan. 1962.

Canada Department of Agriculture, Problems Possibilities and Progress,
Queen's Printer, Ottawa, August 1963.

Canada, Department of Forestry, The Canada Land Inventory, Publica-
tion 1088, Queen's Printer, Ottawa, 1965.

Canadian Federation of Agriculture, Agricultural Resources for
Tomorrow, Mutual Press Ltd., June 1963.

Carpenter, James R., Rural Areas Development and You, Mississippi
State university, Cooperating with the U.S.D.A., 1963.

Colorado State University, 2nd Annual R.A.D. Conference, 1962.

Community Resource Development Guides, Dept. of Agr. Econ., North
Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station, North Dakota State
University, Fargo, North Dakota, Report No. 32, Feb. 1964.

Community Resource Development, Proceedings of First National Extension
Workshop in C.R.D., Michigan State University, July 12-30, 1965.

Community Survey Outline For Rural Development Counties, University
of Kentucky, Cooperative Extension Service, Agr. and Home
Economics.

Copp, James R., Our Changing Rural Society: Perspectives and Trends,
Iowa State University Press, Ames, Iowa, 1964.

83

15.

16.

17.

18.

19.

20.

21.

22.

23.

24.

25.

26.

27.

28.

29.

30.

84

Davidson, A. T., Saskatchewan Farmers' Union, Dec. 4, 1964. (unpublished)

Economic Development Administration, U.S. Dept. of Commerce, washington,
D.C., 1965.

Gallion, Arthur and Eisner, Simon, The Urban Pattern, D. VanNostrand
Co., Ltd., Princeton, Toronto, New York, London, 1963.

Guidelines for Determining Industrial Development Potentials in South
Dakota, CooPerative Extension Service, South Dakota State
College, Brookings.

Guidelines for Determining Quality Education in South Dakota Communi-
ties, Cooperative Extension Service, South Dakota State College,
Brookings.

Guidelines for Determining Recreation Potentials in South Dakota,
Cooperative Extension Service South Dakota State College,
Brookings.

Guidelines for Determining Resource Development Potentials in South
Dakota, Cooperative Extension Service, South Dakota State
College, Brookings.

Guidelines for Surveying Churches in South Dakota, Cooperative Exten-
sion Service, South Dakota State College, Brookings.

Hillsdale County Michigan, Its Resources and Their Development, June
1964.

Huie, JOhn'M., et al., Suggested Outline for Overall Economic Develop-
ment Program, Cooperative Extension Service, Auburn University,
Auburn, Alabama.

Knox, John W. and Crom, Leo L., Kansas Area Development, Ext. Ser.
Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, Sept. 1962.

O.E.D.P. Planning For New Growth - New Jobs, U.S.D. of Commerce,
Area Redevelopment Admin., U.S. Gov't. Printing Office,
Washington 25, D.C., 1962.

Outline for RAD Program in Arizona, Cooperative Extension Service,
University of Arizona, Tucson, Nov. 2, 1961.

Overall Economic Development Plan, OgemmwrCounty, Michigan (Revision)
1964.

Overall Economic Development Program, Presque Isle County Resource
Development Corporation, April 1963.

Planning a Development Program for Your County, North Carolina Agricul-
tural Extension Service, North Carolina State and U.S.D.A.
Circular .41, Aug. 63.

31.

32.

33.

34.

35.

36.

37.

38.

39.

40.

41.

42.

43.

44.

45.

46.

85

Proceedings of the Conference on Urban Growth in San Joaquin County,
Agr. Ext. Service, University of California, Stackton,‘May '64.

Rural Resource Development, Dept. of Agr. Econ., Auburn University,
Auburn, Alabama, June 1961.

Sauer, E. L., Activities in Developing Community Resources, Cooperative
Extension Service, University of Illinois, Urbana, 1964.

, Resource Area Development, Cooperative Extension Service,
University of Illinois, U.S.D.An C00perating, Urbana, Ill., 1963.

Sauve, Honourable Maurice, Rural Poverty in Canada, Dec. 1, 1964.
(unpublished)

Scbwass, Rodger, The ARDA - What Is It?, National Farm Radio Forum,
‘Vol. 19, March 19, 1962.

Schweitzer, H. J., Resource Area Development, COOperative Ext. Service,
University of Illinois, U.S.D.A. Cooperating, Urbana, Ill., 1963.

Science for the Farmer, Pennsylvania State University, College of Agr.,
Agricultural Experiment Station, University Park, Penn., Vol. X,
No. 1, Summer 1962.

Smith, Richard, For You: A Better Community, Agr. Extension Service,
University of Georgia, College of Agr. (Phamplet)

Suggested General Outline of O.E.P.D., Agricultural Extension Service,
University of Minnesota, U.S.D.A., April 1964.

Suggested Guide For County Resource Inventory, State University
Station, Fargo, North Dakota.

Suggested Outline: Overall Economic Development Plan, Cooperative
Extension Service, University of Illinois, Urbana, Nov. 22, 1962.

Total Resource Development in.Virginia, A Guide for Planning and Action
Agricultural Extension Service, Virginia Polytechnic Institute,
Blacksburg, Circular 990, Dec. 1965.

Total Resource Development in Wisconsin, University of Wisconsin Exten—
sion Service, College of Agriculture, Madison, Wis., Oct. 1963.

Urban, J. C., Your Community - Its Resources and Needs, Agr. Extension
Service, University of Arkansas, U.S.D.A. Cooperating, No. M.P.90.

U.S.D.A., A Place to Live - U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington,
D.C., 20402, 1963.

 

APPENDIX. A

COOPERATIVE EXTENSION SERVICE
MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY - East Lansing - Michigan 48823

Department of Resource Development

 

‘ AndflUZS. Department of Agriculture Cooperating

April 26, 1966

Dear Friend:

We need your help! Would you be willing to share some of your State
Resource Development materials on analysis of Community Resources?
Do you have a special guidebook to help citizen:groups in inventory-
ing local resources or other general materials which include such
information?

A grad student and I are developing a specific guideline for Community
Resource analyses. We want to review as many state materials as
possible.

Would you please send any materials you would be willing to share on
Inventorying.Community Resources by May 9fih, at theaddress listed
below. If you would like a copy of the Guideline which is developed
please let us know. Your help will be appreciated.

Sincerely,

W} J. Kimball, Extension Leader
Community Resource Development
Natural Science Building, Room 132
Mmehigan State University

East Lansing, Michigan 48823

86

PB-5923— - - ‘
75"th 553 P PAM

Analysis of Replies to Kimball's Letter

Replies Rec'd From
Virginia
North Dakota
North Carolina
Kentucky
Arizona
Illinois
Minnesota
South Dakota
Mississippi
Louisiana
South Carolina
Pennsylvania
Arkansas
Nevada

Idaho

Rhode Island
Texas
Colorado
Wyoming

New Jersey

California

Connecticut
Tennessee

Iowa

W

Sent figidelines
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
No
Yes
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No

No
No
No

No
No

87

Requested Copies
of Our Study

Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
No
No
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
No
No
No
No

No
No
No

No

, No