.. ‘Q:

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[71 —"
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3 r: x “93*
. 3 "Q; I
# 125 yé
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t...

 

THESIS '?
A STUDY OF THE HARDNESS

' OF WATER
Lynde” Shotwe“
1924

 

 

 

THESIS

 

 

.‘l

“"1“

A Stuay of the fiardfiess of fiator.

wort ofibnitted to

’t . a
‘ ’\ .
2; $5.15,

Che Faculty of

Vichircn Agricultnrnl 9011839

h“!
0,3 ‘

Lyndell ghgfiwall

Candidate for tho aegree of

bachelor of science

June 1924.

f H EELS

Leaication.

£1:

10 firuce E. Lartsuch, professor an
friend, whose assistance has been so
kindly given. I sincerely fladicata

this report.

V

‘ v
‘C !

\.

r*\

10"} '79.;

1. Istrodnctioq.

i\

’0 ;..Gi.:CI't

~, .. .. 21. ~~ ‘q‘i, ‘ - ,_ .L‘ l 0. -_ w
a. &ont4le .8uu0¢5 r; ”OlLdulflg hater.

b. aiizctmzion 0'? 74233393 ’srieu, but

d. LCfiyEIjBCh OI the “fiiciwncy of ccfieners.

0. Pest PotLod for goftoniug.

‘0 1"! r I. 'I-- - ° 3‘0 \~qe Cu" A ~ ‘
$0 LLdeL “MC UL b; uQAUBflUI 90 had.
.» f - fi’b . I O J V‘ ‘ ,1.‘_ .,' '

to “Lisllnlzfi .gh\on1.

q Conclusion.

Q.

In any textile grooea¢3g such as scouring, bleach-

». . -‘ ’» . ‘ r'-~--’. *.'.-"-‘.'.‘-~ 5‘ ‘w .*'.“';3:. 9-
ing, Fuzhllluc, (1‘ {L‘UJHLL' p.43. bix..JL‘Lb'JI 0*. 11m v..:...o».,'r who

(

ployed has a Lrofiouna an. lxst~;¢ effect on tha rnsults

obtained. If the water is at all hard, the soup left in
the goods from the scourin: bath will be prztiritqte3 in
the fiber and emain as an insoluble metallic Bogp. Thus
it is necessary to soften the water *sed in these processoa

first.

2 a hardness of water 1: due to salts of calcium and
magnesium, Occur‘ng as bicaibonates, sulfates, ani chlorides.
than soap is used with vrter it must first freciyate tnese
metallic srlte before an? of it becomes rvnilable for cleans-
ing pUT§OP89. Thus vstnr ccwfrifling hnnr of 1hara salts

w a

wruld waste KUCL vary. ,nn nif~nJ39 mg? to bicarronute;

J

.J

‘

is arid to he "Lem or ry’ V“ it “ix Tfi r3-ovefi by merely

. .1 9., J .. ... .3‘ . . .i __ ,.-.. ., -.-‘. ,. ,,, . ,."V O _,,
b0 -‘.1.._Al:: 9:115: h .1 via} ' 1'11 u L-. ‘- 0- lmU-‘EU' " ._ w4cv \‘.l§.iilz‘? hlid 'Y‘udl‘ui-

4‘ " y ..,.‘ w :‘: 1- o .- ‘ ,\ -. ) > '.\ I: o. ,. n4 . -
snarl» 13-514 \4. 36:23 ALL/VJ 1/0 ' a1 ..‘ .L~ falx; 4...; SET-Ln} Other “3:90
W . l "1.. ‘ra ‘ J '1. . - ‘. -- ‘ . ' \ , .. v ~ -v -. a" , ‘7 - ._= . ‘
ins bloaxrouvuas fined L»»Uui a». “-0 a 1110 ernon @10x1de

gas and an igsolubla ca"

(.4. “'5
L v‘-C~‘.L 0 .

a. feasible Foihods of Loiicning Jatcr.

there are, in gone: 1, two acinocs of softening water:
(1) to add to it a cchuil colcvlciou amouqt of v?ro wash-
ing soda, Boeiuu czztol to, or of some commercial softener,
or (2) by some inductritl LGILGG such a: good filterr, press-
ure filters, ‘;It vity 7111679 or Looliie process, which de-
oenfis on iho rowcr cortnin oilicetas have to exchange the
sodium they hove in corbinetion for Tho calcium and mag-
nesium of the compounds in in“ hard voter. In tcis dis-

a Softener to the voter

\

cussion Col? the direct :5 it ion of

1: coutié»,; . ‘ ccwizri.(; of Lh .ic is c; of into
oofiiuo canton tc solriioo tit: "333mf15(€" snf ”Loin Tater

Crystals" solutions is r769, rs well as a determinrtion of
the best method of oofteoinp as to manipulotion.
b. Liscvssion of ’othoos frio?, but Fouvfi Unsaiiofoctory.
rs long no Tho soften07 rcmovco a goofi £:;~oro of the
hardness, it was occcocary To ilnd o coined for dEtOILiJ-
ing hardness which would show Cy vary Jmall amounts. The
first methoi tried was to firc‘t neotioliza a somplo with
one teith normal hydrochlo7ic acio to nethfil orange and
then roil to 93791 the cn7br1 dioxilc onion ficcolorizes
ghenolxhtholain on hooco vowt 72 t? are? keforc 37y
titration using this illicator tokns plugs. Cuis was than
cooled oni filtered ail titrated witn Oifl-lfifllh norxol

alcoholic soc; solution until pink to aeoo‘.ctouluin.

L Li) (3 fl 0 1 Eh"

hm.

Ext it yea found that the titratitn nit

*t becauo

( ’Y
O x
O
p,
’7"
\
(3
Ho
{'5

thloin docs not give 3 shtrf cocpgh
toe pin} is Lifiicult toms 5 above the yellow of the
methyl orange. icrcovcr i1 some noses all of the hard-
ness appears to lo rem 75% before any titration with
soon occurs at all, so tioi a re& color is ob aimed as
soon as on: glenolohthluin is oiiai.

top wotor cootoioo celcivn bicirbouato, calcium
chloride an: cor%Cfiic acid. Inc calcium bicarbonate
is titretehle; it is ocii both to methyl red and phenol-

phthaleiu. Ehcnolphtholeio chunree color when tho hyo
.~6 ,

arogon ion concenireiion 1e 1 x lo . Fore 8016 must

thus be nrcacnt to cornfe ion color 0“ tho meibVl orange.

- -'c‘ ~- ' '. .' " . '. «1‘ - ‘u ‘ ~ ' ‘ 'h ' J c
hJLrOE.o l c choc wrrvtioo .43: 0% {Teeter

I.
-l

thfin l X 16 eni 199$ inoo 1 x 10 918 lie somewxoro
botmoeu these two figures which might be the neutral

ihe corbonéfie acid can calcium bicorbonate disappear
on boiling and the biconbooate is convortoi into carbonrte.
Sherofore boiling Torovos 151:8tvhlo ortc 1:1 rad acidity
due to carbonic ociu. wzlcirm chlorifie and a ooturated
solution of calcium coroodyfc in ~rocesf. this *1lcium

.

carbonnte 1 or L"éi1:ivh cortonoio) in solvii~o is the
‘5

only tiirsiafile maeoiifil 713-cgt. Lois will quvire 407

moze acid for iitiotion 13:1: methyl rod. Eoilefl water

.J

is acid to methyl red, but alkaline to phonolphthalein

showing that its hydrogen ion concentration must be less

(1
~ d

than 1 x lo . It is Isiil: more alkaline icon uuhcilcd

n... . . "o
-hlt'. 1C;- lgsgi..

f

C~‘-
HI
e
“1‘
m
f: .
or
:7. ..
H
w
'4.

water, hot its

‘1'

' ...J 7 '. ..: , l. J ..-1 3 .‘fi ,H' .‘ '2. f
3L8 {Bat mthaéa Liiv, .7» -w 1»w LL -.alLMlO? IUJ

I 'rv - ‘.--- ,.-,‘ ".- "“ 1.’ - '1‘ r-.‘ ‘ - ' 1".- L’. ~ "I‘ < s
lieu-$1 0T""“( I r~ r".' 5.7;.) “1.. .. :' ‘7 ‘ J Einstein»; 2-.,-_'i'l::,"!‘

I".
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0

yellow color);

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' _” ~ ‘ .' 4. ' . ' . , . - h‘,'\ a .‘ ._ . -.- v r... .. I .9 ,‘
L’Hiiifltzf-ifL . 3’10. L: LL') 1.? . (.g; rm;- ‘. .u‘ -..-..L t‘. blulljh .54- C? h.“ .‘ "30.
:‘f_ », .7 .._ I _-| -.', 9’ 7 ‘: r-I “4.» 7- . . '1 2.,sj flu... ~r " (a, —" .
on”: vc.4; Lida; :07 “1;.. *A-v a? cinn.d<;o: hrxfil. Fwy feo
b -... 3“ :31 ”- '- -l--'e' ‘ “ ‘ ‘ “ -a' v 1 '|’ .r' a "‘G I‘-
GULe.» c—‘-l--‘A\/'..~~IUJ ... 2., '..‘.-' I- Hi I '.'_'..'l k

ion (:Ofl 6.1.») :1 :18. Li? rm.

’7'
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-:'- - '..‘ - 5:».H - ’ , _ .‘2- ,_ Us“,
Hadu b0 wnufi clcidlu. ..l ¢u0.uc L“ nC.g L01~b U»

-'-..... "v J, o .-.4 .°.. 7. . t .. , L .. ..:.‘- - -
eccuallfi lm¥hl 1U tlLlLJwL‘L.Lull42J;g x;{'*.h .Llllrfl 0L

~3. . :1.-. .-,07 -" .‘ ,W.‘ J...,.. m,‘ ..‘ - ‘.
toe macer. ~ut Luis lavno; lilo '.0VVL L0 {w ve.w 1a~

. l- ,- ’. .-_!'r -. .a ' . :‘o ' ' 0- ‘ ~ g ', | I I ,' : - ‘ ‘t c ‘
COAT. {tilt Val-:31; rug; Earl-us..- 1.1. f: 3 1"3 ;. 1 ANAL u .1... a.“ l.) ; 1.x)- nail
' ‘ ‘ .‘ 7"- y' -' ~ ‘7 '\ ' ‘ 0- . . I .1 -"— V.‘ ' . e ,. : ~. . t
a nc1.n=c; or only Lt he ou.~omir nJ 11cc 7g 1- rho-11
~4 - f -. I .v I. . . -. . \ V ~ _ i ‘ - .l '
be. inoioforc talc “shubl 7c mall cc ice “no Piccccclos

ones is inaccurate

.1
F25
I' ~

.(

p
1‘
I
H
J
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t
7’5
. 4
7 a
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f‘

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('7
0

icing Lo: pw;;:x-J l; ce'lil,+;'15 o: 5.t¢ ':;"WN7» Volaticn
834; IOQZJJTHJ to 47j‘3 c ,,;rw‘ Jx;; lg._7,. Jial-;= c .'.L
anounu of water, was veal. ' oquxzrl h“rd mater (a sol-
Ilticnl 0?? 09313171; cLfiEOIi;éa) -:a a .'573 u,' elrr ;yaad. in .3 (gri—
a..:"-.17.’.3 "LL13 80:17: :1011735gul no glow .-'i 0011.13 be (33‘Lor_.j.ned
how many grams of calcimx o:;se are ac ivoleit to one

cc. 0? coop solution by titraiin; to o periuuon: lrfher
a certain anonnt of this .ator with Long solutioi. It
was found that one cc. of 50:9 solut On one couivolcnt

to .OUlcé gas. of calcinn ogiie an; that, using this

.‘lll

figure, ordinern to» hater hon u harqnece of .Qobccch:

gills. Of 031011113 01(136 .333.- 05. or b2,gj.9"£, 2351118 Sui-j‘

million of heriaese.

0

n . . .-, 4.... ,. _. w - .. .p , ,. .94 ._ .
do VORL'Srj‘Lf'H Of 111'! .fllcluxwl 0.; L. .L L-‘T‘IUEYSO
. . ‘ ‘ J ,- 0.0 , ,. .. 7 ~; .~ r c r.- . . ,1 p -
-0 COnyfirc one oiiiciznuf 9? .LE oittereut coiteners,
J. . '\‘ 1'“ .. 4-. h . M“ "_. ‘ . I c H“ ., _ ‘ . :- I 0“ —: o_ ' .'
scanner; Shiflcitus or uni- Loiiii lePO ale. kllm&ilfld'
-' - " \ or ’ 4 —.~‘ ~9- , r‘ .5 v. an - o~ F. .‘. -‘ - f“. ~. -' '
SLKI -1 iii tyre . "1,75..,1J' “3_.e ;4:L a in.. Jrra .:)J1H.i
coihonnte solution one n.co r9 1L2 6*rainri ofii in}
' “ 1 4- . . 4w - ' W 7 Ira ~ '- I-A *0
resales cith the other on or. en -1Crod in t:..o or it.
, _ — .. ‘ -. ~r - ~. - . ’I.. '
Tho first method mean 30% that HhGTBlfl a glVBfl

P

amount (ten cc.) of softener one edfiod to 130 0:. of
water, mixed with it thorolr, one the whole lot oiono
for one hour at toom tom or tore. This Woe than titrated

with standard e on oolutfoo vain; govt enough to obiozn

a permanent lather. Lith sodium carboacic (RaLCOa),
‘1

(a

" 4 co. with "Climaliac"

’5!
O

9.4 cc. 9029 were Tflth?flu. .

awd .“ 9 es. With "afin "35* fifibtpla". 376m rrevifiuo

F

. . .. . .4 , ' i. - r“ w - , . . , - . J
dei~r i 3130? it i~’v“ 3 . ' -v. 90': ?o: 1.1 c'. :9.
O J r r ‘P ,. r . i .' ‘7 H \ o
wo1°r. .- i Let u. -u‘ ‘1 “0 73‘.' ~ . -1 t: r- oves
I r4 ( n 5 , i '1 .z ' : ‘7 r . 1 .. W H 4.
./.:: 0: Lu L _ to a, .- J t , i1..a ‘- i3

~a
U"
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5.3
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P '3
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t {V
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H"
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a
:1
g:
rub
\D
m
:5
:31
m
p.
F;
g...

433 next n3:n0z ucad m“; 10 {xi Nu as. 05 mi ioner
. 3' ,,- r9 . .. x.-. - V - ' 0 , .. .- . . 7 ,.
to (JR) UL}. 0:- u‘fl air, (‘14.: 1-..! :14?» d] :3 L0 .3. I‘UJ J. . p00].

to room Longerniuro anfi Loin titrnto 1W0 cc. of this

I.
O
"a
H
C.
P-
\n
O
C
O
3" 9

mixture. Iriuginw results to a bari;

s:‘
v.1

"‘ 0‘ - 1“ v T .~ .» ' '1‘ 1 f. ’ A .' f. I-or ‘ - w . - t ‘
.‘2- .fU' H... 1.251.» twin. (5.2. 80¢ .1 .1 TO *2111‘mflz

gator, it n

p —' .-,... I g - . “ ,- .. .F ,o _. .' v ".
witn sodlim coibotnzu, 1..¢ 2:. ui.n ~

1 ,' ’1‘ ‘ , ‘ O \-o~ “ ‘4'
”Ha-1-01 I :11 :‘ 11:31:: . k .1" A 1‘ «all. .23 'Jg’." . (‘.C k l a
-. f‘ " "" .'.~ , '2 ‘ . _. 'Y 7'. .‘ , -. .‘ '1. . - . H
‘1‘ '.‘n.‘~ \ . .1. z'h 4.3.1.513 I I ' :l . . - t 3..) U- . ‘-‘."3“L¢ £813
’ -. t 77.! - .r “ --' . 3T 2 . .‘ ,‘ .‘.r' , 2' ' - - ~r‘ .
21 o 7,? (1.41.1.1 ‘-‘ll-..l.3.1..1..”'." .L U 2‘ o a'_ C u: C“ .. .I. v“). If} u .919. {'12 U
r '\ ' n - ; N ' .- ' I. '1 ‘1 '1 '
?!l"., 4\’C"§ {:{411 ..:‘ ‘ j} * ‘ 1" .. ' ‘ ‘3 1 «J ‘ ' I L. .
L.-
-- L ,fl 9 _' . ‘ fl ‘ '. ,. . a Q . J . 2 ’1 n 4 . ‘. ' 4, . . | .‘[\
$4.0 LAII...‘..L t'a‘J ..l¢’\'\'. ~.4._..$- UC- s..-..l.“'- .L‘d by. ()1? 0.45.1; 1.1;; L1.
. .f ' , , ’1 ° . ‘5 I . , ,. ._ " r _ ~— ~_- _ . . , 4 J (.1.
91211.1: :0 .... .‘u';(‘i. :1-.L .LM'?) xi” . ('4- u. -I,.- a) 'u in 5. .~ I: C . l (.1; I ' 12s.:
--90 1‘1“'.\' *‘H '9 1-:-- L ‘~.~ 1" ‘ fl . - ._- .~ (: fi‘ ' F. *' ‘\'\ 3 ‘nca
._.,r vn--.flUo] 4-01”. '0--.L L. U. i .. g t. ".- ' LIL-J' - :1 i. n \'-"-'-J KL: J. .-
~‘ 4 '~-\ - Q 'Q . 4 '\ ‘. W. 0" 'u -\ .-' ‘ ‘-. -- ' ‘. ‘ 4 a '- . t. I W ‘. ' ' . ' ‘ .1
q;‘_:J(Cg. 1: LI. A.3-. 21‘. {.1 ..'.$-a-‘r.‘ (Ibo for Ir :_ i..‘ 2. ‘ ,‘.lf’."
6.; "
I, 4 .' Q.1 ‘ — J .2 i r J : D ’ ‘1 . .
a ‘(q ox-Ci: ' ‘ 7- '- 1". b ' .1.\.. k . 4..\. L A . ‘ ‘W‘ 1 1 l _ .:.; é‘l ‘
v
fi 0", - s f“ - .- ‘ ' . .,_ .‘ . v . ‘ .. I I. ‘ ‘ .n J~ .
kfi‘rfificté'. LLJH3.u§;L(%~ «P;* .10: ;zfl Gnu. .z .59 (3 &L9
~

.. :1. r ,..1 ‘ 41.... um. ."- 'I" 'L’" .4 _..° . 4' ,-
I“ Tunfibr twp. tne o..uh. L.o (w..d iL.u. '13 .hiE: iouLoL

and the other tvo softoarzs are 51.?2. as effioinnt.

Ehns it any Ta seen that tho e?Vicionoy of the various

softanoés V??? ffi-ot i"; t” ‘he rofho"s nrafi. Pot so much

' 47" ‘- w.n ." 1‘4. ‘ 1 ’ .W‘l-d " '~ 'u a ,‘
oi- e e... 3 ~ 1:“ n .‘ _,.. .uP , -L-£n, 1 r

two. In the last

tho: tyo otha

:1
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Q
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2.)
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1)
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H
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*1

O . ‘ v "n , . A, Q ~ . 0‘ 1 _‘ I, I: w .. . , ? . ~ r- ' ~ . .
tho Lathais tun soxJorct-i -n-t23or3 aia traut Jb‘ as

the Ea-JOK anlution How LSCC uuiar ui£:eront conditions

to show the best flothno to use for softening water. Che

q r.

methods will be rivun in'?uo order of their a :icionuy;

the logo: of?iui0nt fir:

.'- - - f? «'x ,- -~ I '. ' - ' -~ -‘ ~ 1 '1 ‘ .~ ~ . I ’ .'. I‘ .
(1) lb‘ CU. Li; at. .a ’. J.» I 9.13. 3 “.0121‘5 ....-. ~...-..11.i .'.J. J... .LVU U00
. .. , - . _ ‘ ., . 1“ 'r' ‘ .< . ,- ‘ - ; _ o'~_ - ' ." - ~ ‘. ,l. . ‘f— 1 ... x -
“(8119.1 351-114). alien-m; L0 -..'1 L-‘iiiu :J s .. by... L J-...,-'31..Lo1'3 10.1. U118
hour. Uobu cc. coag war: r;.r1.:u b0 Llurate, sunning a

l

l" "2“ UH“ ‘9 1"”, ‘C‘ '1‘ " w, " 3 "I ‘ ' .-'~‘ ‘j -~ .x .~ 1 "1‘ {3'5" 4 0‘
H183 Uflbcnb 0.4.. 1.“; own 114.}. U...) .3 .....L....4.Jvr‘ L 1‘} g z}. .- I .131 _-I.....1}..ang

(2) 10 33. of ooftauw: were {Egzoly 7119i with 100 cc.

of water too fillfihfii to {avi at Foot .amgoroture for

r

A
I
\

twenty-four flours 0.7; cc. soot “ore inguiiei to proiu.a
a permenent lather, showing a hoydnaos of 162.6 p.p.m.

remaining.

f: 1- I} . —.- V} , - t r '4-.‘..,'.' ' -.\v—,- a 9.. “ ..‘
L ‘J r . ' ‘. .2.- ' L3 .. k _ 1.." :0 .L Ll,‘

. l
1'

A
r,
\
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r
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>-

of water. th3 miLiPIG Bio: of to 1 Zoi. agl uilowri to cool

GORQ to room temperature. 10C cc. of {no mixture were

titrated, which is ow; 1 to x .9 cc. of water slams.
5.6 cc. of soap were 1%g.5. d n.1un is a uiV317mt :0 6.16 cc.
for 100 so. of n~131. mi" 3305; 3L.- ; y.y.$. haiéagbs
I3¢£iaiu3.
(éj £0 to. of EnftwgflT 22;} Li;”d lit; ivy 0;. of
water, bcfiloi for fjfiLeng Li‘liflfi FHQ yllova% to 0061
d wn to room inprer9+vre. E.“4 00 9099 were rcq*ir0é
for 100 cu. of voter or tF.;'6 }.p... firmfir“:p r“c§:*!g.
{L‘ Fe: 1; _c. Cf "or*e or rttrfi i ECO cc. of wrter.
aitur uixing throly, fer TTC-1}~JOYT chru 9i rec; {Gwy-
ezsture. goon filtcr bvfczs litzaiint. ;.$ no. (f asap
Ware reqvi. Q; o3.65 g..... of g;,:u:$; rezoiuhna.

".l‘ .. J“. ’\ Q).- .- . .‘ .
(6) IA‘ (EC. 9f SC."QT -.l. V ’fiLéi
- _ a: 0'? ‘ in .C . .po' .- . I: .. o‘l . ‘ ‘ .
kfiuar ¢01 ; ‘nwcn L-UL&:°. cLD¢w
. - o: 1 -- ... ' .' - - -- .. ~. ~
(1:10 2‘.) _=. W). )5: . ._ .z a (it! . t Cw he;
.f‘ v— I“ mm. o.- I . ~. ' ‘ ' q
03 "\F '.-U.! I t: at ' .2 .1. (p uiu‘
n. r ‘ .‘ a ’I j". - 3‘: '| ‘ v -
(I) ab 3;. 0» no .1.): o :

f fittar ifld 1L0 ” 05

J

u' U. \— kl' .
‘ ‘ ~, .0 .r‘ , '....
at 01 ’43. bowl 136. 0.1. 5.».‘7' "JJJJ...

fi'! - D . J u. a... I .\ ": ' -"
.L‘uo UL}. '3 1. “awn.“ 0; Upon“; 3oj}oln

(8) 20 cc. of

boiled for fifteen minutes and 100
titrated at once. 5. as of so

11- n
U.“

quired for 100 cc. of tar or :

remaining.

softener in 200

n a

{i L0 TOtHz'Tengitfi~11.e
4 “Payiivr 10? 1(0 cc.
'5': E.‘ -jl'ilt, a

m: ‘ to boiling 1m
1513 hizuura Litlotad
3(21x31rh Ifiulflfhs‘fbr
. nu: 'ur "a. 13-;5.

cc. of water were

00. of the mixture

1. solution were re-

5
0

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9.13.1110

"hnfi wo 90o in“? honiin" {53 909?“??? 9P3 1b“ water

ioécihhr ix *ozo affioifief {hob lwtffinv it ofvn8, even

. - .. ,‘ .:' fl .:... J . . . .. ‘hj‘- A..-

.f’; l 10:: PgliCi o: i..o “L roo; 19 ,ow'flw a). .ufiolflg

pm, — . a I ’ >v~ . A ~ ' . "I '. I \ 'a ' "‘ I . I I ‘ I 4 ‘- '. ..

lir {1- 23“ .1.‘t»: 1- 3 33‘ 1‘ -0-“ ol 1.1:1. to”) merely

brinfiaf ILG fftvrs to r roil. ,othoiu (5) and (6) show-
1").:; the mm of 'Pilturizlg ‘w'rovo 133:2?- 20133 ::-1:_‘:.=et:.1"1..: 3 are
rezovnfi F” fi3L4?iA“ 3353a thy sowk 70311 nova to react
with if Lao? r3rmins'~ 33439 noznozs are tnore¥ora more
eigiciont. fine loot ixotoorEOHa showin; that a lazher
is more easily 0

ofioinefi in 20* water. lnow are not re-

liféllxw “07‘ W4F’13‘* nc:n :3 13 frérfitlér'r'fi=1x?es.

f . roror Amrnnt of orffenrr to fifl.

1. fi L:iny *Ttg {rari(Uf €213r3133110as, wherein

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A

?8 5.3““. h}: 3x. 0... (’3 z.{=.:r"c_;.‘u“2' in 1...! Q. . Cf 7.”
ROYGJ r".fii of the h‘r(s;t;, a£.; at. 76:13 tnaorotically
‘ovo all of tho h’: .333. ferfiowr 8.0uo;9 of softoner
were ufifled rzfi n13ovvnu Jaaorajurti s Iago. than by

ogoiost p.p.n. herd-

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water has been completely softened, what is its alkalinity

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[b.P. n7. Aara/ness

content? It no? be 3 j~rfrctlv soft motor 8&3 got heve

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Conclusion.

The figutes obtained may be easily etplied to any
problem. by using proportionel amounts. A standard
solution of Hazcog containing 3.92 grams per liter is
the most efficient when used about 16 cc. in 100 cc. of

water. This is .06273 grams.

The method which for a certain purpose will be the
most efficient may also be easily adapted. If for some
process it does not appear practical to filter the water,
some combination of the other methods, giving the same
efficiency may be used. Boiling the water ené softener
together, is probably the eeeiest method as well as the

most practical in the long run.

 

(I

 

.140 3h

-” _

-. .——-._..§-.- -

II IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII

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