_l 2: Ev‘éE fi‘ 'u‘c‘ . U‘ C. . - \“. A. 93‘ ."."‘l...’,y: mum‘; 0.2:. @‘K I {3”}; 3:" :31; ”'1' dj“ ‘5.th d u. m 4‘ I 2). ‘9‘ ll fl;|‘_..v Ix” «. 3mm. I fix ‘ ‘ :12.th m”, «WW \ M. ’a “ -‘ . . ‘ 521353 «w 31293?” 22? 5‘91: 9.. Dr .3 '- “i - . vn‘f't. ‘- ff' (a: pt 33 x u tr; #3: ,1}; I“ ‘? *{QS'I’ ”chauun“: .. .a W;..--J. u:-s g :9: III II III III IIII III III IIIII III IIII III III IIII III IIII II II 0104 9610 LIBRARY Michigan State University e. ,_ o: - Eds 7 A“ S {A TEEOIUCA 7701,; ‘913077 THE EFFECT OF “OVERLOAD wmmm M,“ um, (1.le N ON SPEED AND ACCURACY by LEROY FRANK ALBRECHI‘ AN ABSTRACT OF A THESIS- Suhmitted to the College of Education of Michigan State UIfiverflty of Agriculture and Applied Sdence in partial mlfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS Department of Health, Physical Education, and Recreation 1958 2 f. I Approved “agree ,4: (Eat—v“ W Leroy Frank Albrecht ABSTRACT Statement of. the problem. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of overload in the warm-mp period on the speed and accuracy of the baseball throw. Methodology. Fifty members from the 1958 freshman baseball team at Michigan State University acted as subjects. Each subject was his own control in the regulation warm-up and the "overload wam-up" tests. The testing program consisted of a normal baseball warm-up with ten throws recorded for speed and accuracy following want-up. After a ten minute rest period the subjects were given a controlled wam-up with an overweighted baseball (11 ounces). Immediately following this warm-up speed and accuracy were recorded for ten additional throws. Velocity was measured using an electric timer calibrated to l/lOOO of a second. Accuracy was measured by the score obtained on a target board. All data were statistically analyzed using the "t" test. Ten subjects were retested using the same testing routine except no overload was used in the second warm-up. hroy Frank Albrecht 2. There were no differences in velocity statistical signifi- cance without the "overload warm-up. " Conclusions. The following conclusions are drawn with- in the limitations of the baseball player's sample used: 1. "Overload warm-up" 7W throwing an eleven ounce baseball prior to throwing a regular weight ball increases the velocity at which a baseball can be thrown. N dean-ad 2. "Overload wean-1113"” significant‘ei-‘feet—en- accuracy. THE EFFECT OF "'OV'ERLOAD WAIM—UP'“ ONSP'EEDAMJACCURACY LEROY mam ALBRECHT A THESIS Submitted.to the Cellege of Education.of’Michigan State University of Agriculture and Applied Science inypartial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of iMASTER OF.ARTS Department of Health, Physical Education, and Recreation 1958 \. l u {m 4“ "‘23 .h ‘\ \s :1 M 1" \~\\ ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The writer wishes to express his appreciation to all persons connected with the problem for their suggestions, criticisms, guidance and assistance. Deep gratitude is extended to his advisor,.Dr. wayne van.Huss, for his interest and help. The author also wants to thank his wife, Nina, fer her ability and skill in warding off discouragement. TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER I. ITRODUCTION . . . . . Justification of the study Statement of the problem Limitations of the problem Definitions . . . . . II. REVIEW OF LITERATURE . . III. METHOJB OF RESEARCH. . . Source of Data . . . . Subjects . . . . . Experimental procedure Retestgroup. . . . Equipuent used . . . \ Statistical technique . IV. RESULTS AND ANALYSIS . Velocity . . . . . . heatment of data . . Results . . . . . PAGE mmc'rwi-J TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued) CHAPTER IV. Discussion . . . Accuracy . . . . Treatment of data . Results . . . Discussion . . . V. SIR/MARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECCMIIENDATIOI‘IS . Smmnaxy.... Conclusions . . Becamnendations . . BIBLImRAPHI . . . . . . APPENDICES . . . . . . . iv PAGE l8 l9 19 21 22 23 2h 27 LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE ’ PAGE 1 Electric clock and timer . . . . . 2 TargBt o o o o o O o o c o o o 15 3 Wiring technique on subject . . . . . 15 CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION Baseball coaches are always on the lookout for the boys with natural ability, especially those who can throw a fast ball. This ability has been regarded as innate, in that sane individuals have fast contracting muscles and sane slow. The irmuediate and longitudinal effects of training on this ability are little known though in recent years interest in the relationships of mscular power, strength, md speed of mumt has increased. A sutfiicient marker of ma... indicate that exercise will inczease strength, md strength increases more was when training with an mire11'loa.czli.1 The type of strength desired, static or dynamic, requires consideration in cart.- lining the trairdng program How much though does strength 1S. J. Bouts, et. a1., "The Influeme of Heavy Resistance Emrcise an Strength,“ motheragl’ Review, 26:299, 19!;6. contrimte to the ability to throw a baseball fast? Mationship betteenstrengthaidflrmingofabasehall involves muscle power and speed of movement. Mlldnsz, conducted an investigation in speed of movement of the ms with and without weight warming. E concluded that speed of merit in the arm of experienced weightlifters is as met as that of inmerienced weight trainees, and that improvement is constantly gained as training progresses. In this miment weight trairdng had no slowing effect on the med of an: movement. m3, showedthat systmticweight mum: immerse scoresinpowereventswhen strength, muscularand circulatory-respiratory mm and athletic power as improved. This study is prim}: concerned with the immediate effect: of overload in a specific athletic event, using a weight in mess of the mailman weight just prior to zamce n. m, “The Effect of Weight Training on Speed of Movement,“ Eesem'ch Watery, 23861-370, October, 1952. JEcMard K. Capen, ”The Effect of Systematic weight Training on Power, Strength and Endxrance, " Research marterly, 21:83-93, May, 1950. participation. The use of two or three bats is common- place prior to knitting. There has been considerable diversity of opinion in baseball circles as to the use of a weighted object in pitching. In a skilled movement the same motor units are acti- vated in the same sequence.h If more load is added more motor units and muscles are activated, also if the rate is increased more motor units and musdes are activated. his study was undertaken to detenurle roughly that if more motor units and muscles are activated by the increased load then can these muscles and motor units be brought to bear to produce a faster rate of movement. If this is tme, faster throws would result. Obviously though, even if faster throws do result the exact mechanism would still be only theoretical until the more rigorous electrarwogrqfldc work can be done. Justification 21; the; stug. Ecperiments have been performed in which a weighted baseball was used in the hH. c. Seyffarth, "The Behavior of Motor Units in Healthly and Paretic muscles in Man " Acta M 16:79-109, 261-278, 19111. ’ """' warm-up period to determine the effect of overload on the velocity of the baseball throms’6 Previous studies have all found an increase in ball velocities following wanna-up with a weighted ball, but the differences have not been statistically significant. The techniques of measurement were too gross in the earlier studies. In the present study the measurement tecl'dnques have been refined and are more adequate to test the concept. The present study also includes only baseball players and the smrple is larger. Statement 93 the problem. To determine the effect of overload in the warm-up period on the speed and accuracy of the baseball throw. Limitations of the; problem. 1. Psychological factor. All subjects were instmcted to thrcm at their maximum. It is difficult to determine in an all-out performance Just 5Randall L. Hagerman, "The Effect of 'Overload Wam—up' on the Speed of 'mrowing," (unpublished Master's thesis, Michigan State University, East Lansing, 1956.) 6Robert 0. meer, "The Effect of 'Overload Warm-up' on Speed and Accuracy in Baseball Throwing," (unpublished Master's thesis, Michigan State University, East Lansing, I957.) how all-out it is since motivation plays such an important role in this respect. Definitions. "Overload Warm-In)" - the period prior to testing, in which the subject warms-up with an over- weighted has ebaJl . CHAPTER II REVIEW OF LITERATURE Little research has been done in the "overload want-up" field. One has to limit his reading of literature to the effect of overload training to increase strength and power. (rapen7 , showed that systematic weight training will improve scores in power events when strength, muscular and circulatory-respiratory endurance and athletic power are improved. An experimental group of forty-two college saphanores trained with barbells, while a control group of twenty-nine college freshmen participated in a physical education conditioning course. Greamr improvement in muscular strength, with higher final scores were recorded by the weight training group . 7C‘apen, 1.29. git. Chuia, disclosed that weight training increased the amount of potential power in subjects tested. Body weight, Sargent jump, eight pound shot, twelve pound shot, standing broad jump), and sixty-yard dash were performed by twenty-three subjects using weight training exercises. A control of twenty-two subjects performed the same events without a weight training program. Data were collected before and after the experiment with overload improvement in the shot put events of the trained group . Weight training had a positive effect on power. With an increase in strength through weight training, Wilkins9 conducted an investigation in speed of movement of the arms with and without weight trairdng. The three groups tested consisted of novice weightlifters, team members of the University of California Weightlifting Team, and students in an elementaryr golf and swimning class. He found that speed of movement in the arm of eaqaerienced 8Edward Chui, "The Effect of Systematic Weight Train- ing on Athletic Power, "‘ Research Quarterly, 3:188-l9h, October, 1950. """"“"' 9Bruce M. Wilkins, "The Effect of Weight Training on Speed of Movement," Research Quarterly, 23: 361-370, October, 1952. ' weightlifters was as great as that of inexperienced weight trainees, and that improvement is constantly gained as training progresses. In this experiment weight training had no slowing effect on the speed of arm movement. Masley, Hairabedian, and Donaldson1 0 tested an exper- imental and two control groups which consisted of an elementary weightlifting class, volleyball class, and students of a physical education lecture class, to determine whether weight training had any relation to strength, speed and coordination. Strength was recorded by McCloy's Strength Index. @eed of movement was measured in terms of elapsed time required to couplets twenty-four rotary movements of the arm in a frontal plane. Coordination was tested by an apparatus which consisted of a front and overhead target. C'opper discs were recessed in the targets and a fencing foil was wired in such a manner that contact made by the tip of the foil activated a counter. The subjects attempted to strike the copper discs as many times as possible in a required time. Results showed that speed and coordination lOJohn W. Masley, Ara Hairabedian, and Donald Donaldson, "Weight Training in Relation to Strength, Speed, and Coordin- ation," Research Quarterly, 2h:307-316, October, 1953. ~— were increased by weight training. Skubic and Hodgkinsn studying the effects of warm—up exercises prior to certain activities which involved speed in bicycle eganeter performance, strength in the throwing of a softball for distance, and accuracy in basketball free throwing, found no significmt difference although all scores did increase slightly in tests preceded by related warm-ups. Investigating the effects of related and unrelated warm-up in a softball throw for distance Michael, Sl'cubic, and Rochellelz , found that both types of warm-up resulted in significantly longer throws. An experiment of overloading a baseball and its effect on the velocity of the baseball throw was performed by Hageman.13 The results showed that there was no signifi- cant increase in the Speed of throwing by warming up with lJ‘Vera Skubic and Jean Hodgkins, "The Effect of Warm-up Activities on Speed, Strength, and Accuracy," Research Quarterly, 28:1h7-152, May, 1957. lemest Michael, Vera Skubic, and Jean Hodgkinst, "The Effect of Warm-up on Softball Throw for Distance," Research Quarterly, 28:357-363, December, 1957. l3Hagerman, loc . git. lO . a weighted ball. The subjects, however, reported a feeling of relaxation and ease of throwing after the "overload ram-up" that they had not previously experienced. Immerlh, in a follow-up of Hageman's study used varying loads in an "overload warm-up" experiment. He used four different baseballs which weighed seven, nine, eleven, and thirteen mmces respectively. Each subject used all four balls in four testing periods. The results showed that "overload warm-up" had no effect on speed of throwing, although an increase was found in the mean velocity scores for all four weighted balls. Also , "overload warm-up" with the second heaviest ball resulted in increased accuracy, regardless of the effect on velocity. In all related literature it is noted that no state- ments of harmful effects are attributed to weight training or "overload warn-up" in Speed of throwing. lhhnmer, lac; gt. CHAPI'ERIII I-IE‘IHCDS OF RESEARCH ‘I’nis stuck was planned to investigate the effect of overload in the warm-up period on the speed and many of the baseball throw. SOURCE OF DATA Subjects. Fifty baseball players frcm the 1958 freshman baseball team of Michigan State University acted as subjects. All were accmplished baseball players in high school. Each subject acted as his own control in both the regulation and ”overload tram-up" tests. Ecperianental p_x:ocechre. All players were allowed to warm-up using normal baseball procedure with a regulation baseball. After a couplets warm-up, each subject recorded 12. ten throws for speed and accuracy during the regulation phase. After a. ten minute rest the subjects continued in a controlled ween-up period using the overweighted ball. This consisted of fifteen normal throws and ten throws at maadnnm speed for a. total of Wenty-five throws in the "overload warm-up" period. Immediately folowing this period the subject recorded ten additional throws for speed and aowraey with a regulation baseball. Retest m. Ten subjects were randmfly selected tron the original fifty and retested in velocity. “his test consisted of two phases. The first phase was a duplicatim of the original test. The second phase was another duplication eliminating the "overload warm-up. m The second phase of testing was conducted as a control. It is quite possible an;r changes found in the original testing could be due to the ten minute rest period just prior to throwing the second time rather then due to the overload. The subjects did not know the reason for the retesting. All records were kept on previously printed five by eight filecards. 13. W 11333. The type of equipment used was an electric clock, target, regulation baseball, and an over- weighted baseball. 'Ihe electric clock was calibrated to l/lOOO's of a seconchlS Activation of the clock began with the release of the ball causing two contact wires to break and open the circuit. As the ball hit the target microswitches closed the circuit stopping the clock.16 The target was constructed of five-ply plywood with three sheets of half-inch "Absorblo" padding17 to protect it fran shattering under the constant blows of the ball. Ellis was mounted on a thirty by fifty-six inc-h base, and suspended by four spring couplers. These cmplers were so arranged that when any part of the target was hit, it would engge the microswitches which in turn stopped the clock. During the experiment it was found that a ball striking either the target or base would stop the clock. Scoring lsstandard Precision Timers (Catalog No. 198, Spring- field, Esa 3'1:de Elect-EC Slims Go. ), Model No. NET-500. 16See Figure No. 1, p. 15. . 17mlson Athletic Goods (Catalog No. 191, Chicago, EL: PEIson WWCO 00.), p. 9. 1h. on the target was recorded by the painting of equidistant squares which were given values of five, four, three, and two starting fron the inside and working out}8 Regulation baseballsl 9 were used during the regulation warm-up and in all test peliods. Under two inches of each scan of the ball a fourteen gangs copper wire was inserted to act as a contact point. The overweighted baseball was constructed from a regu— lation baseball by drilling two holes through it and filling these holes with lead. The weighted ball weighed acactly eleven ounces. ' The wiring techniqte was mlismd by taping the wire onto the body at the shoulder, ann, wrist, index, and middle fingers. At the fingertips a fraction of the wire ‘3 insulation was removed and the bus wire tucked under the contact point of the baseball. This closed the circuit and permitted the subject more freedom in gripping the ball. The wire was attached to the clock by a jack plug, as was 18366 Figure No. 2, p. 15. 19Baseball Alinanac (New York: A. S. Barnes and Gummy, Im.’ 19E§,, p. E. Figure 30.1 Reaction finer with 1/1000'8 of a second clock. Top jack plug, wire to subject. Bottan jack plug, wire to target. Figure No. 2 Figure No. 3 Target, showing Subject wired for testing. scoring area for accuracy. 16. the wire n‘cm the target.20 The throwing area was reduced to IN} inches due to the frequent missing of the target which was experienced in earlier smdies. Accuracy of this device was checked by the ball drqo , method. The error was found to be i .0007 of a second, less then could be accurately read on the clock. Statistical technique. The statistical technique arployed in this study was the "t" test for significance for matched pairs.21 It was possible using this technique to compute the difference between regular warm-up, "over- load warm-up" and the retest group data. 20See Figure No. 3, p. 15. Allen L. Eduards, Fundamental Statistics (New York: Rinehart and Caupany, Inc., 19:57, pp. 173-173. cxmm IV RESULTS AND ANALYSIS OF DATA This stuchr was planned to investigate the effect of overload in the warm-up period an the speed and worry of the baseball throw. Fifty candidates Run the university baseball team served as the subjects. Tho tests were admin- istered, one after a regulation baseball warm-up and one after an "overload wam-up" period. The results of all data collected are contained in this chapter and are divided into two parts, velocity and accuracy. IMTY Treatment 9; <_i_a_t_a_. The mean velocity scores recorded for regulation warm-up md "overload warm—up " were arranged according to the qapropriate wmbup group and tested for significance using the "t" test. 18.. Results. A mean velocity of . 31:0: seconds was found for regular warm-up as compared to .316 seconds for I'over- load warm-up. " The mean difference was .021; seconds, indicating the subjects threw faster after the "overload warm-up." This mean difference was statistically edgrfificmt at the 1% level (1-, = 5.71)? Inscussion. Ten of the fifty subjects scored lower means after the "overload warm-up" with one subject's some remaining constant. The difference in these means- ranged i‘rcm .002 seconds to .Ohh seconds, while improvement after "overload warm-up" ranged m .001 seconds to .095 seconds. A factor that is unknown here is whether or not the subject was thormghly warmed up prior to the first test. The only indicators of proper preparation were the superb vised team warm-up and the subject's integrity. Since this. would be an obvious limitation to the study ten of the original subjects were randanly selected and retested. The retest was. exactly the same as the original testing except that no "overload warm-up was included. The data zzBasic data is found in Appendix A. 19. far these ten cases were statistically analyzed to detenfine: (1) significance of regular and "overload warm-up" in the initial testing (t I 7.27, P I .01), ('2) significance of retest data, regular vs. regular wam-up administered in exactly the sane sequence as in the initial testing (t - .735, not significant), (3) significance of the differences in the initial testing when carpeted with the differences in the retesting (t a 8.83, P a .01). The latter data indicate the significance obtained in the initial testing of the fifty subjects was not (he to the testing routine, but to the ”overload wann—up. '23 An interesting psychological factor was observed after "overload warm-up.“ The subjects expressed a feeling of being able to throw much faster. IIACCURACY Treatment 93 data. The mean accuracy scores recorded for regulation warm-up and "overload warm-up" were arranged according to the appropriate warm-up group and tested for significance using the "t" test. 23Basic data is found in Appendix 0. Results. The results showed a mean of 3. 57 points after regulation want-up as mared to the 3-. 32 points after ”overload warm-up." The mean difference in scores was .2h8, indicating the subjects scored less points after the "overload warm-up. " This man difference was statis- tically sigrfificarrt at the 17: level (t = 3.27, P .-. .01)?!" Discussion. Eleven subjects scored higher individual. accuracy mean scores after "overload warm-up" but, only four subjects had a mean accuracy score above the general overall test mean following the regular warm-up test. Study of the data showed that subjects who scored very low in tast one had a tendency to raise their means in test two. While subjects with very high means in test one, scored lower in test two. After the "overload warm-up," testing revealed that all subjects had a tendency to throw low. This notice- able decline in accuracy was due to the fact that all sub- jects needed more than the allowed practice throws to regain their mcuracy. All scores for the first three throws following "overload warm-up" where decidedly lower in most cases. In addition, the investigator in all tests emphasized to each subject to concentrate on speed and not accuracy. 22‘Bahic data is found in Appendix B. CHAPTER v 3mm, C‘DNCLUSIONS AND Recommmnmons This study'was planned to investigate the effect of overload in the warm-up period on the speed and accuracy of the baseball throw. Fifty university freshman baseball team candidates served as subjects. Acting as their own controls, each subject participated in two tests. The first test was administered. after a regulation baseball warmpup, after which a regulation baseball was thrown and recorded for accuracy and speed. Fbllowing a ten.minute rest.period each subject continued.in a controlled-warmeup period with a baseball weighing eleven ounces. Immediately following this "overload warmeup" the subjects recorded.an additional ten throws for speed and accuracy. Ten subjects from the original fifty subjects were selected randomly and.retested in the exact manner as before, but without the inclusion of 22. "overload warm-up." The data were statistically analyzed using the "t" test. The results indicate the subjects threw significantly faster after "overload warm-up” (t I 5.71, P I .01), but were slightly less accurate (t = 3.21, P = .01). Retesting of a group of ten subjects using the same procedures as in the initial testing further corroborated the initial data and indicate the improvements were not due to the rest period in the testing procedure. CONCLUSIONS The following conclusions are drawn within the limi- tations of the baseball player's sample used: 1. "Overload warm-up" by throwing an eleven ounce baseball prior to throwing a regular weight ball increases the velocity at which a. baseball can be thrown. 2. "Overload warm-up" has—no significant‘mfl accuracy. 2 3 . REGCI-MENDATIONS 1. It is recanmended in future studies that the velocity of throwing be recorded through the use of elech tronic grids. 2. A better and more effective system of scoring accuracy on the target be chveloped. . 3. An overweighted ball should be constructed in carplete balance. This would facilitate a more normal throw in the "overload warm-up." h. A sample of more experienced baseball players- should be tested. 5. The longitudinal effects of "overload warn—up" should be studied. BIBLICGRAPPE MICERAPHI Baseball Almanac. New York: A. s. Barnes and Company, Inc. 19h9. Campbell, William Giles. Form and Style in Thesis Writing. Boston: Houghton Pfifflifimamr,- l9 Capen, Edward K. "The Effect of Systematic Height Training on Power, Strength and Endurance, " Res___e_____arch Quarterly, 21:83-93, May, 1950 Chui, Edward. "file Effect of Systematic Weight Training on Athletic Power, " Research Quarterly, 21: 188-191;, October, 1950. Edwards, Allen 1.. Ftndamental Statistics. New York: Rinehart and Company, Inc., $56. Hageman, Randall Lee. "The Effect of 'Overload Wann-up' on the Speed of Throwing," Unpublished Master's thesis, Michigan State University, East Lansing, 1956. Houtz, S. J. et. al. "The Influence of Heavy Resistance Exercise on Strength, "‘ Pl'gysiotherapy Review, 26:299, 19h6. lemxer, Robert C. " The Effect of 'Overload Warm-up ' on awed and Accuracy in Baseball Throwing," Unpublished Master's thesis, Michigan State University, East Lansing, 1956. Maslcy, John E, Ara Hairabedian, and Donald N. Donaldson. “Weight Training in Relation to Strength, Speed, and Coordination," Research Quarterly, 213137-316, October, 1953. mohael, Ernest., Vera Skubic, and Jean Hodgkins. "‘Dle Effect of Warm-up on Softball Throw for Distance," Research Quarterly, 28:357-363, December, 1957. ' Seyffarth, H. C. "The Behavior of Motor Units in Healtlv and Paretic Muscles in Man," Acta Psychiatry, 16:79-109, 261-278, 191.1. 26. Skubic, Vera. and Jean Hodgkins, "The Effect of Warm-up mActivities on eed, Strength, and Accuracy, " Re____s_______earch Quarterlz, 28:1 7-152, Maw, 1957 Standard Hecision liners Catalog No. 198. Springfield, Massachusetts: Randard Electric Time Go. , Model 1‘10 0 N3T"% o Wilhns, Bruce M. "The Effect of Weight Training on Speed of Movement, "‘ Research Quarterlz, 23:361-370, October, 1952. Wilson Athletic Goods Catalog No. 191. Chicago, Illinois: Wilson Spo Eng Goods Campany APPENDICES APPENDIX A MEAN moon; SCORES E gular Overload Regular Overload Subject Warm-IQ Nam-Up Subject Nana-1.1;; Warm—up KA .326 .291: m .372 .381 LA . 312 .311 DN .332 .375 BB .2110 .2110 JN .333 .310 JC—l . 316 .299 R0 . 368 . 318 JC'-2 .387 .292 J? .178 .1119 was—1 .365 .315 RP .326 .311 PC .313 .261. RR .3011 .258 Jc-3 .320 .290 ER .1131: .1115 140-2 .367 .369 TR .271 .261. DE .285 .259 PS-l .333 .278 JE .3111 .292 D8 .3117 .355 TB .288 . 295 MS . 339 . 326 ME .338 .279 PS-2 .1121. . 3111. so .377 .365 'IT-l .317 .361 m .299 .267 BT .309 .268 NH . 327 .3511 01-1 .2511 .223 SH . 370 . 356 LT . 339 . 356 TJ . 1118 . 378 11-2 .125 . 391; HJ eta-9 0363 GT-2 0&22 .380 JK .298 .266 N .3115 .282 DE .358 . 3141 cw .308 .260 JL .321 .239 cm .363 .351 AL .3110 .288 m .326 .312 m .2911 .257 m .3115 .330 m .302 .313 12 .300 .286 Mean .3110 Mean .316 SD .0241; SD .051 29. Overload Earmrup Regular warmsup Subject APPENDIX B ‘Warm-uP IMEAN ACCURACY SCORES ar Over 0 gul warmggp Subject 37..399 33:0..23 8.2237 33.“.323 mmmmn 0.6332 33333 30/nwsqlh .hm..hm333 mnnmm .33 .51 SD SD Mean 3.57 Mban.3.32 APPENDIX C IVEAN VELCflITY SCORES RETEST GROUP Mean INITIAL TEST RETEST D .Mean Regular Overload Regular Regular Initial D Subject Warm-1m Warm-up Warm-1m Wann-up Test Retest LA .309 .281 .389 .352 .028 -.003 BB .212 .228 .276 .28 .01h -.013 .164 . 31.8 .286 .373 .371 .062 .002 JE .297 .277 .303 .317 .020 -.01h ME .290 .266 .293 .303‘ .02h -.010 JR .305 .279 .365 .383 . .026 .005 m .330 .269 .333 .336 .031 -.003 UN . 31.2 . 301 1.12 . 1.16 .081 - .001. TM . 33h . 291 . 333 . 31.7 . 01.3 - . 01h ET .269 .2h3 .22h .225 .026 -.001 IvIesn man Mean Mean Mean Mean .308 .272 .326 .331 .031 -.0055 SD sn SD SD 50 an .0269 .0222 .0171 .0171 .017 .00655 ‘11111111111111“