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AIR ENTRAINMENT m CONCRETE

Thalia {at the Dog!“ of B.‘ S.
WCHIGAN STATE COLLEGE

Bruce 0. Wangen
I944.

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'r‘ PLACE IN RETURN BOX to remove this checkout from your record.
; To AVOID FINES return on or before date due.
MAY BE RECALLED with earlier due date if requested.
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Air Entrainment in Concrete

A Thesis Subl’flitted to

The Faculty of
1.10T’W‘ EIEAWTG LeTfiTlT,J
of

IKfi‘TUlfiTILJ .AIU) :XfiLUqllTD {AL :J’IVC J

by

Bruce 0. gfinrten

Candidate for the Degree of

Boo d1elor of Science

Karoh 1944

-.,.‘,‘.1.. .L, -AHVT r 11,1.” '-
I ';._]_[_J__‘_ UK) L5,'_;._I ( U

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31 10;." 111.11 1,.I'. 1103f ;-U_loO.u 01 1311.8 ‘ .- -_;:

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of one. 1110111511.: one 11.1.3111. "f thpr1r’trteuo for cheer .1le-

ful advice end for the use 01 equiwmtnt balon:

do :31 3111311011 t .

G

15513‘

One of the most recent problems encountered
in concrete work has been surface scaling. During
the last few years much research has been done
toward solving this problem, and a solution has
been found in the form of entrained air in concrete.
Recent results from numerous tests made during the
past few years have shown that entrainment of air
will enable the concrete to resist scaling without
endangering its other characteristics to any great
degree.

The Michigan State Highway Department has
been and is doing much reSenrch in this subject
of air entrainment, and their laboratory equipment
and reference library were made evnileble for my
use. Since the study of air-entrainment in con-
crete is a very broad one, my studies were confined

to one air entreining agent, Vinsol resin, which

.3 the most widely used agent at uresent.

A library study of Vinsol resin itself was
first mede, end then the pronerties of Vinsol
resin cement concrete (i. e., workability, strength,
bond, mixing time, end pronortioning) were inves-

tigated by using library references and literature

furnished by the Michigan State Highway DepartMent.

J

The next and nrimnry objective W1_s to develop a simple,
accurate, and precticolr . rflt od of utter”1n1r the air con—
tent of concrete. Although eir-entreining meteriuls are

‘t .L-

used by the Michigan btete Highway136n1rtnent in road con-
struction, there had been 1o sinnle and accurate field
method yet develoned for determinine the per cent of air

entrnined in the concrete, this per ce1t being required

to be within a specified range. The nrocess used by the

J.

‘l I l-

licnigm. State E1'1vov Depertnent at the preo;nt time to
check the er1ount of air in concrete has been to find the
unit weight of tee f1e 11v ni_xed conc1cte treated with
11r—entrcinjr” m1terinls and compdre ft with the unit
veieht found in the lnborntory using
met hod f fro o1o10n115. A loss i1 veirht nor cubic foot
of about five pounds thrn usinp sir-en.reinin; materials
was 00:31 dored sotis1nctory, and corrections for the loss
in Weight were undo by adding or subtractinfi send from the
mix. However, the result; jound in ,ho lnborutory usin“

1 a .1 q o J. l

the uo1tnr- -voims metncu e1d not tnke into account a small
percentage of voids which were present due to the use 01

Vinsel rCS1n cement in the l bor1to ory de‘trnindtionS, end

4.1, 4.1.-. :. .-,.' 1.1. -1 . 1,- .- _ 1-1 ,... .z -- v
tvds owe e tUil loss in «lehb m'y edsilv nuve vxrled iron
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librc1y and laboratory studies are conteined on the follOK-

.lir-lrfiaquncent

One of the major nroblem
llii;“'1”'1.o1d: iris 11ce11 Sirrft.oe

in Concrete

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direct llCitidl of calciun ctloride or
remove ice, curly; consiStt1d3:11plicwtions
iels inurepneted with these selte.

Efforts to remove 106

lb? roots are n S€“'Ou

stops, interswctione, grades,

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rcccvnizcd, thc cc:1res;cnling r €“CLJOTS in (crcity and
strafigth c315 56d rcswcrch on this prcblcn to be c: Spcndc

The Law York state ILQL.1y Division bLilt thirteen
experincntal sections of concrete hicthy in l”59 in in
rffcm1 to find an anSW1r to tle surface scaling problcm.
Tests both insiic and cu side the l Hbcrttcry acre results

in'Vh:1ch concrete na£c H:

.L-

'\ ~ 1’ ~ ‘3 J- ,«-,—\1,—-v, « (w‘a V." 1—. - - 4-——~:, -’ -
a C:1€\1‘lt 511(1 (3..1 lJ - 1. (2:5: 10 r L) - 41(1 C ‘1..3:.1‘T,5J.l L) F; 5—.) 7) 1,0 v a (1-, C] L1} (1. 1" U (JJ _|__‘€3 S S

to scaling than concrete in which was nSed either portlond
cesle*rt (31' oiflzer“ n rtru 11. cc 11c1rts :?l(HlO. l:
to the conclusion that the presence of 3“”11 fixounts of
grease or tut nus the cauSs Ff tho resistance of the r€;:ic -
tance of the concrete to freezing and that"
In stucl M s made dannQ the Vinter of lGSV—SG at the

research lfibOW Ltory of the Univar.zzl Atlas Concnt Conjoiy,

the 1::tlsrd n Unisl cement blend Was afoin iiouldv to resist
mlrfsce scaling when used in concrete GEM snothcr ccnert in
which a SHill amount of fish-oil stesrste made from cod 0

give cvcn bettcr re:nlts.

all over the country

.l—Jo

- ‘. J— .--.V-' ~r ‘,~‘-.A 4 A—
11 tile lT‘S I) f b‘». (;,-.'_l’8 , SCRfLC

have carried out comnrehensivc studies to find solLt Lons

W

to the scaling problem. These amencics include Eedersl
depdrtments, State hiphvny departments, cities, portl::nd
cc1ent monufncturers, and thc technicsl and research deport-
ncnts of the lortlsnd Cement A:.w ocistion.

Lir-entrainingg flfj'iill'S truicn were crl are used in tests
are fish-oil steardte, beef tellow, orvu: and other Wetting
agents, and from a commercial pioduct lrncd Vi nsol resin.
V:Ln.ol resin has been found to give as good results if not
better than the other agents and has the added adentege
that it is incorporated into the cement durinfi the manu—
facturing process and consequently does not have to be added

to the mix in the field.

r~entrdinnent will be

}.JI

The remainder of this stuoy of a

5.0

made considering Vinsol rosin as th rir ent:: mining agent.

Vinsol resin is a product extre cted from pine wood

and is believed to exis as such in Wood at the time
ex raction. It was developed by the Hercules yonder
pany Which has assigned it to the public. It may be

as the petroleum-hydrocarbon insoluble fraction of a

of

dei‘ine d

coal-

tar throcarbon extiact of wood. The name Vinsol resin is

a contraction of the phrase "very insoluble in oil",

this

property being the first unique pronerty noted as compared

I

to other \ile resins and rosins.

3‘“

The reaction of vinsol rC sin With constituents of

portland cement and water are as follovs U eneral state-

ments Will be used Since the nature of the tests is
1. It is highly saponifisble in a solutfi on of
hydroxide.

2. It is present in a quantit v r-adilv soluble

complex):

sodium

in

the water-soluble alks_li (L arO % 190 normally

present in cement.

5. It is relatively insoluble in calcium hydro}

:id,

and the saponifiable reaction with cement and Water

cannot be attributCJ d to a sim1le reaction bet

J-TVI V

een

it and the ljjnaCl.stolVC d bv the :thttion or'WateI‘

to cement.

4. There is a possibility that the relationship of

water soluble alkali in a cement may have a bearing

0

on the effectiveness of Vinsol resin treatment of

that cc r1ent.
Other chemical nroperties of vins ol rC sin are:*

*Cement Durabilitv lrogram, First Interim Report, U.
Engineers, June 1948.

(1

o. Army

1. Contains apprjximntely
2. Contains coloring 1nntter

ensrdted

Is res stent to

WT

end renov

E34
u/I :7

which can be only partially

ed.

OXVUGD .

4. Con sins hydroryl Crouns Which are rcwcily acety—
leted.
5. Can be sngonified by means of sodium, potassium,
or enroniur 1vdro to yield WetCr soluble seeps.
6. Jan be convertCC to calcium, negr esium, lend, and
zinc swlts ”thh are Water insoluble.
7. ill redct with nldehydes or their emnonia reaction
rroducts to form infusible and inseluhlc resins.
8. Contmins sbout 5.5] of nether"l Croup which does
not very WanciCblC :fron sinrle to sample.
9. It melting point (drop) *drias fr CI;:1 ll)O to 115 C.
10. An ro oxi11te molecular WGlth is £50.

xlpyqyixiiyrte
A Micros

Teport, U. S. Army Lnginee

ifoln11llai
epic r'tLCHoutluncd in the

" (“
.JH'C

C.
1}.)

First In

C‘
\.J

1, June 194-2, F(fave th follO‘.‘.'i1‘1g

results. A large nusg1lCr of DOVQCT sections of tWo unhy-
drdted cenCnts WCrC nsde to determine the form in 1mice
Vinsol resin existed in d dry cement as sni_ Cd frC” the

ill.. Cjturties 1verC; therlziqdc> o11'tHCJz1ss13_nti_u1 t?v1+ ‘Jin‘wnl
resir1eo1thru1 coeixy"the CM11Cnt TCCTtielC1313itE1:1 t“i11 resinyrus

film, or it occ rr C is 11i:1..utc indivieuil p'rtielcs scatterci
ifl1rfwn h n: if1e (7(1Kfl1t. “1R3 CNIid 11cc; CCn1l" bC‘ CEN?CIWWCC.'7EJ ,d
supvortgd the resinous film by: thesis, mnC oily tvo fldtCs
of "171211.101 1’67 111 1'Crc obsmvrn in all of t‘1C 1111.70. 1*:th cezi'tcnt

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.1
I

rr‘“ ' . "'1 \. i ‘: '. . 4“ "‘1. x -“'P' x ,- -. in Q ~ 4-
iac incicace in \03Labllitv Jfly be tlglilnua by U.

,..

'16; a~:;5711J7113-
ticn that the cir—cntra aininf n3ents produce woll-listi ibuted
air bubbles which CJU;Ur to act 38 ball bccri n“s and decreafic
the pnrticlc interchcnce of thj concvete U33re3ates.

The effect of entraincd air on cc: isistency may be Shown
by the following simple tests.

If an air—antrainin3 a3cnt is UI :& in Q cancnt paste
tluaréz its rm) ijici'cru*e> ill plxict;:ici ty' 01‘ tile leSlUG. E%:is rucfir
be shown by ado

in3 water to standnrfl portland ccmcnt and to

:01 ILSiE cemcnt. Their Eli; mticit as test d by obser-

thion is about the sa_ne.

It is, however, well es méflb ish ed th3t switri ined air in

sand improves its workability, thus sugw: st:in3 that this

must be due to the action of this air in decreasing ysrticle
interference. Henry L. lennecy of the Devey and filmy Chemi—
cal so. substantietes this ste tentnt with the following test.

Id cznt 31 samples of sedd xerc placed in three beekers,end

.'

the first saw le was then mixed vith veter, the result being

.-

s. harsh mixture readily adheri J; to the sid oe wells of the

beaker. Hater plus an air-entraining ament was added to the

second Single and after the mixture vqs tnororrhlr il’od the

air was drawn out bv a vacuum, the result being the same as

1.

found in the t '3st of the first Shingle. Th» third sample was
treatel with an air-entreining agent in the same vvs as the
sec nd,senple, but the air was not Withdrdvn. The result

..,..1

was en extremely plastic minture.

since a; r-(ntreilnn“ agc:nts act principally on fine

L-J
I

erg egete, or the send constituent of concrete, it fol

J_“

e air then

H

that lean mixes will entrain corresyondingly lle
rich mixes since they have a relatively high amount of fine
armrercte. Therefore, the englnt of entrained air are; ;res-
sivelv diminishes with incremx infi celrnt con tent which infers
that a maximum cement content will be reached at \‘fl ' oh the
percentage of entrained air is so reduced thst no inurovc—
ment in consistency is obtained despite the presence of an

air— entre Mni e3ent.

L)

Bond -- Edny invr tireiors have found that, in general,

decreases in bond strength var?

"Y

J— M~‘ ‘ ' 5' \
S U I. 011;) {11.1. . _:' 19:01.: l .‘VF: 1‘ ,

tests by C. E. Hue

of the U. S. ungineers,

when an air-entraining agent was

(\r‘ (~11 .

however, showed a nué incre ase in

n

to the use 01 Hir-entr‘Wn ng

showed a Oecrctue of 20% in bond st

air-entraininn materials.

hirin. tine -- Lrolongcd minim

carefully regulatefl. i nixinc ti:

be ample enough to incorporate

d-
S
Fh
H
.

{qtimrngtu1 —— Th1t‘ei1n.e1n; oi‘:1ir

density and consequently a d

compressive, and flexurnl.
selves n:1v be OPCTLanbql to con
reduction in strength. This
{i11znfients,
air than lcqn mixes snow the so mC
plansticn for the le

air is that bulking of the mortar

content hos sf

° 1. " 1 - -‘ ~— .7“ .. ,1. '.-.,..
1nrt r is (mmuui to tne: H 151oCuc1lC,

1- . w F'T‘ a. . a . -. -r-; J-.. x ‘
buluing. ine TLULCulOfi ”1 e,1e~h'

15 to 8 per cent v

tth<roncretc uiJJ.iznve a 01*“.18’

a cownl
T117531 I‘GDOI‘ted ill the},
June 1942,

pre sent.

materials.

rcngth due

consequently the time of
C of 1%

all Of

rcrea91111s
The air-
crete thus
is indicated

rich mixes vbic
CCchase
rfic C(Cr”“se in
due
Cfgect similar to that oowirwr1 11.1
has been found
1cn t‘Mt1"utC“" has

ORGY

directly as (Ccresscs in

4”(n‘LVG series of
:‘ir s1; Interim Report
hows no decrease in bond

.llesea tests

Tests by Kennedy

to the us e of

causes excess air-
mixinp should be
121 i nut c s s 110111 c].
the rcCuier air into
decrease in

CHUSCS £3

W1engt1--tcnsile,

C:-

r'_,".

entruininfi agent them-

csusing a further
bif the fact that
33in less entrained
in strC ng; h. Ex-
strength due to entrained
air

to the inCTGRSLd

sfiditionel

the same consistency by

.1-

to be fro“
bCCn reduced so that

001171;" 3»sz to tit-1t oi“

concretr

when the

.ml... 1

.ir

scnco of 1n sir—Cntrqirinp Cgrnt in c:
cause ccchQCLs in strangth of Us much

lroycrtionirg or Desifin of Kix ——
per unit volume or concrete will decre
ing “Tents one usrd due to the buLCiHC

entraineC air. It ’s drsirenble to r;
in strcn tn OHLLtu ~f inCrC ‘Cd air co

cement. IZo

even 1

RS e ".

. .0.“
(,LJ .1- {9

C I? VCl‘

lost st1vrn1fl1 is racovet , 11m: inc:CC1se lTL
For unit volume 1ill cause a decrease In tn
(11,{1 'tl111f l.c~s" “r: ‘t}l(1 <l1157313 Ll_ijt;r ~11.il.i13i_v:: cvi‘
Jchificut1ons Will dwt1 1lnC Vbetgcr so

c<11o1fl3 cozrte113 o1‘13ot, tu11 s 310:2 cau1c117tc, s
1ra7'* ozu: pl“‘1t7;’ «237*C/ r: NIiJwiC C1nmenrjn.s,
{rtrCIrth:1<lue ‘to «119 <u~c7rg;sgz 111 cswxcrfi; ccqrt

r" r \-,} .p ‘1 (x —p ' " f‘ q: 1 I. (x I\. 1 '7 ‘; ' - "g "1) "t 1" c f‘ v‘ (‘3 r —"‘ L‘

.A. {3.1. k. L: C J. a) J- .. .. L; J- ._.. -_. L. 'v‘ .1. -..L \I C \.’J .. v.1 U(—

C‘. J7 ‘ " t‘ "I ‘ C" . “‘1 ’ m 1 r 'V‘. r J" C» ' ' '4 ‘sj 7 ‘3 ' “' I“
‘J .‘J , K-\_LL¥ 1.1..- x.‘ ,1 L Ck ' [J1 ‘1 Di (— - A. J.l {Li \,
4* ~». (‘4 A1 . . .n L 1‘ r. 1- u. 1. 1., , r. 4- , - r v.
i. r) ,L »- 1 --‘ f C .1- I J P ‘ 1 ,; L; ' L , 4' ,_ 1 L3 1. I 1.1, 'x,_ V' k) 11;
rim p r 1 ~ \ [uni- m (w .. ,2 -' m 1.. 1.. —. ~ 1 - r«.
.1. 23.11:. ‘ 1 .J 0-- 1;. 3/7 -:_.11 LII_-_L- ' L ’L I’ 111.0
J— J—' r.‘ 3 . ‘ .- n - L-« .. .. (w ,1 7‘ -..— J<
U\ :2! \4 -I..L.LCJ ‘ :11” 11’]. "W? '1 j C utlk" ‘ "" DJ
.1. _- a ‘ .

L,'i1‘n fl '1ir.

'n I ‘ x" "
Cl CL}. 71,;
I’L"F‘1"“._L11.L-

.3.

caused

,1, J-
.zl'lu

r
(

to 60

O

Cone of

011'
CiI ......
1'
J- .
1111.?)

in concrete

s 0:16: of

_L3

V":1/ )LT-J 1'1' LL,

.3.

EJJ L

I
1..

A‘

_.I,

“wince:

.\ -«A.

L( 1T) 110

C 033.

-!
u

,
fl.

V104-

.. .._' .1.
‘HJ. U
{:‘1’\/f

C '.

'1
WQQ

‘ne

nrc—

OCT 08le

ran

5.1..

out

1 <-
D 1/

n
V

. .1- \—
content

of air

‘1

E‘: C {1118‘

n ‘ .

-‘ m ,-‘ ‘ f/o

J.;L .'..._'-‘. .
“W C‘

1')“
t,

~.’.3—a

ut

\"-fi-‘ - (1 fi- .
w" in???» '5 ..,-

nlr conten
. Ti 3,

f 11.091371in

1‘ .n 1
act o1 en—

vo 11.13116

Do

iir-entrsin—

the

is in

ixyerinentel Results

.{1 f)

IE}16e 3::n113] eIl (JI‘ 33313lrig, 2113 51(101117nft(: 'irid Eljjijfln? I i<;lci

method for determining the amount of air in concrete was

ci-

attacked by first connifi node of deter—

_ +1..,,.\ -3333 -.,_.
sing wflihb bflilo AL

(I)

mining :ir entrainntnt (l) by volumetric measurements

--

(2) measuremynts by weighing, and (a) neing cnemicnl means

"\

be forced out by boilinr. fine main rroblefl at first nee

J_ 0 3‘. J‘ 1

tJIt 01 tnfiz coruxIeIxa NINier ifl1e

D

to prevent the llflSi SCt

J
1.....-
._J
._o

influence of heat was 1coonnli htd b1 boiling e

l
I

mixture of concrete and tater vith three trials vnoving no
apparent setting of the concrete. Iowever, the lenfith of
time needed to boil the concrete and the inconW In ollce of
suyplying enough heat in the 1M 1d teIe prohibitive, end
this Wctmod was Mb nflor'l

3L CQVKMEFlSle oi‘knetflnues lisilgj VCJJDEélBYlC Idenrixrcrertts
and m neurenents bv veifihing showed that 1 met hod us ing
volumetric meneuIenents would be more accurate, require
a.sniellxIC eixnznt (If e<113 n‘vwit $flfll rtmnlirc (wini.“‘cni;1less

1

- - '. 'L . ‘ r‘\ 'I‘ -~) 4‘ '\ r». “,- v r ' ' x 1 9 ‘ . a ‘. -. .‘ 1 V .~ J— '
dellCflbp in n tule uhnfl N‘IMOQS aging meisurements bf_

',l
(I

\
m
H-
33

.
1:13?) o

J- " _.-

.liinsr Culcn.ifl1011fl1t 2:10 In -trwnlce Irendiimg, El'tTifLL
Izlethod was chosen t'hicn ties base :‘1 on the snare princiile as
the A. S. T. M. method for deterr' mi ni3x the air content of

concrete, this princ i3ple be in: the replacing of the air in

't}1e concret E)L)7 inundatiIg;iflne concrete with.1mflxfl?zni‘ snak—

ing the mixture, the air voids then being ‘heoretically
filled with water.

Equipment used in this method consisted or a cylin-
drical container which could be nede airtight, a gaging
device to measure the height of a liquid surface, and gra-
duates to measure the amount of tater used.

A container was de11zntd 1hich sttroxjveted the one
used in the R. S. T. M. method and consisted of a cylin-
drical container made of a twelve inch lcn ;th oi i‘ive inch
stenchird pipe with u circular bflSG welded on one end, a
rubber g:1sket, and a clamping device. A hook ease for
necOLrin the height of the liquid surface was also designed.

Since the above ecuipment was not available at once,
it was decided to use a bituminous still of approximately
one liter capacity and run tests on a mortar in an attempt
to prove the accuracy of the urcrol The still consisted
of a cylindrical container which could be made airtight
with a quick clamping device, end a 1m m1 gage was also made
and used to measure liquid levels.

.8.

tests wit

m

he procedure used in running 1 the mortar

l. the c01itdiner was filled to the t0p with roddcd
mortar and Weighed. (This is done to provide a
chec1: on the exocrim nttd .1 results and would not

be done in the Ti eld tes ts ).

, O

9‘
\
O

yert of the mortar was then W ken from the container
until the container vus REPTOXiMOtBlY three-fourths

full.

‘7‘ ': (~-
_..'.'.L;’,

The surface of the mortar was-then levele_, and

a film of water xas spread over the surface by
)cte so as to disturb the surface of
the mortar as little as possible when additional
water was added.

.1

A known quantity of water was carefully added to
the contents of the container until the tip of the
cage point just broke the surface of the water.
The container was sealed and turned end over end
and rolled forty times, and then the process was
repeated thirty times.

The container yes then opened and the water level
we gape point by adding a known amount
of water. Since the air voids in the mortar were
theoretically filled by the water when the Mixture
YES shaken, the last addition of water represents
the amount of air in the mortar.

The shaking process was repeated until two cubic

or less of water was needed to bring

CI]

centimeter
the water level up to the gage point. If the con-
tainer is shaken as snecificd in step five, the

.L

mix will not have to be shaken a second time.

ht tests were run using a mortar havinfl a 1:5

cement—sand ratio and a 0.9 titer—cement ratio. a test on

this mix using a WHtOT-CCNLEt ratio of o.e gave poor results

due to the air being very dry and unworkable. Data on unit

* e i ght s

obtained from the records of the hichigan State himhwav

and specific aravities of the material.

'3

' used were

Ll

I .

Department. oxford sand (saturated) VhiC

n ’5

ciiic pravitv oi‘ 1.792, a parent sgcciiic gravitv of 8.Lo, and

.1-

absorrti on f c or of l.l$fl; and lCtCCECC." stt ndard nortlsnd

J1

. ' ' I . . ‘ :A‘ "I. n l ‘. I f‘ v ,_. (\ '3
001110 {riVity'of‘ .tnnitnxltr,glrtnt

K‘

spec cif ic gravity Ol 3.la were the 1atcriais used in
(Thea ccaierrt :Jri EWT3d_T (u e l“llfi u, fi‘dl iiiCii tli; ithEfi" rugs 210d13d
and mix d. Tine o; Lining VHS tro rinutes,ind the mir'ves
allowed to stand for three minutes before toe tea t began.

' -. r. r x q ‘L‘fl
p51, allfl Ui;e

l—-]
5—‘4
,_.1
’3
,1.)
o
,-‘
|-_)
’3
"_‘,
CO
”3
,_J
cf'
H
. 4.
LJ
,4
1\
,\
,_ J
\‘I
J
7,4
'J
'I“
k. .
C4“
A
, -
I- .l
r—4
r
.-.J
'__J

" (\J" 4“.“ ~ 1 , r x ' 1 '~‘]r~ I" ‘ ”'vf fl ,l“.~ J— ‘
Llama Oil bile. SllCl_.t:C-:C22._ll,, C ml) . .lullt" 1(‘(

[Ll]. .3. LL- « UL: MIL U; .'..i f 1 UL W. .‘{ -._ 1-3 \.‘( (”‘3‘ all L'- U-'_ 3- C y ' ”2.1L. C Cllgd (f K ALLC. M iv] . DO
'47-: . "‘ '(3 ~‘-' C‘ ‘, r‘ r.) wk“. ‘; YW‘ 1 i v , NH ‘ x ,. f;"‘1'fi f‘! ‘3' ‘3 I“ T: '. '\ 'F‘j 1'7": 43
CO;— -- CC ‘J -_ In .J Q." 3';_L 'JO .Jtl .‘ _k.L(.L(' _L \j,;. L'-_C V ,L,'_ -_'..L \l'__'_'..'. 4.1: VV—-L'__..-e OJ.

V ,1 J" ‘-r~ '\ ‘ ~ I -. -.‘.‘ 2 —-.,~.-'- -, \ - ~ - .‘ ‘- « r‘ '11 »- , ~---:-
t'igi Lfile LA) C:U'Lf(*5 le hfi_.rtliiLUl5\. TolQLC tizlc ;n,lstjfieiuiits

of Hater were accurate to wit in one {run or less due to

-n

J‘1" N '1‘ ‘ 1‘ ,"s " F‘r' - F!‘ r , .- ‘ ' . r J‘ . v-L- v-v - x
tgx2 acc1rrecv (If t x? n fit LN{A7. izc: lirfil flECE testmix.ere

-‘

3:1111 rii_i;i: :1 ESIlIlCl 17l1:i(3‘; ir‘15i 11(11; ET. t1 3?:'..r Ci, fllltl C3C)1lC)€%(Ellx

'
t

L_.

.g_1 \ , .0 1.. A , . .r ° .. l, . _€.-!- ‘ ' fur“. .. _T‘ - - ._ 4-‘.. ‘.\ L. .1-‘.
one results Oi tnose llfL tact? (iii zed Iron ti« list thice
* .I- ..‘.- ,2, .m J— 1. 4- . .— - .n 4.1., -. ,3 n —? .. , ._. - ,- .- 2“ . -,., -
due to t - Le, i 5-0 ulL .: U («Jim Ol hilt: ]. -Lnl £15, water 1-“ LS -1:_[)5-Olb9<1

- -*.~ ~ 5 ..~\ .- ~r -,—. -. . -n , .4. - w o . -
bf Luz: FRHLL . 4.1; «l CECE: J. “m3“ cent OJ. chef-5.111169 Cal: 111 one
U

concrete in the iirst five tests found by 811%“l‘+fit“ ion

.-. _.-. ~.-'..2J. .. 19' 1,: .:-1_ x .- ...r._\ 4.1 , 2.,‘,.'.
was unprollnmtely Sq; Lnile the avers e for the rcui.

b—-‘

testS'was approxinotely'4n‘2. frie higher percentage of air
ggooably due to the fact that
the sand UCCIJ 'n these tests was not saturated, and con—
seguently the exnerimental results nsv be said to be cor—

sistent and TCUlUQHCu le. The Ire.hod uscd to check the

C)

1

exper’mental results was to compute the absolute volumes of

First Vol. of Lubsequcnt N by Vol. of
Tcst Aiditimn Tnstnfl 71x Afiditiflns Entrainod Air

 

_-.___._-~-- .... -. - .—

 

l 174 cc. 686 cc. 1 00. 4.96

CR

2 137 6r3 5% 5.65

.Q
H
C)
+9
OT
()7
0

C?
O

- "I

4 185.5 675 3V.5 5.41

6 177 705 36 5.12

7 178 702 58 4.56

nrjnt 701. Vol. of % by V01. of
iix Entr. Air Entr. Air

 

 

 

}_.
C ’1
C
1"
O
5
0’)
O

O

C:
\1
\:)
O

O

7 3
(0

ET- cc. 5.20

D)
r

n5 ()3
m
L;
33
Q
1;)
,2; ')
(‘1 I
N I
x
77‘:
C.)
7C ')
C2
- 3
O
CO
H

.21
H
. x
\J
(:3
.x.
“w
.5}
(—3
\_..
ifi.‘
L‘l
1’
‘3
!._l
C1
Q
g.
0
O
C)
'X

6 E 55 908 898 10 1.10

C13
0

7 3366 9GB 0J3 6 O.

8 BOQU 9J6 834 14 1.1

”J1
H5

*Very dry mix.

Apparent specific Gravity = 2.aop

the materials used in the m1x and from th:s to find the ab-
solute volune of t1e mix. From those results the absolute

- n 1 “" \ V',‘ . ". ~~ .n 3 " "7‘ ‘7 ‘ To: —" 1r 1 '1'.\ ~ ‘\ _«
(or 8&7? 1 Mt} s ec1fic bIonty 01 the “in tas COMyutbd (as

si‘town belOW) .

Apparent Specific G avltv of Hortar:

L

.eight Absolute Vol.
(5 ) (00.)

u
0

Y; I; {.1 {’1 E- r :17) :38 r‘ EB
Cement sec coo/5.12 : 205

r "1
It" '1
0

Sand 2310 “ode/(.60 =

 

5378 gr. 1477 cc.
Apparent 33. Gr. = 3578/1477 = 8.289
The'weight and volume of the miZ‘WGIG kn “n,and the

apparent (or absolute) volume of the min was four d bv di—

viding the vcight v the apparent syecific Gravity of the
mix. The iiffnrcnce of the measured volume and the apparent

volume divided by the measured volume gave he yer cent of
air in the mortar. lac results obtained by this method were
always 10“."563‘1’4011811 the e::1_v<r3*“ont l 3”€.uu1to,’\7111011 {gave the
impr ssion the t more air than is normally found in a mortar
was incorporated due manipulation or from some other source.
The amount and viro r of mixing varied due to the fact that
it no.3 done by hand, but this evidently did not effect the
consistency of the results. The method of checking‘was
assumed to be satisfactory since those results and the ex—
perimental results were in approximately the same ratio for
each test (compensating for the fact that iho lest tliree

tests were NRQG with :atu1e d sand). Eince the norcentsges

of ent111ned air as determined in the checkiIg process were

influenced {gieatlv bv the absolute specific gravity of the
mix 1h1c1 was in turn determined by t}1e absolute specific

J-1

EffiVitiOS Of the materials use1, the latter were investi-

O

gated 1nd corruu. tions made assuming the 11151311111111 and 111111-
mum specific gravities of the materials. The variation in
the percentage 01“ air in the mortar was plus or minus one-

alf of one >:r cent. Conseuuently, the possibility of
error in the absolute specific graviti s of the materials
was ignored.

T e €XJLT!H€HU 1 results may be 8? id to be more correct
since mortar is usually assumed to have a larger percentage
of air than a concrete which usually has a little over one
per cent air content. however, the results obtained by the
method used for checking give approximately the same air
content in neitar that is found in concrete. This may be
said to be true since the mortar is usually ass U11ed to fill
111 of the voids found in the concrete, and consequently the
air content of mortar would be the air content of the con-
crete. ho definite DJYtT however, can be g::iven to e2g ain
the inability of the above method of checking to agree with
the experimental rem ults des11te tae consistency of the lat—
ter.

Conclusions:

The experimental procedu_re used gives consistent re-

sults, but since the method used for checking produces cor-

resnondingly lower results, the exyerinental percentages

found may not definitely assumed to be the correct percent—

‘F'. ~v--~ at r- q - -
(J o 43. [1.4.101 1 ll 5-,. 171-3 Lilli) O i

714—.—

1 .1- 4 .4—3 -. .. 1-- 1 .. 5,21 ._... . .°, .4
Tile tiff» u 3.1;"; 3);“006» 1.13, Ct 11(3‘_v'\,-'. 1145‘) f---,1 111‘ 1‘

.J

‘ " ' I " ~’ 4' r ‘ u' ‘ r ' ’f" o
1;ort a? LhSUS .nml'was in: follCWn1.

checking jurpores only--not weirhed

field method).

a

CODthKGT until the water surface Wes

by the heok wage.

a. The container vms then senled and turntd

(11111 r111ci 1 (11-1.6ul 't176111 ,jr ta’

[.J
, J
l'“.
\
'W
V

r1nfi ti1e11

O
‘1 ‘ f7 8 J11 1— '

.he mortar did not Cive very conclusive

.4- . ..‘J-1 1,4
- barbufxi ‘..lbf1 t4ie

- .s- .-,
tTot used

end over

the nrocess

knonn enount

It” 0‘ -r-\ pv— I f ’- \ — aw (‘1 IQ _ r511 .1 r“ ,\ 1011‘» + K ‘I-{‘ '1’)

’1 ....[I.1..L LJ‘: J is i \J /A_ $,L'.f 4K; 9 -Lgi Id .4 AJKLLlJ .J ,_._

-\. - hr? 11“ - fl 1' . ~ 1. {-1 -— -~~'-r,~~-1- 0-.” "“1(‘ (WAT-“.01" ’1'“ c ”7310

J _. f L' 1 i U 1., \ ._ LI ' .Kx L 1. _‘ J C k D ‘L L} (:1 .' .L J .1- L' J L 4 .' .1 J ._ k ' \J ‘ I O _. “~J
‘. ?._ .' ,1 _ . 1 -- -L. "l .1- . - - -

r- .n ~ - . 1 .-, ,- ’ . - r. -. .-1 CV - r; ' (1‘ r 33/1 *1 ‘1 v' “ ‘ " .

».; . .14).. .J. _. -.’, 4 ' _L"~) L: LI l~ 3—5 ‘1. flak) J.“ K I ~41; .! ‘J I\_‘ ( 11.-.; ll .1... :1. 0 143-12, (.\ Iii: OJ

p.- -°. .n ...4.:.:,. .. ,4
111: eusic ctidnnrtctis 01 1,1t91 were:

I 1

.0 1. -.-.'r -L1.‘ -_'.._ .3 411.4. 14 ‘~ ,. 4-- 1. _
.LC‘lIVC/“Imn, MM, 1 1.1- M711]. 1.3M; 117-173.; V} 13";

y 0
(."‘1n/\"‘.— "'fifi’] -
L) {-1 ‘J v\_4‘.L.L\L L.) -LA-L .

. .1", ’1 \ '1 1 :j-‘mw'fl '. -f- 'L "~ .fi ,r‘\ "1.1 --r f 1*\"' '. ' '1' .' 4'" '1' ("i t 7-. al ")1 11A
1.). J} C): ‘, -1. 'J Din-”‘4‘ K in- ‘1 J.‘ [Jr '1 ('7 U K k3 J L} O L.) ‘1':- .. ski}.
I

-1: .. J1 —rn~'-— .. .-w- . --\ . -I—1,,-. .
n S‘Jr I] g [11 LL: 1. 4,1 be] 1 k; V {'11. 1,14,. 15 C) U 1711‘, f 18-": e

-— > “‘v. 'l“\ :1 .0 .'~, "- -. I. a f“ ---,.j~- - . (N
U4~<Jl ‘I-Lkl L);.A.(3‘A. (>_L s‘-."~l..L~___1)_‘- (.k.€'|-- C; lL/kuti if‘. g 1

O
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-‘.ll;'

wrv -',n-1-
i‘fJ _1_ b-‘ L) L41. KI

tniq

‘
l

1 1n .1-

 

 

 

-, .. 3.1.3 .1- -._... -- .L r-I -‘TL a _\ ., .u .m r, 1 J- 3. .1} .-I-, J— . (“at ,3 r - -
L i‘D’L‘Lt "L U\ 14 [J Tanb :10 ,1. ‘. ‘__ I.) L] WC».- L'CJ FLJ- LI J L‘ 11 JL 1 1'41. C Lit/W»- v '3 It?’
s I (-1 ‘1‘ ~‘ ' ~ ‘ " '-" ‘ ‘ 1" (W '3
LL11}. LIEU-ft: bI (3'11 wry l P ' ”‘ y.“ .
I I a I ‘ W "‘
‘

fl]? ‘. z-_ ’2. - -'- I -~ .-.— ( ,“ ~ «\ - -.- ~~ H~"( ...- .-v 1. ..:l c . rw~n~~AflL
;;‘.€; (7-./IIC.-_Lut; ..__L-. LIL—ILL _. Lme- _. LA. .63“) CL» Luv”

P. . ~—

‘ ‘1 'o" .A -"|-" I v ’C‘ ,'I J”' ’. -\“,"“\'!‘ "I' V... :11 ‘I' a. ‘
.3011 ’LI-r‘ “3.1 ”LL. Labia 333.; Q.I,I,> ‘ mun-C ILL 3.L1t-L'J. .1..L_L5 11533:“-

.. , ' . -‘. .. . -l- 1 | . v-I -. ~ -,~-.. _ \ l‘ ' ‘3”. A —., q ” an ,‘ ’~ , . -‘- ~ ~. — { —~'- —‘ fl ~ '1' \ -., 13 ,
3113 use“ In ufle LIL 1333 LHIJIqu.3;I(:thkviUIu) 333.3 hifi
‘ ‘ ‘ I H V'- :_ ‘. ‘ .0 -.‘ _o ‘ .-- I ._ .r. 1 H ‘r‘ . ‘ . 1‘ '_ - ,- ““_'_ ‘ .‘. _= 4" : ‘ n ,1-
713.3;L L3I/iIIIo {JAIIILV 03 3-./c., I,3IIIIH.:,:ICIIIC gluIVIIy
‘,'

'3 =3, gv . __‘_- '3. V, _...I- .' , .I .n. J. _ -3 ' z,; . " .‘J. , .1.. .3- .4- 'V "
o1 w.bw, 33d 3333I33333 I_CLoI 03 1.13,; ILL-$-33 Lufinaorm

ontloifl C cht vith 3 LulL Bjeeific gr Vii; of 1.530 find
at? Ellflmb 3.3 CiJ_"o ".~K'°t“'ij fj._fi; r313 :1 CCM“1{33 flf}“IC:VTt€
h3ving 3 hulk ejacifio glutit; of 1.73%, 3}; rent sycaifie
{1 it: 3C ‘./3, LG ,trr3 373” ”‘0*33 of 7.333. I‘C C3130

.3, - — n L-.. . r '...-, 3 _, . -.—4- -.,, .9 ,7! 1 - -L .
”131.2; J. lgflfl \. (.3. (-3. _L -1 PS i} ;_;]-.4~.-v;,(I , L; :9 ‘. I Ln- 3. L. ’16 1‘ (331.330. , Cifld th

‘. “3.3. -~ L I .~ ....L. n .3. 3 L .- - -.
1r330.1 IUJ-IJ__,33 333: :Ihl 01M"—'StlJ II IL;U5D ‘XII 'tJFH. lIdJ SJ”U‘@

__’J ‘ J. 3;. ‘ -, _ 7" 0 _‘ ‘_|_ ‘\ ‘43 . J_ ,— .. . ,1“ (‘1‘. ' rvI-q 1
.I31 b_flfl;0 .-»33I3Ir3 beIOIt: tin LIJLt Tgug331. I:u3 guroccmxulwz as

outiincfl above Igs then TITloer, rId the data 03 the suc—
c “3133 Q:_I g‘t131Id.
Diseu3333n:

'Ehe ragtflflms Cbtwjjhml fI3ILiflicse teaflm3:furniclme proof

tdvt the method nswd for andiI3 the 3iI content of concrete

,1- "'1

is onflClGthV 3COUI3te Ior find 393. Hot ojly were tne

-J

I. -, L ..' 3.4-3 .1 3,“ J- -LI- “€ - 1.51 ..°. . 1. \.
ymfiIfiLts cozfqfi,tenI IHIJ .33 1V3ofi IlJ-QIOI'(1.00I1flfi‘121658

\ I

’
TFffilltfiS prwnflueé:1 tlmmarefixiC3J- pIIImrntrwxes IflIiCF1 chIxfiicd “the
engIimcntnl forcenoudts in esch case, éltqcx h in each case
he the orcticnl 3I~noou3,r“ wero slinhtlr low. The method
Sed for Checking the experimental results was the same as
33:: us eI.'to IflIeclz'thfz;3131131t of :xir ill'the 3301%HII, aqul OCH]-
seguently the nft‘od will 110t b: IeVIIved. Computn tiOI_s

-- V“ . I J“.\ .1! 4‘ ’J < \x m -. fl -. .\ r‘ ‘ —‘ ." 4‘ ’
for fiLLd L15 L11_(‘3 (.‘L, (“0:111 LI(, S jibe—Ll. .J—C {,r‘l’- 4 -tXT' Of t11£2 3.1-25- (Ti-I16

CO

CR

Check:

“-3
C'.)
C!)
c+

Ti 01:? COLTJII‘K‘W?

.a‘

First Vol. of
Addition Tasted Pi;

Subsequent
Additions

fl by Vol. of

Entrained Air

 

 

 

585 cc. 2595 00.
1888 2898

1500 2480

I)

4t

K,

H3
C)?

H5
H

of Apparent Vol.
of kix

U1

2.005

4

(f

5

$ by Vol. of
Intr. Air

 

 

(‘1

C2]

 

5708 239% 2557
5915 8480 2442
Lpparent SDGlelC GTaV1ty =

2550 cc.

 

r4 H
UI ~21
a C)
as o

V

Juter 6w) er.

Cement lififi lflSS/S.18 =

0
CT
f.
\J
ll

_ 1 - " .3, a . x‘ . ; _
L_I .‘ inC. ( .v i) L) -.’.)I (‘i L7 K) ( (-1
- 1 1 '2' r " T ’- r‘ '-
Gruvel Anlm AnlL/a./O -
(-‘l .N 1’. q
()1. 1“} 1) (fl- .

App~rent fipeciffi .c Groviuj a \hq/ :0: :

.1.

.r‘. -., -I. :. .,. . ' .0 J. \ H1
In OIuGi to insuie Cetislnctory TLSul

I“;
*3

Unsol1rte
\fo _l,~1}V‘f

(/

 

both the fine

raid C(N“113C: fuiid“er"1tns 1W"141 t ICV‘OI‘K’ 1f” S'itttriigefl rfiitlz 113tcfir.

‘fl1e .czrul :n11311‘ni;m(? i: 11 (lojrs 'bce1131?e 'tlze texsrts? YfCJ?C 143

be run and stored in mirtirht cans for the tvo (W_3 period

so as to be sure that the titer ves thoroughly incoriorstel

in be send. The cone mcthod was used to dete1

the send had reached the saturction point and

tamping a sample of ssnl into a container Shipc

frustrum of a cone open at both ends and then
cone to src 7(u e1 toe sinple vedld keep its

was added or subtracted until the compacted s

cons ° sted of
.(1 like “the

removing the

ample was such

that the outer edncs of the top surfocc crumbled leaving

the rest of the top surface intact.

rl“He coarse mg regute

15 im1“1erSed in‘vn,er for L10 dtys and tr n immea iatel"

used in ‘ne mix Without surface 1”'Jfl1

Corrections 1

amount of surface water on the coarse urcrtfiste were there-

fore made and ugplied to the mix desifin.

As in the mortar, tne Mixing was done by

seguentlv varied in amount ans Vigor for each

V

band and con—

'teift. EH16

-, a1";~‘l_m~- 2

.4

(- O J“ o ,”\ . ‘ ‘ .“"'1 ’I ‘0 -'\ Q '-~ -. ,‘ ( w" . r‘. " L‘ . f“ V" ' j ‘ "
VdrlfileH 1n 111111, no evnr, 31- 6 no notice ble eilect UwOL
1- .- -~ 4- mt. ' ‘. ”1-, ~ 1 , :— J1... -=- +1 4 .
in1e iresnll:mi 1-;lC11 :11; 1.;v1; b can tune "to 'tnfiw 11:01, 1111t (11e
~ .“" ‘ ‘ ‘vl "- -~'. 4- ~ ‘,' v- ,‘ .‘\ 5- t ~P:~ “'2‘ r. - ' r. ,r~
Luu1es VKLLe (LLLUe SJXVng. .Jlo _gr1111rc:\.szea ‘8151 o 111u1ce
the effect of V1ri ”ions 1n ”find nixird uni henfllinc on
J.‘ i .1 ' (.1 .1-” ..'. . .°. .1. ‘_ ,, 1.. .3 .1. .-.. J, .1- .I- 3.. _, ‘ .1 .1.
bflu -131]. IN”. CU.l_,-. $11160 'u LN? b-quL f. 1U; 1v. 1.“. o' S” S 111 1008111.;
-r-"\ fin f'v.‘ , J-( . Q 1 1- - . -. " .
yeqrs thut e I JCRUT results in test of air content in
-_ .m. -_.. M, ,.. : .J.., .1. ., 7 . -1r* '-:'~ 2‘ ,.'—.,- '
concrete 91e no,e c LSJCbhnU 1r r(,ionuceaole 11 Lflc n11 lo ,
a
——. . ,1 .. u..- 4—H, '- 4-. “+- 4-—- n ‘ 1-,...—
slopev snu horn1b C then f -ne 11M u1£18 to ue 0.} end
LunI01u21h113.

CCM'ClLHZiCHISZ ‘

 

D . *‘ 4- r1 '1 \ -v ' 4— - ‘r' ' ‘ 7., *'
Izc>e1 ulerusxl 1<ruxl 1, 21mm. tlu1t 1-11s 11at1nx1 of‘:fin Miznij

s satisfactory for field use

:0
I

the air content of concretn

1

due to its simpl101jy and accuracy. However, tilere ere

“‘ . fi 14‘ Q . r". 'J“l‘ r-c' '0 ‘ . r“ J" "p . ‘v 17 . ~ u. “ :
CVlQFIu,(11931JHIhrE,WS on 1111s net/1511-:1c1 351mg cen 101111

U‘U‘

: . - — ‘ - , r . r — : '4 A , -
d11r111; t:1e ¢"n< ““I‘FMLtrfil 1 oil:. '. e..e 1r°e l137.u u uLo;..
.. q , . 1 O O r
l. 'Jhe‘“t1o1urt o“’“stez‘tttic5_51' entexl lLEMXil1tCJ'
— “L, — J‘ ‘- ~ '1 ’. " I n W 1 I l‘ r1 ,‘11‘ . "L’ ‘N r - 4‘ . x
21 e: the 11“ hit o:~n Iwu11d 1L but conta1n<r

he: be en fou.nd to be so lrrne as to nuxo it tro-
Tihitive to use graduates for measuring t
1 353 cc. hr11ute TfliCl is th: largest that can

be lSGH and still satisfy the reguircmegts for
eccurqcv is too smell to handle the amount of water
re Qkui G-d in a short enough yeriod of ire. There-

-L

fore 110 V7 or for the first Mlition has to be

rlpnfilwrrd b1r\"/;~ jt’TELj-Z‘.f-€ 1:;11031 ETOIIld 1 (~\(._-L’1j]‘lc F} 031317.08
in the field.

6'“ ‘ ' r‘. 4' ‘. (‘5 - >. \ . .5 ' . 4- I , . -’ .1 '
a. 1 tqu us1n~ f1nsol re91n .~acnt 1n ugc n11 -qs

‘ n. “c\ fi ‘J“""r 1‘. ‘ .I‘ ‘ a
run, and tee “1r sy1ce DPbman the liuuiu level

 

 

 

01

*3
l-
P)
(' t
_4U
A\
[a
D)
:3
:V‘l
,—)
A
(.44
O
3-. A
t?
5
is)
H-
!
)—

' ‘ 1A "\ 4) f‘. ’ . '- V.’ '. r " '. ' "r " ‘
roul'tuo tOp Ol Tflxa container LiLHll varies ihNfi; GO

to 150 cc. was alwost c<mplctclj filled with foam
in vhicq lS unprorimotcly Sifl voter. Althourh the
volume of 4this) foam could we cstimn"c€ with 3 rec—
sonnblc dcrrce of accuracy, it is deSirud Jnot a
norc accurate dctcrhinati01 than estimation of the
amount of foam be found since one or two cubic
centimctcrs of water can mmkc an icprccinblc dif-
ference in tho rofivl
concrete as cthrnincd by this nothol.

_Lgc IJSf; 01"th5:?1069i ‘TTTC {TC C? rwrfiCLUJirgg dcfificcé
rccuiiwx: that inn? contojjuxr bc lmgft as nyvcl as
roariblc, Qnfl cant finch care bc exerciscfl vwcn
using the gage. Aitlou h this Natboc of ucafuring
crccvds the ryguirwncnts as to accurQCT, tho care
tPich must bc czarcis l in kc gin? the container
level and Hot onless makes a simpler motood of

Wfioourirf cosireqblc.

-. 1 ‘r‘.—- '1‘ r In - ') I", j '. "' '-'\ " a r. /\
lPSQ deWKlvnnpAhis {nia‘tll Cl _Ll,Oil-WC-w

\ A

An,“ . :-- ._»'_ A . -
uflh c alga flu can procedure

f‘n

1]; effici(nt Iiclfl Hcthod for

inm thc air content of concrete.

F‘Tfi 1,7,13" Wflflfrrl
:uJJ. :.i.\/JL :_: I '11.:

‘7.,(,‘1‘7.’(‘,—:::-‘ ‘1':

13 Werxuic 66 1116

I- '17 ‘

01m” lfl concrptc vaicn is

f cwtions :Uul1 ion is monti

'1 -, —‘<‘— ' ' .L .;.
-.‘C (1’317.o‘-._'_.'.1€;1‘ CQnSiSbS OJ-

is ,1. 53. (D. If. T"t1r(1 501d

:nfi—q —. .1 .. . .
_L! _L {$.32 (illCtrS {IQ .

,. - .1 .v-...:_w 1 .:
1 -ctlv one-ceLcn cub c

1.. J- ,; 1 _._. _ _1J-‘ 3‘ .~ _
‘.“r‘.J-)lJ("-\; (50116} ‘..-L.LJ.1 C1 '.-_HU.~,,1J

,7‘ "3

1
;_J
A

I
I‘V‘
O
’h
('5‘
L.
L l
.—J
m
*3
C

6
U)

a cgrlir d1ica l conta'

.'. .. 1 .1. 1-
.1- 11‘T()11 UC<1

'\£l
’
J

one—tsndfli cubic fikxyt contu

-, fi - . .L - _. 71 ,.
('21! 003101}? bf) :' iii}. 51

.7 - - '-’\ J" —~ I w ‘ 1 ‘L .. -1 " -‘ ’3
111021;, c u~ . 3.11t (of UJKJ 1.11

:‘mt 3;'1-1«_.V1;.11*r.,r.r_ to be 1111:3111

“ " ‘11- i‘ 7 4:3 'l_‘ 1‘(‘_l-\ {OIDC'4—
‘lk J. "..:' -KL. Lit- L’,‘ L.\_. J -~__' .‘..J_ \._ k.) U

1—!-

Llinutcs tte cTMMMM3<Jf error

‘mpul tion required when

_-

(—15 . “ 1‘ f”“(."‘ 21 § . ’1 -~’-‘ I \ ‘1"~ ‘ ' 1

11.16- 1» r1 1 (r1311 1:, 10:1,, (- 1111/11 {:0 11:11.1 13.1.62
'1 0“, ‘ A . o— n ‘ -' c_- 1 I

f0 11 l't’ F't f" "1 311:1 -‘._ '3 If. ‘ ‘-~)_I_lv‘r 1 31-1151": -12“

.1 1 1..7, .- _ -,,‘1 3, . 1 v . 7.1 ‘ 1. » x -1

11.10 :11 133.12 '1-“ its 1701.11.11. twin: «111; 'blf to 09,

-1
lo

I

\

_1

7-5

1

(fl 1
U...

t, v —. ""- 'V )f t . ' V ’I ' .1
, ‘ -‘ r W- - ‘. V w!» '3 - x v 1 I , 1 --—
31.1.1 ”1:11-LLr1L «._r._|_.', 1 1., ‘ K11 U_.

mm». ».. -7—- 1c ' '7 ”7--— '» -:
v ‘_' C-) D“ _‘._L' ,1‘» "»."»3‘~, '-L1Lt_ J1 2 — D :' o

”n.1,: -- "ma-.m‘w ' l"t ““" 7 -av “7-“ J- «4- m *3, -— mJ- TT .7
‘\I'L...1.'L' 11 JJ‘LhL 7.2.1.11. .1 'UL/ ' O I "'2-..‘ 'l .4 If.» u ilLl,/:_j[ ‘_-.1 :Lt.:__\":\~_1_ lit—“L o .1: o

W1"Wi“uti®fl of ankr g“ 1061ing b" MS( 1 Ali—LQLi'iViHj
17°1Tfli“VM C(LLK‘J‘”, - rw‘tl-;:u h1W'gib 11f ’“051‘t1r“t4 1XUPIU"+2
71/,
_L. .j ' o

"nurc+1FL a: 1?,‘nin13 .i: it fluha:tut,w KLQrv L. JLnficflt,

'J V

1. C. I. Jfiurnil, Junv,lflé&.

"llcrtl;ozi 171)]. ix i,';::;iili‘1; 'ti 1. J.i;f (1.2113611t Li? 191’ :3 J;)‘ Liij‘: i
ISibrm? AD? Cons: to ", T C. 11131“: "L1 g. G. Collins
11. C. 3:. ":7C(>UCIT:123, an1.-{“r1;. , 3J7311.

”Lichifiwn's HfigcriHLCLS in tha TC; 0? air-Latrmininp Exter—

-. _‘1 _. . - _\ ..,_,,_ .7-__ '7'..5.._.1 ., . 4.1. - J _.'... -11 {i ‘ : 1 ,1.
.1- 1.1.8 Of COT. ._C1 1, u t: .- \. 71:31.1 7“ u (.117 1 L2}. LLC» .; 5111” , 1;. . . J - 11118!"
H"... .-. > - 7- -?.. ,. ' -7 . Mr ’ T- a - 7 .7'» . 1' 1— .1 -1
4 klv{-;? 11(1th 'r.)C‘1‘_l _ll,41»;—j | '11'CC “II: $24.11? 1" (J‘A,L‘I:C—ZLK\II\J.I. , (\ O _l.l . ;..(_/{?_L'r‘
‘; '-v ,-.. :1- . .7 — . -" .7 -r. 7 .| \_,J w r- -1. .1 1 A r , 1'7
1111111_114KJ11J p—fifiCCuf , Ucuobki 1A1, 1910.
t?’ ,7 —' - "1 ~11 -,_, , -- - " :51 . 'W .—-\ ‘ 'x ,H- .... TT ' ,. r" r7
1. 1.11111 b3. .0, U‘v; ’ , -111. .15 . 411111133? , I1-C(.-.1.41-..--1,7l] , 1 17112711.

7Tb"!‘ ("3 ‘k‘ ,, ‘1“ 1 - I ( C" “VI—Ty: "1"fi‘*1‘t (“7. 1 '. 51"“9? ‘2 C‘ ’." "r'7". Fiqub-J- 7-.1-1 (3'1‘ ' 3,, 1T 1r'rv
..~ .711 '« UL-\- _- L) J V ~ le;‘ 11L I 1-40111 .J_.L_Lv . , .,’ (in; L.)(-_:. _LL UK,-'_1,.’_8.1 u_1,\,;vt_;l(_ L]. ,\'_'.'..;,J ,

4- .-,..7- n 1-,? . ‘7
DEQU of 1J53h Lon—

”Vncuum Hethod 01 I

/‘ ~
T u 011

01619", G» 1“ 114:1m1, A. C. I. JkuwwutL,Ifiove1flmufi, 134 .

Bituminous Still

Volume of

Volumc of

11' .-’ E): :3.

(

Appqratns Uscd
Voluno of
Volnmc of

of

Iii-5 #:V [.1 7 l‘: :11] ‘ 1
"‘7' 1 .7 J— r1
wwwi bO 108 Jtrntnr.

container (to hook pm;

8801 0.5 cc.
three tests)

container (to top) . = 908:k0.5 cc.

container (minus cover) = l744.8:t0.05 gr.

Concrete.

container (to hook gafic) S?CO:£O.5 cc.

container (to top) = 5878:£O.5 cc.

container (ninus cover) : 15.656:ku.03 lb.

= 7L$Bifigr.

 

The apparatus for determining the
air content of concrete is shown above.

From top to bottom is shown the
clamp, cover, rubber gasket, container,

and hook gage.

" l
A no.“ it" v'nJ

 

 

'VVM-—’_\

The apparatus for determining the

air content of concrete is shown dis—

_ssembled above.

Separate parts are

q

rubber gasket, (C) container,

and (

‘Y D

L

) hook gage.

(A) clamp, (B)

(D) cover,

 

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.p.

r. 1.}... .
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A... s.

54.4.?

$...
1 .

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r... .01».

‘1‘ .. I.“
o.‘ .. \. ‘
ran. »

 

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a... (Ky...

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.. .....,%H..«a. A443. ..

 

 

 

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.. “$53" "

21’0“ ". . .
. 311' yr". ‘
. 1L . fr .1 ‘ '

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- ‘ I)". "- $31 .

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