w
L

IHIIHII

i
I

W

V
I
!

I

if

!

l
1

{IN

 

H44
I014
fimmm

THE RATING OF AN UNDERSHOT
WATER WHEEL AT GRAYLlNG
MICHIGAN

Thesis fer the Degree of B. S.
MICHIGAN STATE COLLEGE

john L. Meyer
1940

 

 

f
u;

_AJ..v_..-_
. 9’- .
., _.

PLACE IN RETURN BOX to remove this checkout from your record.
To AVOID FINES return on or before date due.
MAY BE RECALLED with earlier due date if requested.

6/07 pJClRC/DateDue.indd-p.1

 

The Rating of an Underth Water '.‘Jheel

at Grey]. ing Michigan

A Thesis Submitted to

The Faculty Of
MICHIGAN STATE COLLEGE

of

AGRICULTUfiE AND APPLIED SCIENCE

by

John‘Louis Meyer

Candidate for the Degree of

Bachelor of Science

June 1940

TH ESlS

cl

ACKNOJLEDGEMENP

An aclmowledgement is hereby made to Professor C.M.Cade,

Professor of’Civil Engineering at Michigan.State College, and
to H.L.Peterson, Director of’the Grayling State FishIHatchery

for the assistance they have willingly Offered in compiling
this thesis.

. £36580

 

 

,. .....fi..a.f... .: 2:... .u. A Law." {Zita \

_ Located along the north branch 01? the Ausable River, four miles
due East of Grayling is the Grayling State Fish Hatchery. Thousands or

fish are produced here annually and planted in the surrounding rivers,
streams and brooks making a "fisherman’ s paradise" of Northern Mich-
igan.

A great share of the work that has been done in and around the

hatchery .is through the Civilians Conservation Corps. The ground sur-

rounding the buildings is beautifully landscaped with rustic bridges
and foot-paths so placed and so constructed that in the sense of the
word the groungs can be considered as a park. The hatchery itself is

a very attractive structure and on the second floor provisions have

been made to take care of two or three tourists 0r visitors.
During the late fall, all through the winter, and the early

spring the troughs in the hatchery are filled with small fish that will

be planted the following spring. In order to safeguard themselves a-

gainst any shortage of water supply, provisions must be made for pump-
ing and storage. Such is the case in all hatcheries; each individual

hatchery having its own prOblem of supply. Some hatcheries have an
artesian supply, some a direct gravity supply from a stream or river.
some a gasoline or electric pump, and many other ways to numerous to
mention.

At the Grayling Hatchery use was made of an undershot water wheel,
utilizing the power produced by a small head at that point. Although the
average efficiency of an undershot water wheel is between .25 and .33
the power produced is sufficient for its specifis purpose. .

During the summer of 1933, Proffessor Cade of michigan f?tate

college was asked to redesign the wheel and make any changes and sug-

 

Q. ”aw—Has smart ._.

_. 4 . .
fay- ..w.c1
. .

 

 

 

(2-)

gestions that he deemed necessary. This was Prof. Cade' s first exper-

ience in the design 01‘ this type of wheel and to know more about the

actual working, tests were made and the results tabulated to form this

thesis.
First let us investigate a few of the underlying fundimental

principals that must be known before any significant conclusions can
be drawn.

* Water-power can be best defined as the pressure 01' water used as
a prime mover of machinery. The value of water-power depends largely
on the nature 0f the source of supply, whether it is steady or not.
Small streams, impounding resevoirs, or ponds are provided to insure a
steady flow; but on large rivers there is in general, only a weir or dam

across the river to direct the water into the various intakes.

The most usual, and generally the most eligable, method of apply-
ing water to the driving of machinery is by means of a vertical wheel
put in motion either by the water acting on blades and fleets, by im-
pulse derived from it' s velocity aquired in falling, or by the weight

or water being applied to one side 0f the wheel. The first methOd of
applying the water is the one which will be investigated.

This first method of application is generally applied in low
falls, say under six feet, to what is called and undershot wheel, that
is, a wheel where the effective head is below the centre of the wheel.
To make application more efficient, that portion of the periphery
measured from the point of impact of the water to a point directly be-

low the centre shOuld be surrounded by a casing, generally of stone,

but sometimes of cast-iron, called the arc. This casing must be close-
ly fitted to the extremeties of the, floats to prevent any considerable

‘New Standard EncyclOpedia, Vol. 10

 

 

a a...“ ...€l....w 131%; 3.3 ....._.. \

1:1.

  

 

 

escape of water as shown in fig. 1.

The wheel may be made of either timber or of cast-iron, or part-
1y of both, consisting of axle, a; arms, ‘0; floats, c; and generalyya
sole plate, d; beinc a lining around the circumference at the lower
edge of the floats, having openings for the escape of air; and a
shrouding or circular plate. e: at each side of the wheel and of the same
depth as the floats. When there is very little beyond the mere flow of
the current the paddles are allowed to simply dip in the water like
the paddles Of a steam boat, in which case no sole or shrouding is re-

quired. This latter case is usually applied towhat are called current

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

F180 1

wheels and will not be considered!

Knowing a bit more about the general construction and operation
of an undershot water wheel it is possible to go further into the dis-
cussion of the Grayling Wheel .~

Aside from being a wheel that can be easily used under the exist-
ing conditions of current and head, that is simple in construction, and
comparitively low in cost, one might say that this type of wheel is

obsolete; There are only a few of these wheels in operation through-

. award?” .nce . “has a a... «mmfiflflmmdn! out

n

. a
E

itfil
t v

t

 

(4-)

out the country and then for small jobs that require little horse

power.

When the wheel was revamped and a new design for the pumphouse
drawn up, two different types of wheel were suggested, one of 3% and
one of 5023 efficiency as shown on the blue print. As the wheel of 3073
came the closest to the original design and would be the easiest to
fix over, this design was adopted. Probably the best thing that could
have been done would have been to completely change the design, but in
so doing difficulties again arise. PeOple who have an engineer design-
ing for them feel that the engineer has no personal interest in the
Job he is undertaking and the person in question will not therefore
cooperate to the fullest extent. ‘.Vhen an engineer designs something
and draws up certain specifications for machinery to be installed it
is because he thinks his choice of machinery will work best under
these specific conditions. The engineer may be wrong but after all his
logic is as good or perhaps better than yours because he is probably

more learned in that line.

In this case the wheel was designed for twp horse powerewhen the
wheel w0uld turn :50 R.P.M. and a gear ratio worked up so that the final
speed woild be 860 R.P.M. For best results it was essential that a low

speed pump be used, one probably between 800 and 900 3.13.11. But a pump
of 1000 R.P.M. was instaled and so far has proven very unsatisfactory.
Althouh the wheel was designed for 30 R.P.ll. only 24 R.P.H. is
actually produced making the final ratio still lowers than what it or-
iginally was. Then during the winter another element enters in, one
that was probably not even considered, that of ice and slush. When the

river is filled with slush it accumulates on the wheel and slows the

 

. end .mnl..sm_.l._~fim.,mafifldflfififih \1 t . _ . a».-.

n.L. r'.

E

 

(9.)

speed 0f the wheel as low as 18 R.P.M. In.0rder that the pump Operate
at all the lowest speed of the wheel can be no lower than 20 R.P.M.

Probably the best remedy for this condition would be to buy a new pump,

one that operates at a low speed.

.Another violation of the design is that of the screen through

which the water passes before it comes in contact with the wheel. The
drawing specifies a screen l" by-%" bars 1" c-c, but the one actually
installed is much finer than this. Using such a fine screen lowers the
velocity 0f the water, this principal being a function of the friction

of the water on the screen. A screen just fine enough to catch the
large objects floating in the water would have been sufficient.

From just first observations, befbre any tests were taken at all
it was quite obvious that there was entirely too much tail water. Pic-

tures were taken to show the spray and water carried up by the wheel

as it rose up out of the water.!ro see if any difference could be noted
by lowering the tail water, flash boards were removed and an increase
of'a R.P.M. noted. This improvement in.R.P.M. is not enough to compen-
sate for a complete change 0f the fish beds below the whehl as a drop
of the tail water failed to supply enough water to the lower beds.

The quantity 0f“water flowing in the river was measured by two

methods, the float method and the current meter method, each serving as
a check.on the other. Probably the current meter method is the closest
to being correct as a varying current and numerous eddy currents would

introduce error into the float method.

Considering first the current meter method, intervals of’two feet

across an 18' portion of the river were determined; at each interval a

 

,. ”new midst. was _ wean—nan “has: s.

_

 

\NOE 3N>ugmt>§2m Q2 fllmntgbbnm \QVHSU

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Q u

.9». 0a\ a A u kkkmw us.\m\c2.

as was E: s a: new? tip st s xi
9 \...\. .H at.» no. same \. on . meet .me Re \ ewe
as t. e “m use H u was is» \. use \. we. \. em l u. saw
u m. s M Mm m “Now? \ .uw see.» u. as. t. as l a. 30
s a. a M MW .... “iwwelll rt» \. use use use l a use
N owct MW WM . wWM.“ rum \gpmd nuke. hum . have

s e. e ”M W. H” New \. a is e. is at l l. s a.
rut mar .M Wm, H “WW \.\M\ \. \um ow. bk awhot \ u . meet
s as w mm. H has 3 use use use i a. as
\e \. u. tux as .4. 3.3.! is“. . No.8 h. to b. be . \ . else
\Mx sh. .ut am. 9...? L}? . arse \Juut \{hut . be“

Row. m3

 

 

. .s ”31.x was. Sufi 3M?! Hm; vs

.LKl-r .- ‘

 

(6.)

depth reading taken, and R.P.M. readings of the current meter at .8 and

.2 of the depth when passible. From the graph of the current meter

showing the relation between R.P.i’i. and the velOcity, the rate of speed

of the current at each point was calculated and by multiplying the
cross-section of the stream the quantity of’water in the stream was
fbund. Q = 66.182 cu. ft./ sec.

The use of the float method as a second trial and as a check on
the current meter method was used in preference to the weir method
because of the uneven banks and the size 0f the river. Again the vel-
ocity of'the stream is determined an.multiplyed by the cross section 0f
the stream to find the quantity of water.

If correct data could be taken the results would of course be ab-

solutely correct but by making the measurements as carefully as possible

the results will be approximately correct and sufficient for practical

PurpOSOSe

Selecting a portion of the stream that was unifbrl.in depth and
'width.and free from sharp curves, intervals of 6" were taken across the
river and the depths of these points recorded. Adding together all the
depths taken and dividing their sum.by the number of 6" intervals taken
an.average depth is determined. Multiply this result by the width of

stream and we have the cross section at that point.

Owing to the friction of water on the bed of the stream, the vel-
ocity is greatest at the surface and near the center of the stream. It
has been determined by careful experiment that the average velocity is
about so; of that at the centeral surface.

Bearing this in mind the average velocity may be estimated by

throwing a body into the stream having nearly the same specific gravity

 

paws sauna“. . “as a 3m newness c.

s".

Float lethod

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Depth in feet at 6" intervals.
I .34 n 135' I 3.6.1, .3: 1.7?
a, pal/v I2 375 9“ 5-39 «=2 L43
3 UN» /3 3.9% 03 0-9/ 3 4'09
‘P [.19 /4 3.4% 7- 5.00 4 [-55
3’ 1.9.1, ’5 3.93 a' «9.5/4 5 I-ao
4’ .195 M 3.5.1. 017+ z, /. I3
7 .139 /7 5.5. 7 .195
4 .9. 50 IV 3.40 25’ 0-2.:
9 .135 I9 3.47 .247
10 4-96 .20 3 .45 .9- 25

 

 

 

 

 

 

10) Total = 93.21 ft.

2.) loan a 93021 '3' 36 = 2058 ft.

3.) Gross Sectional Area = 18 x 2.58 = 46.44 sq.ft.

Rate or flow by the float.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Acts; 3“” “’35.?“ fine 1'»
/ .99 2.75!— 74.4—

4. .94- /'/7 70¢

3 /.oo [:25 75.0

4- /. 03 Ma? 77. 4—

5 .97 /«.‘ll 74$

 

.1.) Mean = 369.6 é 5 I. 73.9 seconds

2.) v - 100 -:- 73.9 a 1.35 flu/sec.

3.) Q I 4604411035 = 6208 Ouofto/SOOO

 

 

 

. .4. .1 t...
. Lyn...“ ”ml; .a

sanlestwnmafipmssh V

A

 

 

(7.)

or weight as water. In this case a bottle partially filled with water

worked very well amply serving our purpose. Keeping the float as near
the middle 0f the stream as possible the rate of flow was determined

for a distance Of 100' and the distance and time converted into feet

per second. Taking UOfi of this value as the average rate and multiplying
by the cross sectional area we have the cubic feet of'water flowing in
the stream per second. Calculations for the float method will be found

on the following page.

Comparing the quanties by the two methOds we have.

Current Meter Method - Q : 66.182 cu. ft./sec.

Float Method - 2 = 62.8 cu.ft./sec.

.A difference of 3.3 cu.ft./sec. is noted and as the bottom of the stream

was exceedingly muddy a small difference in the depth readings would oc-

cur. For all practical purposes these two values are a close enough check

and can be considered adequate.
From the drawings made by Prof; Cade the difference between the
head water and the tail water is 1.40 ft. As a check:I also measured

the head water and the tail water and found a head 0f 1.58 feet. Follow-

ing is a sample of the level notes.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

site. + .5 HI -‘ .5 61¢“ Wemqus
did: Wd 1k
’ / 00 me if
TR .2. 2 II- /o,2. gt].
4&3 97- é, 5’ch WdfeP
4 .0! 94. 93 73/7 Wd‘l’cl’
#36 fikdd

 

 

Lafiaflmxsw . 3a leaned... Jana a...

fl

2.... . t....

(8-)

To measure the horse power Of the wheel it was first necessary
to build a prony brake, strong enough to take care 0f approximately 2
horse,power. On the following page is a drawing of the design of the

brake. This design.was picked entirely at random as no tests had ever

been.msde on the wheel and nothing definite as to the actual horse

power cauld be Obtained. Assuming a Value Of 2 horse power exactly for

the wheel, and a lever arm, a; or 3 feet, the force, P; that theoret-

ically should be appbied to the scale at nomal speed12N; would be

H? : ZfPaN :. _ '
m P - W ,300
P a: 65,000 = 145 '#
6.2.8)r 3‘24

But before any definite order or proceedure was carried out in
running the tests, the brake was applied to the wheel t0,determine the

maximum horse power it realy would produce. This being accomplished

intervals could be taken and arranged in such a manner that an even
distribution Of speed values could be plotted on the graph. A reading w
was first taken at l5 R.Po~c measuring 149 lbs. and another at 5 R.P.m.
measuring 549 lbs. Iben.when the tail water was lowered, the brake was
again applied to the wheel, attempting to find the increase in power
resulting from less water being carried up on the wheel. The last mea-
surement taken with the tail water lower resulted in the failure of the
prony brake. The failure occurred at the angles holding the lever arms

to the brake band. One eighth inch metal had been provided for that

purpose but after the failure the design was changed to one quarter

inch angles. Although the braKe did fail making it impossible to col-

lect more data, the two readings taken show that the wheel is operating

at less than the 30; efficiency it was designed for.{

 

n..ap&._..N._.a1..m.ln§ ~ 31.... u VEVQNPNHH .(V

_.

 

steam”. «at» an; .38

S: 0&0. \ctb VotmleuQ 3.. extra, k mt o\
0.6 = $06 Ma

  

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

  

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

- - 0 tv. m3.
8\.v\$ .. UXDQ :\..lh 0\bu m) \ x s W m<oe\Q u\0.b§\ Ax w: W-M\
NQMQQQQ Nk<hm4 \(VQ\IQ\S\ \. a
m<<¢n xkomox .
w
. e0\mct< .lemN
”WNU o UKNNKK 10%; xx
\0 \wb\< :
l I J/ I -
/ . maiswnw.
some - .0
.. o 3on8.“ W
s Eat ltd. omens 8.
“can fees. 2; 3 elm.
: z \ %&C\§e\0\ .0 .\.0 “$on
\SNS \S\ VQ.
«Osmium. um. We}m\uma mm.
_ . . __ .3. “E E a
III ! L It“. a. ___.:../~.
u In: I! I d l leJll- __ _ .r.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

rams. s....3.....w.o?..u..e. "manta: as“: t.

a

I...

 

 

\N.

E

.Q

3...? - side

a...“

.. nuisQ 5.35. $369.
Nkmxbw Xbxswthfiknfiw

 

 

G
O
s

70 [Jr/)tx'cfic'g

Ox

 

Omo

 

fifth, . “Ewan.“ ”1.30% an... “add-d tam.» ruin.” 5....

a

.
.

.L

(3-)

The horse power rating of the wheel at the two readings are
at 18 ROPOM.’ P: 142’ *

P3=_.__2"P8391 =e.zex149xsx18 = 1-512
55.000 35,0oo

 

and at b R.P.m., P = 04:, 0":

HP : 6.25x949x3xc : l.7l3
33,000

 

fince the wheel was designed for 2 horse power, the efficiency

rating of the wheel at that value would be 30,3 and the actual efficiency

as determinel by the tests would be

(1.) $32.23, .-. 22.1 C2; efficient at l8 R.P.M.

(20) 1.7.1.5

o 67 25.7 E efficient at b R.P.M.

6.67 using the theoretical horse power at lOO m efficiency. Although

these values may loox rather low, a study Of all undershot water wheels
'will show that about the best efficiency that can be had from a wheel

is between .23 and .35. I f'more readings oculd have been tanen at dif-
ferent speeds and the efficiencies calculated at that time, a graph 0f

the wheel could be drawn similar to the one in fig. 2. In.the plotting
0f the graph maximum speed and no speed are considered as having an

efficiency or zero and at some point between a maximum value determined.

'Jhile looxing through some references for material on undershOt

water wheels, I ran across an artical on the Poncelet UndirshOt hater
Wheel..After reading over the material it seemed as if this type 0f
wheel could be used very nicely at Grayling but after a few calculations
it is plain that this wheel is not applicable fOr this purpOse as will

be shown later.

 

 

(Ii-fl- £991,532 m 5.3. a..."
y m

 

 

(10.)

With the Poncelet .‘Jheel the water acts very nearly the same way

as with the turbine, although slightly less efficient than the best

turbines, in normal conditions of working, is superior to most of them
when working with a reduced supply of water. Fig. 3 shows its general

construction. The water penned back between the side walls of the wheel

Jet flows to the wheel under a movable sluice, at a velocity nearly
equal to the velocity due to the entire fall. The water flows down a
slope of l in 10 being either a straight or curved race entering the
wheel with as little shock as possible. After gliding up on the curved
floats, the water comes to rest, falls backwards, and at the point 01‘
discharge, aquires a backward velocity relative to the wheel nearly

equal to the forward velocity of the wheel. Therefore the wheel is left

0

Lard. of Add ”/4th __
a ‘ l
\ fl

 

 

£12/Jf_7al/ WGTCI’

A «cw ’~ 2“} —‘

 

 

F180 5
with almost the whole of the Original kinetic energy of the water.
Taking the efficiency at 60 75 and putting H for available fall,

H? for horse power, and Q for water supply per second.

HP 3 0068a

The diameter of the wheel may be taken arbitrarily but should not

;ha 3.339).: M

34.1.3.12411... 5

..§

.Il. . .
..y.rl ;.t.uu

..

(11.)

be less then twice the fall and more Often it is taken at four times the
fall. The radial depth of the buckets should be at least half the fall

and the curvature of the paddles about half the radius as that of the

Wh6610

Let H be the fall measured from the surface of the head water to
a point F where the mean layer Of water enters the wheel; the velocity

of the water entering the wheel then being v 3 1633-1— , the best circum-
ferential velocity Of the wheel being either V :- .55v or V - .60v.
The speed of the wheel in revolutions per second is N = V/ D. The
thickness of the sheet of water entering the wheel has been determined
by experiment as between 8 and 10 inches. with a surplus supply of

water the thickness of the water should not exceed lb inches. Let "e"

be the thiclmess of water entering the wheel and "b" its width. Then

bev : Q or b a Q/ev
GrashOf takes 9 : 1/6 B then
b = 6 Q/HW
Making allowances for contraction of the stream the area of the Open-
ing through the sluice may be l.2£) be to l.3 be. The inside width of
the wheel should be 4 inches greater than "b",

Of all the possible constructions for the floats of the Poncelet

Wheel the following is probably the simplest.

Let 0A be the vertical radius of the wheel. Set Off 0B3 01) making
angles of l5 degrees with GA then BD may be the length of the close
breasting fitted to the wheel. Draw the bottom of the head race BO at a

slope of l to 10. Parallel to this, at a distance of fie and "e", draw

. It”: . I1“-

5%.,

flank“

.23].
.V I

Fania-I. .Xu'b,‘ .

(l2.)

EF and GH. Then EF is the mean layer and G3 the surface layer entering
the wheel. Join 0F and make om equal to 23 degrees making EX 3 0.5 to
0.7 R. Then X is the centre from which the bucket curve is struck and

KP is the radius. To prevent the risim of water over the top of the

4
ll

Initial velocity

Final velocity

‘\ /
\
<
4
ll

4
II

Parallel to vane

v I Vel. Ofwheel

g"\

F180 4

floats, shrouds must be sufficiently deep, prObably between '5 H to
2/33. Usually buckets are placed one foot apart on the circumference

of the wheel, the exact number of buckets being rather unimportant.
Fred! the above theory let us try a few substitutions of the data

Obtained from the existing hydraulic conditions at the Grayling State

Fish Hatchery.
H = 1.038 It. .2 = 660123 Ou0fi0/3600
Solving for the velocity

V I {23 I '2‘3202‘1038 B ’042 f‘t./sec.

V - .6v u. 6.65 ft./sec. (circumferential velocity)
But by the float method the velocity was found in the normal stream
current as 1.35 ft./sec. This velocity calculated above does not. how-

ever, apply to the normal stream current but at the point where the

 

III-PI . . , lip"...‘.
: flexiblya unwruk¥cm ‘ 9.4—1.1. in. .

 

(13.)

water enters the wheel, which, in this case, could very well exist.
Assuming b = 1]. ft. solve for "e", the thickness of the sheet Of water”

e s Q/bv : 66.128/11xs.42 = .602le a 7.2 n
This value is close encugh to 10" as the size of the wheel will be com-
paritively small. Making the speed the same as now exists the diameter
of the wheel will be

v = n n or n = v/ N

D :- ass/3.142% a 3.6 ft.
It is this factor that makes this type of wheel impossible to use. A
wheel of such small diameter would not be large enough to produce the
horse power that needs to be produced to carry Out the work mOst eff-
iciently. If the head were made greater the size Of the wheel would be
increased but an addition of only one foot could be arranged under the
present conditions; this increase in head making very little difference

in the size Of the wheel.

 

ALI-l. fluted lien

 

F». r... 1.4.3.111“... all. . l.

n.

. II ails)...

n

In"

(14.)

FREDRICK UIIDERF‘HOT "3.21m mm

About ten miles farther north on route U.S. 27 is another under-
shot wheel, a rather antiquited affair but nevertheless a. wheel that

has been to a specific use. The wheel is located on the same river as i

is the Grayling wheel at a point where the current runs very swift. A

small earth dam has been constructed across the river storing the
water to such a heigth that a head of about 3 feet is produced.

The wheel has been built or numerous individual parts gathered
form every imaginable source appearing to be strictly a home made a-
ffair. The Paddles. consist of 20 gauge sheet metal fastened to metal
spokes by pieces of strap iron. A gear connected to the end of the
wheel shaft drives a generator within a small power house by means

of a chain drive. The wheelmeasures :3 feet in diameter by 6 feet in

width having a speed Of a R.P.M.

The generator provides a home about 100 feet distant from the

wheel with electricity. Although the wheel turns at a comparitively
low speed, a gear ratio within the power house steps the speed up
to 1000 R.P.M. The whole generating system is small but sufficient
for supplying electricity to this on 9 home.

Perhaps the most outstanding principal in construction that
could be improved on is the periphery Of the wheel. The whole set
up showa an absense Of design and, prObably, had some definite de-
sign been concidered the wheel would be a great deal more efficient.

But as mentioned before, the space between the lower tips Of the

 

ll .DEIrtM.

. .

(I
r

  

to!
...|

.r

  

Savings}. l. .314“ 1.5L?
Ir

{.7

(ln.)

blades as they Pass over the periphery is so great that a big loss in
power results by part Of the water passing through without giving up

any of its energy. The bottom 0f the periphery locked exceedingly

rough and should measures be taken to build up the bettom, more vol-
ocity would be produced, both by a lowering of the friction and by more
water coming in direct contact with the wheel. This one particular

fault seemed to be the most noticeable but should anyone care to study

 

it further a host more of faults could be found. Mention was just made

of this wheel as it was close to the Grayling wheel and was Of interest

at the particular time.

In this paper I have attempted to rate this wheel at Grayling in

order to facilitate in the revamping that is being contemplated for this
summer. A graph of the efficiency 0f the wheel at different speeds

could not be plotted because of the failure of the brake, but two read-
ings were taken and the results true enough to know a bit more than was
Previously known about the wheel. The design of the wheel and pumphouse
‘were very well done and should the exact material that was specified in I

the drawings used the wheel would be still more efficient.

 

it. EjuJH\.5.H.QA_F‘IIW.I ulliddfll", .n‘x .
t

.3. . .. -Lrl, .
.I. I. yarn .Im-w'

 

 

tibxvomK
.WUWOQ .UBBQ 2.0 *9 B”~K%.vh.qu

V n \a «Scum...
nausea mush. Eweiei . ..
sthldaql let séiqde \S 3m \< < 4 Q

3R E m, ezdeo‘

O.o.\- ”50¢ me

“Cw \x hfix

09¢.er fleck

it on
tures. «a

SS. £e\\ / . .
‘ v. {30.5 oh .
m

  

to to? 3k YE 3.0:

Q who 0&ka £00.}: 030:}: elm

 

9Q ZOFN Rum.

\8¢\ 00» .V haglq bumkokb} ..!v.. “1893
\PI Qb\9.\ \\° to fits“. §0§ wot? a...“ . Wax
1;? . ) ‘15....“ . s. is i .
.. $9.96.... fiznfi»: mew...“ .mfi . u y . .. r... was”.

 

 

 

./. . 8s» =. g .\ _ :3. .83: six

0....3 s W
s 3.13». 3am.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

L I? no.
41863 2.. ovwessaew
5.33% at «at: d. teen
ME v. $333.... so tolvsxelm
.3. -25.
- ON
a. < 26R m. cask;
rl. ‘\.N.I

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

m I , “WURQ. 5 .tokx QEQMW W x—WT dobbibuxo
Jfl Em.

 

 

 

 

in t... {o} .0

SK #223 gains 2.8% .23.... . .. . .
# Ma NI _ . i. , ..

 

2... {so

5: téuuk

defied c.3953 as mosses

NQHQQQQ. UK (km. \< Vextuxx
x twink <1 t 2K $3.3:me

EQRTKQ QZE§K KG R§thq

 

u. b A
I.“ Qi\aad \\ \S #‘dwhka Ml."

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

WQQQ,

 

0° .09

Saab:

 

 

 

//%3H0;1F‘

 

 

 

 

 

D
9
5
'l

[loll . Elan”.- un.aQ-‘n.rflhm.‘ «93.1.47...

 

 

 

$.59. )4 psi. h... 3
(to. at.“ {sky as :3. .

Q33 «Sn $9309 «5 ex. 9.x
£33 23...? 6.: r ark .

          

 

 

 

 

Quotxboxu \ou‘ i
t) 2‘“; no\ 3901 u. 3&0

20R 03. k «(t .. .
.OPW/ ;
._ 5.390-“. N.» .2? as

;
.b.¢b bin. ”ERR“ __ .
\\ Q ‘

 

 

 

 

an is.
2an “v9.9

   
 

I
. _

 

a
..
.

.. __ .. .. . . .

. J . . .. .3. _. .
_"_\Wv\‘fl A‘JNNQ‘ 26‘ _m .NEQQ‘ N0.“ atbxofixkxd - \ \\\\_
__. . .. _ KL!

__ 3:32, .o BNW __ 1% «W a \ %/\..

$7

.WAQG h\\\\§\ Kn
w\0\.\u to? Vltcmfibu. a...
0\ fire £3on soon

 

 

 

 

 

{ssthek
. HQ 53‘ OVDQ 3.0 no EganieQ
3.31s $.th as... «2 3er w; E 33% elk.

I

 

 

. .9¥.V

. .w $0.:le kc on: 0.: a.»

Ytb .thbo.‘ «no dgbfo

03.88 as st... s. is

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

.3? 0:3. was so osmsut \ .23
abolish}. mix» fix o 16 neon
koo.‘ tics).

 

3%.}: a $5
2ka mum. Lived \ =W

. .. . .
- \x\ /J _ . D‘Q !

QOQ 0%.Drxkbo ~93. ___ \ 0\v\ K0“. §O§N\M\.\.\W
\éofl fixxxaooua

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

118......» “Hquvlw a .mti aflzw . . .
n... . . . .r
n

 

 

 

L ‘

Water Wheel in Motion Showing Tail Water

 

 

 

 

Side View of Wheel

 

(“lair-1

Pump House

 

 

Pump House Details

 

 

 

 

 

 

Down Stream Showing Spillways

 

 

Fredrick Wheel

 

 

o ..p ..
n‘.
...........l- -
It. I.
_. .. l.
.

.. . u
.3 at: .
err/W967“...
o .x

. I...

9...».

A . .nre‘fr
. . fi.miu. 1.... . In. .Xfi
. . . . .. .. .. _. .. . .. .,......5 L. . a A. F. _.,...
~ . . n . .. vu- . u .. . I. u .. v . ...‘- gaktln‘w. \ WP.
. . ... . .... l .,u l. . . y... . .\ h. . x...” .t: 1...... ..

..W...h V-dern.. .

v .. .ul '-oI.'/t . ”I. .l

. F7 . i .. . .

‘II I _ A . I a:
.. ‘ . .. AV ‘W . I. . e.

an. . v s. M9 kumm 33.. ... .

. I I \. .
. . . . . q .
- .. x . L. ..
. (p. .. . . .‘a (n . . .
n x . . u. .1. 1.. .n . .L .l.
. xv . . v..
. - ,.. ... . .u. . . .
h I. a

I .. - v. . 5‘. I I
. .. . .. . I . .. .... s
. . . ... . .... . . ... .
. . .. . ~ ...
_. . . . _. . H.‘ n ..
. u... ..4. n... .. s , .. .
1. (1 . .Ml- \..K. D | .
V t. 9 l . .‘ I .
. _ ,... 5%»... .,. A... J
. . . . .v\d”v.\\\'. ml... .
.. v . . v. s) \ y
C. 4. r .. ... . .....1. .-
v . 3.... . . _ .
U I l . I! .

..F

V‘(') 7“,;
.c-

l
l

' 31-0-
' -": 'N‘ s I...
.‘ t

&

‘1’
p‘lw‘fi' ‘
l{.”-" f’.’“ -I.

.3 f '

.5'23‘,‘

........ spams... ;
.rmm’mr wjtdnki . -.
d. .

. 1., d. .
_. .... . amply.

\

o:
r.

. . . ”Hwy-”w up.

{if . W7? ‘1 7 -

.‘-
w.
’

 

 

HICHIGRN STQTE UNIV. LIBRRRIES

WI
0

llllllll III‘ “III! |||||lll “Ill
9 6

312 35002

IHHHII
4

1 6